SS Printed by Babu Durga Prasad Manager at, Shri Sukhadeo sahat Jain Printing Press Dhanmandi, Ajmer. London Agents PROBSTHAIN & CO. Onental Booksellers, Al Great Russell Street, London, W.C 1,ii INTRODUCTION $$$ colleague Mr. Banarsi Das Jain, wha had been invited to advise, consulted several other scholars, including Drs. Gune, Belvalkar, and A B Dhruva. It was then decided that the meanings of the Prakvit words should be given in English as well as in Hindi and Gujarati The editing and the Gujarfti translation have been done by Swami Ratnachandraji, a renowned monk of great literary abilities and reputation, while the Hindiand English translations are by other hands. The expenses have heen borne by tho S. S. Jain Conference, As Dr. Suah records, the question wag debated at the Jain ( Svetambara ) Conference at Bhivanagar in 1908. The pinion of Prof. H. Jacobi was asked, and he had suggested the name of Dr Suali. This Dictionary, however, is not of the comprehensive character then contemplated. It has been confined to Ardha~Magadhi 3. Ardha-Magadhi Glossaries and Encyclopaedias:— - Several Jain Sitras have been published with Pral / rit-Sanskrit glossaries The following may be mentioned-— ‘ IT Ayaramga ( Aedranga-sitira ) First Sruta-skandha, ed W, Schubring, German Onental Society, Teipaig, 1910. * ~ 47. Fiagment der Bhagayati, ed. Webor, Legend of Khamdaka. Berhn, 1866-67, . . JII. Specimen der Nayadhammakaha, by P Steinthal, Firgt Chapter, Leipng,1sg1 . . 7 4V. Uvisagadasio, ed, Hoernlo, Calontta, 1888-90, FP Ovavinya ( Aupapitika j,ed E Leumain, Leipzig, 1883. | VI Nuayavahyi-suttam, ed. S J. Warren, Amsterdam; 1879, VI Kappa-suttani, ed. HS; acobi, Leipzig, 1879, 2 Mention should bé made of the Abhidhina‘Rajendra, So ‘B0' yous. ago‘a Jain pnest, Rajen dra Vijaya by name, conceivedWatt: 0 eon THIS ATT Joo Cc ray ~ 5 WI-AMTAN FT. age wang oft garrett carat & freq warrant Saye at cast Tart ( aiterst ees ). pT 9. 2 at Raves earaRaat Far HleRES A ATH a TR sarttig wer. TTMaTET Siw AIT. Se ad ata ETT, Xo GT 1eRR Ait AAT AVEHy tae % Faas (C2) sear ag meg fe crgy F Rar ver Ete gad we se meee fae waar ait ate aie at Rat mar BE aqarat sa qa Wey aT ene TaTeZ far &, site fae sat eg & soo aoe, Heat site set wears He mer. BA TY e & what dh ort we ae Teg faa Ber gt Har seat ogm ger ery gat & a sedi & aie ar ste re ome ae wey see sa are ( ate ) aT eras mig ar Ree et get Rear ware, Breer gt Gare Marais ait at aft & car saece & wee at gfe 8 Chama tag weal S are git & sara aren (mama ) ot rae G1 et wade B aks ws aE oak Are a wd a, 2% ame mgt ger aM. TATA EL (2 ) set wet er weg oralray af cit & Rarer ge garb, aat za wed & are ante ar fader at at Rar 1 C3 ) arnt weg ag meg AE RAE cio at ges aT ae age H wear sas Ta Tere Pear & aie ger ere arias aeRa TA xreat at wt aoe fe Ree & are crar Ei Cv ) ag at oars easat oe ae \/ Ree fear’ sie sad Gra BI a: sraee tas, F aa wary wa SAE aa Ke mach & Hy wears wat aa vt feat ae ES GS warn, aged wa | (4) stra weg a-arret or adi & rg Genet wae eady ararsit wrt, sae gh ae x fire fear E site ee edt & depois somes a a Brey sae MgaTgarsa eps H Bark, Fa—~ ore (eT) mR (8) Bre aa xeg at dega vala at at or eat Ot aa eg ag Tie ‘ aepa- Under H wee ae F waar ef ara H wise eter etic wer wearer at B, 88 dena walt ah ofa & iy sad ae wes Ree eer &, F8.-oegT (sarge), sare. (- wra—aata ), siecarg. (+aPhecarr- afar), STAR (> weautrarsenrtiey ) oak ser eet get rez ate aepa Tale aeg ara Bae aT, HA -ATE (Cet) aT (ar)\ garcarat ag gabterg ® sara & oftgutqeerr Sa gra staat sate F atic.ware ] - (38) ({ aa ——_———————————————— the region to the east and west of Meru remains in dark- ness, and when the sun shines over the Mahavideha Ksetia the region of Bharata Iravata Ksetra remains in the dark The hghted part and the dark part of the earth meiease and diminish according as the sun changes his position from the inner to the outer cucle and from outer to the inner circle Ho To v, W,— THE. go (-7T) |, sana, As gory, the dark half of a month Yo T 933 Spare. go ( weuare ) uy Sr. Darkness, atte fie Rye; Spatter. Pre ( smararfte ) HuyeH4 Ba seer Rar gar Dak ened, Geo Fe 2%, Lee; shaved. Pre (aered) 2a Ute mAs Aad wart Ves ABI Without limbs; shapeless “ aq martagd waei g2 cared qrag” fate 4, 5 Bir. go ate ( are) 2RUE Ra UAL ood ae gaat aa se A hy. ing being having four sense- organs. THe 4; Hate 95 ATe 44, 95 ~ THe 328, 4; sift. Pre (ama) ceetiitys owl aid Tee; oH srt, Born Dlind. fe fie woes siftrat. Bre (seam ) ore neg aq % Sem, Born blind wee 4, 3% % Sra. Jo ( wea )R wR aa G@ aid GA Goi A ai; yer WALA wa Ae SE Teanit srett at are ait Sar carr ae; vag Toman HF wa One of the 15 Paramadhamis (tormentors) who torture beings in hell and toss them aloft. WT 3, 85 We 945, Sra. ge ( arr) aitig 32, PL ore aq, aa A mango tree Wo +; THe 9; Ale 2, ¥, % 1955 Ste ¥, 4, Bite fie wvo, faite 94, 45 (2) YA; Wg kd TET, BT 8 mango fie fxe 4%, SYse Fx; rte G35 98, & BR, RHO v, VY BPMe 2,9, 2%, 1895 ( 2 ) Plat Te- aig ea anit at weed ar arama a drink prepared . by washing the mango stones we 94, BTA Go (arent) A dels MAL ded AST, A BT TA. a giove of mango trees fite 2, R— HT. Fo ( HH ) ousted kA> Aa; Blea WA sea Ft Toe. a@ mango stone. We 9%, % Ho (ae) Meld RAL Was sik Bali 220 4, maa Be MER BTKe a HiT Taree Rafe BGs WTA HTH THK a bodily posture with a curve like that of a mango, Wd» %t3; le 95, Suse. So ( -FerH) AMI ald Warn an Wey. are & are & aera Si ar Sera aa. one who 1s bent like a mango troe:a humpback wre 4gare sri-anredt erakGee afta Hated, Agar deraAsga t & trans, cert srt Braretaz fH ragi wh, a: gate wer amd cea! ai ofteat aan, & Aarne ga: tlseer J CRY [ siaren _ oral ariel Neate Bat PAW RAL wi A Ad Fe ates ofa nerd asd Bs. Ae om & od at ort Fae wr & at arr Ret wea; ae eR F aed Ha HE wa aT ses. One of the thirty-two dramas characterised by the decoration of the leaves of the mango-tree Wye ey; aT. fe (are) 3; mid ya mm. A.mango ge 3¥, 92; go Ho 49, 1¢,( 2) Daraig Rs wpa RWAM FUG Geq, name of aman syste 1345 WaT. qo (war) wie sae The sky. We Ro, %aMTe 2, wes (2) qe aT; ae a cloth qe 4,9, Fe % (3) Gwig als wet a Ty. a land of tree bearing fig-like frurt ae 22, 5 TA To (AH) Mune Ag wuN araada the vault of the sky. PMT 95 8} Wo 2, %, BWTo 3,328, BATE. Fo (+ Tense ) DUI rena The sky ate 0, 2, rafter. go ao ( wade) duel weenti-agl. gar a agr A. fur- nace im a blacksmith’s shop arate 3, (a) wer ol LA oles oactat WUHON, E oP AA BARA beti- vis alamo widad soe 28 8 We WER & cana Hy aie Se AT RATT, St arehaear B ToT & at ew Ha a a aam & the second of the fifteen kinds of Paramidhamis (torturers ) who cut into pieces the bemgs living in hell and roast them. in the furnace Wo 2, 95 BARR. fo (ameafit) eg “sralta” aeed EL eel Sa “arate” gex a qe at vide “ wafta ” 2 WAe a; Sratha. Jo Ae (sada) eg TU stata” Wwe, BA “Hae” wey. vide “sr Ra.” state 3, Staaent. fo (swans ) Re oncrll deal UH Suita are A land of vegetation we 24, v; HTATTATT. To ( mAaaT ) ona 2 lat eRttd waral AA ele a STSRET aTTH TTeR See art a ar ar aq A grove ofmango- trees situated to the noxth-east of the city named Amalakalpi “orm wate ata sa We Ries waren wa Be Brea, dt aa weet” wate yy Fito 3, Stay afte (mar) wtdlls ect aT, ara; ait A. mother = sa, ge He Uo Arne av, (2) Adalat ated Riel BA. Sarre de at & ant at after Be the presidimg goddess of Nenn- natha’s cult myo 2v«, Sas Yo ( areas ) watt sti; vigeleraum aatdl Az ona, TET ats ae ae airae af A kind of tree the fiuit of which is full of seeds, we 22, 2;srafectt ] C2) [ aa BY 2, 95 ATT €8; u2s (2) To MAM SN TH TA BT fruit of Ambada tree =aTe 2, 9,5, ¥3, (2) ayttsteal Wl Flay Wel ve ae ee a aaa water in which Ambada fruit has been washed to a4, 4; —aitar. cio (-tirat ) uate Ad-nawl agdiraag areata thin cutting ofa tree named Ambada WATo 40, %; Sraiittat. cite ( aifrar)) aie gueit A tamarind tee wre 95,4; Sraraalt. Gite ( arewait) weet qo Ay Aa-au wae TH aa-wat_ A creeper having acid juice THe 4; Strat. cle ( waar) Pret aadl uit dat aratr ( gaia ) a mar arama Name of the mo- ther of the fifth Vasudeva ae Sifra ao ( arava ) mtalia; AVAL BU sf, TT TH TAR A mode or species of austerity, Ayambila s4e 2085 stita. a0 (saRaa—srat ) Hs otal etl aul TH mar at eer TET ¢ faa, art ). A kind of green vegetable. TH 35 SB. go (ret) Wie WA, Mek wate; Gee Acid juice; acidity Fo 223 (2) Ho Mele UG, Ws waa; aag arat acid, having sour juice. Wo 2, 95 19, 995 Re, % We ¥, 4, &¥; Safe 2, 4, THe 45 BPM 3, %, & IR VV, VIET, | 4; Tee 2g, 95; Ae 9 fio fro - Wo 53; Wo To 2, 25; Wire 29; TEN. ao (-seR) sig Pq Mealed wig UR BRR wa weeT ae am water resembling gruel, very acid in taste THe 4;—2Ta- we ( -arag ) ainaldl ca deft atl Aly, Peat Geel wad wala aig ad WAH anid wad wy 8 amet aaa safe ae wa safe, Gat sea & via SH Bere ara aie oe ae gat aT sia. one of the 98 varieties of Nama—Karma as a result of which the soul has to bear acidity in the body;e g the life ina tamarind tree eo te 9, 695 Tet. fo ee) A aa wi. acid juice; acidity. wie =, % sitter. ate (arta) ied 3s get a Te. A tamarind tee. Fo To 3 St. ao ( we) Mell ot. oe Water aie 35,— eat. Jo(-eara) weil Beatdl Rs sz ty 2araidl a2 Meo ot at dat at TH aa, qe sae Ha 93 a sa the art of stoppmg a flowof water; the thirteenth Kala or art Site vos;—atfea. fo (-afeg ) wel @R waa or & saree saa ott % et ere sit aren ving on water Wo 44, & fe 3% —ane. fe (afer) weal Ral UAL oT H ce aT residingMITTTT | wi-gtat sacdia gerne osfgerestasiearai aa aaguret warentdestieadt | aq ae aaledte salt cart erat sae sqaiterc at grergadt a0d area att we aes baer difea a, Bat age ca Fa, Tava Tel Tater sre, WI TT Hat, cage Ft cy mreteant anteater ada wy sree gart sve et gy, Reta ot aw dreftate Far fecaniat ata aa wat & at Stra ait % Feet at amd: Teretena? arcag srt Bae e- enéat aa art erie srr. SIA Gea: S STAT sey ai we 4 Z.areata ] Ca) [ sretrer food contains matter with life in it, “ enifiaeraer q wade Tee siedtiga waa ” ao &, eran. Go (Hert Reareraneert — aarfiracar- aisaaly aertagead; aaardiat TE. aTTRTS!T Gaara: TAT A wanforaRakirareghd, ae aerer- fer tate er) oF alu vena Sn ALANA AIS Ga da wm ai HA an We ae at aby aq AR aAy. Ba ae & sary 8 a we STE HE TAM Ta TH eae aCe B Sat Te at aT at ti we ae aga. a person whose store of food is not exhausted, even though he feeds thousands of men, until he himself has not taken it, by virtue of a particular Labdhi or spiritual acquisition. HAo 4495; Bite 94, WeediqaaTE. aie (asiaAEA) PA Vor waaA eae wea ed ana ad abe. ae & a ant age a ier a wet aR afta A spiritual attainment by which thousands of men can be given food from a small quantity of it. so quoe; sreitcagataa. ge ( wera: fice ) gu, A aut aor mGre wl ay ay, et fk ar anit a An ascetic abstaining from milk, ghee etc. aE 2, 4, WeEwATEACE. go ( maar wrenfts—wearercaftaicaiingt er wt afta dat Fer) wR eer Ra waar; aviRa auba woe. SI Use alte Te aT, WaT afta oat arat One who observ- es unbroken right conduct. We 3,35 earRare Pe ( walea ) Ba ada; mre. SEIT EM Obstructed; stumbled. go Feo ¥, 2265 WEAR. Fo ( WET ) rielle-Gerr-enrg malas; tase Beda yepurr wat ey Te—he-sag—aTH; eres aie gat & cite gd A kind and generous Sravaka; the first of the 21 qualities of a Srivaka or Jaina layman dae », ¥, 940 92995 WeGTI ste (agyt) A aud Ay dl, % oral adel mA AE Gore satel wire reradl yRneit ale WAAL dle we amt aT am, war f, Bert Teer a aT sie arart tate dt sic th a at Terri drat dr The name of a othaty where Siraprabha and: other daughters of Siryaprabha were living destined to become the cowned queens of the Sun god ate ¥o Brae Be (agra) ded wa aia dita. Undistracted; unagitat- ed wadr wate weg ” Fale 2, Ef, Ae &, FAT ae (wT) wR res WEAwieng | ( ee ) (-aereliza SATAY. Te (WAraTHT ) WN da wig sia. Act of following; pur- surt, Tate 42, 995 sraafis Pre ( maaftar) a2 Was Wel ak. TL Tea ate, Se eee |! arat Remaining at a distance; “retreating backwards @e% ae wraera. fre (aaam) Cora, adld wa; aa Rava; dais; aT TA. Plunged in, absorbed in, drown- ed in Tae 43, Xe, 2 9 JY aaag. ate I. Car+gy) & aN ovg, Wel og. TT AT ATAT; BET cra. To escape, to run away MaMOHA, To 4, A, % V5 araaitq. Be ( aaah) BMA eurl- celts doa. SRL APT SPH ATT ( One ) who abandons and flies away, “aqfeaea qarqataa” ae WR AG maattaat. ae ( wazafiat ) ea Bat aR wry sou SAA st; WL =r ath ealata w UAB sia Rew ae deat arrose wa, frat a aaa aaa a drat wet zea oe ste erata. The won of decrease, measuring six Aids; the time of descent equal to ten Kodakodi Sagaro- pamas, a Kodikodi=( a crorex @ crore ). We 3, 2, %) 4 waa. He (aTAT) G9. TIT, FS Mean; low; base ate ¥, ¥} ue marae Pe (aaeraT) Wae,radade’ Yea. Fa, TI Not free; dependent. arate 9&3 985 STAT. To (sTTHET) gel uaa. nal a walate. A particular kind of the motions of the planets sfate 3, 3; Oe Haas Fo (waar) oy WA, ABIL Rm, area; spa 42 200; VRE. a a. Having * pemoved or abandoned, “watitr anid ” THe 4, 2%INTRODUCTION. 1. Need and Value of an Ardha-Magadhi Dictionary:— All those who have occasion to study the ancient scriptures of the Jains will welcome this Dictionary. Especially will this be true of laymen who are not deeply learned in the ancient language of the Jain church, and also of those who are starting the study of Ardha- Magadhi, whether for the purposes of philology, of philosophy, or for the general history of Indian thought and religion. Such have had to depend on Commentaries and detached Glossaries dealing each with one particular text. A further justification for the enter- prise lies in the hope that it may furnish useful material for a more comprehensive Prakrit Dictionary embracing all the known dialects of the Middle stage of the Indian language, which has come down in various forms fiom Vedic ages to the Indo-Aryan languages of today. The spelling of MSS. varies and in order that a student or .editor may be able to see what forms are found in other passages and are recognised as correct he needs a Dictionary with references to the texts That is what this book proposes to supply for Ardha- Magadhi, Furthor study may lead to the correction of many forms, but it is to facilitate such study that this work has been undertaken. 2. Inception and Compilation of the Dictionary:— In 1912 Dr. Luigi Suali announced his intention of preparing a Prakrit Dictionary, (Z DM G 1912p. 544) Mr. Kesarichand Bhandari of Indore had sent alist of words toDr Suah, who retuned it when his work was interrupted by the Great War Mr Kosari- chand Bhandari then persuaded a Jain priest Satavadhant Pandit Sri Ratnachandraji to take up the work of making a Dictionary of the Jain Prakrits. The Siitras were indexed with the assistance of three other priests For this they used their own, MSS, and Baluchay printed texts (see below ). In 1920 my pupil andINTRODUCTION iti the idea of preparing an encyclopaedia of Jainism, {Aster-22 years’ work in collaboration with several disciples he brought .out the first volume of the | Abhidhina Rajendra 1 in 1910 | Since then four moté volumés have’ appeared, the last word being Bhola. One or two-more volumes. are expected to complete the work. Each Prakrit word is followed by: its Sanskrit equivalent, meanings in Sanskrit, 1eference to the text, and a discuasion of the vauious aspects of the word with quotations from other works The size and cost (each volumé 1000 pages for Rs. 25 ) make 1b a work Of reference for hbraries rather than a student’s dictionary. The’ introduction contains Hemacandra’s Prakrit Grammar with his commentary. In the sketch of the declensions, all possible forms are given, whether they occur in hterature or not Thus about 50 forms of the Ablative singular of yushmad are catalogued, though hardly any of these occur in AMg. hterature. This Encyclopaedia puts together under each head what is to be found in the omginal texts and in the commentaries : 4. Texts — For the general student without an inside knowledge of the Jain Scripturés it may be useful to mention the AMg texts which have been published. _ (a) BALUCHAR TEXTS— R B Dhanpati Singh of Baluchar, Murshidabad Distect ( Bengal ) brought out an edition of the AMg. canon with a Sanskut commentary and Gujarati. translation, printed at Benares, Bombay, and Caleutta, 1875-1886 cernle cirticised this seiies as paying “no regard whatsoever to textual or grammatical correctness” The se1ies was presented fiee to Sadhus, Jain temples, and several hbraries. , (b) JAINAGAMODAYA TEXTS — More scholarly is the sérles bought ont by the Jamagamodaya Sami, Bombay, 1910-. 1920, “The yolumes aro punted m MS form, 1. @, on loose leavoshw ‘INTRODUCTION teeta ‘tied in a bundle. ‘There is a Sanskrit commentary and some variant readings in footnotes. (c) HYDERABAD SERIES—AMg Texts with a Hindi translation prepared by 2 Jain priest, Sri Amolak Rikhi; printed at the expenso of a rich Jain patron, Hyderabad ( Deccan ) 1919- 1920, in MS, form, and distributed free to Sadhus and libraries, The text is not free from errors, Besides these, of which the second series is much tho best for students ofthe language, there are various editions of the more po+ pular works such as the Kappa, Uttarajjhayana, Dasaveyaliya, ete. InSection 3 above have been enumerated seven toxts published’ by European scholars with vocabularies. To these may be added four without vocabularies:— VIII. Ayiamga, ed. H.Jacobi, Pali Text Society, 1882. IX. Anuttarovavaiya, ed L D Barnett, Oriental Translation’ Fund, Vol. XVII. London 1907 ( appondix to Translation of Antagada ). X Dasaveyaliya, ed. Leumann in Z. D M. G., Vol. 46. AI Uttarajjhyayana ed Jarl Charpentier, Uppsala, 1922. 5 Translations — The Gujarati translation of the whole Canon in the Baluchar series and the Hindi translation in the Hyderabad edition have been mentioned above, In English there aro Jacobi’s in the «Sacred Books of the Hast” Series, (Vole XXII, KLV ), Hoernle’s Uvasagadasio, and Barnott's Antagadadasio and Anuttarovavaiya. 6. Grammars and Readers: Axdha-Magadhi (or Arsha ) grammar is expounded by the Prakrit grammanans. The most importantave those of Hemacandra in India and of Pischel in Europe. A sketch of the grammar. whichINTRODUCTION S has ‘been prepared by Mr. Banarsi Das Jain, M A., is appended to this introduction. Mention may also be made of an Ardha-Miagadhi Reader by the same scholar, which is bemg published by the University of the Punjab. q Material included in this Dictionary: About 50,000 words have been collected by indexing 49 works. ‘These include 11 Angas, 12 Upahgas,7 Painnas, 6 Chedasitras, 4 Mialasiitras, the Nandisutta, the Annogadira, and the Oghanir- yukti, That is nearly the whole of the Svetambara Canon and all important supplementary works, 8. History and peculiarities of Ardha-Magadhi: The Language of the Jain Siitras is called Ardha Magadhi. “The Siitras state that the Blessed Mahavira preached the Law in that language, and regard 1t as the basic language from which others are derived. The Indian Grammarians call the language of the Sutras “Arsam,” ze the language of Rishis. Pischel in his Prakrit Grammar, §16 » quotes the following paswages :— : Samaviyamge-sutta 98 Ovavaiya-sutta 56 Pannavani-sutts 59. Hemacandral. 3, [V. 287. Premacandra Tarkavigiga’s com- mentary on Dandin’s Kavyadarga I 33, Namisidhu on Rudrata’s Kavyalemkara 2.12. Vagbhata’s Alamiizatilaka. I. 1. From these passages Pischel shows (§17) “that Arsa and Ardhamigadhi are identical, and that according to the tradition the language of the old Jaina-suttas was A.dha-Magadhi, and indeed as ‘Hemacandra’s example from the Dass-veyaliya-sutta (633-19) shows, not only prose but also Pootry.” Why was it called ArdhaMagadhi? The chief characteristics of Magadhi are rasor lasau, la and ga instead of ra and sa and ein the nom. sing. mase,; thus Ramo becomes Lame, Ardha-Magadhivi INTRODUCTION ———— O. cORDeO yetains va and sa, but has the nom. mase. in ¢; Mahavire except in poetry, where o is frequently found. ‘- ‘Thus Ardha-Magadht has some of the peculiarities of Magadhi but notall, This is the explanation of the name “ Half-Magadhi” given by Abhayadeva on Sumavayamga p. 98 and Uvisagadasiig p. 46. (Pischel, Praknt Gr. §17.) In poetry the language differs somewhat from that of prose: Nominative singular in -o is frequently found instead of e. The AMg. form milakkhu (Skt mleccha) is found only in prose : poetry: has mecoha like other Prakrits. Some of these differences huve been attributed to translation from Sanskrit originals. j The metrical works have also a number of peculiarities common to Maharashtri, and this form of the language has been described ax a mixture of Maharashte and Magadhi. The later Jain writings arp in a form of Maharashtri tinged with Ardha-Magadhi. In this change of dialect we may see a trace of the spread of Jainism. towaids the South-West. Where did Ardha-Magadhi originate ? . The oldest Sanskrit work on poetics, ascribed to Bharata, men- tions (17 48) Ardha-Magadhi as one of the seven languages, the others bemg Magadhi, Avanti, Pracya, Sauraseni, Bahlika and, Daksinatya. In the Drama, according to the same authority, it is, the language of servants, Rajputs and guildmasters (Sresthinam). In the MSS. of ~he Dramas, however, this statement is nob borne out The monk Jivasiddhi in the Mudravaksasa, and Ksapa-~ naka in the Prabodhacandrodaya are shown as speaking- Magadhi. Nevertheless in the fiagments of Buddhist plays found in Central Asia, and ascmbed to Aégvaghosa, the learned editor Professor Lideis would recogmse some passages of Old Ardhay Magadhi. 2“INTRODUCTION vii Tn the Southern.dialect of Agoka’s inscriptions we find sa and ra combined with nom, sing. 1n e, Agoke’s Hastern dialect has la for ra ¢ 9 laa for “king”, so that we may conclude Ardha-Magadht was not the language oe Patna in the Mauiyau period. i Exactly when and where what we call Ardhe-Magadbi arose ‘remains a question for investigation Tt seams probable that its ‘original home was'not very far to the West or perhaps to the South West of ancient Magadha 7 During the Mauryan empire it is likely that the Eastern jJanguage of Patna spread further to the West, at least in palaces and bazars though not mm villages When the Mauryan empire dechned, the uge of the Hastern idiom probably contracted, when in later times the central power had its centre of gravity further West, the Saurasem form of speech would press further down the Ganges valley. Such movements of the prevailing hterary dialects would make it difficult to locate a particular form of language, even when the exact date was given, a circumstance that occurs but rarely According to tradition Mahavira taught in Ardha-Magadhi, and his words are recoided in that language. According to tradi- tion again Gautama Buddha taught in Magadhi, while lis words are recorded not in Magadhi but in Pali, Yet both ave represented as contemporaries, and associated with the same part of the country. If both Teachers used the same language, perhaps an old form of language, resembling Axrdhe-Magadhi, spoken round Benares, between the Sauraseni and the Magadhi countues, the hterary language of either church must have changed before the extant scriptures were recorded in writing When such changes took place, and how great they were, 1t would be hardly possible to determine Ardha-Magadhi, as we have it, is (like Pali) more archaic than the Dramatic Praknits It agrees with Magadhi m having the Nom, sing mase, m ¢; the use of gen. sing tava, past participlesviii INTRODUCTION eee in Da for Ta after roots in r (but not always); ga for ka, “Asoga; but this is rare in Magadhi. Jt differs markedly in retaining ra and sa. Ardha-Magadhi differs im many respects from Muahirastrt e.g. locative in msi; (a. has—mmi) dative in tide, jnfinitives in éfae,ittae, gerunds in ttd -ttdnam,-ccd,-cednam, and so on, ‘A clearer view of the structure of the language is given in Mr. Banarsi Das’ sketch of the grammar appended herewith, This. js based on forms found jn the texts, not merely on the theory of the grammars. J Oriental College, Lahore. : A.C. Woolner, +ix ‘Skeleton Grammar of Ardha-Magadhi. Alphabet. Vowels. lL Shot wa er su (a)b (srs Long ata, i Ba te at oo Consonants 2. Surds Sonants Unaspirate| Aspirate |Unaspirate] Aspirate Nasal ak a kh 1g a gh eA g 2 a ch & chh qj % jb a i a zt a th zd a t q th aoa 2 p | & ph | a b é a as ay Uy 8 S al,avy, a / a4 % ae 8 Notes (1) Nasal vowels, also, ave used in verse A pure vowel when followed by an anusvira 1s often nysalised for the sake of metre, and tlien the anusyara disappears(2) Short et and ar are not distinguished in’ MSS. They are indifferently denoted by % or g and it or 3 respectively. (3) =, 3, qTandqwhen followed by mutes of tneir class, are always replaced by the + anusvira. (4) Conjunct consonants may ocem as'( i) double e. g. w, 7, gete, (1) an unasprats followed by a similar aspwate of tho same classe. g 7a, 7, =Zeté, (in) a nasal followed by a mute of the same classin which case the nasal must be changed to anusvarae g Sa (ay), aa( mea), da (wa ) ete, (iv ) anusvara followed by 4 or 4 @, g. Fat, gaete 1 (vj) Try followed by qe. g, fxg, ae ete. Declension. Ardha-Migadhi admits of declension in @ nouns for number and cise It has two numbers, Smgular and Plurel; three J getiders, Masculine, Feminine and Neuter, and eight cases Nominate, Accusative, {nstrumental, + Dative, Ablative, + Thus is only a pecuharity of spelhng In pronunciation tho nasals retain their prope sound e g 31s pronounced as 4 anga, 13 as 4 paiicha, 7g as ewe danda, ga as ara danta, 4a as ueq amba and se forth. @ Including Adjectives, Numerals and Pronouns = The gender of -most nounsis fixed.- Nouns -denoting aniatem objects and adjectives change their gender according to certain rules + To say that Prakmts have no Dative case means that they have lost the direct descendant from the old Indian pioto- type, its place having been taken by the Genrtive form. Ardba- Magadhi, however, retains thé old ‘Dative Smmgular ‘side by side with the new onexi Genitive, Locative and Vocative: with thei: same functions as im Sanskrit The order of cases as given above is that followed by Sanskrit Grammanians who based it on sumlarity of forms. On the same principle the order of cases in a Praknt Grammar should be Nomumative, Vocative, Accusative, Dative, Genitive, Instru- mental, Locative:and Ablative which will be followed when full declension of a word 1s given Nouns. For convenience sake, the declension of nouns may be treated under the ‘following heads — a Mascuhne nouns ending in & b Masculine nouns ending in ¥ 1% Neuter nouns ending 4, % or T ec d Femme nouns ending ing or &. © Feminine nouns ending in a, ¢ or &. vt Irregular forms. Bq m.‘agod’ Singular Plural aa, Rat gat! eat | aaa, Sarg qa aare, 24 24g Ab. aust, Zat area cH aoe sz Note 1 Sometimes in poetry the final anusvara disappears and the proceding vowel may ot may not be nasaheed. “Ril 9, The forms #41 N Sing and @ar Ac Pl. are frequent in poetry, but rare in prose. 7 agit‘ sage * . ware: ‘ monk’ Singular N ait me Vv wat! ag! Ac aw ag DG. gitrdr, giver IE, ARET I afar area L arate agin. Ab aaftet, gftrair args, TEA Plural N Ac gfrai, gat erga, are, area v atuat ! gait | reat ! DG yetiat ATE ro wane agit L adig aE Ab aufifeat argiedt Note. In N and Ac Pl the forms qujisit and argat, also, are met with 8 aq on.‘forest’? = af n. ‘curd’ wen ‘honey’ Singular N, Ac ax ate ag. Plural N Ac. aa, sqft aid, aife agg, agit Note. For other cases the neuter stems are declined hike the corresponding masculine ones. g > gf.‘ womb’ Bray f ‘cow’xu . Singular N.Y. rel ang Ac ary ag DG Ere rere L paars amr Ab. , grat wait Plural N V Ac grgrirecgr Rare, Fe De Sart aeyat I Beye trafic L ealy was, Ab. saficct ayia ‘10 rat f ‘house* Rat f ‘goddess’ agf ‘daughter-in-law’ Singular N. are att % Vv ae at aE Ac art ata ag DGIL Te aha AEE Ab ararst Rates ag Plural. N,V Ac arash, arate, at aps, TE DG area aa aga I arene aif aghe L areng aay 7S Ab arafkat Raiikat agiedt il ‘There ave a number of words of frequent use that are de- clined a little differently from the above types Their irregular forms ave generally the direct descendants of the corresponding old Indian ones which analogy has failed to reduce to any of the common types~ Among masculines may .be noted —XIV 4 bHo bs Q faz or faz (skt. fag ) ‘father’. Singular far (skt fat, Ba: ) frat (skt fag ) first, fisea fesur fale ( skt. ake ) farsa Plural frat ( ekt.faaz: ) feat Fred, fred frais, free frag. Req Raptea, Peter WIZ o1 WTEC skt. wry) ‘brother’. Sug N.V ara (skt sm, wre), Ac. ara (skt strate); D G argat, arsea; Pl] N V. wraat ( skt aac: ), arr, Ac. ara, waz; D G. araw, area, I as > WTRTE; Simuarly aie dechned the agent nouns derived from the old stems ending inwe.g. aeor ag ( skt G1 ‘heat? has I Sing Saw and daar (skt Sar )} ateea « Axatiaita’ has N Sing. add and ad (skt. aéq), ama ‘venerable’ has G Suge waradee and waa (skt waa ), I. Sing. wade did aaraar (skt. arraar ); ete Adjectives Adjectives are detlined-exactly liké’notms They take the same number, gender and case’as the nouns which they qualify. Comparative and Supéijative degiees axe éxpressed by adding —at ( or -av’) and a4 (01 —at ) ‘respectively to the posi- tive ob.gt tea nthe? srerat é lise’ acHiF Jeast’, ze ‘stiong’ deat ‘stLongert geaa ‘strongest’, xe ¢ skt’ He ) ‘great? aga ‘greater’ wets ‘greatest? Some of the forms are the S remnailt™ ‘of thi? old piototypes in gaq and we g. Ba (skt. aq.) ‘better’ afte ( skt. ite) ‘youngest’, Hz (‘skt) sie) ‘oldest. Niitierals Cardinal . Lagt org@ used in the singular. . NAc D@tT Ge Ab _ Mass wt as eared rae! gfe TTT Neu. mt 5, ye ” Fem mI “ ant ~ »XVL ga when used in the plural means ‘some’, ‘a few’. NAc DG I L Mas. 9 wt wTet we aig 2 xa fiom 2—18 ( a to agiza) are used in the plural, N. Ac DG iL L Ab. Mas = are ate ay aittar Neut aa ” , ” ” Fem a ” ” 2 ” At the beginning of a compound @ often becomes 4 or® e.g. ararea ‘lasting for two months’, zyq ‘double’ gra ‘biped’ axa ‘having two sense-organs.’ 3 f N Ac. D.G 1. L. Ab. Neut fitq » » » ” At the beginning of a compound f may become & o. g. fatie ‘of three kinds’, agf&a ‘having three sense-organs’. 4a5 N Ac DG I L Ab. Mas = wart SUE uate asq walter Neut wait Ba » » » In compounds a3 becomes "x_ before words beginning with a vowel, e.g. Tafti@7 ‘having four sense-organs’. But if the word begins with a consonant, the latter is doubled e. g waite “of four kinds’, =sert ‘quadruped’ x No regard is paid to the gender of #, & and ws. The same form may be used for all gendeis, thus we find After gftat ‘three men’ ast aug ‘three forests’,Other numerals have a single form to represent all the genders, «= Sometimes at&txvii ba N Ac. DG 5 L Ab w wae qe rag sitet Bofore other numerals ¥ becomes.wy or waqe g Fate ‘twenty-five’, Ta ‘fifteen’. 68 In compounds § becomes ¥ before words begining with a vowel, g. weadt ‘knowing the six Angas (of the Vedas) A_ consonant after g 18 doubled, e.g gFanwa ‘lasting for six months’, weitfe, in mx directions’. , 7 ae, 8 HE, 9 aa, 10: qa, 11. cerca, gana, 12. garaa, area; 13. awa, 14 Sea,azes, 15 qauza, 16.draa, 17 wate, 18 aga; 19 waa, usadiag; 20, ata, diag, 21 wri, 22 araia; 23. dare; 24 szdia, 25. quate, 26 gofia,.27 waste, 28 ageala; 29. asqtre, 30 afa, 31. uaata, 32. aria, 33 adta, 34 sider, 35 Toate, 36 Ela, 37 wadta, 38 sgdta, seria, 39 qywatatia, 40. arate, 41. caraareita, ern, 42. anata, 43 aareita, 44 ssqreira, deneire, 45 voanera, waar; 46, grarare, 47 aqaania, awaretia, aaela, 48 aganratia, wraaia, wear, 49 WITTE, ssw, 50 quae! 51. wRTM, 52 wawy, 53. 3aqq, 54 awauy, 55 ware, 56 srw, 57. TWAT. 58. wgraa, 59. upwaly, weae, 60 aff?, 6L gale, unlg, 62 araiy,. wraft, 63 Belz, Walg, 64 drafe, awake, 65 qqalge, walt; 66. grag. 67 waalg, 68. agafy, azaig, 69 trad, wewaR, 70 wa; 71 TR walt, 72 aad, 73 aadix, 74 aaah, 75 daenht,weum’t, 76 grade; 77. aagan, 78 agate, 79. weratg, 80 seg, 81 caedig, 82. ately, 83. Yalig, Aare, 84 aaeretg, dive, 85, Tareig, 86. Garatg, 87, awe; 88 agtais; 89. cquazg, 90. azz, 91. GHMsZ, 92 ase, 93. WYSE, 94 auuzy, 95. darysg, 96 ‘yeUsg, 97. aaUsTT 98 aAgTITy, 99 FAUT 1 Changed to. -qaa or -amy in other numerals 2 May change to -w& or af in other numerals. 3 May change to —gaft or -axff¢ in other numerals,xviti 6 Rules for the yse of Numerals 1 is used in the Siaguli and in all the genders 9-4 have different forms in different genders but no regard is paid to them. 5-18 are used in the Plural as Masculine and are declined exactly hke va. 19-48 are used in the Singular. They are declined in the Nom and Ace like Neute1s ending in @ and in other cases like Feminmmes ending in at o1 49-58 are used in the Plural and are declined hke da. In cases other than the Nom and Ace they aro often declined like Femmmines ending in at 59-99 aie used in the Singular. They are declined in the Nom and Acc hke Neuters ending in g, andin other cases lke Feminines ending m %. 7 Examples Nom aga wea za asaTar yea ‘ of the eighth Anga ten chapters have been preached ° ararg uqaaia asaqar quar ‘ of the Nayas nineteen chapteis have been preached ° Sia erat “( there had been) twenty-thiee Tirthanka.as’ gfraadrg aarate air aie aerghtar, aaa asrgitrar seaar' in books on dreams forty-two dreams, thirty great dreams seventy-two dreamsun all, have been preached. Axe. aweaarat asea aagid Tar afsqs mie ‘mothers of Arhantas awake after seeing fourteen gieat dreams, ata aa anreqigant qrsitrar ‘after leading the life of a Samana for twenty years’ aveet ~ fhageafr azdia f& Bazi‘ shall praise the Arhantas, all the twenty-four Kovahal aaait wait fazartiar ‘having taught the Seventy-two arts’ loste gpirarg feats by twenty-one Tirthankaras sre arene uf“ seventy-five years being left’.