DATE:

COURSE SUBJECT: GENETICS

STUDENT: BENJAMIN ABELLA INSTRUCTOR: SHARINA FIDEL

TOPIC: QUANTITATIVE INHERITANCE

I. INHERITANCE OF QUANTITATIVE phenotypic ratios in various hybridizations such

CHARACTERS as 3 red : 1 white , 15 red : 1 white, and 63 red
: 1 white
QUALITATIVE TRAITS
These categories do not necessarily have a
certain order. The pattern of inheritance for a
qualitative trait is typically monogenetic, which
means that the trait is only influenced by a single
gene.

QUANTITATIVE TRAITS
Quantitative characters (metric traits) are
measurable (ex. height, weight, skin color,
intelligence etc. in man). They do not show clear
cut differences and show continuous variation.
That is, there are many intermediate types
between the parental traits. • Yule (a British
mathematician, 1906) suggested that
quantitative characters are controlled by many
genes (cumulative genes or multiple factors or 2. Ear size (Cob length) in Maize
polygenes -a term coined by Mather). Polygenes The ear or cob of a Corn is the spike
are non-allelic, and each gene has a small and that contains kernels, protected by leaves called
similar effect and the effect of several such husks. The inheritance of ear size or cob length
genes are additive or cumulative. The net effect in Maize was studied by American geneticists
on the trait will depend upon the number of Emerson and East (1913). They crossed a long
contributing alleles or effective alleles present. eared Black Mexican Sweet corn (ear length
ranges from 13 cm to 21 cm, average length 16.8
cm) with a short-eared Tom Thumb Popcorn (ear
length ranges from 5cm to 8 cm, average length
6.6 cm).

II. ANALYSIS OF QUANTITIVE

CHARACTERISTICS
III. COMPONENTS OF PHENOTYPIC VARIANCE
STATISTICAL METHODS
1. Kernel Color in Wheat PHENOTYPIC VARIATION
The inheritance of kernel color in Wheat the variation in observable traits or
was studied by the Swedish geneticist Herman characteristics within a population.
Nilsson Ehle (1908). He had carried out several • Genetic Variance
crosses (hybridizations) between red kernel o variation in traits that is
colored and white kernel colored Wheat caused by differences in an
varieties. The F1 heterozygotes (hybrids) in all individual's genotype (genetic
crosses showed a lighter red kernel color makeup)
(intermediate color) than the homozygotes (red o To calculate the genetic
kernel-colored parents). He got different F2 variance, you would need to
 perform a genetic analysis on
a population of individuals.
One common method is to use
a technique called heritability
analysis, which estimates the
proportion of variation in a
trait that is due to genetic
factors.
• Environmental Variance
o This is the variation in traits
that is caused by differences in
the environment, such as
differences in temperature,
light, nutrition, or other
factors. To get
environmental variance, you
would need to calculate the
variance of the residuals from
a linear regression model
where the independent
variable(s) represent
explanatory variables for the
environmental factors you are
interested in
• Phenotypic Variance
o The formula of the phenotypic
variance is: σ2P = σ2G + σ2E
where: σ2P is the phenotypic
variance, σ2G is the genetic
variance, σ2E is
environmental variance
• Interaction Variance
o This is the variation in traits
that results from
interaction between
individual's genotype and the
environment.
• Epigenetic Variance
o The variation in a trait caused
by the influence of epigenetic
mechanisms, such as DNA
methylation and histone
modification, on gene
expression.
• Error Variance
o The variation in a trait that
cannot be explained by any of
the above sources.
o The formula for error variance
is: error variance = variance of
the residuals = (1 / (n - k)) *
Σ(y_i - ŷ_i)2
o Where:
▪ n is the number of
observations
▪ k is the number of
predictor variables
▪ y_i is the observed
value of
dependent variable
for the
observation
▪ ŷ_i is the predicted
value of the
dependent variable
for the i-th
observation
▪ Note that this
formula assumes
that the errors are
independently and
▪ normally distributed
with a mean of 0 and
a constant variance.
the IV. HERITABILITY
Heritability is the proportion of the total
phenotypic variation controlled by genetic rather
than environmental factors. It is a behavioral
genetics.
the Heritability estimates range from zero to one. A
heritability close to zero indicates that almost all
of the variability in a trait among people is due
to environmental factors, with very little
influence from genetic differences.
Heritability H= VG / VP X 100
VP= VG + VE
the Where the total phenotypic variance may be
decomposed:
VP= total phenotypic variance
VG= total genetic variance
the VE= environmental variance
an
TYPES OF HERITABILITY
• Broad Sense Heritability- It is the
ratio of genotypic variance (VG) to the
total phenotypic variance (VP ). the
portion of phenotypic variance that is
due to all types of genetic variance,
including additive, dominance, and
genic interaction variances.
• Narrow Sense Heritability- It is the
ratio of additive genetic variance (VA)
to the total phenotypic variance (VP ).
that portion of the phenotypic variance
that is due to additive genetic variance.
the
i-th