PROPRIETARY INFORMATION For Authorized Company Use Only SAFETY IN PLANT DESIGN DESIGN PRACTICES EXON | ws : SUBSECTION B rection aad XV-B Loft EXXON MINIMIZING THE RISKS OF FIRE, | Dato ENGINEERING EXPLOSION, OR ACCIDENT January, 1985 CONTENTS Page scope 1 REFERENCES 1 GENERAL 3 PREVENTING UNCONTROLLED RELEASE OF FLAMMABLE MATERIALS Materials of Construction Safe Machinery Installations Mechanical Design of Piping Systems Furnace Fire Yazards Safe Disposal of Equioment Drainage, Contaminated Effluents and Vent: Uncontrolled Releases From Atmospheric Tankage MINIMIZING SOURCES OF IGNITION Furnacas and Hot Equioment Autofonition Pyraphoric t Maintenance Activ Vehicle Traffic Diesel Engines Uightaing Static € Electrical Equior eria At Sparking ELIMINATION OF FLAMMABLE HYDROCARSON/AIR MIXTURES Combustion Devicas-?reventi Elimination of Flanmable res and Explosions r Mixtures in Regeneration Elimination of Elimination of as a 2eaction Elimination of F ‘ixtures in Vacuum Processes Elimination of Flanmaole Mixtures ia Compressed Air Systems Explosions in Interna oust ion Engines in Aspnait Operations ses Using Air 4Seaton Pose XV-B 2 of 2 For hatuncerCcnporpUseony {EXXON DESIGN PRACTICES Pate January, 1985 CONTENTS (CONT'D) Page ELIMINATION OF FLAMMABLE HYDROCARBON/AIR MIXTURES (CONT'D) Flashback Prevention in Vent Lines and Flare Systems 2 Elimination of Explosions in Enclosed or Partially Enclosed Spaces and Equipment 22 Elimination of Sewer Explosions a4 Atmospheric Tankage 5 Cross Contamination Between Plant Systems 30 Elimination of Explosive Mixtures During Plant Start-up and Shutdown 31 DESIGN OF PLANT FOR OPERABILITY AND SAFETY OF PERSONNEL 31 Safe Working Conditions for Personnel n Emergency Systems, Alarms, and Instrumentation 32 Design for Safe Start-up and Shutdown 32 Winterizing 32 APPENDIX Table 1 - Autoignition Temperatures 3 Figure 1 - Vent and Flare Stack Purge Rates xu Subsection XV-8 Revision Information 10/80 Base Issue Date, 55 pages Revised Pages Page No Page Date Page No, Page Date ‘CONTERT: 1785 15,16 1785 3 1/85 17438 10/81 6,7 10/82 20 3/82 8 10/83 22 19/83 9 10/82 24 10/83 10 10/81 28 40/81 W 10/82 7 10/82 12 10/81 28 1/85 3 1/85 32 10/83 14 382 33 10/82Section EXXON DESIGN PRACTICES | fROPRIEIARY, INFORMATION Dare HL (he LoD e Safety Honith and WeLface Sooietet No. 34 * Reliefs," Manistey of Labour (U.K.) AL MPA IO Flammaoi ana Comeustible Liquies Cage ~ 1977. NFPA 68 Explosion Venting Guide NFPA 10, National Electrical Code NFPA Std 496, "Pucged Enclosure For Clectrscal Equipment. in Hazardous Locat tons," National Fire Protect 10s. Association NEPA Bulletin 525M, “Fire Hazard Peopectses of Flammable Liquids, Gases and Volatile Solids” Report. No. £2.05€.85 "Safe Storage and Handling of Asphalta" Report No. EE:110£.81, "Preventing Electrostatic [grit ions” Report No. FE-80F.43 “Guidelines For Protecting Atmospheric Storage Tanks from Rundows Heat Exchanger ube Failure". Guide to the Use of Flane Arcesters and Explosion th GENERAL The basic pr. described in Subsec: includes the consider the risks of fire, the following: \ciples underlying the incorporation of safety into plant designs are on A. The First of these, the recognition and elimination of hazards, tien of fire, explosion and other accident potentials. To minimize plasien and ather accidents, the general design sppraach consists of <<) |{# Preventing uncontrolled seteases of flammable materials, such as those wnicn cay result // from equipment Tailire, inpfoper materials or incorsect pcocedures. ¢ Minimizing the nunbec of ignition sou © Preventang_the formation of hydeocart process equipment. @ Insuring that, c mixtures ia the flammable cange within 12 plant is safe and ope ble For personnel. These four general areas of design are described in detail in this Subsection. The design of protective features to prevent equipment failure from overstressing as a esult of instrumentation malfunctions, utility failure, maloperatiens, etc. is eoveced in PREVENT (G UNCONTROLLED RELEASE OF FLanuat MATERTALS Uncontrolled releases are like! incorrect procedures. preventing such cell to be the result of equipment failure or The Following aspects of plant designs are particularly important in Materials of Construetzen Appropriate materials of construction must be specified in plant designs, taking into consideration ail anticipated service conditions, including variations in temperature and corrosive conditions that may occur during operation. Reference shaula be nage 29 the Refinecy Construction Materials Manual for guidance. Ahan mater: are nore than usually wilnecable to failure (2.g., low melting point allovs, are used, the need far compensatory protection, auch 38 enecgency isolatien valves proofing should be considered. See Subsecticns T~and"H, “respect ivély. The selection of materials of processes, o¢ where volatile aateriais nay autore Feacture under all antic:pated operating concitions. *bno: shutdowns, loss of heat exchange, dep: zed to determine the most severe low-temperature conditions to which equipment reasonably be excected to exposed. Safety valve discharge headers, flare lines and vent oes spec vulnerable to low-temperature exposures during upset ar enacgency con released. Reference should be wade to Section {1 for consicerat.ana w in the selection of design temperatur; nist be such as to avo1o br A must be ine. EXXON RESEARCH 4aS205-x0-U [Section eee xv-8 4 PROPRIETARY INFORMATION | Ey YON DESIGN PRACTICES tue For Authorized Company Use Oniy October, 1980 The Refinery Constructiun Materials Manual provides the basis for materials selec- tion, and impact requirements for materials are covered by BP18-6-1. Note that impact ce- quirements do not apply to ferrous components in certain cases when subjected to a aressure no Segroater than 255 of tne design (HaWP) presaure. Thus, temperature below transition resulting From abnormal conditions may be acceptable in certain low-pressure situations, such as auto feftigeration of reci! liquids wien depresuring Light ends equipment at shutdown ~ Where ambient conditions may be below -20°F, the design shauld recagnize th potential for brittle fracture in carbon steel pipe during startup. Sate Machinery Installations Operating sachinery is potentially hazardous, because of (a) the kinetic enecay wnicn may De released in highly destructive form in the event of mechsnacal faaluce, and (b) the vulnerability of shaft seals to failures which may release large quantities of Tlannable Fluids. Their protective features which are provided in machinery designs are sunnari etails of their design and application say be obtained from the Following below. Further references: © Section X, Pups. © Section x1, = BP1O 1 inclusive, covering Machinery. «APE Standards 670, 611, 612, 613, 616, 617 ane 618. Driver verso: from control Protection - Protection is provided against averspeed which nay result ticularly when accompanied by sudden load reauctions 1. [[fompressors must be provided with facilities to prevent the entry of entrained 1 Anockaut drums, alarms, continuous drains, heat traced suction Lines, etc., are covered in the appropriate sections af the anave teferences; and ction BP3-3-1 and AP instream compressor Flushing and steam turbine washing systens ace designed to control the flow and atomization of liquid through the machine such that mecnanical * ‘damage from Liguid slugs cannot occur. Refer to 8P3~5=3, PS-J-4, and APS-3—a, quire are the sane as on engines and gas turbines must + Liguid conaensate from the fue those specifies for fi gac stream. The facilities ‘aces later in this suasect | Gas-firea internal comus Temporary and permanent strainers are provided for the protection of I conprassors against entry of solid materials, in accordance with BP3-3-1 The provision of reliable lubrication systems is therefore on. Provision of spare lube oil punos, filters and coolers, nonitorsi ruments, alarms, cut-ins and trips, water seoaators, ete., are covered by tne aoprorpiate macninery BP's. Design of lube oil Lines’ to insure cleanliness is coverua by 2P3-5-11, Gil Mist Luoeication Systens are covered by BP3-5 AKON SESEARCH AND ENGINEERING COMPANY - FLORHAM PARK. 4.)ER&E DESIGN PRACTICES PROPRIETARY INFORMATION For A Use Ont METRIC] “or Authorized Company Ny an 2. Compressor shaft seal ol systems are specified in Basic Practices to meet similar Fequiterents, since the oil has 9 lubricating as well as a sealing function. anical Const ru Adequal on 1. Machinery de: + he adequate for the anticipated most severe service conditions, Le, sive of erosive properties of the fluid handled, pacticularly undes turbulent or high velocity conditions, operating temperature, ete. Materials should comply with the Refinery Construction Materials Manual, impact requirements of BP 1-6-1, where applicable, and the relevant Machinery Basic Practices. Overpressure Protection is covered in Subsection C. 2. Centrifugal pump mechanical seal failures are 2 frequent source of fires, and design of shaft sealing arrangenents is therefore critical. Types of seal, selection criteria, flusning systems, seals for special services, ete., are covered by Sec X-G and in BP3-3-9, BP10~1-1 and BP101-2. Prevention of Machinery Imbalance, Vibration, and Resulting Failure - As fer as practi- tal, machinery designs include features which will minimize imbalance and vibration, and which will identify this condition at an early stage before it develops into a mechanical Failuce. + Machinery foundations are covered by BP4~6-2. Vibration monitors with alarm and shutdown functions are installed per SP10-12-1. Piping associated with machinery installations is covered by @P3-3-1 inclusive. ep33- Prolonged surging of centrifugal compressors is likely to result in thrust bearing Ag-a minimum, appropriate recycle controls and low flow alarms should be porated. See Section xI-C. fugal_puros to reduce the sk associated with seal failure. These are ceseribed in Section X-6 Special nechanical seal features are available for cent fire For pumps in offsite areas that are not continuously manned, the following should be considered: a. Vibration alarm or shutdown, b. High casing temperature shutdown device, if the pump can be “shut in” ducing normal operation (e.g., pumps supplying marine loading facilities). ec. Tandem seals with high-pressure alarms between seals for lignt ends service. Good design and construction of piping systems, in accordance with the Pip eliminate many of the points of potential failure wnich may couse: Practices, will s of furnace tube failure and entry of fuel Frequently the cause of fires, are required, minimize the passidilit: Features wni gas condensate into a8 follows: QRHAM PAR! NLL.Section Pave 15-8 6 PROPRIETARY INFORMATION ER&E Date Seer, 1982 For Authorieed Company Use Oniy DESIGN PRACTICES tober Murumzing Potential for Furnace iube Failuce 1. Insteunentation for Flow Stopoage - Provide all process furnaces with a low flow fuel ‘Shutdown Cicecy low protean Tow actuating shutoff valves in ali fwel streans to tne furnace, excluding pilot gas) - No. netisbte Furnace tau: Susply = Provide the Furnace feed pump «ith a celtable space Th most aussie dateatattoey to specily electese motor dees fora furnace feed pimp and. ita, spare, supplied ‘am the too sides ofp secondaty select i power Suse {Eibution Syston.” fa secondary selective system 18 nat available, or vf the source of pow supply 19 uncelisble, 2 steam turbine spare ia noraslly provided. Automatic Gut im of the’ spate punp is) included only if apeetal considerations apply, © femote location of high Coking rates. A when the furnace is fed from a tower or other process vessel, provide sufficient holdup tine below the vessel low level alarm point to allow operating personnel Line to prepare the furnace for no feed-see Section 12-C. 3. Inguring Equalized Flow Disteibution in Multzoass Furnaces a. For furnaces in Liguid or mixed-phase service, a means of controlling flow in the inlet to each pass should be provided in accordance with Section B-J. Provide process temperature measurement in accordance with Section 6-B. 4. Enerqency Steam to Furnace Coils - The use af steam injection into fureace coils in tre event of tube fatluré 15 generally not recommended and connections for this purpose are nat nocmally provide. The main reasons for this ar A) In many services, the normal pressure in the furnace feed line is grester than the steam header pressure. b) If steam injection is used in the case of tube rupture, it could displace addi~ txonal “oil into the Firebox, causing an escalation of the existing fire or creating conditions for a Firedox explosion. ¢) Tre steam may have a damaging effect on the process domstresn of tre furnace, .g, Feactor catalyst or equigment which must be kept dry. dj If the steam laters] 1s not effectively drained, the sudden injection of emer- gency steam nay introduce a slug of condensate into the furnace coul, causing severe Liguie hanmer or pressure surge. However, steam connect ions ney be installed for purging or reduction of coke Formation, in wien cage the giging and valving requirenents of BP3-6-5 must be met. (Firebox purging steam is covered later in this subsect ion.) 5. High Temoerature Alarm - All furnaces should be provided with a high temperature GGlarm, ingepensent of the tenoerature controller, in the carl outlet. 1g Entry of Furl Gas Condensate Into Furnaces - Fuel gas suoply streans to any IDUSt ICN Jevice qUSt Sass TAroUGh 2 UnocKOUt Grum far renaval of condensate, sized ta vancle 2° 3 slug af Liouie the adjacent offsite Lise. The drum must ‘be fitted avzh a ha9n level alarm and 3 30 mm sinrmun size condensate dumo Line to a continuously ava tla! nal aysten ‘safety valve tesaer oreferred). in all locations »nere anoient “emouratures can fall delow the dew point of the fuel gas (1-e., where condensa- nN dawngzrean uf tne knecwout drum can gccur?, heat trace and insulate the gas header rom whe unackgut arum to the burnecs and pie the low goint drains to the same conden Sate Greuusal system. xnece furnaces are widely spacea, sucn that tracing and insulation of the entire yes meager iy rot practical, separate knockout deums should be provided. Thus caqurremants are d tn Seer yor 5 and in AP3=-1 SAADM RESEARCH ANO EXGINEESING COMPANY - FLORHAM PARK. NJ (4520-15. Section Page ER&E ESIGN PRACTICES PROPRIETARY INFORMATION [versie] For Authorized Company Use Only [Bate October, 1982 Process vessels discharging gas streams into fuel gas headers must be proviued with a separate high level alarm independent fron the nocmal process level controller alams. If the fuel is a low-pressure gas, fired directly frum the same process unit (such as the gos from > pipestill distillate drum, fed directly to the burners), 3 fuel gas knockout drum is normally not pravided. In such cases, the condensate is tenved from the fuel gas manifoid Lo an cnupenccie steam atomizing condensate bucner located in the fury This burner should be Kept in continuous service while the fuenace is in operat ion Since this arrangenent cannot handle a large liquid spillover from the distillate drum, a high level-cut-out should be provided on the dru, to shut off the fuel gas line Safe Disposal of fquipment Drainage, Contowinated Effluents and Yents Safe means of disposal aust be proviced for the various Flammable drainage, effluent and vent streams, so that they do aot constitute a fire risk. Disposal systems for drainage and contaminated aqueous effluents are detailed in Subsection 0. Vents through which Fl mable materials are released to the atmosphere must be safely located with respect to adjacent equipment and personnel working areas, including consideration of heat radiation in the event oF ign See Suosections C and £ ps From Atmospheric Tankace Dang: excessive vapor evalutien of Flammable materials fron atmosphere tankage nay occur as rom vents, or ss "boilover” or other form of spillage, For convenience, these hazards are covered together with the hazard of internal explosions in tankage later in this subsection. MENEMIZING ES OF IGNITION Typical sources af ignition which are commonly found in refinery or pe! plants are listed in the following paragraphs, together with design features whic: maunumize their potential for initiating fires or explosions. These requirements are detailed in Suosection C. within the range of many common process tenge: Listed in Table 1 are temperatures of ure compounds and refinery mS which may be vented to the atmaspnece. As a rule of thumb, 319°C is considered to be the autoignition temperature of most liquid hydrocarbons. vrooharie Mati rophoric materials (e.g., iron suifice, acetylene polymers which insure that when excosed to the atmosonere, they are Refer to Suosection % for fustner information. The risk of ignition of flammable materials is always present during plant mainte- Rance involving welding, burning, use of erenes, vehicles, ete., and other not work. Howve the risk can be reduced by providing adequate spacing between units that shut dow for sround separately, per Subsection G. EXNON RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING’ COMPANY - FLORHAM PARK. 9.1ep 2ue-19-4 [Section Page Getober, 1983 PROPRIETARY INFORMATION ER&E For Aaored Campy Use Only DESIGN PRACTICES Date Vemele [raffic The potential for ignition from vehicle traffic (including all sobile equipment drivers) from the vehicle electrical system, exhaust system, engine overspeed/valve bounce, can be minimized by traffic restrictions. Quesel Engines Diesel engines (stationary machinery drivers) can produce ignition mechanisms from e electrical system, exhaust system, engine overspeed/ valve bounce. Ihe risk af iqnition can be minimized by complying with local code requirements for diesel engines in classified areas (spark arrestors, flame trans, averspeed shutdown, explosion-proof electrical equipnent , etc.) Laghtnang Lightning 1s a potential ignition source for flammable vapors, and appropriate design features are provided as follows: ightning protection and equipment grounding per 8P16-4~ Installation af shunts for bonding betwee steel-shoe coor seals with the hanger (pantograph type). Refer to BP9-G-1 root and shell of floating roof tanks naving echamism in the vapoc apa\ below the seal 3. Provision of pressure-vacuum vents for cone roof tanks holding natersals with flasn points below 3807, this type of vent functions as a lane arrester, prevent ing internal explosion even though the vaoor space 1s within the exolosive cange. Sez BP9-7-3. (Agpnalt tanks are an exception. Open vents are used rather than PY vents, wnach are Likely to be plugged by coke or asohalt in this service. team snuffing connections are specified for atmospheric venta from process equipne: as descrabed later in this Subsection and Subsection C. Static Electriosty The generation of static electricity occurs widely in petroleum and pet: fons, out with an understanding of dures, one can effect by electrostatic discnacges. chemical, ie mechanisms involves and appropriate oesis ely eliminate the hazard of agnituon of flammaole concent: Static Electrie:ty Mechanisns - Migration of charged ions occurs at the interface between Gassimilar materials (solic/solid, solid/liquid, or liquid/liquia). the coposite char of these ions and corrasoonding electrons cancel each other out and there 13 no formation of a net electrical charge on either surface, provided that there 1s no relative movenen between the to bodies. However, if relative movement or separation occurs, Lrapped ions. and electrons w1il also be separated, resulting in the formation of electrical charges an each boy ssipaticn of these charges 18 a function of the el wolved. Matersals with low conductivitses. e.g. c@: eum liquids, say accumlate charges to a voltage aufficient :o couse 9 20: Gascnarge ta an adjacent lower potential of grounded object. If such 3 spark discnar sufficient energy, it will constituce an igaitio, r mixture that may be present. EXXON RESEARCH ANO ENGINEERING COMPANY - FLORHAM PARK, NJ[Section Page PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 13-8 9 For Authorized Company Use Only [ate Betober, 1992 products. Nonaccumulaters include crude oils, residut! products with Conratson Cachan ‘ove 1%, and water-soluble materials such as alcohol. PG and other volatile materiais wnich are always handled in closed a1r-free systems present no hazard with respect to . Blectrostatie ignition. Although static can be accumulated and may discharge 35 sparks, there ig no flammable vapor/air mixture present to be ignited. SS Ndperations which are Finelude the following: narticuluy concern because of static electricity generation “sta droplets falling through a vapor, e.g-+ spray or mist formation in vapor spaces, agd splach Filling of tan High velocity and turbulent conditions, #.q., in pipelines, at the discharge of jets FEom nozzles, tank’mixing, etc lirilesation, particularly through micropore elements with a large surface area excused to fluid tow. — a Settling of water deaplets through Liguig hydrocarbons, @.g., in tankage. Principles of Avoiding Electrostatic Ionition - Elimination of the electrostatic ignition Ruste aay Be achieved by either for the following baeie methods: 1. Eliminating conditions snd equipment configuratons which favor tne generation, Secumulation, and sparking discharge of electrostatic charges, or 2, Elimineting flammable vapor/air mixtures at points where sparking discnocqe af Slectrostatic cnarges say occur. Design Procedures - Petroleum and petrochenical materiais under consideration are first Classified as static accunulaters or non-accumulators. They are then classified as high. interneaiate of low vapor pressure products, according to their Flammability cnaracter3: tics at the conditions applying in the equioment under consideration. Establishes design and operating requiramente are available, appropriate to the wove clocsifications, covering storage tanks, tank truck, tank car, tanker and barge operatsons, smeil con tainer filling, and tank cleaning. jifor 9 full deseeiption of static electricity mechanisns, definitions snd classification pfocscure, snd decign and operating requirements, see ERSE Report No. 2€.110.81, "Pre | veneing Electrostatic Igaitions.” Bonding requirement details are given in OPté—.-1 ana 1 gergon1 Electrical Eavioment Soarking The widesoread application of electric power in refinery of petrochemical plants peesents many oponrtunities Ter the ignition of cleased vapors by electrical sparks. Sparkint fay be the resuit of 3 fault in an electrical comoonent, of may occur as a sonal feature of une working of an electrical device, e.g-, the sparking ot the contacts of a swatch wen deeming ar closing. eal = In order to specify the appropriate «. Poulsrent To gh sficn will minimize the ignition hazard, it is necessar conside: Uo orapapility of Tlamapie vaoor/air mixtures occurring, ana the voecsiie vanars involved in the various plant areas. cia 300. in applying these definitions, the guige rules incorporated in AP! 3? MON RESEARCH AWD ENGINEERING COMPANY - FLORHAM PARK. NJ.Section 0 Pe 10 | PROPRIETARY INFORMATION ER&E Date DESIGN PRACTICES October, 1982 | fo" Authoed Company Use Only Petroleum Refineries" are applied. Further clarification of NEC definitions and some modifications Lo the AP RP SOUA quide rules are covered in UPI6-1-1. Definitions = Class { Locations are those which ace hazardous because Flamable gases or Vapors “are or may be present. Class II Lecatiens ace those hich are hazardous because combustible dust is or may Ue present. Within each location class, tuo divisions 1 recagnizmi. Wsthwn Class 1 these ace: 1. Division 1 locations are those that ace Likely to have flammable gas vapors or comoust ible dusts present under noenal conditions, EP1é=1=1 further defines these 3s Locations where the probability of Tlanmaole atmospheres occurcing is estimated Lo be more than one nour in 10,000 hours. Typtcaily, the number of refinery Locot ans requiring Division 1 classification is relatively small, and may include areas such a5 sums, inadequately vent lated process buildings, etc. 2. Division 2 locations are those that are Likely to have flammable vapars or conbus~ Lible ousts present only under apnormal conditions, such as the failure or rupture oF equipment. “@P16-1-1 fucther defines these as locations where the prabavility of Flammanle atmosaneres occurring is estimated to be between one hou in 10,000 hours, and one hour in 1,000,000 hours. Freely ventilated outdoor areas in typical cefin— eries normally fall into the Division 2 classification. Aveas which do not fail into Division 1 or Division 2 locations are "Unclassified" or "Non-Hazsccous." 3. Flammanie gases are qrouped according to their flammability charactertaties. ihe relevant groups eccurcing in plant operat ions ar' Group A Atmaspneces containing acetylene. Group 3 Atmospheres containing Averagen or gases of equivalent hazacd. Geoup © Atmospneces containing hyd ether, ethylene or cyclopropane. Group 9 Atnagoneres containing gasoline, hexane, naphtha, benzene, butane, propane, aleonal, acetone, benzoi lacquer solvent vapors, natural gas, o¢ ammonia. 4. Combustible custs are roused accarding to there hazacdaus characteristics. The relevant groups accurring in plant operat ions are: Group € Atmospheres containing metal dust including aluminum magnesium, tren commercial alloys ana other metals of similarly hazardous cnaractertat ica. Group F Atmospheres containing carban black caal of coke dusts which have more than 8% total volatile material (carbon dlack per ASIM 01620, cnarcesl, coai, and coke dusts per ASTM D-271) or atmospheres containing these dusts sensi- tized by other materials or that they present an axplesion nazard. Electrical Leuionent Selection - After cefinery or chemical plant aceas nave been class led according to the a0Gve cefinitions, following the interpretations anc quide rules of NEC, API RP 500A, and @P16-1-1, and sccocaing to the group af the gases of vanors in- volved, the selection of electeteal equipment for Class I igcat:ons then follows tne requirements of NEC Article S01 and 8P16-1-1. The princ:ale upon wnien acuiament selection (s oased ig that in the Cla locations, ~leetrieai eauiorent ust sat constitute + sour Btmospnece in tne area, zither ov fe sbarking associates ~1t2 its norm: by soarkieg ny fariure sr faults. On che acree tana, ia Class 1 Division < Jocat tons, it 3 only reavices that electrical equtonent muse not constitute a sour ignition by the spurking ausociates ita its normal functioning, in lacatians anere Flanmabie soars ore reculerly present, such as within the vapor sauce of a Link, only electrical equipment claseified 95 intrinsically safe may be used. ‘hese sane peinevales sss IT acoas. EXXON RESEARCH AND EXTINEE. ING COMPAR . FLORHAM PARK. WS