Name: REALES, JOY MAE B.

Date Submitted: 4-12-2021

Activity No. 5
PREPARATION OF A STANDARD SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION, DETERMINATION
OF PURITY OF IMPURE KHP AND STANDARDIZATION OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID

Purpose: The purpose of this experiment for us to be able to learn how to standardize
strong acids and bases, as well as how to determine the purity of a weak acid that is
impure. And give us the opportunity to practice the fundamental laboratory skills
required to perform accurate and precise titrations.

Data and Calculations

Part A
Replication 1 2 3
Wt. of pure KHP, g 0.500 g 0.550 g 0.660 g
Vol. of NaOH, mL 0.02448 L 0.02172 L 0.02184 L
Conc. of NaOH, M 0.10001 M 0.12399 M 0.14797 M

Mean conc. NaOH solution: 0.12399 M

Part B
Replication 1 2 3
Volume of HCl, mL 25 mL 25 mL 25 mL
Vol. of NaOH, mL 0.02016 L 0.02520 L 0.02863 L
Conc. of HCl, M 0.08065 M 0.12498 M 0.16946 M

Mean conc. HCl solution: 0.12503 M

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Name: REALES, JOY MAE B. Date Submitted: 4-12-2021

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Name: REALES, JOY MAE B. Date Submitted: 4-12-2021

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Name: REALES, JOY MAE B. Date Submitted: 4-12-2021
Questions

1. What are three important characteristics of a primary standard? Why does the validity of
an analytical result depend on knowing the composition of a primary standard?

Primary standard has a lot of characteristics, but it has three important characteristics which
are high purity, atmospheric stability, and absence of hydrate water. The validity of an
analytical result depends on knowing the composition of a primary standard because primary
standard confirms that the solution is at a specific concentration. Primary standards are often
used to make standard solutions, solutions with a precisely known concentration.

2. Describe the difference between the endpoint of a titration and the equivalence point.

The equivalence point of a titration is when the amount of added standard reagent is chemically
equal to the amount of analyte, however the equivalence point cannot be determined by an
experiment. On the other hand, the end point of a titration is where the physical changes occur
or observable, specifically the change in color.

3. What is the purpose of boiling the water used to make the NaOH solution? How might
your results for the concentration of NaOH be affected if you did not boil the water?

To remove dissolved carbon dioxide, all DI water should be boiled prior to use when
performing aqueous acid-base titrations. When not in use, all solutions should be tightly closed
to avoid moisture absorption; NaOH solutions are particularly capable of adsorbing large
amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere. When performing acid-base titrations, if we do not
remove CO2 from the solutions and/or DI water, the color fades over several minutes.
Furthermore, this can have an impact on the end point of acid-base titrations. This is critical if
sodium hydroxide is used as the base and phenolphthalein is used as the indicator. Excess
carbon dioxide in the sample causes it to become increasingly acidic over time.

4. Discuss the results you obtained. What was the largest source of uncertainty in your
measurements? What will you do to improve your results for the next time you do a
titration?

After the calculation, I obtained different result on three trials in part A, I obtained 0.10001 M,
0.12399 M, and 0.14797 M concentration of NaOH, respectively, and the mean concentration
NaOH solution is 0.12399 M. I also obtained different result on three trials in part B, I obtained
concentration of HCl of 0.08065 M, 0.12498 M, and 0.16946 M, respectively, and the mean
concentration of HCl solution is 0.12503 M. One of the biggest sources of uncertainty in my
measurements, I believe, is my ability to limit the burette and balance analytically. It is
preferable to avoid uncertainty in measurements, and it is critical to ensure that all instruments
to be used are in good working order before using them. To avoid uncertainties on my next
titration, I should double-check the calibration of the balance and burette, use adequate
amounts of analyte and titrant, and be aware of the equipment's limitations.

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