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WEEK-9
Cauchy Integral Formula (CIF) & Cauchy’s Residue Theorem (CRT)
Cauchy-Integral Formula:
z
If a function f ( z ) is analytic within and on a simple contour C and if 0 is any point interior to C then,
f ( z)
∮ z−z dz=2 π if ( z 0 )
C 0
f ( z) 2 πi n−1
∮ n
dz=
( n−1 ) !
f ( z0 )
C ( z−z 0 )
f ( z)
z
∮ z−z dz=0
If 0 is not an interior point of the contour C then C 0 .
A point at which an analytic function f ( z ) is not analytic, i.e. at which f ' ( z ) fails to exist, is called a
singular point or pole (if order 1) or singularity of the function.
If f ( z ) is analytic inside and on a simple closed curve C except at pole or has singularity at z= a of
order 1, then
Re s( a )=lim ( z−a ) f ( z )
z→a
If f ( z ) is analytic inside and on a simple closed curve C except at pole or has singularity at z= a of
order m, then
1 d m−1
Re s(a )=lim {( z−a)m f (z )}
z→a ( m−1)! dz
m−1
If f ( z ) is analytic inside and on a simple closed curve C except at a finite number of n singular points
a 1 , a2 , a3 , . . ., a n inside C, then
Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Fall 2015-16
ez
∮ dz
( z−2 ) ;where C is the circle |z|=3.
Example : Evaluate by CIF C
z−2=0
⇒ z =2
z−1=0
⇒ z =1
sin π z 2 +cos π z 2
∮ ( z−1 )( z−2) dz |z|=3.
Example 4: Evaluate by CIF C , where C is the circle
Solution: For singular point, ( z−1)( z−2)=0
⇒ z =1 , 2
Both the points z=1 and z=2 lies inside the circle |z|=3 .
∴ f ( z )=sin π z 2 +cos π z 2 .
Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Fall 2015-16
By CIF, C
f (z)
C
f ( z) −1
∮ ( z−1 )( z−2) dz=∮ ( z−1)( z−2) dz =∮ f ( z) ( z−1 +
1
) ( z−2 )
C
[dz
]
f ( z) f (z)
=− ∮ dz +∮ dz
C ( z−1) C ( z−2 ) =−2 π i f (1 ) + 2 π i f (2) =4 π i .
sin π z 2 +cos π z 2
∮ (z−1)( z−2 )2 dz |z|=3.
5: Evaluate by CRT C , where C is the circle
Example
the points z=1 and z=2 lies inside the circle |z|=3 .
¿ lim ❑=−1
z→1
¿ 4 π −1 .
So by CRT we know,
sin π z 2 +cos π z 2
∮ (z −1)( z−2 )2 dz=2 πi ( Res( z=1)+Res (z=2)) =2 πi {−1+( 4 π −1) }=2 πi(4 π −2).
C
dz
∮ z 3( z 2+2 z+2)
Example: Evaluate the contour integral C by CRT where C is the circle|z|=3.
1
3 2
Solution: The poles or singularities of z ( z +2 z+ 2) are as follows:
2
A pole of order 3 at z=0 and two simple poles where ( z +2 z+ 2)=0 i.e., z=−1±i . All this poles lie
inside the contour C.
Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Fall 2015-16
Re s( z=0 )=lim
1 d2 3
z→0 2 ! dz
2
z . 3 2
1
{
z ( z + 2 z +2 ) }
=lim
1 d −(2 z +2 )
2
z→0 2 dz ( z +2 z+2 ){
2 }
=lim
d
2 {
−( z+1 )
z→0 dz ( z +2 z+ 2)
2 }
=lim
z→0 { −( z 2 +2 z +2)2 +( z+ 1).2 .( z 2 +2 z+ 2).( 2 z +2)
2
( z +2 z +2)
4 }
1
=
4
Residue at the point z=−1−i is,
1 1 1
=2 πi( + (−1−i )+ (−1+i))
4 8 8 =2 πi ( 0 )=0 .
Exercise Set 02
1. Evaluate the followings applying Cauchy’s Integral Formula (CIF) and also Cauchy’s
Residue Theorem (CRT) if possible:
dz
∮ z-3i C |z|=π
(a) C the circle .
1
∮ z ( z−1 ) dz C −1 ±i , 2± i
(b) C , the boundary of the rectangle with vertices .
z
∮ ez dz C |z|=2
(c) C consists of .
(d) Evaluate the integrals throughout the contour as given in the figures:
z 2z-1
∮ ( 2z-i )3 dz ∮ z 2 -z dz
(i) C (Fig. 1), (ii)(Fig. 2), (iii) C (Fig. 3).
2 z 3 +z 2 +4
∮ z 4 +4 z 2 dz C |z +2 i|=1
(f) C , the circle .
Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Fall 2015-16
sin πz 2 +cos πz 2
∮ ( z−1)( z−2) dz; C
(g) C where is the circle
sin 2 z
∮ ( z+π/6)3 dz; C
C where is the circle
(h)
−2 z
∮ ( ez +i)2 dz C :|z +i|=0.5
C
(i) ,
Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Fall 2015-16
,
Solution: (i) Since 1<|z|<2
1 |z|
<1 and <1
|z| 2
1
Let (1+ z ¿¿ 2)(z+ 2)= Az+ B + C ¿
2
1+ z z +2
1
At, z=−2 , 5 C=1 ∴ C= 5
2 −1
Equating coefficients of z ; A+ C=0 ∴ A=−C= 5
2
Equating coefficients of z ; 2 A+ B=0 ∴ B=−2 A= 5
1
∴
−1 2 1
z+
5 5 5
(1+ z¿ ¿ 2)(z +2)= + ¿
1+ z 2
z+ 2
2 1 1 z 1 1
¿ − +
5 1+ z 2 5 1+ z2 5 z +2
2 1 1 z 1 1
¿ − +
5 1 5 1 5 z
z 2 (1+ ) z 2 (1+ ) 2(1+ )
z
2
z
2
2
−1 −1 −1
2 1 1 1 1 z
¿ 2
(1+ 2 ) − (1+ 2 ) + (1+ )
5z z 5z z 10 2
¿
2
5z (
2
1 1 1
1− 2 + 4 − 6 +…+∞
z z z )
Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Fall 2015-16
−1
5z ( 1 1 1
1− 2 + 4 − 6 + …+∞
z z z )
2
+1 z z
(1− + −…+ ∞)
10 2 4
1
∴
2 1 1 z 1 1
(1+ z¿ ¿ 2)(z +2)= − + ¿
5 1+ z 2 5 1+ z2 5 z +2
2 1 1 z 1 1
¿ − +
5 1 5 1 5 2
z 2 (1+ ) z 2 (1+ ) z (1+ )
z
2
z
2
z
−1 −1 −1
2 1 1 1 1 2
¿ 2
(1+ 2 ) − (1+ 2 ) + (1+ )
5z z 5z z 5z z
¿
2
5z (
2
1 1 1
1− 2 + 4 − 6 +…+∞ −
z z z
1
5z
1 1 1
) (
1− 2 + 4 − 6 +…+ ∞ +
z z z
1
5z
2 4
1− + 2 −…+ ∞ .
z z ) ( )
which is the required Laurent series.
z
f ( z)=
1. Expand ( z−1 )(2−z) in a Laurent series valid for
.
1
f ( z)=
2. Expand z (z −2) in a Laurent series valid for