Test Bank for Personality Theories, 9th Edition : Engler

Test Bank for Personality Theories, 9th Edition :

Engler

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CHAPTER 6
Ego Analytic Psychology—Anna Freud, Erik
Erikson, Dan McAdams

LECTURE/DISCUSSION TOPIC: GILLIGAN’S CRITICISM OF

ERIKSON’S THEORY
Purpose: To discuss in greater depth Carol Gilligan’s comments regarding Erikson’s
psychosocial theory.
As described in the Thinking Critically box in the textbook, Carol Gilligan suggests that the
values emphasized by Erikson’s approach—such as mastery, autonomy, and power—do not
apply as well to the lives of females as to the lives of males. Discuss with your students the extent
to which they agree with Gilligan’s assertion that such values as connection, responsibility, and
care better characterize female development. More generally, discuss with your students whether
it is possible for a personality theory to be equally applicable to both males and females.

LECTURE/DISCUSSION TOPIC: DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF

ETHNICITY
Purpose: To consider whether the principles of African American racial identity change
described in the textbook are applicable to other cultural or ethnic groups.
After lecturing on the material addressing ethnic identity stages of African Americans (e.g.,
Cross, 1971, 1991; Parham & Helms, 1981), ask students to what extent they believe similar
stages apply to other cultural or ethnic groups.

LECTURE/DISCUSSION TOPIC: ANNA FREUD AS YOUNGEST

DAUGHTER
Purpose: To discuss Anna Freud’s contributions in the context of her position as the
youngest daughter of Sigmund Freud.
Ask students to recall Adler’s theories of birth order from a previous chapter. In this context, ask
students how Anna Freud’s position as the youngest daughter of Sigmund Freud might have
influenced her career and her contributions to the field of psychology.

LECTURE/DISCUSSION TOPIC: THE AGE RANGES OF

ERIKSON’S DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES
Purpose: To enhance students’ understanding and critical thinking about age ranges
attached to Erikson’s developmental stages.
Each of Erikson’s developmental stages has long been associated with a particular age range:
trust vs. mistrust occurs during infancy, autonomy vs. shame and doubt occurs during the toddler
years, etc. However, recent research by McAdams and others (as mentioned in the textbook)
suggests that a life-course perspective on generativity is more helpful than Erikson’s original
stage model.

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This idea implies that generativity vs. stagnation may not be locked into the age range originally
assigned to it (adulthood), but may occur at other times as well. After explaining this to students,
ask them to consider a life-course perspective on the other seven of Erikson’s stages. Can any of
them take place at any time, or is each locked into its own age range?

LECTURE/DISCUSSION TOPIC: MCADAMS’ FIVE PRINCIPLES

OF PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY
Purpose: To enhance students’ understanding and critical thinking about McAdams’
recent comprehensive theory of personality.
After explaining the five principles of personality psychology offered by McAdams and
colleagues (McAdams & Pals, 2006), ask students to evaluate how well they integrate various
theories of personality and facilitate future study of personality. At this point (or perhaps later in
the course, when they have learned about more theories), ask students to offer their own “meta-
theories” of personality that integrate or incorporate the various theories of personality they have
learned about. What are the challenges in developing such a meta-theory? For the field of
personality psychology, what are the benefits of doing so?

62 Chapter 6
 Testbank

Multiple Choice
1. Anna Freud was Sigmund Freud’s
a) wife.
b) youngest daughter.
c) cousin.
d) aunt.
Ans: b Learning Objective: 1 Ref: Anna Freud (1895–1982) Type: F
2. Anna Freud enlarged the application of psychoanalysis to new areas, including exploration
of the ego and the study of
a) children.
b) womb envy.
c) hypercompetitiveness.
d) family dynamics.
Ans: a Learning Objective: 1 Ref: Anna Freud (1895–1982) Type: F
3. Anna Freud’s developmental line elaborated on her father’s depiction of the psychosexual
stages by describing
a) how children become increasingly dependent on external controls as they mature.
b) the increase in id impulses that accompanies the development of secondary sexual
characteristics.
c) the increase in ego-superego conflicts that occurs along with developmental growth.
d) the growth in ego mastery as it coincides with psychosexual development.
Ans: d Learning Objective: 1 Ref: Anna Freud (1895–1982) Type: F
4. What did Anna Freud mean when she said that adolescence was the “stepchild in
psychoanalytic theory”?
a) The adolescent stage had not previously been emphasized as an important
developmental period.
b) Adolescents are not considered good candidates for psychoanalysis.
c) Adolescence is a high-risk period for developing mental disorders.
d) Adolescents who become stepchildren frequently end up in psychoanalysis.
Ans: a Learning Objective: 1 Ref: Anna Freud (1895–1982) Type: C
5. Tanya has been taken hostage. Her primary feelings toward the people who are holding her
hostage is admiration and gratitude. Anna Freud would argue that Tanya is experiencing the
ego defense of
a) projection.
b) displacement.
c) identification with the aggressor.
d) regression.
Ans: c Learning Objective: 1 Ref: Anna Freud (1895–1982) Type: A
6. Which of the following is one of the ways in which Erikson extended Freudian
psychoanalysis?
a) He posited another psychosexual stage following the genital stage.
b) He researched the impact of fixations in later stages than Freud did.
c) He elaborated on the negative functions of the ego.
d) He added a social dimension that before was only implied in the psychosexual stages.
Ans: d Learning Objective: 2 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: C

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7. Unlike Sigmund Freud, Erikson theorized that the ego was
a) mostly adaptive.
b) mostly given a negative role.
c) mostly unconscious.
d) wholly conscious.
Ans: a Learning Objective: 3 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: F
8. In discussing the psychosexual stages, Freud emphasized their ________ character, whereas
Erikson emphasized their ________ dimension.
a) biological; social
b) social; biological
c) biological; cognitive
d) cognitive; biological
Ans: a Learning Objective: 2 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: C
9. Each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages is organized around a(n) ________ that children
encounter at certain critical periods.
a) media exposure
b) observation of private adult life
c) emotional polarity
d) erogenous zone
Ans: c Learning Objective: 4 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: F
10. An individual who emerges successfully from one of Erikson’s psychosocial stages
develops a(n) ________ as a result.
a) developmental line
b) virtue
c) authoritative style
d) individuation
Ans: b Learning Objective: 4 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: F
11. According to Erikson, the primary dilemma of infancy is
a) trust versus mistrust.
b) autonomy versus doubt.
c) industry versus inferiority.
d) initiative versus guilt.
Ans: a Learning Objective: 5 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: F
12. According to Erikson, an infant whose parents do not attend reliably to his or her needs is
likely to lack the ego strength of
a) will.
b) hope.
c) purpose.
d) wisdom.
Ans: b Learning Objective: 5 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: C
13. According to Erikson, if six-month-old Marcus could verbalize his dilemma, he would say
that he is most likely struggling with the question,
a) Can I control my body?
b) Can I trust the world?
c) What is my purpose in life?
d) What is my identity?
Ans: b Learning Objective: 5 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: A

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14. Two-year-old Emma was just toilet-trained. According to Erikson, if her parents were firm
and reassuring, Emma would emerge from this stage with a newly developed ego strength
of
a) care.
b) purpose.
c) will.
d) hope.
Ans: c Learning Objective: 5 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: A
15. According to Erikson, a two-year-old’s negativism is a(n)
a) sign of frustration.
b) form of disguised anger.
c) innate contrariness.
d) struggle for autonomy.
Ans: d Learning Objective: 5 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: F
16. Pedro is a boy struggling with the life crisis of autonomy versus shame and doubt.
According to Erikson, Pedro is most likely to be ________ old.
a) three months
b) twelve months
c) three years
d) eight years
Ans: c Learning Objective: 5 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: A
17. Four-year-old Jonas is a very curious little boy who is always taking things apart. His
mother has just found him in her bedroom attempting to unscrew the back of her alarm
clock. According to Erikson, a spanking will probably lead Jonas to feel
a) mistrustful.
b) confused.
c) guilty.
d) stagnant.
Ans: c Learning Objective: 5 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: A
18. Regarding the Oedipus complex, Erikson
a) believed that it did not exist.
b) agreed wholeheartedly with Sigmund Freud.
c) preferred to call it an early generational complex.
d) believed that it took place much later in life than did Sigmund Freud.
Ans: c Learning Objective: 5 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: F
19. The psychosocial stage that parallels Freud’s latency period is
a) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
b) identity versus role confusion.
c) industry versus inferiority.
d) initiative versus guilt.
Ans: c Learning Objective: 5 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: F

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20. Ms. Jones divides her first-graders into reading groups according to ability. The “sparrows”
know that they are the worst readers, whereas the “eagles” know that they are the best.
According to Erikson, at this age, she can expect the “sparrows” to develop feelings of
________ and the “eagles” to develop feelings of ________.
a) mistrust; trust
b) role confusion; ego identity
c) guilt; initiative
d) inferiority; industry
Ans: d Learning Objective: 5 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: A
21. Dr. Rodriguez is a clinical psychologist who works with children in an elementary school.
According to Erikson, the psychosocial stage with which Dr. Rodriguez’s clients are most
likely to struggle is
a) trust versus mistrust.
b) industry versus inferiority.
c) ego identity versus role confusion.
d) intimacy versus isolation.
Ans: b Learning Objective: 5 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: A
22. Fifteen-year-old Savita is constantly questioning her parents’ values. At the same time, she
is not ready to accept her friends’ values. If you ask her what she wants to become, she will
say, “I haven’t a clue.” Her confusion implies that she is struggling with issues of
a) autonomy.
b) identity.
c) fidelity.
d) integrity.
Ans: b Learning Objective: 5 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: A
23. Ron is a previously law-abiding teen who has recently joined a violent gang. In Erikson’s
terms, he is
a) adopting a negative identity.
b) looking for fidelity.
c) undergoing an identity crisis.
d) assuming an inappropriate sexual role.
Ans: a Learning Objective: 5 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: A
24. When an adolescent establishes a stable identity, the virtue or ego strength that emerges is
a) care.
b) competence.
c) fidelity.
d) love.
Ans: c Learning Objective: 5 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: F
25. Dr. Porter is a counseling psychologist who works at a college counseling center. Most of
Dr. Porter’s clients are of traditional college age. According to Erikson’s theory of
psychosocial stages, which of the following issues will be most prominent in the problems
of Dr. Porter’s clients at this point in their lives?
a) Trust versus mistrust
b) Generativity versus stagnation
c) Intimacy versus isolation
d) Ego integrity versus despair
Ans: c Learning Objective: 5 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: A

66 Chapter 6
26. The virtue of love emerges with the successful emergence of Erikson’s _________ stage.
a) generativity versus stagnation
b) intimacy versus isolation
c) ego integrity versus despair
d) industry versus inferiority
Ans: b Learning Objective: 5 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: C
27. Carolyn is experiencing Erikson’s stage of generativity versus stagnation. Carolyn is most
likely to be ________ years old.
a) four
b) fifty
c) fifteen
d) eighty
Ans: b Learning Objective: 5 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: A
28. The ego strength of care emerges during which of Erikson’s psychosexual stages?
a) Ego identity versus role confusion
b) Ego integrity versus despair
c) Generativity versus stagnation
d) Intimacy versus isolation
Ans: c Learning Objective: 5 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: F
29. According to Erikson, an older adult who is able to sit back and reflect on his or her life
with satisfaction will have acquired the virtue of
a) fidelity.
b) care.
c) love.
d) wisdom.
Ans: d Learning Objective: 5 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: F
30. According to Carol Gilligan, the development of girls differs from that of boys because
a) girls’ development places greater emphasis on mastery and power.
b) girls’ development places greater emphasis on connection and care.
c) the intimacy versus isolation crisis takes place later in girls’ lives.
d) the intimacy versus isolation crisis takes place earlier in girls’ lives.
Ans: b Learning Objective: 5 Ref: Thinking Critically: The Life Cycle Type: F
31. What did Erikson demonstrate in his study of two Native American tribes?
a) That society shapes basic character structures
b) That the Yurok tribe had a superior way of life
c) That society does not exert much influence on one’s character development
d) That oral and anal characters are not found in all cultures
Ans: a Learning Objective: 6 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: F
32. Erikson found that the child-rearing practices of the Sioux, in comparison to those of the
Yurok, were
a) less permissive.
b) less adaptive.
c) more gender neutral.
d) more structured.
Ans: b Learning Objective: 6 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: F

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33. Erikson is credited with refining which of the following?
a) The diagnostic profile
b) The method of self-analysis
c) The psychohistory
d) The word-association test
Ans: c Learning Objective: 6 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: F
34. Research inspired by Erikson’s theories, such as that conducted by Daniel Levinson and
Judy Levinson, suggests that, compared to women, men tend to base their identity on their
a) marriage.
b) parenting.
c) age.
d) profession.
Ans: d Learning Objective: 7 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: F
35. In his investigation of sex differences, Erikson observed that, in their play, girls emphasize
________ space, whereas boys emphasize ________ space.
a) low; high
b) outer; inner
c) high; low
d) inner; outer
Ans: d Learning Objective: 7 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: F
36. Erikson concluded from his study on sex differences that the development of women is
influenced by their
a) acceptance of male superiority.
b) awareness of their reproductive capacity.
c) relationships with their children.
d) superior verbal abilities.
Ans: b Learning Objective: 7 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: F
37. In theorizing about females, both Erikson and Freud
a) believed that women could find their identity in work.
b) believed that women could not contribute significantly outside the home.
c) believed that girls’ awareness of their sexual role focused on a missing penis.
d) employed male paradigms.
Ans: d Learning Objective: 7 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: C
38. According to the Generative Behavior Checklist (McAdams & St. Aubin), which of the
following suggests a high degree of generativity?
a) Being independent and self-sufficient
b) Believing that one’s contributions will survive after death
c) Having flexibility in moral behavior
d) Abstaining from giving advice to others.
Ans: b Learning Objective: 8 Ref: Thinking Critically: Generativity: How Do You
Measure Up? Type: C
39. Erikson saw a parallel between the use of evidence by a psychoanalyst and a(n) ________
because both try to reconstruct events.
a) literary critic
b) biologist
c) forensics expert
d) historian
Ans: d Learning Objective: 8 Ref: Erik Erikson (1902–1994) Type: F

68 Chapter 6
40. Dan McAdams’ theories of personality are most closely related to those of
a) Fromm.
b) Rogers.
c) Erikson.
d) Sullivan.
Ans: c Learning Objective: 9 Ref: Dan McAdams (1954– ) Type: F
41. ___________ enhanced Erikson’s theory of generativity versus stagnation by exploring the
cultural demand for generativity.
a) Fromm
b) Chodorow
c) Rotter
d) McAdams
Ans: d Learning Objective: 9 Ref: Dan McAdams (1954– ) Type: F
42. According to McAdams, in the elementary school years, our life stories revolve around two
themes: ________ and ________.
a) initiative; guilt
b) nuclear episodes; thematic lines
c) agency; communion
d) school; home
Ans: c Learning Objective: 11 Ref: Dan McAdams (1954– ) Type: F
43. In his study of generative and nongenerative adults, McAdams found that generative adults
were
a) able to turn negative experiences into positives.
b) more likely to give shorter versions of their life stories.
c) less likely to make use of biblical, folklore, or mythological themes in their stories.
d) more likely to have felt privileged early in their lives.
Ans: a Learning Objective: 11 Ref: Dan McAdams (1954– ) Type: F
44. According to McAdams, the theme of __________ is the most powerful life story in
contemporary America.
a) victimization
b) redemption
c) narcissism
d) codependency
Ans: b Learning Objective: 11 Ref: Dan McAdams (1954– ) Type: C
45. According to McAdams and Pals (2006), the five major principles for organizing current
research and theory in personality psychology include three major levels of personality.
What is one of these levels?
a) Dispositional attributions
b) Integrated life narratives
c) Biological adaptations
d) Cultural norms
Ans: b Learning Objective: 11 Ref: Dan McAdams (1954– ) Type: F

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Test Bank for Personality Theories, 9th Edition : Engler

47. Recently, McAdams (McAdams & Olson, 2010) redefined his three “levels” of personality
as ones that unfold developmentally as a person successively takes on the self-positions of
actor, agent, and __________ over time.
a) counselor
b) manager
c) investor
d) author
Ans: d Learning Objective: 11 Ref: Dan McAdams (1954– ) Type: F

Short Answer
1. Describe Anna Freud’s contributions to psychoanalysis.
2. Describe four ways in which Erikson extended Freudian psychoanalytic theory.
3. Explain how Erikson’s theory enlarged our understanding of the ego.
4. Discuss the general characteristics of Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development.
5. Discuss each of Erikson’s stages in terms of the crisis that it involves and the virtue that
emerges from that crisis.
6. Describe how Erikson explored the role of culture and history in shaping personality.
7. Discuss Erikson’s theories regarding the differences in psychological development between
women and men.
8. Discuss Erikson’s methods of research.
9. Describe empirical research based on Erikson’s theory.
10. Evaluate Erikson’s theory in terms of its function as philosophy, science, and art.
11. Describe Dan McAdams’ contributions to personality theory.
12. Compare and contrast Freud’s theories of psychosexual and Erickson’s theories of
psychosocial stages of development
13. Critics have suggested that Erikson’s theory applies only to a white, Western, patriarchal
society. Discuss how people in other cultures might experience different life stages,
emotional polarities, and ego strengths.
14. How might difficulties in the first of Erikson’s psychosocial stages (trust versus mistrust)
specifically influence adult personality and behavior regarding relationships?
15. How might difficulties in the third of Erikson’s psychosocial stages (industry versus
inferiority) specifically influence adult personality and behavior regarding work?
16. Discuss McAdams’ theories regarding generativity. Compare his theories to those of
Erikson.
17. McAdams argued that the theme of redemption is the most powerful life story in
contemporary America. In your opinion, what themes are most prominent?

70 Chapter 6

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