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2101 464 Bridge Design

08 PC T Girder Bridge Design

รศ. ดร. พูลศักดิ์ เพียรสุสม

ภาควิชาวิศวกรรมโยธา จุฬาลงกรณ์ มหาวิทยาลัย

email: dr.phoonsak@gmail.com

First Version: April 2020

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Topics
Design Conditions
Develop Typical Section
Design Conventionally RC Deck Slab
Select Resistance Factor
Select Load Modifier
Select Applicable Load Combination
Calculate Live-load Force Effects
Calculate Force Effects from Other Loads
Investigate Service Limit State
Investigate Strength Limit State
Detail Sketch

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8.1 Design Conditions

Superstructure Type: RC deck on simple span PC girders
Span Length : 30.0 m center to center of bearings
Width: 13.950 m total width
13.200 m roadway
Number of Design Lane, NL = int(13.200/3.600) = 3
Railings: Concrete Parapets, 0.375 m width, weight 4.75 kN/m
Skew: 5 degrees, valid at each support location
Girder Spacing: 2.400 m
Vehicular Load: HL 93 loading
SDL: 0.075 m thick Asphalt overlay
Exposure Class 2 for Crack Control
AASHTO LRFD Specification SI Unit

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Material Properties
Concrete Strength:
Prestressed Girder: fc’ = 56 MPa, Ec = 35.9 GPa
fci’ = 42 MPa (at transfer), Eci = 31.1 MPa
Deck Slab: 32 MPa, Ecs = 27.2 MPa
Reinforcing Steel:
SD40, fy = 390 MPa, Es = 200 GPa
Prestressing Strands:
0.5-inch dia., Grade 270K Low relaxation, Aps = 99 sq mm
fpu = 1,860 MPa, fpy = 0.90 fpu = 1,674 MPa, Eps = 197 GPa
Other Parameters Affecting Girder Analysis:
Time of transfer: 1 day
Annual average relative humidity = 80%

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8.2 Develop Typical Sections PCImanual onsize

p with deck
AASHTO-PCI BT Girder made composite
1. Minimum Thickness [A5.14.1.2.2]
Top Flange ≥ 50 mm OK
Web ≥ 125 mm OK
Bottom Flange ≥ 125 mm OK
2. Minimum Depth (includes deck
thickness) [A2.5.2.6.3]
hmin = 0.045L
= 0.045x33.00 = 1.485 m
1.372+0.187 = 1.559 > 1.485 m OK
AASHTO PCI BT Girder
3. Effective Flange Width [A4.6.2.6.1]
Effective span length = 30.000 m
Interior girder: bi = c/c girder spacing = 2.400 m
Exterior girder: be = bi/2+overhang = 1.200+0.975 = 2.175 m 7
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Effective Flange Width of Interior Girder

Deck slab total thickness = 200 mm (includes 13 mm integral
wearing surface which is not included in the calculation of the composite
section properties, i.e. structural slab thickness = 200-13 = 187 mm
Effective Flange Width [A4.6.2.6.1] is taken as the least of
- one-quarter of effective span length = 30.000/4 = 7.500 m
- 12.0 times of slab thickness + the greater of the web thickness or
one-half the width of the top flange of the precast girder = 12x0.187 +
0.5x1.067 = 2.777 m
- average spacing of adjacent girder = 2.400 m
Then, the effective flange width for the interior beam = 2.400 m
n = Ecs/Ec = 27.2/35.9 = 0.758 , Transformed flange width =
0.758x2.400 = 1.818 m
Haunch depth = 0.050 m, please note that the haunch depth varies
along the beam length and, hence, haunch is ignored in calculating
section properties but is considered when determining dead load.
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Effective Flange Width of Exterior Girder

Deck slab total thickness = 200 mm (includes 13 mm integral
wearing surface which is not included in the calculation of the composite
section properties, i.e. structural slab thickness = 200-13 = 187 mm
Effective Flange Width [A4.6.2.6.1] of exterior girder is taken as one-
half the effective width of the adjacent interior girder plus the least of
- one-eighth of effective span length = 30.000/8 = 3.750 m
- 6.0 times of slab thickness + the greater of half the web thickness
or one-quarter the width of the top flange of the precast girder = 6x0.187
+ 0.25x1.067 = 1.389 m
- width of the overhang = 0.975 m
Then, the effective flange width for the exterior beam = 2.400/2 +
0.975 = 2.175 m. As n = Ecs/Ec = 27.2/35.9 = 0.758, then Transformed
flange width = 0.758x2.175 = 1.648 m
Haunch depth = 0.050 m, please note that the haunch depth varies
along the beam length and, hence, haunch is ignored in calculating
section properties but is considered when determining dead load.
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Exterior Girder
PCI Precasted Girder: (h = 1.372 m)
Ag = 0.4252 sq m, Ig = 0.1116 m4
ytg = 0.670 m, Stg = 0.1666 m3
ybg = 0.702 m, Sbg = 0.1590 m3
Composite Girder (not consider haunch)
yc,ts = [0.3082x0.187/2 + 0.4252x(0.187+0.050+0.670)]/[0.3082+0.4252]
= 0.565 m
yc,tg = 0.565-0.187-0.050 = 0.328 m
yc,bg = 1.372+0.050+0.187-0.565 = 1.044 m
Ic = 0.1116 + 0.4252x(0.187+0.050+0.670-0.565)2
+ 1.648x0.1873/12 + 0.3082x(0.565-0.187/2)2 = 0.2307 m4
Sc,ts = Ic/yc,ts = 0.2307/0.565 = 0.4083 m3
Sc,tg = Ic/yc,tg = 0.2307/0.328 = 0.7034 m3
Sc,bg = Ic/yc,bg = 0.2307/1.044 = 0.2210 m3 10
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8.3 Design Conventionally RC Deck

Design section for negative moments in the deck slab is at
one-third the flange width, but not more than 0.375 m, from the
center line of the support for precast concrete beams [A4.6.2.1.6].
One-third of the flange width bf/3 = 1.067/3 =0.356 m is less than
0.375 m; therefore, the critical distance is 0.356 m from the
centerline of the support.
The deck design in 7.1 is for monolithic T-beam girder and the
design section is at the face of the girder or 0.175m from the
centerline of support. The design negative moment for the
composite deck, and resulting reinforcement, can be reduced by
using the 0.356 m distance rather than 0.175 m. By following the
procedures in 7.1, the top reinforcement at an interior support is
reduced from DB 16 mmm @ 165 mm to DB 16 mm @ 200 mm.

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8.4 Select Resistance Factor [A5.5.4.2]

8.5 Select Load Modifier [A1.3.2.1]

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8.6 Select Applicable Load Combination

From Table A3.4.1-1 (Table 5.1)

Strength I Limit State: η = ηi = 1.0 (From 8.5)

U = 1.0 [1.25DC +1.50DW + 1.75(LL+IM) +1.0FR + γTGTG]

Service I Limit State:

U = 1.0 (DC+DW) + 1.0(LL+IM) + 0.3(WS+WL) + 1.0FR

Fatigue Limit State:

U = 1.5 (LL+IM)
tensilestress bottomfibre
y
Service III Limit State:
U = 1.0 (DC+DW) + 0.80(LL+IM) + 1.0WA + 1.0FR

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8.7 Calculate Live-load Force Effects

1. Number of Design Lanes [A3.6.1.1.1]
NL = int (roadway width/3.600) = int(13.200/3.600) = 3
2. Multiple Presence Factor [A3.6.1.1.2]

3. Dynamic Load Allowance [A3.6.2.1] Not applied to the

design lane load.

steelLpcRd

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4. Distribution Factor for Moment [A4.6.2.2.2]

Cross-section type (k) [Table A4.6.2.2.1-1]
Number of beams, Nb = 6, ts = 187 mm, S = 2.400 m,
L = 30.000 m, nc = Ec,beam/Ec,deck = 35.9/27.2 = 1.320
Stiffness factor, Kg = nc(I + A eg2)
when eg = distance between the CG of precast girder and deck
= 0.670+0.050+0.187/2 = 0.814 m
Kg = 1.320x(0.1116x1012 + 0.4252x106x8142)
= 0.5192x1012 mm4
Kg/(L ts3) = 0.5192x1012/(30000x1873) = 2.647
[Kg/(L ts3)]0.1 = 2.6470.1 = 1.102 ≈ 1.000

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a) Interior Beam with Concrete Decks

AASHTO A4.6.2.2.2b and Table 4.6.2.2.2b-1,
[Kg/(L ts3)]0.1 = 1.092

One design lane loaded, distribution factor for moment is

SImg = 0.06 + (S/4300)0.4(S/L)0.3(K /Lt 3)0.1
M g s
= 0.06 + (2400/4300)0.4(2400/30000)0.3x1.102
= 0.469
Two or more design lanes loaded,
MImg = 0.075 + (S/2900)0.6(S/L)0.2(K /Lt 3)0.1
M g s
= 0.669 => Governs 16
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b) Exterior Beams AASHTO A4.6.2.2.2d and Table 4.6.2.2.2d-1

One design lane loaded

Lever rule and m = 1.2
R = 0.5 P(2.400+0.600)/2.400
= 0.625 P
SEg = 0.625, SE = Single lane, Exterior
M
SEmg = 1.2x0.625 = 0.750
M 17
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Two or more design lanes loaded, de = 600 mm

Lever rule and m = 1.2
MEmg = e MImg , ME = Multiple lanes, Exterior
M M
e = 0.77 + de/2800 = 0.77 + 600/2800 = 0.984 use e = 1.00
MEmg = e MImg = 1.0x0.652 = 0.652
M M
Then One lane loaded govern, the critical distribution factor for
exterior girder is by the lever rule with one lane loaded = 0.750.

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5. Distribution Factor for Shear [A4.6.2.2.3]

Cross-section type (k) [Table A4.6.2.2.1-1],
S = 2.400 mm and mg is independent of span length.
a) Interior Beam [A4.6.2.2.3a and Table A4.6.2.2.3a-1]

SImg = 0.36 + (S/7600) = 0.36 + (2400/7600) = 0.676

V
MImg = 0.2 + (S/3600) – (S/10700)2.0
V
= 0.2 + (2400/3600) – (2400/10700)2.0 = 0.816 Governs
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b) Exterior Beam [A4.6.2.2.3b and Table A4.6.2.2.3b-1]

One lane loaded: Lever rule (see SEmgM)

SEmg = 0.750 Governs
V
MEmg = e MImg and e = 0.6 + d /3000 = 0.6+900/3000 = 0.9
V V e
= 0.9 x 0.816 = 0.734
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6. Calculation of Shear and Moment due to Live-load

Shear and moment at tenth point along the span are
summarized in the following Tables. Shear and moment at Left
support, 0.1L and 0.5 are calculated as example.
At Left Support; at 0.0L
Truck Load:
VTr = 145x(1+25.7/30.0)
+ 35x(21.6/30.0)
= 294.4 kN =>Governs
MTr = 0 kN m
Tandem Load:
VTa = 110x(1.0+28.8/30.0) = 215.6 kN
MTa = 0 kN m
Lane Load:
VLa = 9.3x(30.0x1.0/2) = 139.5 kN
MLa = 0 kN m 21
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At 0.1 L from left support; (3.0 m)

Truck Load:
VTr = 145x(27.0+22.7)/30.0 + 35x18.4/30.0
= 261.7 kN =>Governs
MTr = 3.0x27.0/30.0 x[145x(1+22.7/27.0)
+35x18.4/27.0]
= 785.5 kN m =>Governs
Tandem Load:
VTa = 110x(27.0+25.8)/30.0 = 194.0 kN
MTa = 3.0x27.0/30.0x[110x(1+25.8/27.0)]
= 580.8 kN m
Lane Load:
(c) VLa = 9.3x(27.0x0.9/2) = 113.0 kN
(d) MLa = 9.30x[(3.0x27.0/30.0)x30.0/2] = 376.7 kN m

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At 0.5 L from left support; (15.0 m)

Truck Load:
VTr = 145x(15.0+10.7)/30.0 + 35x6.4/30.0
= 131.7 kN
MTr =15.0x15.0/30.0x[145x(1+10.7/15.0)
+35x10.7/15.0]
= 2,050.5 kN m
Tandem Load:
VTa = 110x(15.0+13.8)/30.0 = 105.6 kN
MTa = 15.0x15.0/30x[110x(1+13.8/15.0)]
= 1,584.0 kN m
Lane Load:
(c) VLa = 9.3x(15.0x0.5/2) = 34.9 kN
(d) MLa = 9.30x[(15x15/30 )x30.0/2] = 1,046.3 kN m

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Shear due to Live-load, kN

II
Position
Truck Tandem Lane LL LL+IM
0.0 m 294.2 215.6 139.5 433.7 530.8
3.0 m 261.7 193.6 113.0 374.7 461.0
6.0 m 229.2 171.6 89.3 318.5 394.1
9.0 m 196.7 149.6 68.4 265.0 329.9
12.0 m 164.2 127.6 50.2 214.4 268.6
15.0 m 131.7 105.6 34.9 166.6 210.0
Bending Moment due to Live-load, kN m
Position
Truck Tandem Lane LL LL+IM
0.0 m 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
3.0 m 785.1 580.8 376.7 1,161.7 1,397.2
6.0 m 1,818.9 1,029.9 669.6 2,488.5 3,034.2
9.0 m 2,049.1 1,346.4 878.9 2,928.0 3,542.7
12.0 m 2,126.3 1,531.2 1,004.4 3,130.7 3,768.6
IM = 33% 15.0 m 2,050.5 1,584.0 1,046.3 3,096.8 3,711.9

LL = max(Truck, Tandem) + Lane and LL+IM = (1+IM)max(Truck, Tandem) + Lane

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8.8 Calculate Force Effects from Other Loads

1. Interior Girders (unit weight of concrete = 2,320 kg/cu m)
DC Girder = 0.4252x23.20 = 9.86 kN/m
Deck slab = 0.200x2.400x23.20 = 11.14 kN/m
Haunch = 0.050x1.067x23.20 = 1.24 kN/m
wDC = 9.86+11.14+1.24 = 22.24 say 22.2 kN/m
Estimated diaphragm size = 0.300x0.900 m applied at 1/3 L
Diaphragm point load = 0.3x0.9x(2.4-0.152)x23.20 = 14.1 kN
DW 0.075 Asphalt FWS = 0.075x2.40x22.50 = 4.1 kN/m

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2. Exterior Girders (unit weight of concrete = 2,320 kg/cu m)

DC1 Girder + Haunch = 9.86+1.24 = 11.10 kN/m
Deck slab = 0.200x2.400/2x23.20 = 5.57 kN/m
Overhang slab= 0.225x0.975x23.20 = 5.09 kN/m
wDC1 = 11.10+5.57+5.09 = 21.76 say 21.8 kN/m
Diaphragm point load = 14.1/2 = 7.1 kN applied at L/3
DC2 Barrier = 4.75 kN/m
DW Asphalt FWS = 0.075x(0.60+1.20)x22.50 = 3.0 kN/m
DC2 and DW act on the composite section.

V(x) = w(L/2-x)
M(x) = wx/2 (L-x)

Diaphragm point load on Girder

DC riolissois 26
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Shear, Interior kN Shear, Exterior kN

Position
DC Diaph. DW DC1 Diaph. DC2 DW
0.0 m 333.0 14.1 61.5 327.0 7.1 71.3 45.0
3.0 m 266.4 14.1 49.2 261.6 7.1 57.0 36.0
6.0 m 199.8 14.1 36.9 196.2 7.1 42.8 27.0
9.0 m 133.2 14.1 24.6 130.8 7.1 28.5 18.0
12.0 m 66.6 0.0 12.3 65.4 0.0 14.3 9.0
15.0 m 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Moment, Interior kN m Moment, Exterior kN m

Position
DC Diaph. DW DC1 Diaph. DC2 DW
0.0 m 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
3.0 m 889.1 42.3 166.1 882.9 21.3 192.4 121.5
6.0 m 1,598.4 84.6 295.2 1,569.6 42.6 342.0 216.0
9.0 m 2,097.9 126.9 387.5 2,060.1 63.9 448.9 283.5
12.0 m 2,397.6 141.0 442.8 2,354.4 71.0 513.0 324.0
15.0 m 2,497.5 141.0 461.3 2,452.5 71.0 534.4 337.5
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Summary of Moment in Interior Girders, kN m

Load Type 0.0 m 3.0 m 6.0 m 9.0 m 12.0 m 15.0 m
Girder Selfweight 0.0 399.3 790.9 931.8 1,064.9 1,019.3
DC + Diaph. On Precasted Girder 0.0 941.4 1,683.0 2,224.8 2,538.6 2,638.5
DW on Composite 0.0 116.1 295.2 387.5 442.8 461.3
mgM(LL+IM) on Composite 0.0 934.7 2,029.9 2,670.1 2,521.2 2,483.3
Strength I Load Combination 0.0 3,061.6 6,098.8 7,509.8 8,249.5 8,335.7

Summary of Moment in Exterior Girders, kN m

Load Type 0.0 m 3.0 m 6.0 m 9.0 m 12.0 m 15.0 m
Girder Selfweight 0.0 399.3 790.9 931.8 1,064.9 1,019.3
DC1 + Diaph. On Precasted Girder 0.0 904.2 1,612.2 2,124.0 2,425.4 2,523.6
DC2 on Composite 0.0 192.4 342.0 448.9 513.0 534.4
DW on Composite 0.0 121.5 216.0 283.5 324.0 337.5
mgM(LL+IM) on Composite 0.0 1,047.9 2,275.6 2,657.0 2,826.4 2783.9
Strength I Load Combination 0.0 3,434.9 6,834.6 8,403.3 9,233.5 9,334.1
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Summary of Shear in Interior Girders, kN

Load Type 0.0 m 3.0 m 6.0 m 9.0 m 12.0 m 15.0 m
DC + Diaph. On Precasted Girder 347.1 280.5 213.9 147.3 66.6 0.0
DW on Composite 61.5 49.2 36.9 24.6 12.3 0.0
mgV(LL+IM) on Composite 433.1 376.2 321.6 269.2 219.2 171.4
Strength I Load Combination 1,284.1 1,082.8 885.5 692.2 485.2 299.9

Summary of Shear in Exterior Girders, kN

Load Type 0.0 m 3.0 m 6.0 m 9.0 m 12.0 m 15.0 m
DC1 + Diaph. On Precasted Girder 334.1 268.7 203.3 137.9 65.4 0.0
DC2 on Composite 71.3 57.0 42.8 28.5 14.3 0.0
DW on Composite 45.0 36.0 27.0 18.0 9.0 0.0
mgV(LL+IM) on Composite 398.1 345.8 295.6 247.5 201.4 157.5
Strength I Load Combination 1,288.6 1,080.5 876.0 675.2 469.1 275.6

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8.9 Investigate Service Limit State

1) Stress Limits for Prestressing Tendons [A5.9.3]
0.5 in. dia. seven-wire strand Grade 270K, Low-relaxation.
fpu = 1,860 MPa, fpy = 0.9 fpu = 1,674 MPa
Eps = 197 GPa, Aps = 99 mm2
Pretensioning [Table A5.9.3-1]
Immediately prior to transfer [Table A5.4.4.1-1]
fpbt = 0.75 fpu 0.75x1,860 = 1,395 MPa
At service limit state after all losses
fpe = 0.80 fpy = 0.80x1,674 = 1,339 MPa

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2) Stress Limits for Concrete [A5.9.4]

Prestressed Girder: fc’ = 56 MPa
fci’ = 42 MPa (at time of prestressing)
Temporary Stresses before losses-fully prestressed components:
Compressive stress, fci = 0.6 fci’ = 25.2 MPa [A5.9.4.1.1]
Tensile stress: [Table A5.9.4.1.2-1]
Without bonded reinforcement, fti = 0.25√fci’ ≤ 1.38 MPa
0.25√42 = 1.62 MPa > 1.38 MPa, use fti = 1.38 MPa
With bonded reinforcement, fti = 0.63√fci’ = 4.08 MPa
Stresses at service limit state after losses – fully prestressed
components: [A5.9.4.2]
Compressive stress, fc = 0.45 fc’ = 0.45x56 = 25.2 MPa Service I
Tensile stress, ft = 0.50√fc’ = 0.50√56 = 3.74 MPa
Modulus of Elasticity of normal density concrete:
Ec = 4800 √fc’ = 35.9 GPa, Eci = 31.1 GPa
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3) Preliminary choices of Prestressing Tendons

Exterior Girder at Midspan
The maximum value of prestressing force, Pf to ensure that
the tension in bottom fiber a midspan does not exceed the limit of
3.74 MPa in the composite section under final service conditions
can be expressed as
fbg = -Pf/Ag – Pf eg/Sbg + (Mdg+Mds)/Sbg + (Mda+ML)/Sc,bg
where Mdg = Moment due to girder selfweight = 1,019.3 kN m
Mds = Moment due to dead load of wet concrete +
diaphragm = 2,523.6-1,019.3 = 1,504.3 kN m
Mda = Moment due to additional dead load after deck slab
concrete hardens = 534.4+337.5 = 871.9 kN m
ML = Moment due to live load+Impact (Service III)
= 0.8x2,783.9 = 2,179.12 kN m
eg = distance from CG of precast girder to centroid of
strands’ group = Ybg- 0.1h = 0.702-0.138 = 0.564 m
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fbg is limited to 3.74 MPa, then the previous eq. becomes

3.74x106 = -Pf/0.4252 – (Pfx0.594)/0.1590
+(1,504.3+1,019.3)x103/0.1590
+(871.9+2,179.1)x103/0.2210
Pf = 25.935x106/6.1066 = 4.2471 = 4,247.1 kN
Assuming stress in strands after all losses is 0.6 fpu = 1,116
MPa, then required Aps = 4,247.1x103/1,116x106 = 3.806x10-3 sq
m (3,806 sq mm)
In order to satisfy strength requirement (Strength I), the
following approximation can be used
φMn = φ(0.95 fpu Aps + fy As)(0.9h) ≥ Mu
consider only Aps, then As = 0, i.e. PPR = 1.0 => φ = 1.0
h = overall depth of composite section = 1.605 m
Mu = 9,334.1 kN m
Aps = 9,334.1x103/(1.0x0.95x1,860x106x0.9x1.605)
= 3.657x10-3 sq m = 3,657 sq mm 33
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3,806 > 3,657, i.e. Strength limit is not critical.

No. 0.5-in strands (Aps = 99 sq mm) = 4,050/99 = 40.9 strands
Try 44 0.5-in strand: Aps = 44x99 = 4,356 sq mm

At midspan, cg of strands from bottom

cgmidspan = (12x50+12x100+8x150
+4x200+8x350)/44
= 150 mm from bottom
em = ybg-cgmidspan = 0.702-0.150 = 0.552 m

At end section, cg of strands from bottom

cgend = (12x50+12x100+6x150
+2x200+12x1,197)/44
= 397 mm from bottom
eend = ybg-cgend = 0.702-0.397 = 0.305 m
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4) Evaluate Prestress Losses [A5.9.5]

Total loss, ∆fpT = ∆fpES + ∆fpLT [A5.9.5.1]
where ∆fpES = sum of all losses due to Elastic Shortening at the
time of application of prestress
∆fpLT = losses due to Long-Term shrinkage and creep of
concrete and steel relaxation
a. Elastic Shortening Losses, ∆fpES [A5.9.5.2.3a]
∆fpES = (Eps/Eci) fcgp
where fcgp = sum of concrete stress at CG of Aps due to Pi
immediately after transfer and Mdg at midspan.
For purposes of estimating fcgp, the prestressing force
immediately after transfer may be assumed to be equal to 0.9 of
the force just before transfer.
fpi = 0.9 fpbt = 0.9x0.75xfpu = 1,255.5 MPa
Pi = 1,255.5x106 x 4,356x10-6 =5,469 kN
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Elastic Shortening Loss occurs immediately alter after

prestressing of the precasted girder. The assumed value for fpe
is iterately corrected after ∆fpES is determined. To avoid iteration,
the alternative equation [C5.9.5.2.3a-1] is used

where em = average prestressing steel eccentricity at midspan

= 702 -150 = 552 mm
Mg = midspan moment due to girder Selfweight
= 1,019.3 kN m

∆fpES = 1.319x1024/8.542x1015 = 154.4 MPa

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b. Time-dependent Losses, ∆fpLT [A5.9.5.3]

For standard precast, pretensioned members subject to
normal loading and environmental condition, where
- member are made from normal-weight concrete
- the concrete is either steam or moist cured.
- prestressing is bar or strands with normal and low-relaxation
properties
- average exposure conditions and temperatures characterize
the site
The long-term prestress loss, ∆fpLT, due to creep of concrete,
shrinkage of concrete and the relaxation of steel may be
estimated using
∆fpLT = 10.0(fpi Aps/Ag) γh γst + 83 γh γst + ∆fpR
where γh = 1.7-0.01H, H = annual average RH
γst = 35/(7+fci’)
∆fpR = estimate of relaxation loss (17 MPa for low-
relaxation strand, 70 MPa for stress relieved strand)
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For Thailand, annual average RH = 80%, then

γh = 1.7-0.01x80 = 0.9
γst = 35/(7+42) =0.714
∆fpR = 17 MPa for low-relaxation strand
fpi = 0.75 fpu = 0.75x1,860 = 1,395.0 MPa

∆fpLT = 10.0(fpi Aps/Ag) γh γst + 83 γh γst + ∆fpR

= 10.0x(1,395.0x4,356/0.4252x106)x0.9x0.714
+ 83x0.9x0.714 + 17
= 91.84 + 53.34 + 17
= 162.18 MPa say 162.2 MPa

C. Total Losses
Total loss, ∆fpT = ∆fpES + ∆fpLT
=154.4 + 162.2
= 316.6 MPa
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5) Calculate Girder Stresses at Transfer (comp. -, tens. +)

fpi = 0.75 fpu - ∆fpES
= 0.75x1,860 – 154.4 = 1,240.6 MPa
Pi = fpi Aps = 4,356x10-6x1,240.6x106 = 5,404.1 kN
at midspan, em = 702-150 = 552 mm
at girder end, eend = 702 – 397 = 305 mm
At midspan, the stress at the top the girder is
fti = -Pi/Ag + Pi em/Stg – Mdg/Stg
= -5,404.1x103/0.4252 + 5,404.1x103x0.552/0.1666
-1,019.3x103/0.1666
= -6.11 MPa < fti (3.74 MPa, tension) (compression, -)
At midspan, the compressive stress at the bottom the girder is
fbi = -Pi/Ag - Pi em/Sbg + Mdg/Sbg
= -5,404.1x103/0.4252 - 5,404.1x103x0.552/0.1590
+1,019.3x103/0.1590
= -25.05 MPa < fci (-25.2 MPa) (compression, -) 39
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At girder end, Mdg = 0, the stress at the top the girder is

fti = -Pi/Ag + Pi eend/Stg
= -5,404.1x103/0.4252 + 5,404.1x103x0.305/0.1666
= -2.81 MPa < fti (3.74 MPa, tension) (compression, -)
At girder end, the stress at the bottom the girder is
fbi = -Pi/Ag - Pi eend/Sbg
= -5,404.1x103/0.4252 - 5,404.1x103x0.305/0.1590
= -23.08 MPa < fci (-25.2 MPa) (compression, -)

In this case, the entire section (both midspan and girder end
sections) remains in compression at transfer.

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6) Girder Stresses after Total Losses

Use the estimated total loss to determine the final prestress
force. Note that Mda and ML are acted on composite section.
fpf = 0.75 fpu - ∆fpT = 0.75x1,860 - 316.6 = 1,078.4 MPa
Pf = Aps fpf = 4,356x10-6x1,078.4x106 = 4,697.5 KN
At midspan, for service I, the stress at top of girder is
ftf = -Pf/Ag + Pf em/Stg – (Mdg+Mds)/Stg – (Mda+ML)/Sc,tg
= -4,697.5x103/0.4252 + 4,697.5x103x0.552/0.1666
-2,523.6x103/0.1666 – (871.3+2,783.9)x103/0.7034
= -15.83 MPa < 0.45fc’ (-25.2 MPa) OK
At midspan, for service III, the stress at the bottom the girder is
fbf = -Pf/Ag - Pf em/Sbg + (Mdg+Mds)/Sbg + (Mda+ML)/Sc,bg
= -4,697.5x103/0.4252 - 4,697.5x103x0.552/0.1590
+2,523.6x103/0.1590 + (871.3+0.8x2,783.9)x103/0.2210
= 2.54 MPa < ft (3.74 MPa) OK
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At midspan, for service III, the stress at top of deck slab is

fts = – (Mda+ML)/Sc,ts
= – (871.9+0.8x2,783.9)x103/0.7034
= -4.46 MPa < 0.45fc’ of slab (-14.4 MPa) OK
44 0.5-in low-relaxation strands satisfy Stress Check in
Service Limit State.

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7) Check Fatigue Limit State [A5.5.3]

a) Live-load Moment Due to Fatigue Truck at Midspan
RA = 145x(6.0+15.0)/30.0
+ 35x19.3/30.0
= 124.0 kN
At mispan,
MFT = 124.0x15.0 - 35x4.3
= 1,709.5 kN m
For fatigue, multiple presence
(m = 1.2) should be removed from
exterior girder distribution factor
SEg = 0.750/1.2 = 0.625
M

Fatigue I Load Combination:

U = 1.5 x 0.625 x [1,709.5x(1+0.15)]
= 1,843.1 kN m
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b) Dead-load Moments at Midspan

For exterior girder, at midspan
Noncomposite MDC1 = 2,523.6 kN m
Composite MDC2 + MDW = 534.4+337.5 = 871.9 kN m
If section is in compression under DL and fatigue I load,
fatigue does not need to investigated [A5.5.3.1].
Concrete stress at bottom fiber is
fb = -Pf/Ag – Pf em/Sbg + MDC1/Sbg + (MDC2+MDW+Mfatige,I)/Sc,bg
= - 4,697.5x103/0.4252 - 4,697.5x103x0.552/0.1590
+2,523.6x103/0.1590 + (871.9+1,843.1)x103/0.2210
= 0.80 MPa, Tension. Fatigue shall be considered.
AASHTO A 5.5.3.1, cracked section properties is used, if the
sum of concrete stress at bottom fiber due to unfactored
permanent loads and prestressed plus Mfatigue,I exceeds 0.25√fc’ =
0.25√56 = 1.87 MPa. fb(0.80 MPa) < 0.25√fc’(1.87 MPa),
therefore use of gross section properties is OK. 44
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Ig = 0.1116 m4, ybg = 0.702 m, epg = 0.702-0.150 = 0.552 m

Ic = 0.2307 m4, yc,bg = 1.044 m, ec,pg = 1.044-0.150 = 0.894 m
Concrete stress at CG of prestress tendons due to permanent
load and prestress (PS and DC 1 on precasted girder, DC2+DW
on composite section)
DL+PSf
cgp = -Pf/Ag – Pf em epg/Ig + MDC1 epg/Ig
+ (MDC2+MDW) ec,pg/Ic
= - 4,697.5x103/0.4252
- 4,697.5x103x0.552x0.552/0.1116
+ 2,523.6x103x0.552/0.1116
+ 871.9x103x0.894/0.2307
= -8.86 MPa, Compression
Concrete stress at CG of prestress tendons due to fatigue
moment is
fatiguef
cgp = Mfatigue ec,pg/Ic
= 1,843.1x103x0.894/0.2307 = 7.14 MPa, Tension 45
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The maximum stress in the tendons group due to permanent

loads and prestress plus fatigue load is
fmax = (Eps/Ec)(DL+PSfcgp+fatiguefcpg,max)
= (197/35.9)x(-8.86+7.14) = -9.44 MPa, compression
The minimum stress in the tendons group due to permanent
loads and prestress plus fatigue load is
fmin = (Eps/Ec)(DL+PSfcgp+fatiguefcpg,min)
= (197/35.9)x(-8.86+0.0) = -48.62 MPa, compression
The fatigue stress range, ff is
ff = fmax - fmin = -9.44-(-48.62) = 39.18 MPa say 39.2 MPa
Stress range in prestressing tendons shall not exceed
[A5.5.3.3]
125 MPa for radii of curvature in excess of 9000 mm and
70 MPa for radii of curvature not exceeding 3600 mm
Linear interpolation may be used of radii between 3600 and
9000 mm 46
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Harped tendons (see figure)

eend = 0.702-0.397 = 0.305 m
em = 0.702-0.150 = 0.552 m
At hold-down point, the radii of
curvature could be very small; i.e.
R<3600 m
ff = 39.2 MPa < 70 MPa OK
Tendons satisfy fatigue limit state.

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8) Check Deflection and Camber

a) Immediate Deflection due to Live-load and Impact
For EI, fc’ = 56 MPa and
Composite section
Ec = 35.9 GPa, Ic = 0.2307 m4

From structural analysis, total deflection due to truck @L/2

TR∆
@L/2 = 21.0 mm

Distribution factor for deflection

mg = m ML/Ng = 0.85x(3/6) = 0.425
LL+IM∆ TR∆
@L/2 = mg @L/2 (1+IM)
= 0.425x21x(1+0.33)
= 11.9 mm ≤ L/800 (=30000/800 = 37.5 mm) OK

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b) Long-term Deflection
Consider loads on exterior girder
Elastic deflection due to girder selfweight at release of prestress
Eci = 31.1 GPa, Ig = 0.1116 m4, wg = 9.86 kN/m
∆g = (5/384) wg L4/(Eci Ig) = 30.0 mm ↓, downward

Elastic camber due to prestress at time of release for double

harping pint with βL = 0.333 L
∆pi =[em/8 - β2/6(em/eend)] Pi L2/(Eci Ig) = 52.3 mm ↑, upward

At release, net upward deflection: 52.3-30.0 = 22.3 mm ↑

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Elastic deflection due to deck and diaphragm (fc’ = 56 MPa)

Ec = 35.9 GPa, Ig = 0.1116 m4, wDC1-g = 11.90 kN/m
∆DC1-g = (5/384) wDC1-g L4/(Ec Ig) = 31.3 mm ↓, downward
Diaphragm point load P = 7.1 kN at b = L/3
∆Dia. = P b (3L2 – 4 b2) /(24 Ec Ig) = 1.7 mm ↓, downward
∆DC = ∆DC1-g + ∆Dia. = 31.3+1.7 = 33.0 mm ↓, downward

Elastic deflection due to additional dead load action on composite

section (fc’ = 56 MPa)
Ec = 35.9 GPa, Ic = 0.2307 m4, wDW+Bar. = 7.75 kN/m
∆DW+Bar. = (5/384) wDW+Bar. L4/(Ec Ic) = 9.9 mm ↓, downward

Note that the full barrier is applied to the exterior girder. Many
designers distribute this load equally to all girder.

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The calculated elastic deflection increase with time due to

creep in the concrete. To approximate the creep effect,
multipliers applied to the elastic deflection have been proposed.
Additional multipliers have been developed to account for
creep at different stages of loading and for changing section
properties. Using the multiplier in the previous page to
approximate the creep effect, the net upward deflection at the
time of deck placing is
∆LT = 1.80 ∆pi + 1.85 ∆g
= 1.80 x 38.6 – 1.85 x 30.0
= 38.6 mm ↑, upward

AASHTO does not required that the final deflection be

checked. The reason for a designer to compute the final
deflection is to ensure that the structure does not have excessive
downward or upward deflection.
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8.10 Investigate Strength Limit State

1) Flexure
a. Stress in Prestressing Steel – Bonded Tendons [A5.7.3.1.1]
fps = fpu (1-k c/dp)
where k = 2(1.04-fpy/fpu) = 2x(1.04-0.9) = 0.28
By using the transformed section in ppt. no. 10
b = 1.648 m, Aps = 4,356 mm2, As = As’ =0
fc’ = 56 MPa, β1 = 0.85-0.05(56-28)/7 = 0.65
dp = 0.187+0.050+1.322-0.150 = 1.409 mm
Assume rectangular section behavior,
c = Aps fpu / [0.85 fc’ β1 b + k Aps (fpu/dp)]
= 0.1589 m = 158.9 mm < 187 mm OK
fps = 1,860x(1-0.28x0.1589/1.409) = 1,801.2 MPa <fpu OK
Tp = Aps fps = 4,356x10-6 x 1,801.2x106 = 7,846.0 kN
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b. Factored Flexure Resistance [A5.7.3.2.2]

εs = [(dp-c)/c] εu
= [(1.409-0.159)/0.159)x0.003 = 0.0236 >0.005 => φ = 1.0
a = β1 c = 0.65x158.9 = 103.3 m say a = 103 mm
φMn = φ[Aps fps (dp-a/2) + As fy (ds-a/2)]
= 1.0x[4,356x10-6x1,801.2x106x(1.409-0.103/2)]
= 10,651.0 kN m > Mu (9,334.1 kN m) OK
c. Limits for Reinforcement [A5.7.3.3]
At any section, the amount of nonprestressed and prestressed
tensile reinforcement shall be adequate to develop a factored
flexure resistance Mr at least equal to the lesser of:
1.2 times the cracking moment Mcr determined on the basis
of elastic stress distribution and modulus of rupture of concrete, fr
or
1.33 times the factored moment required by applicable
strength load combination. 54
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At midspan, the cracking moment may be taken as

and prestressed tensile reinforcement shall be adequate to
develop a factored flexure resistance Mr at least equal to the
lesser of:
1.2 times the cracking moment Mcr determined on the basis
of elastic stress distribution and modulus of rupture of concrete, fr
or
1.33 times the factored moment required by applicable
strength load combination.
Mcr = Sc (fr+fcpe)-Mdnc(Sc/Snc -1) ≥ Sc fr
where fcpe = compressive stress in concrete due to effective
prestress forces only (after all prestress losses) at
extreme fiber of section where tensile stress is
caused by externally applied loads.
fcpe = -Pf/Ag – Pf em/Sbg
= 4,697.5x103/0.4252 – 4,697.5x103x0.552/0.1666
= -26.61 MPa, compression 55
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fr =
modulus of rupture = 0.97√fc’ = 7.26 MPa
[A5.4.2.6] (use upper value)
Mdnc = total unfactored dead-load moment acting on
noncomposited section = MDC1 = 2,542.0 kN m
Sc = Section modulus for the extreme fiber of composite
section where tensile stress is caused by externally
applied load = Sc,bg = 0.2210 m3
Snc = Section modulus for the extreme fiber of
noncomposite section where tensile stress is
caused by externally applied load = Sbg = 0.1590 m3
Sc fr = 0.2210x7.26x106 = 1,605.5 kN m
Mcr = 0.1590(7.26+26.61)x106
– 2,542.0x103x(0.2210-0.1590-1)
= 4,394.1 kN m > Sc fr OK
1.2 Mcr = 1.2x4,394.1 = 5,272.9 kN m
1.33 Mu = 1.33x9,334.1 = 12,445.5 kN M
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As 1.2 Mcr > 1.33 Mu, the 1.2 Mcr requirement controls.
φ Mn = 10,651.0 kN m > 1.2 Mcr OK
44 0.5-in low0relaxations strands satisfy strength limit state

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2) Shear [A5.8]
a. General [A5.8.3.3]
The nominal shear resistance Vn shall be the lesser of:
Vn = Vc + Vs + Vp
Vn = 0.25 fc’ bv dv + Vp
in which the nominal concrete shear resistance is
Vc = 0.083 β √fc’ bv dv
and the nominal transverse reinforcement shear resistance is
Vs = [Av fy dv (cot θ + cot α) sin α]/s
and for vertical stirrups, α = 90°
Vs = [Av fy dv cot θ]/s
where
bv = minimum web width, measured parallel to the neutral
axis, between the resultants of the tensile and
compressive force due to flexure, modified for the
presence of ducts (mm). 58
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dv = effective shear depth taken as the distance, measured

perpendicular to the neutral axis, between the resultants
of the tensile and compressive force due to flexure, it
need not be taken less than the greater of 0.9 de or
0.72 h (mm).
s = spacing of stirrups (mm).
β = factor indicating ability of diagonally cracked concrete to
transmit tension [A5.8.3.4] (traditional value of β = 2.0)
[A5.8.3.4.1]
θ = angle of inclination of diagonal compressive stresses
[A5.8.3.4] (traditional value of θ = 45°, cot θ = 1.0)
[A5.8.3.4.1]
Av = area of shear reinforcement within a distance s (sq mm)
Vp = component in the direction of the applied shear of the
effective prestressing force; positive if resisting the
applied shear force (N).
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φv = 0.9 [A5.5.4.2.1] ηi = η = 1.0 bv = 152 mm

At midspan: (composite section)
de = h – cgmidspan = 1.609 – 0.150 = 1.459 m
a = β1 c = 0.65x158.9 = 103.3 m say a = 103 mm
de – a/2 = 1,459-103/2 = 1,408 mm
0.9 de = 0.9x1,459 = 1,313 mm then dv = 1,408 mm
0.72 h = 0.72x1,609 = 1,158 mm
At the end of the girder: (composite section)
de = h – cgend = 1.609 – 0.397 = 1.212 m
a = β1 c = 0.65x158.9 = 103.3 m say a = 103 mm
de – a/2 = 1,212-103/2 = 1,161 mm
0.9 de = 0.9x1,212 = 1,091 mm then dv = 1,161 mm
0.72 h = 0.72x1,609 = 1,158 mm

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b. Prestress Contribution to Shear Resistance

Vp = vertical component of prestressing force
CG of 12 harped strands at end of girder = 1.372-0.175 =
1.197 m from bottom of girder.
CG of 12 harped strands at midspan = 0.292 m.

ψ = tan-1 [(1.197-0.292)/10.00]
= 5.17°
Pf =4,697.5 kN
Vp = (12/44)x4,697.5 sin ψ.
= 115.5 kN

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c. Design for Shear

Critical section for shear is the greater of dv = 1.161 m or
0.5 dv cot θ from the internal face of the support [A5.8.3.2].
Assuming θ = 25°, then
0.5 dv cot θ = 0.5x1.161xcot 25° = 1.245 m
If the width of the bearing was known, the distance to the
critical section from the centerline of support could be increased.
In this case, the critical section is conservatively taken as 1.200
m from the centerline of the support.

At critical section for shear: x = 1.200 m from CL of support

DC1: w = 21.8 kN/m, V = 300.8 kN, M = 376.7 kN m
Diaphragm V = 7.1 kN, M = 8.5 kN m
DC2: w = 4.75 kN/m, V = 65.6 kN, M = 82.1 kN m
DW: w = 3.0 kN/m, V = 41.5 kN, M = 51.8 kN m

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At critical section for shear:

Truck Load:
VTr = 281.2 kN, MTr = 337.4 kN m
Lane Load:
VLa = 128.6 kN, MLa = 160.7 kN m
VLL+IM = 502.5 kN
MLL+IM = 599.4 kN m
U = η[1.25DC+1.5DW+1.75LL+IM]
At critical section for shear (1.200 m from CL of support)
Vu = 1.0x[1.25x(300.8+7.1+65.6)+1.50x41.5 + 1.75x502.5]
= 1,399.6 kN
Mu = 1.0x[1.25x(376.7+8.5+82.1)+1.50x51.8 + 1.75x599.4]
= 1,700.2 kN m
de = dp = 1.609 – 0.397 + (1.2/10)x(0.552-0.305) = 1.242 m
dv = de – a/2 = 1.242 - 0.103/2 = 1.190 m 63
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vu = |Vu - φVp| / (φ bv dv)

= |1,399.6-0.9x115.5|/(0.9x0.152x1.190)
= 7.96 MPa > 0.125fc’ (7.00 MPa)
vu/fc’ = 7.96/56.0 = 0.1421
Therefore, smax = min(0.4 dv, 300 mm)
= min (0.4x1,186, 300) = 300 mm

For illustration, use the long method with iteration of the shear
parameters. [A5.8.2.7]

First Iteration:
Assume θ = 25°, fpo = 0.7 fpu = 1,302 MPa [A5.8.3.4.2]
Mu
+0.5 Nu+0.5 Vu−Vp cot θ −Aps fpo
εx = dv
2(Es As+Eps Aps)
= 0.00167 compression

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Because εs is negative, it shall be reduced by the factor

[A5.8.3.4.2]
Fε = (Es As + Eps Aps)/(Ec Ac + Es As + Eps Aps)
= Eps Aps/(Ec Ac + Eps Aps)
where Ac is the area of concrete on flexure tension side of
member defined as concrete below h/2 of member [Fig.
A5.8.3.4.2-1].
h = 1,372 + 50 +187 = 1,609 mm,
h/2 = 1,609/2 = 804 mm
Ac = 152x660 + 2x(0.5x114x254)+152x(804-152)
= 229.35x103 mm2 = 0.2294 m2
Ec = 35.9 GPa
Fε = 0.0949
Fε εx =0.0949x(-0.00167) = - 0.159x10-3
Using vu/fc’ = 0.125 and εx (-0.16x10-3)with Table A5.8.3.4.2-
1, one gets θ = 20.5°: cot θ = 2.675 65
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θ β

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Second Iteration:
θ = 20.5°, cot θ = 2.675
εx = -0.00150 compression
Fε εx =0.0949x(-0.00150) = - 0.142x10-3
Using vu/fc’ = 0.125 and εx = -0.142x10-3 with Table on
previous page (Table A5.8.3.4.2-1), one gets θ = 20.5° =>
Convergence OK
Use cot θ = 2.675, β = 3.12

Vc = 0.083 β √fc’ bv dv = 0.083x3.12x(√56)x0.152x1.190

= 0.3493 MN = 349.39 kN
Check if
Vu ≥ 0.5 φv (Vc + Vp) = 0.5x0.9x(349.3+115.5) = 209.2 kN
Vu = 1,399.6 kN > 209.2 kN => Stirrup is required.

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Calculate the required web reinforcement strength, Vs:

Vs = Vu /φv – Vc - Vp
Vs = 1,399.6/0.9 – 349.3 – 115.5 = 1,090.3 kN

Use DB 12 mm U-stirrup, Av = 2x0.113x10-3 = 0.226x10-3 sq m

Vs = Av fy dv cot θ / s or
s ≤ Av fy dv cot θ / Vs
≤ 0.226x10-3 x 390x106 x 1.190 x 2.675 / (1,090.3x103)
≤ 0.257 m
≤ Av fy / (0.083 β √fc’ bv)
≤ 0.226x10-3x390x106/[(0.083x3.12x(√56)x0.152)x106]
≤ 0.299 m

Use U-stirrup DB 12 mm @ 225 mm

Vs = 0.226x10-3x390x106x1.186 x2.675 / 0.225
= 1,242.8 kN > 1,090.3 kN OK
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Check adequate of the longitudinal reinforcement, As

As fy + Aps fps ≥ Mu /(φf dv) + 0.5 Nu/ φa
+ [ Vu/ φv -Vp -0.5 Vs] cot θ
4,356x10-3x1,801.25x106 ≥ 1,700.2x103/(0.9x1.190) +
[(1,399.6/0.9 – 115.5)x103-
0.5x1242.8x103] x 2.675
7.846x106 ≥ 3.267x106 OK

At critical section for shear, use U-stirrup DB 12 mm @

225 mm OK

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d. Horizontal Shear [A5.8.4]

At interface between two concretes cast at different times, the
nominal (horizontal) shear resistance shall be taken as
Vnh = c Acv + µ(Avf fy + Pc) ≤ min (K1 fc’ Acv, K2 Acv)
where Acv = area of concrete engaged in shear transfer
= 1,067x25.4 = 27,097 sq mm = 27.097x10-3 sq m
Avf = area of shear reinforcement crossing the shear
plane, 2 legs of DB 12 mm = 0.226x10-3 sq m
fy = yield strength of reinforcement = 390 MPa
fc’ = compressive strength of weaker concrete = 32 MPa
For normal-weight concrete intentionally roughen [A5.8.4.3]
c = cohesion factor = 1.9 MPa, µ = friction factor = 1.0
K1 = 0.3, K2 = 12.4 MPa
Pc = permanent net compressive force normal to shear plane
(overhang+slab+hauch+barrier, for exterior girder)
= 1.24+5.77+5.09+4.75 = 16.65 kN/m 70
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Vnh = 1.9x106x27.097x10-3
+ 1.0x[(0.226x10-3/s)x390x106 + 16.7x103]
= 68.1871x103 + 88.14x103/s
s = spacing of shear reinforcement (m)
K1 fc’ Acv = 0.3x32x106x27.097x10-3 = 260.1 kN/m
K2 Acv = 12.4x106x27.097x10-3 = 336.0 kN/m
Vnh ≤ min(K1 fc’ Acv, K2 Acv) = 260.1 kN/m

φv Vnh ≥ η Vuh
where Vuh = horizontal shear due to barrier, FWS and LL+IM
= Vu/dv [eq. C5.8.4.1-1]
Vu = factored shear force due to superimposed load on
composite section
Vu = 1.25 DC2 + 1.50 DW +1.75 LL+IM
dv = de-a/2 = 1,222 – 103/2 = 1,171 mm

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Assume the critical section for horizontal shear is at the same

location as the critical section for vertical shear.
Vu = 1.0x[1.25x71.3+1.50x45.0 + 1.75x398.1]
= 853.3 kN
Vuh = Vu/dv = 853.3/1.190 = 717.1 kN/m
Vnh = Vuh/φ = 717.1/0.9 = 796.7 kN/m < 5,891.4 kN/m OK

796.7x103 = 68.18x103 + 88.14x103/s

s = 0.121 m

Minimum shear reinforcement [Eq. A5.8.4.4-1]

Avf = 0.35 bv / fy = 0.35x1.067/390x106 = 0.9576 sq mm/m

Shear reinforcement provided near support to resist vertical

shear are DB 12 mm @225 mm,
provided Avf = 0.226x10-3/0.225
= 1.0 sq m/m > 0.958 sq m/m OK 72
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The minimum requirement of Avf may be waived if

Vn/Acv is less than 1.47 MPa
Vn/Acv = 796.7x103/27.097x10-3 = 0.29 MPa < 1.47 MPa OK
OK to waive minimum requirement.
Use s = 225 mm at 1.200m. Inspection of horizontal shear
does not govern stirrup spacing for any of the remaining section.

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e. Anchorage Zone [A5.10.10]

The bursting resistance provided by transverse reinforcement
at the service limit state shall be taken as [A5.10.10.1]
Pr = fs As
where fs = stress in steel not exceed 140 MPa
As = total area of transverse reinforcement with in h/4 of
the end of beam
h = depth of precasted girder = 1.372 m
The resistance Pr shall not be less than 4% of the
prestressing force before transfer
Ppbt = fpbt Aps
= (0.75x1,860x106) x 4,356x10-3 = 6,076.6 kN
Pr = fs As ≥ 0.04 Ppbt (0.04x6,076.6) = 243.1 kN
As = 243.1x103/140x106 = 1.736 x10-3 sq m with in h/4 =
0.343 m
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Try DB 16 mm U-stirrup, 1,736/(2x201) = 4.3.

Use 5 no. of DB 16 mm U-sitrrups,1 stirrup is at 0.025 m and
4 stirrups are at 0.075 m from end fo beam.

Confinement Reinforcement: [A5.1010.2]

For a distance of 1.5 h = 1.5x1.372 = 2.058 m from the end of
the beam, reinforcement not less than DB 10 mm at 150 mm
shall be placed to confine the prestressing steel in the bottom
flange.
Use 14 DB 10 mm at 150mm shaped to enclose the strands.

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Detail Sketch

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