PROJECT REPORT

Methods of citations
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

At the outset, I wish to thank the Almighty God for his immense blessings and pray to
him to continue to guide me on the path of my committed calling. A sincere and
heartfelt gratitude is due in the name of those writers whose works have been borrowed
and included in this project meant for the academic and scholastic pursuit of the
students enrolled in the Five-year law program.
This is to extend my thanks to our Director Professor Rajinder Kaur; and my subject
teacher Mr. Gulshan Kumar, University Institute of legal studies, Chandigarh for his
incontestably excellent unmatched guidance, encouragement, valuable suggestions,
and efforts made during the project preparation and during his lectures which enabled
me to complete this project successfully on this topic.
I owe my regards to the entire faculty of the Department of Legal Studies, from whom
I have learned the basics of Law and whose informal discussions, and intellectual
support helped me throughout the entire duration of this work.

SUBMITTED TO : SUBMITTED BY:

MR. GULSHAN KUMAR GARIMA

WADHWA

UILS, PU, CHANDIGARH ROLL NO. 215, SEC-

D B.COM LL.B.
2
 INTRODUCTION

Citation means, “a word or piece of writing taken from a written work”

- Cambridge
Dictionary

A ‘Citation’ is the way to tell the readers that certain material or idea in the work
came from another source. A good citation makes it easy for the reader to figure out
the who, what, when, and where of the source. By using citations and references,
you acknowledge the work of others and show how their ideas have contributed to
your own work. It is also a way of demonstrating that you have read and
understood key texts relating to the area you are writing about.

Information or the material referred in the research paper can be cited in two
ways by the researcher:

Bibliography or
In-text citations
Reference List
Citation

In-text citations are citations that are
inserted in the main text of the paper.
The researcher must cite all information
that he quote directly from another
source, paraphrase, or summarize using
in-text citations.
Bibliographies are called different
things depending on which citation
style the researcher is using. In MLA,
for example, it is called the Works
Cited page, and in APA, it is called the
References page. The bibliography
shows the reader all relevant
information regarding sources.

1
 IMPORTANCE OF CITATION

• To show your reader you've done proper research by listing sources you
used to get your information

• To be a responsible scholar by giving credit to other researchers and

acknowledging their ideas

• To avoid plagiarism by quoting words and ideas used by other authors

• To allow your reader to track down the sources you used by citing them
accurately in your paper by way of footnotes, a bibliography or reference
list when the information was published

Where you can cite?

FOOTNOTES ENDNOTES REFERENCES

BIBLIOGRAPHY WEBLIOGRAPHY

2
 FOOTNOTES

The footnotes serve two purposes : the identification of materials used in

quotations in the report and the notice of materials not immediately necessary to
the body of the research text but still of supplemental value.
Footnotes are meant for cross references. It helps to enable the reader to read the
reference without having to turn to the end of the text which would otherwise
tend to disrupt the flow of the text and hamper smooth reading. Footnotes are
placed at the bottom of the page on which the reference or quotation which they
identify or supplement ends. Footnotes are customarily separated from the
textual material by a space of half an inch and a line about one and a half inches
long. Footnotes are always typed in single space though they are divided from
one another by double space.

Footnotes should be numbered consecutively, usually beginning with 1 in each

chapter separately. The number should be put slightly above the line, say at the
end of a quotation. At the foot of the page, again, the footnote number should be
indented and typed a little above the line.

First name, Last name, Title of Book (Place of publication : Publisher, Year of
publication), page number.
Antony Grafton, The Footnote: A Curious History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 1999), 221.

• ADVANTAGES:
Readers interested in identifying the source or note can quickly glance down
the page to find what they are looking for. It allows the reader to
immediately link the footnote to the subject of the text without having to
take the time to find the note at the back of the paper.

3
 • DISADVANTAGES:
Footnotes can clutter up the page and, thus, negatively impact the overall
look of the page. If the footnotes are lengthy, there's a risk they could
dominate the page.

ENDNOTES

Definition of Endnote: a note placed at the end of the text

~Merriam -Webster

Citing a particular source or making a brief explanatory comment placed at the

end of a research paper and arranged sequentially in relation to where the
reference appears in the paper. When using endnotes, the quoted or paraphrased
sentence or summarized material is followed by a superscript number.

ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
• Endnotes are less distracting to the
• If you want to look at the text of a
reader and allows the narrative to
particular endnote, you have to flip to
flow better.
the end of the research paper to find
• Endnotes don't clutter up the page.
the information.
• As a separate section of a research
• Depending on how they are created
paper, endnotes allow the reader
[ i. e., continuous numbering or
to read and contemplate all the
numbers that start over for each
notes at once.
chapter], you may have to remember
the chapter number as well as the
endnote number in order to find the
correct one.
4
 REFERENCES

Definition of Reference : the act of referring or consulting

~ Merriam-Webster

• A reference list is a complete list of references used in a piece of writing including

the author name, date of publication, title and more.

• A reference list must:

-
Be on a new page at the end of the document
-
Be centered
-
Be alphabetically by name of first author (If there are multiple works by the same
author these are ordered by date)
-
Contain full references for all in-text references used

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Definition of Bibliography: A list of the books and articles that have been used by someone
when writing a particular book or article.
~Cambridge Dictionary

• Bibliography means ‘booklist’.

• At the end of a legal research report, all primary and secondary sources of data,
reference books, periodicals, articles, reports, unpublished material, and other
references must be listed under the title Bibliography.
• It should contain all those works which the researcher has consulted.

5
 • The bibliography should be arranged alphabetically and may be divided into
two parts; the first part may contain the names of books and pamphlets, and the
second part may contain the names of magazine and newspaper articles.
• Bibliography begins on a new page at the end of the report. It follows the main
textandisaseparatepartofthethesis

WEBLIOGRAPHY

Definition of Webliography: A list (either printed or online) of electronic works or

documents relating to a particular topic
~ Oxford

• A webliography is an online bibliography that lists and hyperlinks websites and digital
information around a single topic.
• It is referred to as “Web bibliography”.
• Researchers can use the webliographies to find links to relevant information and cite those
links one-by-one.

In APA Style, webliography can be written as:

Author surname, initial(s). Publishing date(Year, month day). Title. Retrieved date, from
URL Example, Mitchell, J.A. (2017, May 21). How and when to reference. Retrieved from
https://www.howandwhentoreference.com.

6
 METHODS OF CITATION

1. APA (American Psychological Association)

APA Style originated in 1929, when a group of psychologists, anthropologists, and

business managers convened and sought to establish a simple set of procedures, or
style guidelines, that would codify the many components of scientific writing to
increase the ease of reading comprehension.

Core Components of an APA format:

7
8
 APA: Mode of Citing Different Source types

1 Books • Author surname, Initial(s). (Year). Title (ed.).

Publisher location: Publisher
• Example, Mitchell, J.A., Thomson, M., & Coyne,
R.P. (2017). A guide to citation. London,
England: My Publisher.
2 Chapter in an Edited • Last name of the chapter author, initial(s). (Year).
Book
Chapter title. In editor initial(s), surname (Ed.).
Title (ed., pp chapter page range). Location:
Publisher.
• Example, Troy, B.N. (2015). APA citation rules.
In S.T, Williams (Ed.). A guide to citation
rules (2nd ed., pp. 50-95). New York, NY:
Publishers.
3 E-Book • Author s u r n a m e , i n i t i a l ( s ) ( Ed( s ) .
*). (Year). Title (ed.*). Retrieved from URL
• Example, Mitchell, J.A., Thomson, M., &
Coyne, R.P. (2017). A guide to citation.
Retrieved from https://www.mendeley.com/
reference-management/reference-manager
4 Journal Article • Author surname, initial(s). (Year). Article title.
Journal Title, Volume Number (issue or part
number, optional), page numbers. DOI or
Retrived from URL (if online).
• Example, Mitchell, J.A. (2017). Citation: Why is
it so important. Mendeley Journal, 67(2), 81-95.

9
 5 Newspaper Article • Author surname, initial(s). (Year, Month Day).
Title. Title of Newspaper, column/section, p. or
pp. Retrieved from URL
• Example, Mitchell, J.A. (2017). Changes to
citation formats shake the research world. The
Mendeley Telegraph, Research News, pp.9.
Retrieved from https://www.mendeley.com/
reference-management/reference-manager.
6 Website • Author surname, initial(s). (Year, month
day). Title. Retrieved from URL
• Example, Mitchell, J.A. (2017, May 21). How
and when to reference. Retrieved from https://
www.howandwhentoreference.com.

MLA (Modern Language Association)

Core components of MLA format:

10
In 1951, the Modern Language Association published the first MLA Style Sheet. It
was developed as a means for researchers, students, and scholars in the literature and
language fields to use a uniform way to format their papers and assignments.

Format Example
Books Last name, first name. Title. Example, Mitchell, James A. A
Version, Number, Publisher, Guide to Citation. 2nd ed, My
Year of publication. London Publisher, 2017.

E- Books Last name, first name. Title. Example, Troy, Ben N., et al. A
Title of container, Contributors, Guide to Citation. 2nd ed, e-
edition, e- book, Number, book, New York Publishers,
Publisher, Year of publication. 2010.

Chapter or Author name( s). “ Example, Mitchell, James A.

Essay in a
Chapter T i t l e ” . T i t l e o “MLA Citation”. A Guide to
Book
f Book, Citation, My London Publisher,
Contributors, Version, Number,
Publisher, Year of Publication , 2017, pp. 107-134.
Page number/range.
Articles Author name( s). “ Article Journal Example, Mitchell,
Title”. Title of container, James A. “Citation: Why is it
contributors, version, numbers, Important”. Mendeley Journal,
date of publication, location. vol. 4, no. 6, Summer 1999, pp
Title of database, DOI or URL. .607-674.

11
 Format Example
Webliography Last name of author, first name. Example, Mitchell, James A.,
“Title of page/document”. Title and Martha Thomson. How and
of overall webpage, date, URL. When to Reference. 25 Jan.
2017: https://
www.howandwhentoreference.c
om/.

OTHER CITATION STYLES

1. AMA : AMA (American Medical Association) referencing is a system that allows

academic authors to show where another author’s work has contributed to or
supported a finding or theory within their work.

2. HARVARD SYSTEM :Harvard referencing style is often used in the field of

economics. There is no official style guide, which means there are a few variations.
Like APA Style, Harvard style is based on an author-date system.

3. CHICAGO : Chicago style is published by The Chicago Manual of Style.

The Chicago Manual of Style provides guidelines for two styles of citation: author-
date and notes and bibliography

4. CSE : The Council of Science Editors (CSE) style is a standard citation style used
across many disciplines in the physical and life sciences. The CSE style encompasses
three distinct systems.

12
5. VANCOUVER : Vancouver style was developed by the International Committee
of Medical Journal Editors ( ICMJE) and is mostly used in medical
disciplines.Vancouver style works with a numeric system.

6. IEEE : IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) is a citation style

often used in technical studies, such as IT and electrical engineering. IEEE citation
style includes in-text citations, numbered in square brackets.

LEGAL CITATION

MEANING IN LEGAL RESEARCH:

• ‘Cite’ is the location of authority for, the matter that has been mentioned.
Because it is necessary to refer any statement of law that is made by attributing
the legal authority or authorities, the starting point for legal research is to know
how that law, contained in the report of a case, section of an Act or in a clause of
a Regulation, is referred to by the legal profession.

• This is known as ‘the citation’ of cases, Acts and Regulations. Thus, we can say
that a case is ‘cited’ in a research report by researcher to provide the legal
authority for the proposition.

• A citation is a path address of a book, article, web page or other published item,
with sufficient details to uniquely identify the item.

13
 ILI (Indian Law Institute)

▪ Indian Law Institute (ILI) was founded in 1956 primarily with the objective of
promoting and conducting legal research.

▪ The Institute has formulated a set pattern of citation (i.e., ILI Rules of Footnoting),
which is followed in The Journal of Indian Law Institute, Annual Survey of Indian
Law and various other publications of the Institute.

STANDARDISATION OF CITATION RULES:

1. Abbreviations:

Section s.3, s.4 Sub-Section s.3(2), s.3 (3)

Paragraph para (a), para (b) Order O.3, O.4
Regulation reg 4, reg 5 Rule r.2 , r.3
Clause cl.2, cl.3 Chapter ch.1, ch.2
Part Pt.1, Pt.2 Division Div.
Point pt. Article art.
Page number p.no. Schedule sch.

Standardisation of Citation Rules

1. Citing Statutes (Legislation) – Statutes are usually cited by short title with years
title number and year (in brackets); section number.
The Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947 (7 of 1947)

2. Referencing
Supra (Latin: “above”) is used to refer to a prior footnote.

14
 If a different page number is to be indicated in a source referred to in a prior
footnote E.g. Supra note 5 at 34.
If referring to a section/article in a source referred
E.g. Supra note 5, s.40. Supra note 6, art.14.
Avoid the use of Infra (below).

Ibid./ Id.
Ibid. (meaning “in the same place”) is used to refer to an authority in the footnote
immediately preceding the current footnote and the same page/ place is being
referred to. Id. (meaning „the same‟) is used if the authority is the same but the
page or place of reference is different. E.g. Id. at 30.
If referring to a section / article in the same authority E.g. Id., art. 14.

MODE OF CITING DIFFERENT SOURCE TYPES

BOOKS

1. By a single author
Name of the author, Title of the book p.no. (if referring to specific page or pages)
(Publisher, Place of publication, edition/year of publication).
E.g. M.P. Jain, Indian Constitutional Law 98 (Kamal Law House, Calcutta, 5th edn.,
1998).

2. By multiple authors (more than two)

Name of the first two authors, et.al., Title of the book p.no. (if referring to specific
page or pages) (Publisher, Place of publication, edition/year of publication).
E.g. Jerry L. Mashaw, Richard A. Merrill, et.al., The American Public Law System –
Cases and Materials 50 (West Group, St. Paul, MN, 1992).

15
3. Books with volume no.
Name of the author(s), Volume no. Title of the book p.no. (if referring to specific
page or pages) (Publisher, Place of publication, edition/year of publication).
E.g. Charles Robert Norberg, III General Introduction to Inter-American Commercial
Arbitration Year Book- Commercial Arbitration 30 (1978)

4. Edited Books
Name of the editor (ed.), Title of the book p.no. (if referring to specific page or
pages) (Publisher, Place of publication, edn/year).
E.g. Susan A. Bandes (ed.), The Passions of Law 180 (New York University Press,
New York, 1999).

JOURNAL ARTICLE

Name of author of the article, title of the essay within inverted commas, volume
number of journal Name of the journal page number (year).
E.g. Upendra Baxi, “On how not to judge the judges: Notes towards evaluation of the
Judicial Role” 25 Journal of Indian Law Institute 211 (1983).

UNPUBLISHED WORK

Unpublished Research Work (E. g., Dissertation/Thesis):

Name of the Researcher, Title of the dissertation/thesis (Year) (Unpublished Ph.D.
thesis, Name of the University/organization).
E.g. Sahil Kumar, Corporate Governance: Regulatory Mechanism With Special
Emphasis On Corporate Social Responsibility (2017) (Unpublished LL.M
dissertation, Indian Law Institute).

16
 REPORTS
Institution/Author, “title of the Report within inverted commas” page number (Year
of publication).
E.g. Law Commission of India, “144th Report on Conflicting Judicial Decisions
Pertaining to the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908” (April, 1992).

WEBLIOGRAPHY

The date of visiting the website must be cited.

E.g. Information Technology Act 2000, India, available at: http://www.mit.gov.in/
itbill.asp (last visited on July 29, 2003).

CITATION OF A CASE LAW

Citing a Case – Case title consists of the name of the plaintiff followed by space, the
letters v. or vs. and a space and the name of the respondent/ defendant.
Then to separate the case title from the reporter citations, a comma and space is
used, followed by the volume number of the official reporter, the proper
abbreviations of the official reporter, and the page number of the first page of case
report in the official reporter. After the last reporter citation, put a space, then the
year of decision in parentheses.
In India, citing a case is as follows:

Jassa Singh v. State of Haryana (2002) 2 SCC 481

Case Title (Year of Publication) Volume Number Name of the Journal Page
Number

17
 CASE LAWS
ALL INDIA REPORTER (AIR)

• If the case name and citation together are to be written in the text of the article itself
[Note: This format is not allowed in JILI):

Case Name (Reporter Citation)

Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (AIR 1962 SC 933).

• If the name and citation are to be written in the footnote itself:

Case Name, Reporter Citation

Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, AIR 1962 SC 933.

• Where the case title is written in the body of the text, only the name of the case shall be
in the text

Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala and the citation

is written in the footnote as AIR 1973 SC 1461.

SUPREME COURT CASES (SCC)

• If the name and citation are to be written in the footnote itself:

Jassa Singh v. State of Haryana (2002) 2 SCC 481.

• If the case title is to be written in the body of the research paper, only the name of the
case shall be written

Jassa Singh v. State of Haryana then the citation

would be written in the footnote as (2002) 2 SCC 481.

18
 CONCLUSION
Citation upholds the intellectual honesty of the material the researcher has used. By
using citations, our readers are more likely to trust us and what we write. As
discussed in this project, there are different styles of Citation that are used commonly
and some in specific field. These different styles are used as per the researcher’s
need or it may depends on the field which is related to the paper. The essence is to
give all the information as completely as possible to allow the reader to trace the
correct sources whether the information source is printed or non-printed.

19
20