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2
Module 2:
CELLULAR
REPRODUCTION
MODULE 2: CELLULAR REPRODUCTION

Lesson 4:
CELL CYCLE
Lesson 5:
MITOSIS: Body Cell
Division
Lesson 6:
MIEOSIS: SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Lesson 3.1:
CELL CYCLE
LEARNING TARGETS

➢ I can differentiate a DNA molecule, a

chromosome and a chromatid (A)
➢ I can discuss the process of DNA
coiling (M).
➢ I can explain the different phases of
cell cycle (M)
 EXPLORE

How does the first

postulate of the cell
theory “All living things
are made up of cell”
related to the topic of
cellular reproduction?
 Firm-up

This postulate emphasized

how important it is for the
cell to divide, and that no
cell exists today if not
from a previous parent
cell.
 Firm-up

Cell division allows

organisms to
reproduce asexually,
grow, and repair worn-
out or damaged
tissues (cell
replacement).
Lesson 4:
CELL CYCLE
CANCER CELLS are UNCONTROLLED AND DIVIDING CELLS
They lost control and communication to other body cells
THEY LOST THEIR FUNCTIONS!
They are not anchored securely with other cells that’s why they
are capable to travel to other parts of the body!
They have the ability to secrete their own growth hormones, allowing blood
vessels to supply them huge amount of nutrients that can take away
nutrients from a healthy cells.
Why normal cells mutated to become cancer cells?
 Factors affecting normal cells to become cancer cells.

● Genetics – it could be past from one generation to

another
● Exposure to toxic substances and radiation
● Too much exposure to UV (ultraviolet) lights –
high amount of solar energy
● Unhealthy lifestyle such as vices and exposure to
technology
CANCER RESEARCHES ARE STILL ON GOING
Chemotherapy target cancer cells
However, chemotherapy is not selective it targets fast dividing cells
and this includes hair follicle cells!
 Firm-up

WHAT IS CELL CYCLE?

 Firm-up

CELL CYCLE

The life cycle of

cell which it
grows and
divide.
 Firm-up

TWO STAGE OF CELL CYCLE

▪ INTERPHASE
▪ CELL
DIVISION
 Firm-up

INTERPHASE

The preparation
of cell before it
undergo cellular
division.
Composed of
almost 90% of
cell cycle
- Growing
- DNA
Replicating
- Doing their
functions
- Preparation
Before Cell
Division
 CELL DIVISION DEPENS ON
CELL TYPES OF THE ORGANISM

Eukaryotes
Multicellular Organisms - composed of two or more cells
Cell division is called “Mitosis and Meiosis”
Prokaryotes
Unicellular Organisms – Composed of a single cell
Cell Division is called “Binary Fission”
(asexual)
 Firm-up

INTERPHASE is consist of 3 stages

▪ G1 phase
▪ S phase
▪ G2 phase
ALONG THE CELL CYCLE WE HAVE WHAT WE CALL THE
CHECKPOINTS
Checkpoints are there to monitor if the cell are capable
to divide
 Firm-up

G1 PHASE
▪ In this stage the cell decide
whether it will enter the cell
cycle or not.
▪ Characterized by increase cell
mass due to absorption of
nutrients.
▪ Organelles are highly active on
this stage.
 Firm-up

CHECKPOINTS IN G1 PHASE
▪ Is the cell is growing well
enough?
▪ Is its DNA damaged? Because if
it is, definitely it is not allowed
to continue to next phase that
requires replication of DNA
▪ Is it have the resources to
continue?
 Firm-up

S PHASE
▪ The stage where DNA
replication occurs.
▪ The doubling of Genetic
content for each daughter
cells.
▪ Synthesis of histones and
other nuclear requirements
 Firm-up

G2 PHASE
▪ The cell is ready to enter
mitosis.
▪ Production of spindle
fibers (microtubules) in
the centrioles (part of the
centrosome) occurs.
 Firm-up

CHECK POINT IN G2 PHASE

▪ Is the DNA made in S
phase is working
correctly?
▪ Is it growing well enough?
▪ Does it have the enough
resources to continue to
cell division?
Checkpoints in the Cell Division checks if the cell components are ready
to continue
CANCER CELLS DON’T FOLLOW “CELL
CYCLE” CHECKPOINTS!!!
What if the cell failed to passed the requirements in
checkpoints?
 APOPTOSIS
● CELL DEATH
● Self-Destruct
● It happens when
the problem cannot
be fixed anymore.
 CELL REST

● Cell will go to
REST if the
problem of the
cell is still can
be fixed.
Some cells don’t go to the phases that we mention instead they
remain to G0 (Gap 0)
 G0 is a RESTING PHASE

▪Cells are still

performing cell
functions but they
are not preparing
to divide
▪Some cells go
here temporarily
Some cells go to G0 temporarily because some of them take time to make
resources but some cells stay here permanently (Brain and Nerve Cells)
When they stay in the G0 phased they will not able to divide. That’s why brain and
spinal damages are hard to heal and most of the time has no cure.
Important Note:
▪ During Interphase
DNA is in its loose
form called
Chromatin fiber.
▪ During mitosis DNA
is in its condensed
form called
chromosomes.
IS THERE ANY
QUESTION?
 CELL
DIVISION
 Firm-up

CELL DIVISION
▪ Is a process by which
a cell, called the
parent cell, divides
into two or more
cells, called daughter
cells.
 Firm-up

CELL DIVISION
▪ Both prokaryotes and
eukaryotes undergo cell
division.
▪ Prokaryotes (Binary
fission)
▪ Eukaryotes (Mitosis and
Meiosis)
 Firm-up

TWO TYPES OF CELL DIVISION

▪ Mitosis (Somatic
cell division).
▪ Meiosis
(Reproductive cell
division).
 Firm-up

TWO (2) MAIN EVENTS

OF CELL DIVISION

▪ KARYOKINESIS
▪ CYTOKINESIS
 Firm-up

KARYOKINESIS

▪ Also known as Mitosis

or Nuclear cell
division.
▪ The doubling of
genetic information
for each daughter cells
(DNA Replication).
 Firm-up

CYTOKINESIS

▪ Also known as
Cytoplasmic
division.
▪ The division of
cytoplasm and its
components.
Mitosis
 Firm-up

MITOSIS

▪ A type of cell division

where it produce
daughter cells that
have the same the
number of
chromosomes as their
parent (diploid).
 Firm-up

REMEMBER

▪ If we have we have a total

of 46 chromosomes, in the
end of MITOSIS. The
daughter cell will also have
the SAME number, 46
chromosomes
 Firm-up

Why do cells need to divide?

1. Living things grow by producing

more cells, NOT because each cell
increases in size
2. Repair of damaged tissue
3. If cell gets too big, it cannot get
enough nutrients into the cell and
wastes out of the cell
 Firm-up
▪ The original cell is called the parent cell; 2 new cells are called
daughter cells
▪ Before cell division occurs , the cell replicates (copies) all of its
DNA, so each daughter cell gets complete set of genetic
information from parent cell
▪ Each daughter cell is exactly like the parent cell – same kind and
number of chromosomes as the original cell

2
Daughter
Cells
Parent Cell
 Firm-up
▪ Many organisms, especially unicellular organisms, reproduce by
means of cell division – called asexual reproduction (Binary Fission)
– Ex: bacteria
Firm-up

Genetic
Materials During
Cell Division
Firm-up

WHAT IS A
CHROMOSOME?
 Firm-up

CHROMOSOME IS …

➢ A threadlike structure
of nucleic acids and
proteins found in the
nucleus of most
living cells.
 Firm-up

CHROMOSOME IS …

➢ It carries genetic
information in
the form of
genes.
Firm-up

Where do cells get the

information they need
to function?
 Firm-up

ANSWER:
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
(DNA)
How does 6.5 feet of
DNA condense into a
chromosome?
 KEY TERMS TP REMEMBER

CHROMATIN
It is a mixture of DNA
and proteins that form
the chromosomes
found in the cells of
humans and other
higher organisms.
 KEY TERMS TP REMEMBER

HISTONES

A protein that
provides
structural support
for a
chromosome
 KEY TERMS TP REMEMBER

NUCLEOSOMES
It is a section of
DNA that is
wrapped
around a core
of proteins.
How does 6.5 feet of
DNA condense into a
chromosome?
CHROMOSOME CONDENSE AT THE START OF
MITOSIS

DNA double DNA and Supercoiled

helix histones Chromatin
DNA
CHROMOSOME
STRUCTURE
 Firm-up
A chromosome is consist of:

➢ Two chromatid pair

(produced during
DNA replication).
➢ Attached by
centromere.
One half of a
duplicated
chromosome
is a
chromatid
 Firm-up

FOUR STAGE OF MITOSIS

▪ Prophase
▪ Metaphase
▪ Anaphase
▪ Telophase
• The stage of
Mitosis
where DNA
condenses
and are
visible in
the form of
chromosom • Nuclear
es. envelope
disappears.
The
chromosome
align in the
center of the cell
called the
Equatorial plate Spindle fibers
or Metaphase attached to the
plate. kinetochore of the
centromere and
prepare it for the
separation of the two
chromatid pair.
 The
separation of
sister  The start of
chromatids Cytokinesis;
towards each ❖Formation of
Cleavage furrow
pole by mitotic
(an invagination of
spindle fiber. the plasma
membrane) in
animals
• Nuclear envelope
reappears.
• Spindle fibers
disappears.
• Chromosome
return into
chromatin fibers.
• And the complete separation of two daughter cell with identical
number of chromosome (diploid).
 IMPORTANCE OF MITOSIS

▪ To repairing
damage and worn
out cells.
▪ Responsible for the
growth of an
organism.
 Firm-up

FOUR STAGE OF MITOSIS IN PLANT CELL

INTERPHASE PROPHASE METAPHASE ANAPHASE

ANAPHASE TELOPHASE CYTOKINESIS

IS THERE ANY
QUESTION?
CHALLENGE YOURSELF

What is
chromosome?
 CHALLENGE YOURSELF

What is mitosis?
 CHALLENGE YOURSELF

What is interphase?
 CHALLENGE YOURSELF

Explain the 3 sub

stages of interphase?
 CHALLENGE YOURSELF

How do each stage different

from one another
(prophase, metaphase,
anaphase and telophase?
 ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How do
wounds heal?
LESSON MAP
 I am in my interphase in a
process of becoming myself and will
soon say “I made it!”

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Panes