ISSN 0972-1045

Journal of Vol. 17, No. 1, January-April,

2015

Applied
Horticulture

wwwww

Joumal of
THE SOCIETY FOR ADUANCEMENT OF NORTICULTURE
 ouma[
Journal of Applied Horticultun. 170: 70.75, 2015
pp

Estimates of genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance

ce,
correlation coefficients and their prospects for crop
improvement in guava (Psidium guajava L.)

D. Singh'", M.I.S. Gill', R.s. Boora and N.K. Arora'

p a r t e n tof Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-14 1004, Punjah. "PAU Regional Fruit Resec
Station, Bahadurgarh. Patiala. Punjah. "E-mail: esearcn
gilljhander84@ymail.com
Abstract
he study was conducted to assess the
genetie variability, heritability. genetic advance and correlaton coelncient among 55 guava (Psidium
guajava L.)genotypCs. evaluated for
vegetative, reproductive, fruit and seed charaetes dunng
tree.
003, wIue
anadility in the studied material was observed as phenotypic coctheients ot Viariatnon tor a e r e n uals tngcarange of phenotypic
iron 8.17
for fruit
tor number of seeds
wath to3S.00 per fruit. Gienotypic coetficient ot variation for all the characters
rangeu rOm 6,95 to
33.11 percent
Heritabilty ranged trom 73.97 to 99.77 percent. Very high heritability cstimates were oblained tor
Iruit length to width ratio. The
genetic advance as per cent of mean was
highest for number of seeds per truit (64.52
o). Chariicters uke seed weight per 100 g fruit,
seed
weight per fruit, 100-seed weight, thickness
ndicate thatthe expression of these characters is
of outer flesh and fruit weight had high heritability and higher
advance. which genetic
governed by additive gene action.
were
higher in ienotypie corelaton coeiticients, in general,
magnitude than the corresponding phenotypic correlation coethecients indicating an inherent association
characters under among various
study.
Presence of genetic variability along with high heritability and genetiC advance indicate that these
can be further utilized in
guava breeding programme, keeping in mind the inherent assoc1ation
genotypes
or Various
to combine the desired traits into agronomical important traits
a single line'cultivar.
Key words: Psidium guajava L. genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation
Introduction Iruit having good keeping quality and low secd content and tree
Psidium guajava L., commonly known as having resistance to guava wilt disease is the need of the
guava, 1S an important day
perennial fruit tree grown in tropical and sub-tropical regions of (Chandra et al., 2007). High heterozygosity and
trequent cross
the world. Guava truit contains
high
pollination resulted in the present day variability
in seeaing
300 ing/ 100 g of
amounts of
vitamins C (100-
populations trom which
pulp). A, (thiamin) and B, (riboflavin) and fair
B, promising genotypes have been selected
amount of minerals. Red-fleshcd (Dinesh and Vasugi. 2010a). Gienetic variability studies based on
guava also contains -carotene, metricalcharacteristics of leaf and fruit may indicate
ycopene and phenolic compounds along with high vitamin C. geneticaly
all with antioxidant activities. Due to these divergent genotypes with suitable traits for
tacts, as well as the crop improvement
low cultivation costs, the guava crop Nogueira et al., 2012). The basic information which a
is
cconomically important Drceder plan
in
tropical and sub-tropical countries (Rodriguez et al.,
various usualy needs for
improvement in a particular crop specs
Is the nature
2010a). In India, at present, it is grown throughout the length and and magnitude of
available
genetic variation present im ne

breadth of the country right from sea level to 1500

m altitude,
germplasm, extent to which the desirable eharacters
and acclimatized that though guava is an introduced heritable and association and
is so
crop in co-heritability
of
Neeping in view, the present investigation was aimed to Assess importa
India, so much genetic
diversity is available that it seems like a
native of lndia. It ranks 5 in area (205
thousand hectares) after 3 genotypes of guava for genetie variability, heritability, ge
mango, citrus, banana and apple dvance and correlation for
comprising nearly about 3.2 different
vegetative, reproiue
iruit and seed
per cent of area under the fruit
crops in the country. As of now, characters so that the
guava germplasm av
there are about 160 cultivars available in Punjab Agricultural University can be utilized in guava l
Allahabad Safeda, Sardar, Nagpur Seedless, among which India,
programmes oe
Banarsi, Chittidar,
in an
ethicient way.
Hafsi, Behat Coconut, Red Fleshed, Arka
Kamsari, Dharwar etc. varicties are mainly Amulya, Arka Mridula, Materials and methods
cultivated. Crop
improvement work attempled in India has resulted in release The
experiment was carried
several superior selections or off out during the years 201 the
the non
nytbrids. Despite these advantages on
juvenile trees grown and
and its high nutritive value, guava is
tacing several agronomic and Orchard, Department of Fruit Science, Punjab
mainta aricultural
horticultural problems such as ^g"
susceptibility to many pathogens; Oniversity. Ludhiana and Regional Fruit
Kesta
particularly guava wilt caused by Fusarium
oxysporium psidii, Bahadurgarh, Patiala, Punjab. Observations
low fruit growth, short shelt lite, high seed content (Table 1) for ono
sensitivity (Rai
and stress
morphological characters and fruit pnyS
chemical
characters on basis ofUPOV ars (Rodrngue
et al. 2010). A medium tall tree
with coloured
et al., 201Ob) were made and the data ac NAas further
genet
 Genetie
variability studies in g
guava
lor .
various
enetic divergence components
gen

and
studiesS
given forth. Correlation coefticient:
elhcients were worked Phenotypie
relation,
and
enotypie
coeticients variation: of
Jibouri out by the
genotypic correlation
emtypr pic
aicand
anphenoty
atvpic coefficients of variation, The
heritability ef al. (1958). formulae suggested by Al-
ense and Cpecte
genetic advance were
calculated Results and discussion
steu
a py Burton and Devane 953) and Johnson et a
The
range of mean
based on values
itsh (bs)}: Heritability (per cent) in broad s
rough estimates ot the
variation or
phenotypic expression are
i t a b i l

given by Allard (1960). present among difterent magnitude ot

divergence
Htd by formula in genotypes. A relative amount
genotypes for ditferent characters be
ofvanation
J d3nce (GA): Genetic Advanee was
calculated by
the coetticients of
can
judgcd by comparing
genotypic and
la used by Miller
et al. (1958). results
pertaining to the phenotypic phenotypic
and variation. The
of variation are genotypic coctficients
1ava genotypes usea tOr diversity analysis presented in Table 2.
habad Safeda
Pedigreeongim
Open pollinated secdling
Phenotypic coefticient of variation (%): Data presented Table
indicates wide range in

Seedling selection material. of phenotypic variability in the studicdd

ple C olour ot Allahabad Safeda Phenotypic coefficients of variation for
different traits
Allahabad Safeda Seedless
expressed in
percentage ranged from 7.26
Amuly* x
(Triploid) to 35.00 per cent. The
maximum expression of
Secdling selection TOr number of
phenotypic cocfficient of variation was
seeds per fruit (35.00 ) .
followed by vitamin C
Selection at IIHR, Bangalore content (32.20 %), seed
3S0-10 weight per 100g fruit (30.69 o). pedicel
Sclection at I1HR, Bangalore
length (30.51 "%). seed weight per fruit (29.07
o). truit weight
(28.21 "o). petiole
length (20.61 %), 100-seed weight (1942
Sclection at IlHR, Bangalore o). number of
petals (18,24 o). thickness of the outer
CISH - Half sib selection at CISH. Lucknow relalion to core ratio (17.49 o) and diameter in
of calyx cavity
hesh
(16.67 o).
Phenotypie coetficient of variation was moderate for
ISH

G-3 (Lalit) alf

sib selection at CISl1, Lucknow thicknesS of outer tlesh (14,.99 %). fruit
(Shweta)
length (14.36 "o). young
cTs i-4 Halt sib selection at CISH. Lucknow twig dameter (15.29 %), truit length to width ratio (12.95 %).
lower siZe ( 12.94 %), leat length to width ratio
arcaa Allahabad Safeda x Scediess (12.77 o), inter
node length (12.75 "o). total soluble
Surkha Apple Color x Banarsi Surkha (1.35
solids (12.65 %). leaf length
%) and leaf width (11.02%). Lower values for phenotypic
coeiticient of
Red Fleshed x Arka Mridula
varation was observed tor acidity (10.3S %).
corediameter (9.06 "%) and truit width (8.17 %) with minimum
Portugal x L-49 F, N Apple Colour
Cxpresston of phenotypic coetticient ot variation tor truit width
Portugal x L-q9- F, XApple Colour Index (8.17 "o). While studying varnous seed related characters
Sardar guava) n relation to truit weight, Rajan et al. (2005) tound high PCV
Open-pollinated seedling selectton irom Allahabad
1orpulp:sced weight ratio, number ot seeds truit. 100-seed
areda weight and number of seeds T00g truit. Similariy, Raghava and
urpie guava
Thaland selection Tiwari (2008) observed high phenotypic coctieient of varianee
gua
lor number of secds per iruil, T00-seed
weight, fruit weight and
fruit volume while lower vaiues tor phenotypic coetheient ot
ab Pini Portugal x L-49- F, xApple Colour variation were observed tor iruit diameter, tOtal soluble solids and
Fiesn Selection trom local red fleshecd total sugars. Dinesh and Vasugi (20105 also reported phenotypic
coetieient ot variance to the tune 20.95
Onmercial
variety of Assan o tor truit
weigh
and moderate values were tound tor total solble solids and seeu
>eiection irom Gia Thar
hardness in
guava. In anotner stuicdy ceOndueted on some
Fortugal L-49- F, promisin
x
x Apple Colour guava selections urnuer incdo-Angelie region ot Utar Pradesh,
Portugal x L-49- T,xApple Colour Bihari and Suryanarayan ( 201observed phenotIy pie covariance
rangmg rom 12.2o pereent tor palien griain slze to 7 i 8 percent
Portugal -49 F, x Appie ColE
4.1 for fruit weight
-49x P'ortugal
-12 1-49 x Portugal Genotypie coctficient of variation ( ) : The GCV helps in
i- comparison and measurenent ot genetc variabiluy among
9xPortugal
7-3 diflerent characters. In tihe esperinmental materal under sudy.
49 x Portugal
the genotypie coellicient Ot Varati tot alt the characters
i-49 x Portugal irom
Tanged 55.11(labie 2).
6.95 to
of genotypie cociheient ot vAiation was observed for number
Max imum expression
49xPortugal
S- of seeds per truit (S5,1T . toilowed by seed weight per 100
L-49 x Portugal
21-6 lahabad Salcda x Portuga
o lruit (s0 25 "o), seed weight per ruit (34.32 %). vitamin
Ccontent (31.07 o), irut weight (28, 15 %). pedicel length
3t.9 L49 x Portugal
26.24 ) . petiole lenglh (20.3o) and 100-seed weight (19.38
 Cienetic studies in
varability guiava

) , whereas lower values tor the parameter were recordcd tor Genetic Advance: Improvement m the nean genotypie value of
the selected 1amilies over base populatiOn 1s Known as genetie
Sweetness (TSS) (9.45 %), core diameter (8.96 %), Iruit
wid advance. Genetic advance depends upon the heritability ot the
least
Uand tor acidity (7.64 %o).
Raghava and Tiwari character under selection. genetic varability ol the genotypes
(008) also observed high genotypic cocflicient of variation for
number ot seeds per fruit (60,88 %), fruit weight (45.78 %) and and intensity of selection. A high heritability coupled with high
criteria tor selectio1.
100-sced weight (45.59 o). Gienotypic coctticient ot variation genctic advance gives ettective
was moderate for fruit length (27.64 o). fruit diameter (22.31 In the present investigation, the genetic advance aS per cent
o) and swcetness (12.14 %). of mean was highest tor number of seeds per iruit (64.52 °%).

The estimates of phenotypic followed by seed weight per 100 g Iruit (61.45 o). vitamin C
coeflicient of variation (PCV)
were than content (60.81 %), seed weight per fruit (59.29 %), fruit weight
higher the genotypic coetficient of variation (GCV)
tor (57.51 ) and pedicel length (46.50 %) (1able 2). Moderate
pedicel length, total soluble solds, acidity and number
Seeds per truit
o genetic advance estimates were obtained lor petiole length
indicating more intluence of the environment in
(42.10 %). 100-seed weight (39.85 %), thickness of the outer
the expression of these traits. Rajan et al. (2005) also proposed
variation fiesh in relation to core ratio (35.15 %), number of petals (34.95
in
genotypes not only due to genetic makeup but also
and thickness of outer
due to the environmental intluence
they observed PCV o), diameter of calyx cavity (31.65 %)
as
higher flesh (50.03 o). Least genetic advance was observed tor fruit
as
compared to GCV for some traits under study. However, there
width ( 16.25 %) followed by core diameter (18,25 %). Raghava
were narrOw differences between phenotypie and genotypie and Tiwari (2008) observed highest values of genetie advance
coeticient of variation in all other characters, indicating low
environmental intluence in expression of these characters, as percent mean for number ot secds per fruit, fruit weight,
fruil volume, 100-seed weight, fruit length, Iruit drameter and
which implies that phenotypie variability is a reliable measure of
moderate for rest of the traits indicating intlucnce ot environment
genotypic variability. So, selection for improvement of the trait
on expression of these characters to a certain extent and rigid
IS posible and eftective on the phenotypie basis,
selection might bring about improvement in these characters. As

Heritability (%): Heritability is a measure of genetic relationship found in present investigation. Rajan et al. (2012) also observed
between parent and progeny and has been widely used in high genetic advance for fruit weight, seed number per fruit and
determining thetodegree to which characterandmay be transmitted
a Iruit seed Weight ratio.

rom parents off-springs (Raghava Tiwari, 2008).

Heritability in broad sense was cstimated for all the traits. The
results pertaining to heritability and per cent genctic advanee
given in Table 2.
are
the present study heritability expressed as ranged
In percentage,
from 73.97 to 99.77 percent. Very high heritability estimates were
obtained for fruit length to width ratio (99.77 6), leaf length to
width ratio (99.73 %). 100-seed weight (99.59 6), vitamin C
content (99.23 %). petiole length (99.15 %). seed weight per
fruit (99.02 %) and fruit weight (98.86 %). Moderate heritability
estimates were obtained for number of secds per fruit (89.50
) , acidity (75.24 %), sweetness (74.63 %) and pedicel length
(73.97 %) which is understandable as PCV was also higher in
magnitude than GCV for these traits. The above findings are in
close association with those of Raghava and Tiwari (2008) and
Rajan et al. (2005) who also reported higher values for heritability
ranging from 90.27 to 99.77 percent and 55.8 to 84.3 percent,
respectively for various traits. Rajan et al. (2005) and Burton
and Devane (1953) also suggested that characters having high
heritability associated with high GCV provide greater scope
for further selection. Dinesh and Vasugi (2010b) reported the
From the present investigation, it is clear that characters like secd
weight per 100 g fruit, Seed weight per iruit, 100-seed weight,
thickness of outer flesh and fruit weight have high heritability
and higher genetic advance which indicate that the expression
of these characters is governed by additive gene action. So these
characters can be easily improved by selection methods. Higher
heritability coupled with moderate genetic advance was expressed
in fruit length to width ratio, fruit length, leatf length to width
ratio. Similarly, Raghava and Tiwari (2008) reported D/L index
with moderatcly high value of CGCV and GA but high value of
heritability revealing the relatively low intluence of environment
on this trait, suggesting that fairly rapid genetie gain could be
expected for the fruit shape. Higher heritability estimates and
low genetie advance were obtained for fruit width, core diameter,
leaf width and leaf length which implicd that this trait is most
probably governed by non-additive gene action.
Correlation studies: The correlation studies between characters
play an important role in determining the efticient breeding
Strategy. From genotypic and phenotypic correlation matrix
of difterent characters under study, presented in lable 3 and 4,

heritability estimates in broad sense to be low for fruit weight.
sweetness and seed hardiness. This implies that going in for
hybridizalion by raising large number ofprogenies
practical for exploiting the heterosis. Bihari and Suryanarayan
is feasible and
(2011) also reported highest heritability (99.00 %) assoCiated
with reducing sugar content, followed by pollen grain size (98.95
%) and lowest heritability (75.18 %) for size of flower. While
studying genotypie and phenotypic variation among 50 guava
accessions under subtropical conditions, Rajan et al. (2012)
estimated high heritability ranging lrom 0.499 for fruit fimness
to 0.988 for fruit seed weight ratio.
respectively, it is evident that genotypic correlation coctticienls,
in general, are higher in magnitude than the
phenotypic correlation coceflicients. This indicated that there is
corresponding
an inherent association among various characters under study.
which is negatively infiuenced due to environmental infiuence and
ultimately result in low phenotypic expression of the corelation.
Rajan et al. (2008) also observed higher genotypic correlation
cocfficient as compared to phenotypic correlation cocthcient in
guava.
Estimation of phenotypic correlation coeticients indicated tha
fruit weight expressed highly significant and positive correlation
 Genettc Variabiity studies in
guava

mean (GA).
genettctOradvance as percent
ic 0vance
uspercent tiean (GA o1.
enitabulity (h).
CharacterTs priekoty pie coencent of varation (PCV) and
1 for5 guava gCnotypes
various
genotypc coetticiernt of variaton
h Col bs)
GA% PCV
aratnctc GCV
aet thoat Cg
92.70 435 T2.75 12.28
w i g d a m i e t e r 95.45 6.14 13.29 99
98.05 3.34
at leng
97.15
10.89
Lcaf lengin
to width ratto
9.13 26.4
12.i6
Petole
Jengun 99.15 .10 0.61 20.53
FOWET S 9615 5.64 194 12.69
Numher o peis 9300 34,95 I8.24 17.59
Fruit ieig 98.77 921
14,36 4.27
Fruit w 96.58 |6.25 8.17 8.03
to width ratto
Fnuit iength 99.77 26.6l 12.95 1293
Podincie ienig 739 6.5 30.5 26.24
Dameter ot calyx cavity
92.15 1.65 16.67 16.00
Thickness of uter thesh
9725 s005 14.99 14.78
Core diameter
9783 9.06 896
Thickncss oT the outer 1esh in relation to core
97.56 5.15 1749
S cetness(TSS) 74 63 433 12.65
Acdity 75.24 21.54 T0 35 7.65
VitaminContent
99.25
12.20 31.07
seeds per truit
urmber of 89.50 35.0) .11
2d weught per fuit
990 929 29,07
cu wenght per 100 g truit
97.15 b143 30.69 30.25
J Seeu weigm
99.59 9.85 194 19.38
weught 7.51 8.21 28.06

ith fruit width (0.862). fruit length (0.851), flesh thickness
.49) and core diameter (0.491). While it showed negative andd
gmfhcant correlation with
leaf length to
ed weight per 100g of fruit (-0,484), fhesh colour (-0.409).
itamin C content (-0.363), sweetness (-0.212) and
acidiy
-0.204) and showed non-signiticant correlation witn other
Cedparameters. This indicates that plants having wider leaves
E i r argcr fruils with thick white flesh, more seed weight
avmg low Sweetness and other quality parameters. Raghava
and 1iwari
(2008) also found significant positive
onsiderable negative correlation with diameter
of calyx cavity.
Dameter o1 calyx cavity showed positive signihcant correlation
width ratio (-0.528.
ith core diameter (0.493). Iruit diameter (0.424) and number
ofsecds per fruit (0,70) but high negative correlation with
T00-seed weight (-0.559). This iead to the fact that fruits having
wider calyx cavity arc round in shape with white ftesh and larger
seed core. Further, truit contan more but smaller seeds. Flesh
tckness of fruit shuwed niore posilive correlation with truit
and
corretaron
weigh diameter as compared fruit length and significant
to

runt o negative cortelation witlh thesh colour and seed paranieters except
weight with fruit diamcter. Bihari and
Suryanaray n (01
TOU-seed weight where it showed significant positive correlation.
ported positive correlation of truit weight with dameter
o On the basis of ahove statement, it can be said that fruits with
inunt (0,862) and number of seeds per fnuit (0.176). In the present
hick fHesh have white coloured flesh and round shape with low
g o m , among the other traits, truit length to wadih ralio
1ad
Seed weign per ruit.
sugniheant and positive correlation with leat width (0.317),
oiowed by ftlesh colour (0.298) and fruit weight (0.255) while,u Among quality parumeters, total soluble soltds showed positive
SOW Cd
sigrnilicantiy negative correlation with diameter or Calys d significant correlation with vitamin C (0.305), mumber of
avy f-0.5 19), number Seeds per fruit (0.278) and acidty (0.245). whereas it showed
of petals (-0451), core diameter (-D,
sweetness (-0.414) and flower
size (-0.326). This means that signifñieant negative correlation with fruit length (-0.418) and
Smalier tlowers with less mumber of
petals devclop into a longer fruit weight (-0.202). Flesh vitamin C content showed negative
pyritorned truit with pink lesh and snmaller core diameter SIgnineant correlatlon with truit size und weight but highly
wth low number
of seeds per fruit. This is also evident that iruit positive correlation with lesh colour. Vitamin C content of
naving pink lesh can be identified wiih longer Inuit Shape ana fruit showed high positive correlation with other tnuit quality
Saner diameter of calyx cavity as lesh colour alsO showed
parameters but negative with seed traits
 uenetic variability stuates m guava

0O Number of seeds
per fruit shov
significant positive correlation wiCd
weight per truit (0./63), core Seed
d udjam (0.424), total soluble solids diameter
(0.278) and
peaS acidity (0.204) but it
showed
correlation with 10-seed
negative
weight (-0.55s
Hundred seed
weignt showed
qnN
positive assoCiation with Iruitsignifican
(0.373), flesh colour
(0.225) and length
thickness (0.229). 1his also flesh
confirmed
that pink colour of iesh iS associated with
bold seed sze. On the other
AUIPIY hand, it was
observed that bold seed size is
negatively
ely
correlated with diameter of calyx cavity,
SSD core diameter, tolal soluble solids and
number of seeds
per truit.
al. Rajan et
(2008) also found that number of
seeds
u0 per fruit was signiicantly and
correlated with seed positively
and fruit weignt at
weight per fruit
59uypj4a genotypic as well as
phenotypic levels and this finding is in
line with the present
Jnojo
investigation. The
results obtained also corroborated w
the earlier studies reported
by Bthari and
AAED Suryanarayan (2011) and on the basis
of
correlation studies,
it can be said that
desirable traits
among dirterent genotypes
are associated with undesirable traits
such as pink flesh with seed weight per
fruit and bold secd size, thick fiesh and
heavier fruits lack pink colour, and thus
caretul breeding strategy is required to
combine all the desirable traits in a
single
pbuy line/cultivar. Cultivars bearing larger
fruits, having low number of few Soft
small seed along with thick pink tlesh
HDIOM
urug i i n high organoleptic reading are needed
3 to be evolved through different breeding
Stralegies.
PqnN Present imvestigation indicate that among
guava genotypes studied, morphological
and
physico-chemical traits possess
sgnincant genetic variability, along with
nigh genotypic as wel as phenotypic

Coeticient of variation, heritability

s and genetic advance and
provide great
opportunity breeding programme to
in

get desired guava variety. Findings from

corTelation studies indicated positive and
negative association between vegetative,
buy jen ruit
and seed traits and suggest a care
breeding programme to combine traits ike
larger fruit size, better fruit qualty, iew
soft
secds, abiotic
as
resistance tolerance to aboli
stressCs and long shelf
s well
life into a single line/cultivar.

liil!
 Gienetie variability studies in guava

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