Energy Efficiency in District Coiling

System
 CONTENTS

• Introduction to district cooling system

– Applicability, benefits
– Heat flow diagram, energy split up
• Energy efficient practices in district cooling systems
– Central chilled water plant
– Building side systems
• Advanced Technologies
– Radiant Cooling Systems
– Thermal Energy Storage
• Summary – An Overall view
 What is District Cooling ??

• Chilled water is generated at a single point to meet the requirements of entire site

Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 - Building level

Central chilled water plant Distribution System Energy transfer stations
Introduction to District Cooling

Applicability
• Higher building density and high cooling demand
– Business districts
– Universities
• Diversity of cooling loads in different buildings
Benefits
• Reduction in system cooling capacity compared
to aggregate capacities of buildings
• Operating all equipment near to their optimum
conditions (Upon reaching to critical mass of
cooling demand)
Heat flow diagram
Building Side Central Chiller Plant
Air loop Chilled Plant CHW loop

Energy
Building Cooling Atmo-
A H Us Transfer Chillers
loads Tower sphere
Stations

Energy transfer station Condenser water loop

- CHW loop
Energy split up - Typical
 Central chilled
water plant

Energy Efficiency
Distribution
in District
system
At 3 levels
Cooling System

Building side
Energy Efficiency practices –
Centralized chiller plant
Chilled
water
supply
temperature
– High

Using VFD Condenser

drives for water
Centralized
compressors supply
, fans and chiller plant temperature
pumps – Low

Chiller
selection &
operation
 Chiller efficiency – C O P

Coefficient of performance or COP

Cooling provided in kW
Condenser =
water supply Compressor Energy Consumption in kW
temperature
• For a given cooling load, compressor
has to consume less energy, then C O P
increases
Condenser
• In other terms, COP of chiller increases,
Expansion valve Compressor
if the temperature difference between

Evaporator “Condenser water supply temperature ”

and “Chilled water supply temperature”

CHW Supply
temperature
decreases
 Effect of chilled water supply
temperature on chiller COP
Constant condenser water temperatures - 28 / 34

CHW - 6 /12 CHW - 12 /17

12.0

9.6

9.5
9.3

9.2

8.7
10.0 8.2

8.2

7.7
6.7

8.0
5.1
COP

6.0

7.0

6.9
6.9

6.7
6.4

6.4

5.9
5.8

4.0
4.7
3.6

2.0
0.0
10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%
Loading
Source: Johnson chiller data
• Improvement in COP is in the range of 30 – 40 %
Effect of condenser water supply
temperature on chiller COP
Constant chilled water temperatures – 6 / 12

Condenser water - 28 /34 Condenser water - 35 / 40

10.0

7.0

6.9
6.9
8.0

6.7
6.4

6.4

5.9
5.8
6.0
4.7
COP

3.6

5.1

5.1

5.0
5.0
4.0

4.2
4.0
3.7
3.2

2.0
2.8

2.8

0.0
10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%
Loading
Source: Johnson chiller data

• Improvement in COP is in the range of 40 – 50 %

 Gliding chilled water supply
temperature

• COP increases with increased chilled CHW - 6 /12 CHW - 12 /17

12.0
water supply temperature

9.6

9.5
9.3

9.2
• Hence, rise the chilled water 10.0

8.7
8.2

8.2

7.7
temperature as per the load 8.0

6.7
COP

7.0
5.1

6.9
6.9
6.0

6.7
6.4

6.4

5.9
5.8
4.0

4.7
3.6
2.0

0.0
10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%
Loading

100% load 50% load Source: Johnson chiller data

 Using multiple chillers to meet
the total system load

VFD on
60 kW Fan
VFD on Condenser
VFD on Condenser 50 kW Pump
Pump
Situation 1
One chiller running at
full load

600 kW

Constant Primary
Pump
28 kW

Variable Secondary
Pump
 Situation 2
Two chiller running at 50% part load
VFD on VFD on
Fan Fan
10.6 kW 10.6 kW
VFD on Condenser 8.8 kW VFD on Condenser 8.8 kW
Pump Pump

164 kW 164 kW

28 kW Constant Primary 28 kW Constant Primary

Pump Pump

Variable Secondary
Pump
Performance Comparison
Situation 1
One chiller running
on full load

Situation 2
Two chiller running
on 50% part load
 Installing VFDs for Centrifugal
Chillers
• VFD operation of compressor increases COP at part load

• VFD operation decreases energy consumption with same output , hence the higher COP
at part loads
 Cooling Tower

• Cooling tower supplies water to Condenser water - 28 /34

Condenser water - 35 / 40
9.0
condenser, Hence performs the heat 8.0

7.0

6.9
6.9

6.7
6.4

6.4
rejection part of the chiller 7.0

5.9
5.8
6.0

4.7
• Condenser water supply temperature 5.0

COP

3.6

5.1

5.1

5.0
5.0
4.0
effects the COP of the chiller

4.2
4.0
3.7
3.0

3.2
2.8

2.8
• Lesser the condenser water supply 2.0
1.0
temperature, higher the COP of 0.0

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%
chiller
Loading

• Condenser supply temperature depends

Source: Johnson chiller data
on effectiveness of the cooling tower
 Cooling tower - Performance

Effectiveness =
Hot Water Temperature (In)
Range / (Range + Approach)

• Condenser supply temperature is limited by

Range
Cooling
wet bulb temperature of ambient air tower

• Approach should be as less as possible

Approach
• Approach depends on the effective Cold Water Temperature (Out)

Wet Bulb Temperature

heat transfer between air and water. It (Ambient air )

depends on Heat transfer medium (fills).

Sum up - Energy Efficiency practices

Gliding CHW
temperature
at part loads

Using VFD Selecting

drives for higher part
compressors,
Centralized
load efficient
fans and chiller plant chiller
pumps

Approach of
cooling tower
should be low
Energy Efficiency practices -
Building side
 Building side systems

• Energy Transfer stations

– Plate HX
– Tertiary chilled water loop

• Air distribution system

– AHU
– Fans
Heat flow diagram
Building Side Central Chiller Plant
Air loop Chilled Plant CHW loop

Energy
Building Cooling
A H Us Transfer Chillers
Tower
Atmosphere
loads
Stations

Energy transfer station Condenser water loop

- CHW loop
 Installing VFD drives for
fans and pumps

50 % savings
60 %
60 %

• Varying flows by VFD is more efficient mode of control

• Reduction in energy savings in the range of 50 to 60 % at part loads compared to
damper control
Heat Recovery at AHU units

• Heat recovery with Enthalpy wheels

– Effectiveness (Sensible & Latent) ≥ 75%
• Purge section to control
air quality and cross Exhaust Air
contamination 24oC DB 38oC DB

Supply Air
29oC DB 43oC DB
Potential for Free Cooling in
Gandhinagar

25% of the hours of the

year the outside air
temperature in
Gandhinagar is below 24°C
Free Cooling at AHU units

• Control logic for opening/closing of dampers & fan operation

– Zone set point, Ambient air temperature & enthalpy, Return air
enthalpy

• Provision to
bypass cooling
coil to
minimize fan Opening/closing of
energy dampers is automatic
through building
management system (BMS)
 Incorporating Advanced
Technologies in District cooling
Click to edit
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RADIANT COOLING SYSTEM

Indo-Swiss Building Energy Efficiency Project 28

Radiant Cooling Systems – Integration with district
cooling

Sensible Loads – Slab cooling Latent Loads – D O A S

Air loop – only fresh air Air out
HR
Air in

130 C 5 0C
AHU

CHW loop

CHW loop Small chiller

20 0 C 10 0 C At building level
Energy transfer
station - 1

CHW loop

Central Chiller
plant @ 12 0C
Indo-Swiss Building Energy Efficiency Project 29
 Chiller C O P - Improvement

Constant condenser water temperatures - 28 / 34

CHW - 6 /12 CHW - 12 /17

12.0

9.6

9.5
9.3

9.2

8.7
10.0 8.2

8.2

7.7
6.7

8.0
5.1
COP

6.0

7.0

6.9
6.9

6.7
6.4

6.4

5.9
5.8

4.0
4.7
3.6

2.0
0.0
10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%
Loading
Source: Johnson chiller data
• Improvement in COP is in the range of 40 – 50 %
Indo-Swiss Building Energy Efficiency Project 30
 Additional Benefits

• Savings on fan energy consumption

– Only fresh air supply (No recirculation)

– Estimated overall energy savings in the range of 30 – 45 % compared

to air systems

• Better IEQ (Indoor Environment Quality)

– Less noise due to less draft

– Even temperature distribution

Indo-Swiss Building Energy Efficiency Project 31
 CASE STUDY
Infosys - SDB 1 Building , Hyderabad

• Symmetric building with 2 halves

• Building built up area = 23 200 m2

• Long facades facing north and south

• Total occupancy = 2 500

Conventional half Radiant half • Envelope heat load = 10.8 W / m2

= 1 W / ft2

• Lighting load = 0.45 W / ft2

• Equipment load = 3.5 W / ft2

• Built in 2011
Indo-Swiss Building Energy Efficiency Project Source : Infosys_TechnicalPapaer_Guruprakash32sastry
 CASE STUDY
Infosys - SDB 1 Building , Hyderabad
Building Energy Index for 2011 – 12
140
116.7
120
Conventional Radiant
100 85.9
80
kWh / Sq m

58.7
60
40 35.5 34.2
25.7
20 14.4 17.2
8.1 8.8
0
Lighting Misc. Power Computers HVAC Total
Utilty

• Radiant cooling system consumed 56 % less energy for HVAC than VAV
cooling system for 2011 – 12 FY
Source : Infosys_TechnicalPapaer_Guruprakash sastry
 CASE STUDY
Infosys - SDB 1 Building , Hyderabad
Cost analysis for both the systems:
Conventional Radiant
No Utility
INR
1 Chiller 31 45 200 31 45 200
2 Cooling tower 13 06 400 13 06 400

3 HVAC low side works 2 28 39 000 1 53 10 000

4 AHUs, DOAS, HRW 51 18 200 28 78 900
Radiant piping, accessories,
5 0 90 75 800
installation, etc.
6 Building Automation System 61 84 000 65 84 000
7 Total cost (INR) 3 85 92 600 3 83 00 300
8 Area (m 2) 11 600 11 600

9 Cost / m2 area 3 327 3 302

Almost same capital cost incurred for both the systems
Source : Infosys_TechnicalPapaer_Guruprakash sastry
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THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE – T E S

Chiller Operation - According to building
loads
Chilled water in / out - 6 /12
Condenser water in / out - 28 / 34
8.0

7.0

6.0 Peak load

COP
Off Peak load – night time
5.0
– day time
4.0

3.0
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Loading

• Chiller is being operated at lesser efficient load during both Peak load and
Off - peak load periods
 Chiller with T E S - Operation

Chilled water in / out - 6 /12

Condenser water in / out - 28 / 34
8.0

7.0
Discharging
-TES 6.0 Best efficient

COP
operation
5.0
Charging Charging
-TES -TES 4.0

3.0
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Loading

• Chiller is operated at best efficient point

• During off peak periods, chilled water is stored
• During Peak period , stored chilled water is used to meet the peak load
 Summary – An overall view

• Selecting high efficient chiller at part loads

• Increasing the CHW supply temperature to gain the COP

Chiller Plant
advantage

• Installing VFDs for Compressors, fans and pumps

• Thermal Energy Storage integration

• Radiant cooling system integration

Building Side • Heat recovery
Systems
• Free cooling concept
THANK YOU