Redacción en Inglés

Académico
8.2. In-text citations

Grado en Estudios Ingleses

Curso 2018/2019
 8.2 In-text citations
CONTENTS
Introduction
1. In-text citations vs. References
2. In-text citations: Techniques
2.1. Quotations
2.2. Summarising and Paraphrasing
2.3. Combinations
3. Verbs of reference
Questions
 Introduction
• Reference: Full publication details of a text to
allow a reader to access the original
– Where do we find them? At the end of our
academic work, in the “Reference list” or
“Bibliography” section

• In-text citation: Short in-text note giving the

author’s name and publication date (in certain
cases you will also have to provide the page nº)
– Where do we find them? Throughout our
academic work, inserted in paragraphs
 1. In-text citations vs. References
• It is crucial to make reference to the work of other
authors in an academic essay:

Throughout the essay Bibliography/References section

= In-text citations = References

Information needed Information needed

- Author’s surname - Full details
- Publication date
- Page number (in certain cases)
 1. In-text citations vs. References
• Which techniques do we use to provide them?

In-text citations References

Quotations None
Summarising
Paraphrasing

Techniques to avoid plagiarism

 2. In-text citations: Techniques
• Quotations + in-text citation
(+ author’s surname, publication date and pages)
– Someone else’s ideas AND exact words:
“quotation marks” must be used
• Summarising + in-text citation
(+ author’s surname and publication date)
– Someone else’s ideas BUT use your own words
• Paraphrasing + in-text citation
(+ author’s surname and publication date)
– Someone else’s ideas BUT use your own words
 2.1. Quotations
• Quotation: A group of words taken from a text
or speech and repeated by someone other
than the original author or speaker → “ ”
When do we use them?
- When the original words express an idea in a
distinctive way
- When the original is more concise than your
summary could be
- When the original version is well known
 2.1. Quotations
Conventions:
1) Information needed:
Author’s surname + year of publication + page nº

E.g.: Murphy (2015) states that “summer study

abroad programs stimulate attitudinal changes
as well as linguistic gains” (p. 25).
* Initials are not needed.
 2.1 Quotations
2) They are introduced by a phrase that shows the
source:
E.g.: According to Smith (2012), “although studies of
the relationship between affective factors and
language learning proficiency abound in the literature,
the evidence to support such a relationship is difficult
to interpret” (p. 53).

E.g.: Connor (2016) states that “the Internet is a useful

tool” (p. 13).
 2.1. Quotations
3) Different ways to mention sources:
A. Condensing all the information at the end:
Research has found that “a special tool must be developed
so as to determine which diseases and pathogens to
prioritize for research and development in public health
emergency contexts” (Kent & Smith, 2014, p. 524).

- Use a phrase to provide the quotation

- Add this at the end: author’s surname + publication
date + p. nº → in brackets
* Do not write “and” between brackets, use “&”!
 2.1. Quotations
3) Different ways to mention sources:
B. Dividing the information:
Kent and Smith (2014) claimed that “a special tool must
be developed so as to determine which diseases and
pathogens to prioritize for research and development in
public health emergency contexts” (p. 524).

- Provide this at the very beginning: author’s surname

+ publication date
- Use a phrase to provide the quotation
- Add the page nº at the end → in brackets
* Write “and” outside brackets
 2.1 Quotations
4) Quotations marks (double) on either side of the
quoted material.
E.g.: Jenner (2017) states that “several studies have been
conducted that consider the role of anxiety in language
learning” (p. 76).

5) Nested quotations (quotation inside the original

text) → single quotation marks
E.g.: As James (2017) remarked, “Martin’s concept of
`internal space´ requires close analysis” (p.76).
 2.1. Quotations
6) Short quotations:
E.g.: Khan (2002) characterises language as “a social
tool” (p. 115).

7) Longer quotations (more than 50 words or 3

lines) → indent the entire quote and/or print it
in smaller type*
* In this case, double quotation marks are not
needed.
* Indented 5 spaces on left and right. Centred on
page and single spaced.
 2.1. Quotations
Example: long quotation
Today, digital cameras have practically taken over
photography. As Johnson (2010) explained,
Digital cameras now make up 90% of all camera sales
at the leading electronic stores. This increase in sales
can be partially attributed to the widespread use of
email and social networking, which has encouraged
the sharing of digital photos (p. 23).
→ Double quotation marks are not needed
→ Information division
→ Phrase
 2.1. Quotations
8) Use three dots ... → to delete irrelevant words
and to show where the missing section is.
E.g.: Fisher (2013) claims that “few inventions ...
have been as significant as the mobile phone” (p. 78).

9) Use square brackets [ ] → to insert a word or

phrase into the quotation to clarify a point.
E.g.: According to Marshall (2015), “modern ideas [of
freedom] differ radically from those of the ancient
world” (p. 32).
 2.1. Quotations
10) When citing a work by 3 or more authors:
- mention all their surnames the first time you refer
to them in your essay
- then → write the surname of the first author and
add et al. abbreviation in italics (= and others in
Latin)
* Be careful! when creating references in the
bibliography section: write the name of all the
authors, DON’T use et al. abbreviation here.
 2.1. Quotations
Example: et al. abbreviation
- Reference list (book):
Cooper, M., Eagle, B., & Gardner, A. (2018).
Experimental psychology. New York: Benjamins.

- In-text citation: first time you mention the source

According to Cooper, Eagle and Gardner (2018), “the
last few decades have seen a proliferation of research
on study abroad” (p. 14).
 2.1. Quotations
Example: et al. abbreviation
- Reference list (book):
Cooper, M., Eagle, B., & Gardner, A. (2018).
Experimental psychology. New York: Benjamins.

- In-text citation: second time you mention it

According to Cooper et al. (2018), “the last few
decades have seen a proliferation of research on study
abroad” (p. 14).
 2.1. Quotations
11) Quotation marks → words inside them must
be exactly the same as the original author’s
words.

12) Do not overuse quotations:

- Too many direct quotes from sources may
weaken your credibility
- Use summarising and paraphrasing techniques
as well
 Exercise
• Correct or incorrect?
Kent and Smith (2014, p. 524) claimed that “a
special tool must be developed so as to
determine which diseases and pathogens to
prioritize for research and development in public
health emergency contexts”.
 Exercise
• Correct or incorrect?
Kent and Smith (2014) claimed that “a special
tool must be developed so as to determine
which diseases and pathogens to prioritize for
research and development in public health
emergency contexts”.
 Exercise
• Correct or incorrect?
Kent and Smith (2014) claimed that “a special
tool must be developed … so as to determine
which diseases and pathogens to prioritize for
research and development in public health
emergency contexts” (p. 524).
 Exercise
• Correct or incorrect?
Kent and Smith (2014) claimed that ‘a special
tool must be developed … so as to determine
which diseases and pathogens to prioritize for
research and development in public health
emergency contexts’ (p. 524).
 Exercise
• Correct or incorrect?
Kent and Smith (2014) claimed that “a special
tool must be developed so as to determine
which diseases and ‘pathogens’ to prioritize for
research and development in public health
emergency contexts” (p. 524).
2.2. Summarising and Paraphrasing
• Summarising: Reducing the length of a text
while retaining the main points
- Focus on the main idea
- Include only the main points and main supporting
points
- Exclude supporting information and other details
- Use your own words and your own sentence
structure
Check Unit 7.2
- Do not change the meaning (Week 5)
2.2. Summarising and Paraphrasing
• Paraphrasing: Rewriting a text using different
language but keeping the same content
- Techniques: change word class, word order,
vocabulary and grammar structure
- Keep some phrases from the original that are
in common use (e.g. “Industrial Revolution” or
“eighteenth century”)
Check Unit 7.2
(Week 5)
2.2. Summarising and Paraphrasing
Conventions:
1) Information needed:
Author’s surname + year of publication

E.g.: Murphy (2015) states that studying abroad could

be beneficial for second language learners.
* Initials are not needed.
* Pages are not needed.
* Quotation marks are not needed (you will use them
only with quotations)
 2.2. Summarising and Paraphrasing
2) They are introduced by a phrase that shows the
source:
E.g.: According to Smith (2012), although studies of
the relationship between affective factors and
language learning proficiency abound in the literature,
the evidence to support such a relationship is difficult
to interpret.

E.g.: Connor (2016) states that the Internet is a useful

tool.
 2.2. Summarising and Paraphrasing
3) Different ways to mention sources:
A. Information at the end in brackets
Research has found that a special tool must be developed
so as to determine which diseases and pathogens to
prioritize for research and development in public health
emergency contexts (Kent & Smith, 2014).

- Use a phrase to provide the summary/paraphrase

- Add this at the end: author’s surname + publication
date → in brackets
* Do not write “and” between brackets, use “&”!
 2.2. Summarising and Paraphrasing
3) Different ways to mention sources:
B. Information at beginning
Kent and Smith (2014) claimed that a special tool must be
developed so as to determine which diseases and
pathogens to prioritize for research and development in
public health emergency contexts.

- Provide this at the very beginning: author’s surname +

publication date
- Use a phrase to provide the summary/paraphrase
* Write “and” outside brackets
2.2. Summarising and Paraphrasing
4) When citing a work by 3 or more authors:
- use all their names the first time you refer to them
- then → just write name of the first author and add
et al. abbreviation in italics (= and others in Latin)
* Be careful! when creating references in the
bibliography section: write the name of all the
authors, DON’T use et al abbreviation.
= Quotations
2.2. Summarising and Paraphrasing
Example: et al. abbreviation
- Reference list (book):
Cooper, M., Eagle, B., & Gardner, A. (2018).
Experimental psychology. New York: Benjamins.

- In-text citation: first time you mention the source

According to Cooper, Eagle and Gardner (2018), the
last few decades have seen a proliferation of research
on study abroad.
2.2. Summarising and Paraphrasing
Example: et al. abbreviation
- Reference list (book):
Cooper, M., Eagle, B., & Gardner, A. (2018).
Experimental psychology. New York: Benjamins.

- In-text citation: second time you mention it

According to Cooper et al. (2018), the last few
decades have seen a proliferation of research on study
abroad.
 Exercise
• Correct or incorrect?
Research has found that a special tool must be
developed so as to determine which diseases
and pathogens to prioritize for research and
development in public health emergency
contexts (Kent & Smith, 2014).
 Exercise
• Correct or incorrect?
Kent and Smith have found that a special tool
must be developed so as to determine which
diseases and pathogens to prioritize for research
and development in public health emergency
contexts (2014).
 Exercise
• Correct or incorrect?
Kent and Smith (2014) have found that a special
tool [BAP electronic application] must be
developed so as to determine which diseases
and pathogens to prioritize for research and
development in public health emergency
contexts.
 2.3. Combinations
- Quotation + in-text citation
- Summary or paraphrase + in-text citation
- Summary or/and paraphrase + quotation
+ in-text citation
Example:
Smith (2009) argues that the popularity of the
Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV) is irrational, as despite
their high cost most are never driven off-road; in
his view “they are bad for road safety, the
environment and road congestion” (p. 37).
 Exercise
• Identify the following elements:
- in-text citation
- quotation
- summary/paraphrase
- introductory phrase
According to Tannen (2002), teaching men and
women each other’s conversational styles
“can help people understand what the other
person is really trying to communicate and
head off misunderstandings” (p. 115).
 3. Verbs of reference
To incorporate other author’s ideas, theories or concepts in
academic writing, reporting verbs or phrases must be used
to present the information.
- Use them when introducing quotations, summaries or
paraphrases
- Use academic reference verbs and phrases
- Avoid informal verbs: say, tell, ask, believe, think, feel,
hear, like, listen, love, try, suppose, want, wonder…
E.g.: Poor academic style
Smith (2017) says that…
Cooper (2015) believes/thinks that..
 3. Verbs of reference
Reference verbs → show your attitude (opinion) towards the
source of information you are citing. Your attitude can be:
positive (agree), negative (disagree) or neutral.
* You will need this content to write your Argument and
Discussion essay.
When writing any academic task, make yourself these
questions:
• Do I agree with what the author has said?
• Do I disagree with what the author has said?
• Do I feel neutral about what the author has said?
 3. Verbs of reference
• Do I agree with what the author has said?
Then, use reporting verbs with a positive
meaning:
Acknowledge, affirm, analyse, applaud, argue, contend,
explain, identify, observe, persuade, prove, support..

• Do I disagree with what the author has said?

Then, use negative reporting verbs:
Accuse, allege, apologise, assert, comment, confuse,
doubt, guess, hope, question, speculate...
 3. Verbs of reference
• If you don’t feel positive or negative about
the source you are citing, use neutral
reporting verbs:
Accept, add, agree, assure, claim, conclude,
confirm, describe, express, maintain, recognise,
report...

Grammatical aspects must also be considered...

 3. Verbs of reference
Different patterns can be used:
• Pattern 1: Verb + Noun phrase
E.g.: Hill (2015) shows the devastating results of this
policy.
Pinker (2014) approves of Chomsky’s theories.

• Pattern 2: Verb + That + clause

E.g.: Wong (2012) indicated that the new policy
was untenable.
 3. Verbs of reference
Different patterns can be used :
• Pattern 3: For + gerund/noun
E.g.: Lee (2015) blamed the media for creating
uncertainty.

• Pattern 4: As + gerund/noun
E.g.: Smith (2013) interprets rising oil prices as a
result of the Asian recovery.
 3. Verbs of reference
Tense:
• Present
E.g.: Turner (2010) states that...

• Past
E.g.: Murphy (2006) showed a range of leadership
styles...
 3. Verbs of reference

• It is important to understand and know how

to use reference verbs correctly: grammatical
and tense aspects must be taken into account
• There are shades of differences in the
meaning of reference verbs: make sure that
you select the appropriate one for your own
context
 Questions
1. Is a reference an in-text citation?
2. Is an in-text citation a reference?
3. What are references?
4. What information do we need to provide them?
5. What are in-text citations?
6. What information do we need to provide them?
7. Where can we find references?
8. Where can we find in-text citations?
 Questions
9. Which techniques do we use to provide in-
text citations?
10. Which techniques do we use to provide
references?
11. Which techniques can we use to avoid
plagiarism?
12. Do we ned a phrase to introduce in-text
citations?
13. What are quotations?
14. What information do we need to provide
them?
 Questions
15. When do we need to use double quotation
marks?
16. What are nested quotations? How can we
identify them?
17. Do we need double quotation marks for long
quotations?
18. Can we alter the quoted material?
19. Three dots … are used to indicate that..
20. Square brackets [ ] are used to indicate that..
 Questions
21. What are summaries?
22. What information do we need to provide
them?
23. What are paraphrases?
24. What information do we need to provide
them?
25. Which techniques must be used at the same
time when providing paraprases?
 Questions
26. Is a quotation/summary/paraphrase a
reference?
27. Is a quotation/summary/paraphrase an in-
text citation?
28. When is it compulsory to provide the p. nº?
29. Where can we use et. al?
30. When can we use et. al?
31. What does this abbreviation mean?
32. When it comes to quotations, summaries
and paraphrases, is it possible to use
combinations?
Redacción en Inglés
Académico
8.2. In-text citations

Grado en Estudios Ingleses

Curso 2018/2019