Mechanical JOINTS

HCMC UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Machine Design Department


Subject: Machine Elements
CHAPTER 15: MECHANICAL JOINTS
Assoc. Prof. PHAN DINH HUAN

1. Concept
• Joints can be removable or non-removable

•Connecting two or more parts together, transmitting torque and
forces
2
1. Concept
Mechanical Joints
NON-
REMOVABLE REMOVABLE
THREADED
KEY JOINTS WELD RIVET
JOINT
PLAIN KEY WOODRUFF KEY BOLT SCREW
RESIDUAL
HEXAGONAL ADHESIVE
TAPERED KEY SPLINES BONDING
SCREW
DIRECTIONAL TANGENTIAL KEY,

KEY PIN
FRICTION KEY
3
2.1 Parallel key
2.1 Key Joints

To transfer torque from shaft to rotating elements.
Classification:
• Loose key: Parallel, Woodruff, Sliding key
• Tight key: Friction…
Characteritics:
• Simple structure, Easily removable, low cost
• Keyways on shaft causing stress concentration.
weakening shaft 4
2.1 Parallel key

2.1.1 Parallel key
• Transmitting torque
• Two working sides
• Number of keys: 1. 2 or 3
• Key standardized according to shaft diameter
5
2.1 PARALLEL KEY

Parallel key Standard
6
PGS TS. PHAN ĐÌNH HUẤN Assoc. Prof. PHAN DINH HUAN
2.1 PARALLEL KEY
7
2.1 PARALLEL KEY

2.1.2 Woodruff key
• Transmitting torque
• Does not transmitting axial forc
• 2 working sides
• Standardized according to shaft diameter
• Usde for tapered shaft portion
 Designing Woodruff key procedure is similar to the flat key one.
2.1.3 Tapered key
• Transmitting torque and axial force
• Working faces are upper and under ones
• Axial force is necessary to drive key
• Mounted at shaft end

8
2.1 PARALLEL KEY

Parallel key design
• Failure forms: bearing and shearing
• Conditions:  d   d   c   c 
Checking bearing stress:
F 2T
d     d 
t2  l d  t2  l
with l as key’s contacting length
2T
l
d  t2   d 
- Shear stress - Key’s contacting length
F 2T 2T
c     c  l
bl bd l b  d   c 
Choose lmax with standard: 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 32, 36, 40, 45, 50, 56, 63, 70,
80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 140, 160, 180, 200.
9
PGS TS. PHAN ĐÌNH HUẤN Assoc. Prof. PHAN DINH HUAN
2.1 PARALLEL KEY

Taper key design
• Failure form: bearing
• Condition:  d   d 
Stress distribution: triangular zone
Balancing Torque
Fn  b 6T
T  f  Fn  d  Fn 
6 b6f d
Checking bearing stress
Fn 12T
d     d 
0.5 b l l b (b  6 f d )
With l is contacting length of key
10
2.1 PARALELL KEY

2.1.4 Tangential key
11
2.2 SPLINES KEY

2.2 SPLINES KEY
12
2.2 SPLINES KEY

Used to transfer torque
• Highly concentric with the shaft.
• Suitable for heavy torques, impact an
dynamic load
• Long service life
• Difficult to machine
• Possible axial motion of the hub on the shaft
Classification:
• Rectangular splines key
• Triangular splines key
• Involute splines key 13
2.2 SPLINES KEY
Three methods of centering:

• inner diameter d: well concentric
• outer diameter D: well concentric, normally used
for non heat-treated key.
• width b: for heavy torque, normally used in the
case of low speed.
14
2.2 SPLINES KEY

Splines key design
• Failure form: Bearing
• Design condition:  d   d 
• Bearing stress:
2T
d    d 
dm l h Z 
Ball splines key
15
2.3 WELDED JOINTS

2.3 Weld joints
2.3.1 Concept
Non-removable joint.
Classification:
• Electric weld (arc weld), contact weld, plasma weld, laser weld
• Lap joint, V butt joint, T-joint, corner joint
• Point contact, line contact
• Tight weld, Tight -fit weld
16
2.3 WELDED JOINTS

ARC WELDING TIG WELDING
17
2.3 WELDED JOINTS

2.3.2 Lap joints
Subjected to tensile force F

• The dangerous areas are the
overlapped areas of welded joint
• Tangential stress  '  F   '
0 .7 k l
Subjected to in-plane moment M

6M
 ' 2
  '
0 .7 k l
18
2.3 WELDED JOINTS

Force F and moment M
F 6M
 '  2
  '
0 .7 k l 0 .7 k l
2.2.3 V-butt joints
Force F
Normal Stress
F
k    'k 
l
19
2.3 WELDED JOINTS

Moment M
6M
F  2
  'k 
l
F 6M
  2   'k 
l l
• 2.2.5 T-joints
Force F
F
k    'k 
l
20
2.3 WELDED JOINTS
Moment M
6M
 F  2   'k 
l
F 6M
  2   'k 
l l
21
3. THREADED JOINTS
3. Threaded joint
3.1 Concepts
• Removable joint
• Triangular thread
• Single start thread
• Simple Structure
• High endurance
• Easily removable
• Low cost due to
mass production
• Low fatigue endurance
22
3.1 GENERALITIES
 Loosen-avoiding solution
23
3.1 GENERALITIES
 Loose-avoiding solution
24
3.2 GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS

3.2 Geometric parameters
• Major diameter d (crest diameter)
• Minor diameter d1 (root diameter)
• Mean diameter d2
• Pitch
• Number of starts Z1
p z  Z1 p
• Helix angle
pz
tan  
 d2
• Other geometry parameters such as bolt head diameter, bolt head

height, nut height etc. are standardized
25
3.3 MATERIALS AND ALLOWABLE STRESS
3.3 Materials and allowable stresses

3.3.1 Materials
Normal carbon steel, high quality carbon steel or alloy steel
b ch
26
3.3 MATERIAL AND ALLOWABLE STRESS

3.3.2 Allowable stress
 ch
• Tensile stress  k  
s
[s]: safety factor
Static load carbon steel : [s] = 1.5 ~ 4
Static load alloy steel : [s] = 2.5 ~ 5
Dynamic load carbon steel : [s] = 6.5 ~ 10
Dynamic load alloy steel : [s] = 5 ~ 7.5
• Tangential stress
Static load    0.4 ch
Dynamic load    0.2  0.3 ch
• Pressure stress
With steel  d   0.8 ch
With cast iron  d   0.4  0.5 b 27
3.4 SCREW THEORY
3.4 SCREW THEORY

Friction torque created on thread:
V d 2 tan    '
Tr  (Nmm)
2
V: force (N)
’: equivalent friction angle  '  arctan f '
f’ = 1.15 f
28
3.5 THREADED JOINT DESIGN
3.5.1 Clearance joint with axial force
Condition:  k  [ k ]
F
Tensile stress: k  2
  k 
d1
4
4F
Minor diameter d1 
  k 
This diameter is standardized

29
3.5 THREADED JOINT DESIGN
30
3.5 THREADED JOIN DESIGN
31
3.5 SINGLE JOINT DESIGN

3.5.2 Tight joint with no axial force
Failure form: root diameter
Condition:  td   k2  3 x2  [ k ]
Tensile Stress: Tangential Stress:
F Tr Tr 8Vd 2 tan(   ' )
k  2 x   3

d1 W0  d1  d13
4 16
Friction moment on thread: V d 2 tan    '
Tr 
2
 td  1.3 k
4  1.3  F
Minor diameter d1 
  k 
32
Choosing standard bolt using table
3.5 SINGLE BOLT WITH HORIZONTAL FORCE
A. Joint with sliding
Condition: To avoid sliding Fms  F

to avoid root diameter failure:  td   k2  3 x2  [ k ]
Friction force Fms  V f i  F i: number of mating surfaces
tighten force V to avoid sliding
kF k: safety factor
V
if
Shaft diameter to avoid thread failure:
4  1 .3  V
d1 
  k 
33
B. Joints with no sliding (no clearance)

Failure form: shearing shank
Condition:  c   c   d   d  with  d  is the smaller value of 2 contacting faces
h1
h2
h3
34
B. Joints with no clearance

Shear stress Bolt shank diameter:
F 4F
c    c  d0 
 d02
i  c 
i
4
Bearing stress with plane 2 Bolt shank diameter to d of plane 2
F F
d    d  d0 
h2 d 0 h2  d 
Bearing stress with plane 1and 3 Bolt shank diameter to d of plane 1 and 3
F F
d    d  d0 
h1  h3 d 0 h1  h3  d 
Choose the biggest d0 with standard bolt table
35
3.5 FIT JOINTS WITH AXIAL FORCE
3.5.4 Fit joints with axial force

Compliance of mating plates
Lm
m 
Em Am
Compliance of bolts
Lb
b 
Eb Ab
External force factor

m   0.2  0.3
m  b 36
3.5 FIT JOINTS WITH AXIAL FORCE
Condition: to avoid sliding V ' 0

to avoid failure of root diameter  td   k2  3 x2  [ k ]
Forces acting on plate after tightening withaxial force
V '  V  (1   ) F  0
Tightening force V to avoid sliding
V  (1   ) F or V  k (1   ) F
Axial force acting on bolt
Fb  V  F
41.3V  F 
Bolt diameter (Tightening then bearing force) d1 
  k 
4  1.3V  F 
Bolt diameter (Tightening and bearing force at the same time) d1 
  k 
37
3.6 BOLT GROUP DESIGN

3.6 Bolts group design
Design rules
• Determining forces acting on each bolt
• Designing like in the case of single bolt for most dangerous bolt
• Choosing the same type for entire group like the obtained calculating bolt
3.6.1 Bolts group with horizontal force on mating plate, across the center
F
FF 1  FF 2  ...  FFi 
Z
Tightening force V to avoid slipping Bolt diameter to avoid failure:
k FFi k F 4  1. 3  V 4  1. 3  k  F
V  d1  
if ifZ    k     k  i  f  Z
With table, choose the standard bolts
38
3.6 BOLTS GROUP JOINTS
39
3.6 BOLT GROUP WITH IN-PLANE MOMENT
FM 1 FM 2 FMi
  ...   const
r1 r2 ri
FM 1 n 2 n
FM 1ri
T 
r1 i 1
ri T   FMi ri FMi 
r1
i 1
T  r1
FM 1  n T  rmax
2 FM max  n
 ri i
r 2
i 1
i 1
40
k FM max
V
Tightening force V to avoid sliding: if
4  1.3  V
Bolt diameter based on strength criteron: d1 
   k 
Choose the standard bolt using table
41
2
Fi  FMi  FFi2  2 FMi FFi cos i
k Fi max 4  1.3  V
V d1 
if    k 
Choose standard bolt.
42
3.6 SCREW GROUP
F1
r1 r2 F2
r4 r3
F4
F3
43
3.6 SCREW GROUP WITH ARBITRARY FORCES

l2
3.6.4 Bolts group with arbitrary forces  
N Q
Failure forms: 
 T
• Sliding joint
• Thread’s base got broken l1
 
V  V
Conditions N
M 
T
 max  0
V
Fms  FH -
N
 td   k2  3 x2  [ k ]
-
M
Z V (1   ) FV (1   ) M
 max   V   F   M      max -  min
min
V
A A Wu 44
3.6 SCREW GROUP – BEARING RANDOM FORCE
Z V (1   ) FV (1   ) M
 max     0
A A Wu
(1   )  M A k (1   )  M A
V  FV   or V  FV  
Z  Wu  Z  Wu 
Fms  f Z V  (1   ) FV   FH
Fms  f Z V  (1   ) FV   k .FH
k FH  f (1   ) FV
V
fZ
45
3.6 SCREW GROUP – ARBITRARY FORCES
FM 1 FM 2 F FM 1  yi
  ...  Mi FMi 
y1 y2 yi y1
n
FM 1 n 2
 M   FMi yi so M  
y1 i 1
yi
i 1
 M y1
FM 1  n
2
 i
y
i 1
 M ymax
FM max  n
2
 i
y
46
i 1
3.6 SCREW GROUP- ARBITRARY FORCES
 FV
Fb max  Vmax   FM max
Z
 F 
4  1.3  Vmax  V  FM max 
 Z 
d1 
   k 
 F 
4  1.3Vmax  V  FM max 
 Z 
d1 
   k 
47
References: Assoc. Prof. PHAN DINH HUAN
[1]. TS. Phan Tấn Tùng, Bài giảng Chi tiết máy, ĐH Bách Khoa,
2012
[2]. PGS TS Nguyễn Hữu Lộc, Cơ sở chi tiết máy, NXB ĐH Quốc
gia, 2011
[3]. TS Bùi Trọng Hiếu, Bài giảng Chi tiết máy, ĐH Bách khoa,
2012
End of chapter
48

Mechanical JOINTS

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HCMC UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Machine Design Department

CHAPTER 15: MECHANICAL JOINTS

Assoc. Prof. PHAN DINH HUAN

• Joints can be removable or non-removable

PLAIN KEY WOODRUFF KEY BOLT SCREW

DIRECTIONAL TANGENTIAL KEY,

2.1 Parallel key

2.1 Key Joints

2.1 Parallel key

2.1 PARALLEL KEY

2.1 PARALLEL KEY

2.1 PARALLEL KEY

• Mounted at shaft end

2.1 PARALLEL KEY

2.1 PARALLEL KEY

2.1 PARALELL KEY

2.2 SPLINES KEY

2.2 SPLINES KEY

2.2 SPLINES KEY

Three methods of centering:

2.2 SPLINES KEY

2.3 WELDED JOINTS

2.3 WELDED JOINTS

2.3 WELDED JOINTS

Subjected to tensile force F

Subjected to in-plane moment M

2.3 WELDED JOINTS

2.3 WELDED JOINTS

2.3 WELDED JOINTS

Force F and moment M

3.2 GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS

• Other geometry parameters such as bolt head diameter, bolt head

3.3 MATERIALS AND ALLOWABLE STRESS

3.3 Materials and allowable stresses

3.3 MATERIAL AND ALLOWABLE STRESS

3.4 SCREW THEORY

3.4 SCREW THEORY

3.5 THREADED JOINT DESIGN

3.5.1 Clearance joint with axial force

This diameter is standardized

3.5 THREADED JOINT DESIGN

3.5 THREADED JOIN DESIGN

3.5 SINGLE JOINT DESIGN

3.5 SINGLE BOLT WITH HORIZONTAL FORCE

A. Joint with sliding

Condition: To avoid sliding Fms  F

3.5 SINGLE BOLT WITH HORIZONTAL FORCE

B. Joints with no sliding (no clearance)

3.5 SINGLE BOLT WITH HORIZONTAL FORCE

B. Joints with no clearance

3.5 FIT JOINTS WITH AXIAL FORCE

3.5.4 Fit joints with axial force

3.5 FIT JOINTS WITH AXIAL FORCE

Condition: to avoid sliding V ' 0

3.6 BOLT GROUP DESIGN

3.6 BOLTS GROUP JOINTS

3.6 BOLT GROUP WITH IN-PLANE MOMENT

3.6 BOLT GROUP WITH IN-PLANE MOMENT

3.6 BOLT GROUP WITH IN-PLANE MOMENT

Choose standard bolt.

3.6 SCREW GROUP

3.6 SCREW GROUP WITH ARBITRARY FORCES

3.6 SCREW GROUP – BEARING RANDOM FORCE