Chapter 7 Line Models 245 Chapter 7 Line Models Many real-world objects can be modeled as line bodies. When a real-world body has small tera) dimension and has vntarim eross-section ts usually a good candidate fora line body. The most important applications of ine models are frame, beam, and truss structures, The Workbench meshes a line body with beam elements (13-319]). Advanags® of ding line models against surface wvodels or solid models are exactly analogous to the advantages of using surface rrorels against solid models. These advantages include (2) creating line models is usualy easier, (b) the problem size is sth smaller and (c) the solution accuracy is usually not compromised. Therefore, the engineers should consider Using fine models over surface or solid models whenever possible. Besides, the Workbench stores many built-in cross sccthons in the database to be chosen from by the users. Also, the Workbench allows the rendering of cross-sections when displaying the model, so that the line bodies visually look lke the same as solid bodies. Purpose of the Chapter “The main purpose of this chapter isto practice the use of beam elements (I-33). This chapter guides the students to ceeate fine models and perform simulations using these models. The chapter provides three examples. two of them are entirely line models while the other one is a model mixed up by line bodies and surface bodies. About Each Section “The first two sections present ewo step-by-step examples. Section 7.1 creates a flexi simulgnon using the inodel, Section 7.2 demonstrates the creation ofa truss structure and the simulation. Section 73 demonstrate the creation of a building structure and the simulation. ible gripper model and performs a Uses a two-story building as an example to Another purpose of Section 7.3 is to demonstrate how surface bodies and line bodies can be moxed-up to create 2 simulation model.246 Chapter 7 Line Models Section 7. | Step-by-Step: Flexible Gripper . 7.1-1 About the Flexible Gripper Many manipulators are designed as mechanisms. That is, they Consist of rigid bodies connected by joints, such as revolute joints, sliding joints, ete..and the motions are mostly governed by the laws of rigid body kinematics. The gripper discussed here is a structure rather than 2 mechanism, The mobility are provided by the flexihility of the ‘materials, rather than the joints. Therefore it is called a flexible ripper [1-4]. The gripper is made of POM (polyoxymethylene, a plastic polymer), which has a Young's modulus of 2 GPa and a Poisson's ratio of 0.35. tt has a rectangular cross section of Ix5 mm. One of the concern when designing this gripper is its geometric advantage, GA. The GA is defined as the ratio of the horizontal output displacement [4] to the input actuation [3] The GA value can be used to assess the efficiency of the Bripper, the larger the better. The main purpose of this Simulation |s to assess the GA value of the current design configuration as shown in the figure [5]. Note that only half of the gripper will be modeled due to the symmetry. The profile consists of two smooth spline curves defined by 7 key points, whose numbering and coordinates are shown in the figure [5, 6]. The spline P!-P2-P3-P4 has free ends on both tends. The spline P4-P5-P6-P7 has free end at P4 and a constraint on PZ: it is perpendicular to the plane of symmetry. This constraint has to be imposed otherwise the smoothness of the Curve across to the other half cannot be guaranteed We could model the problem as 2D, With 2D simulations however, current version of supports only solid models (doesn't support 2D surface or line model). Comparing with a 3D line model, 2D solid model is not efficient (in terms of accuracy and CPU time) We decide to go for a 3D line model, although the geometry and the motion is entirely on a plane. We will create a line model in the first part of this Section. The model will be used in the second part of this Section to simulate the motion of gripping and assess the GA value. The model will be used in Section 8.1 to demonstrate an optimization capability of the Workbench. That is, we want to re-configurate the positions of the key points to achieve an optimum GA value. [4] Gripping direction (output). ™ [2] The ends are ‘connected toa rigid body wieh pin joints (free to rotate). ~ (aracuntion = direction (ro [5] The ) lt | Pa{-38,160) design 4-69.120) PS(—34,100) \ P6(-24.60) ~e 77(0,50) 2-90, 40) \ i P(-70,0}% / 7) | 6} Origin of | | coordinatesSection 7.1 Step-by-Step: Flexible Gripper 247 PART A. GEOMETRIC MODELING 7-2 Start Up ( [1] Launch and save the project as, "Gripper" eee —™, [2] Create a system. [3] Stare up DesignModeler. Select as length w Bf nome arenes 0) Eh teens taee wer ee aes 7.1-3 Create Sketch on XYPlane ['¥ Consteietion Poa 7 . or laa O=== spline connecting + oO | Teme points ©: i 1 (Draw a spine ‘ connecting 4 | construction poins \ \ \ en ¢ \=— a . ( [i] Create 7 [4] Impose a | construction points on f ‘constraint so that the spline perpendicular to the vertical ] the XYPlne. Specify wis their positions.248 Chapter 7 Line Models 7.1-4 Create Line Body Concept Took View Help a er ‘Sse Lines From Points BD Lines From Edges ‘Sketches>. Wid Cove / ss Split Edges —— @ Surfaces From Edges pI off i Surtoces From Sketihes | display, you will see i a [Ste stetch> in] the model tree and | click . Click | . | Shaded Ber ufone + Frooen Body Toaspreny eas [4] Make sure is turned on, Cos Seen Sole J v Tint Oine > Wadovs » [SIA 3D view reveals that each tine] body is attached a local coordinate system. Both local coordinate systems are such that their Yaxes (green) point out of the plane of he | | Curves and their Z-axes (blue) are along the curves themselves: We | need to be aware of these local \ coordinate systems because, in the next step, we want to define a cross N section for the line bodies. | ae o jSection 7.1 Step-by-Step: Flexible Gripper 249 7.1-5 Create a Rectangle Cross Section saat nae ‘ae Raa ‘Show Casa [No oe ——- ait [2} Type Land 5 (mmm) [ie Cee : for B and H ‘ime ‘is = eel respectively the ee in gm a ward [1] Pull-down- ste . 19 Cova Tbe ee Eine Pa zone [BIA rectangular cross section is created, Note the cross section is. aligned (oriented) such that the local Y- ‘axis is along the height of the section. | That is exactly whac we want. You don’t | | have to click when i creating a cross section, but it's no harm to click . be 7.1-6 Assign the Cross Section to the Line Body (ts a) [4) The model displays with the rectangular fy BS St aD Yee ty eh Hite vtadteelle | | eross section, Note that i ‘Shaded Boot this is for visual effect Do ae i Wirteane only. The model is still a Bit” qupseece. tomate | tine body a sol | _ piGrtnen | , j Heme \ iy } Verses) eo Cat leet = fee Tit Baty dv a \ poe ely : ake # ; + tt | f ¥ eating) bom | SEI 2) selec tne) —— rate ts scape ( {2} vender ) a 8 (rot section <__(isplay) the cross F =_ | “section, curn on eet and select . PD rents Sa seta) 1 eek Trae Caa Frinton 1) med entre 2D tenants [2] Turn on . if |, this property is not set. the line bodies would be neglected and | would not be ateached to | Close the | - \Section 7.1 Step-by-Step: Flexible Gripper 251 7.|-8 Prepare Material Properties 1] Double-click to | edit . ) ROAR i [2] Leave (ce a | © * highlighced. eves wie mates sarge seomlitnres Peis Tat elo natn oes fr 8 Deane yi [3] Click here to add anew material to langsram . f*?"#* (— {S}inthe | ,right- ‘liek . and select See |B | include Propersy> | Double-click ie has the same effect. 2 : a =e | eae em @ Seng vangs nose ? ~ 4 Posse Rate ( (7)Rewrn to project. | / [6] Expand , type "2e9" (Pa) for |. and Assign Material 2 Eraneerng bata [2] Highlight Been «emi Boe 4 = Pepaies [3] Selece , | 7.1-10 Generate Mesh [tay Te deft mesh | settings generate 34 beam elements and 69 nodes. A convergence study in Section 7.1-17 will show chat, for GA assessment. it is goad encwigh | S / Ryven - B MediContel - | oy $ vod les a ~ [1] Highlight in the | project tree and BE Nee es \ Generate Mesh>. /) 7.1-11 Specify Fixed Supports ce | ae) /\ 3 oa {Cl Highlighe . PA Sappors ~ | OB & Fowl Senet & Dapencont & Reno Denheeeent ‘ = Definition Te Fock Ran : ®, Pictou Spot Coosa Syren Gist Coslinate System & Cylindncal Support Rotation Fine 4, Sanply Suppor ’ Rotation Y Poe z _/ RetationZ Fired - Saeed io [1] Select. { [2.6] Select bis a ) HE . | [eine By” Components { [8] Fix displacement Bp | Cntinate Byer lata Coouinate Systeen in Z-direction BL Simply Suppowted |X eengoneat Oven Gamged) — OM = © Find Rostion Pomerat 50. em Campa) On = —~ 1B Elastic Sepport ‘ZGompenant Kee [9] Apply 50mm) a | Seppeased ie ] displacement in negative Y-direction. Symmetry Conditions for Shell and Beam Elements Seeps [1-8] are to see up condition of symmetry about YZPlane, while step [9] isto set up a downward actuation, Recall that, in the first exercise of Section 6.4-3, you are asked how to set-up the rotational degrees of freedom con a plane of symmetry. Beam elements, lke shell elements, have rotational degrees of freedom (1.3-3[9). ‘A general rule of symmetry conditions for shell and beam elements is to fix (set to zero value) the out-of-plane translations and in-plane rotations, Consider the boundary conditions at the vertex [2, 6]. In this case, YZPlane is the plane of symmetry, X- displacement is the out-of-plane translations [8], Y-rotation and Z-rotation are the in-plane rotation [4], Note that fixing Yerotation may not needed in thie case, since the loading automatically results with zero Y-rotation. You could let Workbench automatically set up the symmetry boundary conditions (Section 3.1-10), bue make sure you know how Workbench set up these syinmetry boundary conditions. The Workbench will set up the symmetry boundary conditions as we described above: fix the out-of-plane translations and in-plane rotations. As a good engineer, use the software features only when you know how they work.254 Chapter 7 Line Models 7.1-13 Set Up Auto Time Stepping reject $ This mudel is simple enough thas we an actually don't need to change any defaule Se corn Sens i - settings other than just turn on the . The solution would be Z J [rp Hightghe complete in just 3 substeps, with a program controlled auto time stepping. ~ The reason we turn off and type 10 | displacement (7.1-16{6)) | SBR cRumber OF L Substeps>, Why Large Deflection ——— Turning on large deflection is to include geometry nonlinearity. le always gives more accurate solutions but takes more [2] Turn on . ieee U Deflection> geometry nonlinearity turn off and rerun this case at the end on of the section. A substantial difference of the results is an indication that the inclusion of geometry nonlinearity is necessary, 7.1-14 Set Up Solution Branch and Solve the Model 28 Project we Model (nt) © seony oeosaton ~ Orin + Hoe ~ Buar eee a ® D, Disectomal R Static Structural (45) _ i ; * | wy Contet Toot Tanabe Seton / ' oie) = "| JB, raedsumoort | [1] Highlight 1&% eed gotatin | . 15d eucomert a 3 “a Soa BS, I este ctos By Beam Tool Toral>. \coeeenrtty) $B Orect stress < {© tieamum Combined Stress {© Maximum Combined Stress / ‘, 73 a [4] The eee | | ‘branch now looks | \ Ake ths. i : \ [5] Click .Section 7.1 Step-by-Step: Flexible Gripper 255 7.1-15 View Results Messages Mechanical Wizant > Orephics Annotations [3] Ifyour window layout is Section Planes different from what I have here, pll-down-select . [2] The maximum [eG total displacement is [2S S89 57.8 77.233 mm. [7] Numerical daca for Fhe { ‘each substeps are. 7 | Unie GES ~ ee | Deformation>. | seassy SLO {4} Click \ paste to your spread Sma Play . | Psheetfor farther | - processing [G]A graph of substep | man versus maximum response is displayed here. The graphis 7) w= replicated below. Vernieas E 60 ) 2 J [9} The input displacement 5 versus total displacement caves nearly 2 soaght ne 2 7 ro) [8] The total input 2 displacement (50 mm) is divided into 10 subsceps, 7 therefore each substep is 5 | mm of input displacement. 0 5 10 1S 20 25 30 35 40 45 50-= Inpuc Displacement y256 Chapter 7 Line Models 7.1-16 Assess GA Value Deformation » @, Strain + [1] With J “in the project tree highlighted, select . [3] Right-click. select © YE Skate structural (As) JR toys Seta TB, reed seno v& Freed Rotation AD, Disctacement = Td Solution (46) AB Sohn formation [@ oaicetomatn 8 YB) beam Toot TAB nels Drectona [2] You don't have Jove - = Daiaiicn co make any change Oo Tm ‘hectnaltvfemicn” | in the Details view. natin Ke The is By Tie what we want. Tig Tina at a Cex ere Ga Conte Se Cube Ti Bry Yeu Beatin Resale 4: Sta Strstera (ANSTS) XC 4sh- Deeb Deomaton a a4 Type Danton oration (3 Ae) Nain Dye + ieomaton Senta 7 7 \ i [ [6 The input displacement versus horizoncal displacement. XV Horizontal Displacement (mm) — 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Input Displacement 40 45 50 horizontal displacement is 52.127 mm, Input Displacement versus Horizontal Displacement ‘An input displacement versus horizontal displacement curve is shown on the left [6]. The curve is close to but not a straight line, A linear relationship usually more is desirable, because that would be easier for automatic control. The GA value in this case is about 1,04 (52/50),Section 7.1 Step-by-Step: Flexible Gripper 257 Wrap Up ‘Save the project and quit . 7.1-17 Remark: Convergence of the Beam Element ‘A convergence study of the gripper model is summarized in the figure below [1-2]: this leaves an exercise for you. The figure shows that the displacement converges to 52.160 mm. In the foregoing simulation, we meshed with 34 elements under the default settings and obtain a displacement of 52.127 mm. That is good enough for the GA assessment, but may not be adequate for other purposes. Generally, models meshed with beam elements or shell elements converge very fast. The meshing consideration is mostly geometric. In our case, since it is a curved structure, the major concern is to mesh the structure so that the meshed finite element model doesn’t deviate the original geometry too much, For a structure composed by straight beams, it is possible co obtain a solution equal to theoretical values by meshing each straight beam a single element! This will be demonstrated in Section 7.2. ( [2] The displacement converges at 52.160. 52.16 F sus £ = 5214 E 5213 [I] In this exercise, we 3 meshed with 34 & 5212 elements, resulting 52.127 4 mm of displacement. 3 921 g 6 5210 5209 0 125-280-375 500625 Number of Elements258 Chapter 7 Line Models Section 7.2 Step-by-Step: 3D Truss 7.2-1 About the 3D Truss Traditionally, a truss is defined as a structure consisting of two-force members. By two-force member, we mean that the members are pin-jointed at the ends and the loads apply on the joints so that the members are either stretched or compressed but not bent. Two members connected by a pin-joint can rotate about the joint independently. In reality, structural members are rarely connected each other by pin-joints. Modern structures are constructed using either welds or multiple bolt-and-nuts; the members are rigid jointed, not pin-jointed. Even in the old days, pin-jointed structures are not common. Main reason of pin-joint assumption is to ease the computational dificult. in the days when computers were not widespread, if existing. Note that, due to the neglect of joint rigidity. pin-joint assumption leads to a conservative design: safer, but over-designed. How much is the error caused by the pin-joint assumption? This is a good exercise problem for the engineering students (Section 7.4-2). Let me state the problem more precisely. Given a rigid-jointed structure, we perform twice of simulations: once with rigid joints (the reality), and the other with pin-joints assumption. What would the difference between these cwo models be? The amount of error depends on the slenderness of the structural member. If the members are slender enough, there is no essential difference between two models. On the other hand, if the members are not slender enough, then the pin-joints assumption may induce substantial errors. Currently, the beam element (BEAMI88!) is the only element supported in to mesh the line bodies. The “truss elements" (such as LINK1802) are not directly supported. To model a pin-jointed structure, you need to explicitly specify revolute joints between the structural members, or insert APDL commands, |i this section, we will create a line model for the power transmission tower as shown. All members are made of structural steel angle of I} xIix+ cross section. Note that each joint (PI-PI0) or member (I-25) is assigned a ‘umber. The design loads are also show below. Design Loads for the Transmission Tower Joint | Fx (Ib) | Fy (Ib) | Fe (Ib) Pl 1,000 | -10,000 | -10,000 2 0 +10,000 } -10,000 P3 500 0 0 6 600 0 0Section 7.2 Step-by-Step: 3D Truss 259 PART A. GEOMETRIC MODELING 7.2-2 Start Up [1] Launch, te ee | ers | and save the | projeceas "Truss." B] Stare up . Select as length unit, [2] Create a system. [1] Prepare a TEXT FILE containing coordinates of 10 points, and save it in your disk. Note that the file has 5 columns (fields): (2) group number, (b) ID ‘number, (c) X-coordinate, (d) Y- coordinate, and (e) Z-coordinate. The group number and de ID number are ‘arbitrary. and they uniquely identify a point from others. Numbers can be separated by spaces or TABs. / (~ {5} The points show up in the graphics space. Note that | the model has been rotated ( mctick >) it ‘such that XY plane lies <) on the —_ (horizontal. ——_) [4] Click | Vv | Seeeeeeey Dota of Pout Feit Peat —~ te conic Pt ( \ conn ‘oats Fe | ta) setece Deca oO ge the TEXT | Mee ) PLE | Seta ms260 Chapter 7 Line Models 7.2-4 Create a Line Body for 19 Members (a Concept Tools View Help [ eretson | EEE * . VA 5D Curve :} Generate eS Scatacos From Sketches eee) 3] Click ) { | S Datei of Linet tines Pana Pemee Lin eats. J [AJA line body of 19 = [2] Define all members except 3,5, 15, 17, members is created. Note 19,and 21 (Section 7.2-1), and then click that the members do not . Each member is defined by clicking cross over each other. That its starting poine then control-clicking its is the reason we left out 6 ca point. If you made a mistake, you can ‘members. remove a member by clicking its starting and / ending points again, —— _/ 7.2-5 Create Another Line Body for the Rest of Members ——— Concept Tools View Help | 1] Pull-down- | aE: rceptines | ~ =a to avoid adding the materials together. i.e. crossing over each otherSection 7.2 Step-by-Step: 3D Truss 261 7.2-6 Forma Single Part = /@f A Stabe Shocturd (ANSYS) | [1] So far we have two oh Witt parsin the model wee 2h Bae We now combine them of ee | “Toform ss pare aie 2 Qf A: Shs Stuctrral (ANSYS) woh XVPlane _ x (7 a ee [B]Now we ) Select Unaligned Line Edges sale mad have a single | eee Ye Point! corte @ Hide Body ote Linel bodies. | Q Bide AU Other Bodies Vit Lined - 4 1B Sunpess Body = G1 Fat 2 Bodies = oS BE oy ® Line Body ot Line Body { [2] Select the two bodies and right-click-select | ‘ \ 72-7 Create a Cross Section Sh Cree Comet Tek Yow, Hee Ved GS tererontont Sanat Tee are | aL ra Be Ghtvos Gowr | prtre dimensions for the steel angle. @ cia Tae EE Chel toe EE tsean Drews \ aT) | Brera Tt] | Beacmow || i Svecteiord | | i nee | 262 Chapter 7 Line Models 7.2-8 Assign the Cross Section to the Line Bodies = 1G] A:ShseStrtued NSS) be KPa obs 2kPlane Doh YoPlane L# Peat TN. Linel TNs Line? = Yell 1CroaSecton bu bn 0 1 Pa 2Bodion [1] Select | ‘wo line bodies — seers Metso f Denil View 2 { [2] Setece = Deus of tine Bol 3 1 | the cross Boly Law Bay section Coes Lt oss tp — ey 7.2-9 Check the Sections in the Model ew fy » Shade Beret ie [1] Turn on . Wirt Turn off if ents itis on oe) . Toad \\ tine , [2] The cross | Medows » section has been i correctly assigned to the | ff | ine bodies. | mY oS Ce ASection 7.2 Step-by-Step: 3DTruss 263 Few lly — Le. : Shaded Bind Bloor | « in Stated Bar [4] The defaule Fite cross section ~ TFN alignments are FoteaBaly Tanpumuy | town Hip ow {3} Turn on Windows Fle Gime Concept Took, View, Be Retna “a3 Suter felsne Post 1G Boat (@ brche Arbre CAD Oe GQ grt vee Oey % Fw seus sa % Raaseogt ar é The default cross section alignments usually need to be adjusted co be ‘consistent with the reality, In this case, we decided to leave them as default, Since the structural members are slender enough, the behaviors are close to two-force members, therefore alignments should not be critical, In other words, crass section alignments do not affect the structural response too much in this case. We will demonstrate the adjustment of cross section alignments in Section 73-9, in which the alignments must be adjusted, or it would deviate the reality too much. [5] Close DesignModeler. PART B. SIMULATION 7.2-10 Set Up Properties for Geometry | { [1] Right-click and am ne) select furn on Line . Bodies>. Without | a turning it on, the | er ethes nod oe attached to canner. | owe | rs ivbies a ] | [3] Doubie-click | to start retegees | up |264 Chapter 7 Line Models 7.2-|1 Generate Mesh \ [B] Selece , ea + SF aie Sees = Fig Sakon as) TY shamntfomnse ech Teaeroteae Media Bares Q / «sane { ‘Um Abad fan Fe | [2] Select unit J Rares Cr system. Type a large number (say 999 in) for ‘ to censure each member is meshed with a single beam element. ‘him Bud Sects mn logn Gate” Cou Maimntio ned — 08 + Adana + Pak Mobe [4] Totally 25 beam elements (one element | for each member) Note each beam ‘element has a mid- node on it, so totally | 35 (1025) nodes. [5] They look like bonded together, but actually not. Each member corresponds to an element. \ NS Why mesh each member with a single element? We mentioned in the and of las section (7.1-17) hat i is posible to ebtan a solution aqual co thooretial values by meshing each straight beam a single element. The reason we methed each member with a single beam element here is te demonstrate ths behavior. The default settings of would mesh the model with 205 beam elements and would result exactly the same solution as 25 elements, As an exercite (Section 74.2), verify Ie yourself after the completion of ths section, Using Surface/Line Models Whenever Possible Since the colution of a model which iz meshed with beam elements or shell elements converges very fast (ie, very accurate solution can be obtained with only a few elements), we should consider a line model or surface model whenever possible. This is particularly true for chose problems requiring many number of iterations or substeps, suc as nonlinear problems, dynamic problems, optimization problems, etcSection 7.2 Step-by-Step: 3D Truss 265 7.2-12 Specify Supports >) {2} Selece 4 vertices | | aethe base. You | | may need to turn on | | vertex select fier. ‘) \ — Super » | & Resoe Dipacerent Rect Dot ‘| peat % Foson [1] Highlight in the | © cyimty project tree and sinply| select = Scope Scoping Methai | Georeiiy Section Definition Tye Seppmssed | [3] And click 7.2-13 Specify Loads — s oo — [4] Select P2 and | [8] Selece P6 and click . : Blonds + A Supports ~ | F “wl Bolte} [1, 3, 5,7] Select sven (3572) é Line Presoue @ Men! Conlon ® Toint Load FH, eid So} ——— [2] Select Pi and click “. Make sure the triad is as shown, so | / that you don't select the wrong point : [ eore -266 Chapter 7 Line Models 7.2-14 Set Up Solution Branch and Solve the Model Daan ~ MS0in- BtoB %, — vas : pees : | 7 — | [1] Highlight —_—_ , [2] Select [3] Selece toe a - Tale ka a fe oy [7)Turn off in the _ te Detals view. ; aa iew the Results (2) oxi | compressive stress | is 22,994 psi. | SB ast pce Lae em aMTED 5 ‘A: Static Strcteral (AMS) [om betaroston Sat a Tae. ~\ = [1] Maximum} pope deformation is fa 0.39 inch, 2193 ors [3] Maximum ension ts 11,936 See pstSection 7.2 Step-by-Step: 3D Truss 267 | Astle Strectara (ANSS) A: Site Strata (ANS PS) i comecencine [4] The combined | Mocmmcanbantsten N, Tipe Mana Conbard Sts stress (bending | Te Mum anbond St page) oat: pat stress and direct Vast pst SA jo Tae stress) ranges from |"! MX 10906 sax -25,176 psito 13910 Max na +13,910 psi on ams ass 1a 210 sae 1835 9102 “57 13155 95008 62 3404 2069 7 “25176 Min 2131 in - / t 5A: State Stractaral (A251 on ae [5] The bending | Mais Bening Stes Type: Minin Bending Sts stress ranges from Unit nt -2182 psi to +1975 Tamed psi. They are about | ‘one tenth of the combined stress. | Why Turn Off ? ‘We've introduced the notion of averaged and unaveraged stresses (Section 3.5-6). Unaveraged stresses are also called element stresses, since they are calculated at points (usually geometric center or integration points) inside elements. (On the other hand, averaged stresses are also called nodal stresses, since they are calculated at nodes, which are located at element boundaries. Since we mesh each member with a single beam element, and if we didn’t turn off , every two adjacent members’ stresses would have been averaged and reported. The averaged stresses would not have any meaning Wrap Up Save the project and quit . References |. ANSYS Help System>Mechanical APDL>Element Reference> BEAM |88 2. ANSYS Help System>Mechanical APDL> Element Reference>LINK 180.268 Chapter 7 Line Models Section 7.3 Exercise: Two-Story Building 7.3-1 About the Two-Story Building A two-story building [1-6] is constructed for residential usage. The local building code requires that a live load of SO Ibift? should be considered, along with the dead load, its own weight. Since the building isin an earthquake zone, an earthquake load must be considered. For a low-rise building like this, the building code usually allows an equivalent static analysis instead of a dynamic analysis. Here we consider a static earthquake load, which is equivalent to 0.2 ‘omes of gravitational acceleration, applying horizontally in the shorter direction of the building. In practical design Project, earthquake load applying in other directions should also be simulated. The floors are made of reinforced concrete, We will use the material which is stored in the «Engineering Data> library. The beams and columns will be modeled as line bodies and the floor slabs as surface bodies. All bodies will be combined to form a single part to ensure a perfect bonding between bodies, The geometric model will be used for a static structural simulation in this section, The model will be used again in Section 11.2 for a modal analysis and Section 12.3 for a harmonic response analysis. In this exercise, we will use in-lb-s unit system most of time. In some occasions, we will change the unit system to ftlb-s. One of the features of Workbench is the flexibility of unit systems. When you switch to another unit system, Workbench will transform all the units nicely for you. [2] The floor slabs are made of reinforced concrete, with a thickness of 5 aaa yarwarea | columns are made | of structural stee!, with a cross section of W16x50. | [3] Each floor-to-floor *\ helaSection 7.3 Exercise: Two-Story Building 269 PART A. GEOMETRIC MODELING 7.3-2 Start Up [1] Create a system. 21@ Engnecring baka Ya! Save the projece a3 3,08 cemnevy 2. = ser oe SG ros efi Select as 5 Bow ea | length unie. — 6 @ sottion ¥ a 11 routs 2) State Stes (YS) 7.3-3 Create 16 Construction Points in the 3D Space [1] Prepare a text file containing coordinates of 16 points. Note the 5 columns (fields) in the cext file are respectively group number, ID number, X-coordinate, Y-coordinate, ~~) and Z-coordinate. Numbers can be separated by spaces or TABS. Seseeeesen cena {1 Cie . a ye ir ( These 16 pins are starting and ending points of the first floor \ colurnns. — ‘Details of Poin ee - YY Pet Pot : tm Consin Fein Definition "Flava Cooninates Pie SPIES € Documents ond Settin..\Coluras.tet = Tdemnce Naveed Fatiesh Wo - [3] Select the text file. Click | J270 Chapter 7 Line Models 7.3-4 Create a Line Body of 10 Beams ——~ Concept Took View Help [raion | Detaite of Lined ~ select Linas From Pots Line » . Remember that | B Surfaces From Sketches each beam is defined by clicking its | coat ‘ starting point then control-clicking its ae [___ ending point. Cick . 73-5 Copy the Line Body ies Baiy Open olide Bown ae Han afm Select the newly "| te Revwlve a x gal ears line body. ‘ Foon Ret” the 5 Boer Dinca Ddnon Carine” —_— $ vk 7, tome Ow Pt Tom tne Me, 20Ge ois [3] Copy the line body upward 120 in < Vorb Riot ry Click . —/ ten SB [1] Pulkdown- | tm | select . | =Section 7.3 Exercise: Two-Story Building 27! 73-6 Create Line Body for Columns Coucept Tools View Help ee 5 select ‘anes Fionn Points Li? Eine: Fom Pour @ . (By Lines From Bd ges __ Wa 3D Cane = ” ~ ~ [2] Define 8 columns then click . Each | * column is defined by clicking its starting poine at | : . the roof then controbclcking ts ending xe the | Surtees From Skewes | Frond. Click . Hfyou made a Crose Section » | mistake you can remove a member by clicking, the starting and ending poines again. Conengh Took View Help ~ Lizes io Pint suet he 5 Lines rom Steer 2B i Les Fm Bees bk Mio Give WD Owe SS SpE = ~ @ Soniues Pom Bees Recrui ‘ @ Corte 1 Ceovis tone [© Chanaisecton ;= [Eto i\ ba ool lai Ripe | dimensions for | | t 7 | the W16x50 cross | wer TL OF | } IR donnie! |” 272 Chapter 7 Line Models 7.3-8 Assign the Cross Section to the Line Body Details af Lise Body { Baly Line Baly Pew 18 [1] Highlight the tine body in the model tree and then, in the details view, select as ( [ry Tun on edge [1] Turn on . You will notice some beams’ R fisnocon’ cross section alignements are not what ‘we intend for. They need to be a adjusted [B] Select these 12 line edges. [5] Now the beams look more natural Beams are usually constructed in this way Line-Body Hage Migavent Rise Selection NEENMEmeneene! ee oes iene QSRIA (4) Type -90 to turn the sectional) Yeaxis upward. It doesn't matter if you type +90 to turn the Y-axis downward. jjSection 7.3 Exercise: Two-Story Building 273 73-10 Create Surface Bodies Concept Toole View Help _— NS Lites Fiom Point | [1.5] Pulldown ines FomStathes | select i . | Click , KS TE —> Taso Sut [7] Use to correctly select the line body instead of a surface edge. Use color code to distinguish them. See next step. a a [8] Select tine body. Thaioen =O) Sin Detail of Set Teta tea ie —— [4,11] Select the | Be" at i dy again | a (a Selec these | | sures body 0 “Te select filter). Ifthe [SOP 58 positive-side of the surface body is not upward, select [12] Repeat this for . | more surface bodies. Edge Selection When you select edges. you may need to use Selection Panes> (7, 8] to correctly select the line body rather than a surface edge. If you select a surface — 9] Ifyou select a surface edge instead edge inst a line body, the not connect { f ige instead of a line body, the slab would not connect ‘of a line body, the slab would not to the line body. and would have a gap after | connect to the line body and would have deformation (9] e ‘a gap after deformation. Direction of Surface Bodies Each surface body has a positive-side and a negative: side, In , che pressure always applies on the positive-side. Therefore it is important to know which side is the positive-side, Turn on the surface selection filter and click the surface body, the positive- side will highlighted with a deep green color. Make sure the positive-side of each surface body is upward in this case. I not, select for . This library stores linear B_ material properties. [3] Click <+> to add to the (4) Highlight , you can ( [5] Click \ . ' EE mud see its material | ‘senses oc | cy ee eine : properties tronenats PSE er tay ae ero > Tolan Tae Tar [6] Now. io with are in and readiy avaiable | - . . \ r{ SP Peturnto Project J ‘ Sy ones CR ESGe] for the simulation,Section 7.3 Exercise: Two-Story Building 275 7.3-13 Start Up Before starting up property (see 7.1-7[2). [1] Start up as) Stale Structural (84S) 7.3-14 Assign Material ‘item Banc | Pie MlnQdentns) meee ho pee ae [2] Select Mom . 7.3-15 Set Up Mesh Controls (2) The slabs can be) ‘meshed in a more structured way, and for a beam/shell model like this, we can used even coarser ech + th Mesh Contol > | @0y i [I] It isa good practice to see the default meshing first. | and decide what | mesh controls are needed. 3 g $ $s276 Chapter 7 Line Models @ MeshContol ~ | ByOptions © Method ra 0 % Seine Se ddtin es t VW Cont Sizing. Ralemsee Cate ome A Petnement - oie ate 7 BIAdda eee ars s control Branden 7 > crn Ble nf Finch — eee Inflation + himaeat | [5] In the

. Type 2 (ft) for Sete | . You — may need to switch Medians | to felb-s unie system, EE : * . (oo ‘Foye Figs eS athe) | (Seong Mito’ “Goomaty Salta > seco getee generated Grornty “GBs = mesh, yy [4] Select all 6 surface bodies and . 7.3-16 Specify Supports nnke Demi et Sep chic) | Select all 8 eth cenivsucen | USseate| Georety "8 Vaiows” O=andeclick | —— sheen | Definition || . Use | —~, is ies | vertex | | Sappessed Ko selection filer. | [1] Hightighe in the project tree and Select . & Crate soypet I, Sing Spc © Fond Potten 5 Bee pp008Section 7.3 Exercise: Two-Story Building 73-17 Apply the Live Load Looks = ASuppeH > Soom a @, Hysroshte Frew | nee ® Foxe Rice Ba Remote Fore { [1] Select te &, Bearing Load ee Dee By “dj Bott Pustensio PME Nepinde pes &, Moment leit Lond ‘Phd Solid Intatoce 7.3-18 Apply the Dead Load =|Seoe Gooraty Definition PAionctal « Bhoads + HE @F Acceleration Det Preoue Soop Matha acme Selection aw { [2ySelect ae | surface bodies and click eApply>. | Remember the | pressure is | applied on the positive-sde of {anes the surface bodies. | foes Mana To 7 3 Cot 5 ms [3] Type 50 (psf) | for . | anBeies : Cocinate Syste | bl Cocina Set Component. Gare YGongonent’ — 3A14 We Gare) >) Zcenpenat -O 8 fare Errore . ( Note thar this is Gravity>, 7.3-19 Apply the Earthquake Load Pinevtal + PLosds + As ae i\ * @, Rotstional Yelocty — [I]Selece | , Note that, unlike | , this is the | direction on which the bodies move | Mercia force” will apply in the | ‘opposite direction |278 Chapter 7 Line Models 7.3-20 Solve the Model and View the Results ES : i [2} tthe cease 53.0 Tove Seale) deformation is 12 connections eal Guta Soule) } t00 exaggerated, = 1D Mesh Sas Be aw) you can reduce Mi rcsesrac tates — co the scale - Preeti UI] Set up the \ — ig femmes sates | branch 5 reed Support | like this and issue abl Sands Eath avty , . Lat accretion o- Fw wWIrw = 71 Sobution (96) F9.No MiaFame @ Stow Uadeforned Wink ; or Daniet tet | Sg 37 ry be visually 1 Soon fermion ~ more effective to wurn | on . | a { [Ay The maximum deformation is 0.3 inch. 1: tae tree nT (Phease switch back to indb-s fener unit system.) 06 Mae ost oaous a) [5] Maximum compressive ‘tress of the concrete slab is about 600 psi, well below the fracture value (3000-4000 psi) / 4: Ste Seta (MSY) Noten Focpd St Iyge Memon Pape Topo Var pe : Tew mae PROD rq tssmet te feeSection 7.3 Exercise: Two-Story Building 279 A: StasieStvetral (ANSYS) Type Movin Combat Ste Topovos Ua APRA EE MLO 9329.4 Mia {6] Maximum stress for beam/colum is 9330 psi (compressive), well below the yield stress | (40,000-60,000 psi.) ) Wrap Up Save the project and exit .280 Chapter 7 Line Models Section 7.4 Problems 74-1 Key Concepts Beam Elements ‘A beam element isa line (ID) element that can be arranged in the 3D space. It is used to mesh a body when two of its dimensions are much smaller than the third dimension. Each node has 6 degrees of freedom: 3 translational and 3 rotational, Due to the presence of rotational degrees of freedom, itis very efficient to model the problems dominated by bending modes, contrasting to a solid element, which does not have rotational degrees of freedom. Truss A tcuss is defined as a structure consisting of two-force members. “By two-force member, we mean that the members are pin-jointed at the ends, and the loads apply on the joints so that the members are either stretched or compressed but not bent. Direct Stress and Bending Stress ‘The resultant forces acting on a beam cross section can be summarized into three components: direct force F, bending moment M, and shear force ¥. Only the direct force and the bending moment contribute to the axial stress, The axial stress caused by the direct force is called the direct stress o = F/A, where A is the cross-sectional area. The direct stress can be tensile or compressive, The axial stress caused by the bending moment is called the bending stress ©, = My/I .where y is the distance from the neutral axis to the point of concern, and I is the moment of inertia of the cross section. Maximum/Minimum Bending Stress The maximum or minimum bending stress occurs at the either top or bottom beam edge, depending on the direction of the bending moment. The maximum bending stress is always tensile while the minimum bending stress is always compressive, Maximum/Minimum Combined Stress The maximum combined stress is the superposition of the direct stress plus the maximum bending stress, The ‘minimum combined stress is the superposition of the direct stress plus the minimum bending stress, Coordinates File A text file describing the coordinates of points. The file has 5 columns, or fields: (a) group number, (b) 1 number, (c) X-coordinate, (4) Y-coordinate, and {e) Z-coordinate. The group number and the ID number are arbitrary and they Uniquely identity a point trom others.Section 7.4 Problems 281 74-2. Workbench Exercises Convergence Study of Beam Elements Generate a convergence curve like the one in Section 71-17 forthe flexible gripper. Mesh Each Member with More Elements In Section 7.2-I 1, we mentioned that the default settings of would mesh the model into 205 beam elements and would result exactly the same solution as 25 elements. Verify this. Type 0 for to set the default ‘element size. Pin-Jointed or Rigid-Jointed? in Section 7.2-1, we mentioned that if the members of a truss structure are slender enough, there is no essential difference between pin-jointed model and rigic-jointed model. Verify this. You may select a simple truss structure from any of your Engineering Mechanics textbook. With the pin-joint assumption, hand-calculate the solution. Solve the problem again in the Workbench using a rigid-jointed model. Compare the results and draw your conclusions.