DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY

VILLA DE BACOLOR, PAMPANGA

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

AQUÆ VITÆ
Gateway to the Aquapolis of Pampanga

BSAR-5B
Garcia, Angelica C.
Gonzales, Ronnel V.
Tolentino, Adrian B.

Ar. Darlene Mae M. Cunanan, UAP

Adviser
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

1.1.1 INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND

Introduction
The Municipality of Sasmuan has a unique geography it has bodies of water
surrounding it and it is one of the few towns in Pampanga touching Manila Bay. Its unique
geography has created fishing as a source of livelihood for the citizens of Sasmuan. The
establishment of fishing port and ferries within the municipality is of greater help in
elevating the economic viability of Sasmuan.

A fishing port is a port or harbor for landing and distributing fish or any kind of
seafood. It may be a recreational facility, but it is usually commercial. Further, ports are
important to support the economic activities and could also help the people make their
living. On the other hand, a ferry terminal is a building or complex at either end of a
transport route containing facilities needed by marine transportation operators and
passengers of the transport service being provided. It is a utility building that offers services
to people or for goods via marine transportation as well as docking and maintenance to the
ferries, boats, or vehicles that facilitate such transport.

Vying its history Sasmuan, known then as Sexmoan, served as a port during the
colonial era. The Guagua-Pasak River, which runs through Guagua and Sasmuan, provided
easy transport of commodities from Manila. Currently, the municipality of Sasmuan has
two (2) fishing ports, one in Sta. Lucia and one in Sta. Monica, although both are built
haphazardly. According to the Municipal Tourism Officer (Salenga), the municipal
government plans to move one of the fish ports, specifically the Sta. Lucia Port, in order to
provide a more adequate fishing port for the municipality.

Pursuant to Republic Act 10621 authorizes the establishment of a fish port in

Sasmuan, Pampanga. Further, the power to formulate rules and regulations necessary to
make the said port possible was vested to LGU’s of Sasmuan as stated by Section 2 of the
said act. Also, funds could be immediately allocated since, R.A 10621 requires it to be
included on the General Appropriations Act (GAA) of Municipality of Sasmuan. To
support the claim, a currently ongoing campaign, “Balik Sigla Ilog Guagua,” plans to
dredge the Guagua-Pasak River in order for large vessels to once again navigate through
the river. Thus, making transport by water to Manila and provinces along Manila Bay
possible again.

As such, this research entitled, “AQUÆ VITÆ: Gateway to the Aquapolis of

Pampanga” aims to propose a facility to help the Municipality of Sasmuan elevate their
economy by the test of viability and convenience in terms of transportation. The people
within the said municipality will also be benefited by helping them make their living using
the best resources. The researchers considered the purpose of arising the minds of the
government officials, citizens including the corporations whether public or private to the
principle of “Aquæ Vitæ”

1.1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The Municipality of Sasmuan is currently a 4th classed municipality. It is one of

the few places in Pampanga where development is stagnant. While almost every town in
Pampanga shows progress, Sasmuan gets left behind in the development of the province.
Therefore, alongside the feasibility concerns of the proposed fishing port and ferry
terminal, given below are the main problems that the study intends to solve:
Main Problem/s:

 Correlating the fish port and expansion of the ferry terminal to give context to
Aquæ Vitæ, providing a way of living.
 Interrelating the context of expanding the existing terminal to give due course in
solving the problem of inadequacy, as to the revival of aquatic transport in the
Guagua-Pasak River.

1.1.3 ARCHITECTURAL THESIS

GOALS/OBJECTIVES/STRATEGIES

GOAL:

The primary goal of the study is to house the center of livelihood and transport in
Sasmuan that would serve as a gateway to the Aquapolis of Pampanga.
OBJECTIVE 1:

 To design a fishing port that would be resilient to floods, earthquakes, and other
natural calamities.

STRATEGIES:

 Consider all the possible gathered data and information that may be
incorporated in a floating market in relation to resilient architecture.
 Provide design vegetated roofs and rain water bioswales to reduce urban
heat island effect and manage stormwater.

OBJECTIVE 2:

 To design a ferry terminal that would be not only a center for transportation,
but also a place for recreation.

STRATEGIES:

 Balance the operation of the ferry terminal by adding some recreational

activities and aesthetically pleasing objects in order to lessen boredom while
waiting.
 Space management for recreation.

OBJECTIVE 3:

 To develop a complex incorporating the local culture.

STRATEGIES:

 Discover the culture of every barangay in the Municipality of Sasmuan.

 Observe the relationship between the residents and their environment in connection
with the “doctrine of mutuality.”

OBJECTIVE 4:

 To use the physical and other geographic properties of the site as opportunities for
the proposal.
 STRATEGIES:

 Familiarize the natural features of the site.

 Take all the landforms and ecosystems which serve as one of the challenges in
planning the said project.

OBJECTIVE 5:

 To build structures that go “Beyond” traditional architecture through the

incorporation of simple and local details and ideas up to the insertion of complex
technologies and building mechanism.

STRATEGIES:

 Gather ideas which differentiate Innovative Architecture from Traditional

Architecture.
 Design what goes beyond the usual standards which are feasible to the project.

1.1.4. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

SCOPE

The study will cover the expansion of ferry terminals located in the
Municipality of Sasmuan and the creation of a new fishing port which is inevitable
to the public in general. Significantly, correlating the fish port and expansion of the
ferry terminal to give context to Aquæ Vitæ, providing a way of living.

LIMITATIONS

The study will not cover any other problems that is related to the expansion
of a ferry terminal and creation of a new fish port that does not occur within the
Municipality of Sasmuan. This study will also not cover any other kind of
construction such as restoration, renovations, etc. of any establishment/building
within the said municipality.

Generally, the study will only cover the abovementioned main problem and nine
(9) sub-problems.
1.1.5. PURPOSE/RELEVANCE/SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study seeks to extend existing knowledge about ports and ferry terminals by
integrating other studies in it. Past studies analyze the various fishing ports and ferry
terminals in the Philippines and their effect to their community. This study aims to
incorporate the studies in the project in the expansion of a terminal and creation of a new
fishing port.

The Study will be of significant endeavor to:

The Administrative Agencies (DENR, BFAR, PFDA) affected, formulate

adequate policies that would be implemented to give color to the planned Megalopolis of
Pampanga to which Sasmuan is part of the Aquapolis. It would be a sign for them to
conserve and protect the marine flora and fauna.

The Local Government of Sasmuan, provide an updated and reliable data which
the same can use for further studies. They would have all the access and freewill to use all
the powers vested in them by the National Government pursuant to R.A. 10621. At this
context, implementation with regard to establishing fish ports will not be a problem
anymore since that funds were already allocated by the General Appropriations Act of the
said municipality. They might have some portion in the proceeds of the facilities.

Tourists, local and foreign alike, have an ease of transport to one of the
ecotourism spots in the municipality, specifically the “Bangkung Malapad Critical
Habitat” which the government protects from different kinds of intervention that may
disturb the habitat.

The Commuters, benefit from ease of transport to the provinces surrounding

Manila Bay since travel by land nowadays is a risk to some people, as it takes up too much
time. They would be able to reach Manila in the shortest possible time. The proposed ferry
terminal would be expanded, so more commuters would be accommodated.

The Fisherfolk, would have an adequate place to sell their goods since the existing
facilities are dilapidated making them inconvenient and hazardous. The possible generated
income for them will be much higher.
 The Consumers, renewed their interest in buying in the fish port since the facility
will be fitting to their standards.

Don Honorio Ventura State University, realizes the vision of the university
which is global competitiveness through innovation making them instruments to promote
its architecture as going beyond the traditional norms, both poetic and literally.

The Researchers, acquire knowledge about Aquæ Vitæ. Furthermore, be

personally accountable and aware in expanding existing facilities through the help of the
LGUs.

The Future Researchers, can use the study including its data, information, and
others, to help them expand the concept of architecture and at the same time providing
means on how a local government gives opportunities to its citizens and elevating their
economy through commercial aspects.

1.1.6 ASSUMPTIONS

Aquæ Vitæ will be part of the envisioned Megalopolis plan of Pampanga. Located
at the Aquapolis of Pampanga, it is intended to benefit the local community of Sasmuan
especially the fisherfolk and consumers as well as local and foreign tourists alike. For this
reason, this study assumes that the following are true:

The structures built will go beyond the context of traditional architecture, both
poetic and literally. Also, they will be resilient to different calamities such as flooding. As
such, the said structures are capable of changing their physical aspects and in terms of
utility.

Moreover, the researchers also assume that the proposal would be feasible and
relevant to construct, because the LGUs of Sasmuan, along with other government agencies
would be willing and capable to invest funds in the development of the proposed fishing
port and ferry terminal.

The main context of this study is to create opportunities for the residents of the
municipality in terms of job hunting. Also, commuters and tourists, local and foreign alike,
will have great contribution to tourism and transport.
1.1.7. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS & CONCEPTS

1. Aquaculture - The rearing of aquatic animals or the cultivation of aquatic plants

for food. It is also the cultivation of aquatic organisms (such as fish or shellfish)
especially for food
2. Aquæ Vitæ - Latin for “Water of Life.”
3. Aquapolis - A city, or cities, near the water; or water city.
4. Beyond Architecture - Architecture outside the traditional norms.
5. BFAR (Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources) - The Bureau of Fisheries
and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) is the government agency responsible for the
development, improvement, management and conservation of fisheries and aquatic
resources in the Philippines.
6. DENR (Department of Environment and Natural Resources) - The Department
of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) is responsible for the conservation,
management, and development of the country’s environment and natural resources.
7. Ferry - A boat or ship for conveying passengers and goods, especially over a
relatively short distance and as a regular service. It is a boat that transports
passengers and sometimes also vehicles, usually across rivers or short stretches of
sea.
8. Ferry Terminal - A terminal literally is a place where a line ferry ends, but in fact
just a place where it stops and passengers go on board or leave. Ferry terminal: a
terminal on a ferry line.
9. Fisher folk - People who fish especially for a living.
10. Fishing - Fishing is the activity of trying to catch fish.
11. Fishing Port - A fishing port is a location on a coast or shore containing one or
more harbors where ships can dock and transfer people or cargo to or from land.
12. Megalopolis - A megalopolis is a very large city, or an urban area that consists of
several towns and cities. A thickly populated region centering in a metropolis or
embracing several metropolises.
13. Municipal Waters - Municipal waters include not only streams, lakes, inland
bodies of water and tidal waters within the municipality which are not included
within the protected areas as defined under RA 7586 (The NIPAS Law), public
 forest, timber lands, forest reserves or fishery reserves, but also marine waters
included between two (2) lines drawn perpendicular to the general coastline from
points where the boundary lines of the municipality touch the sea at low tide and a
third line parallel with the general coastline including offshore islands and fifteen
(15) kilometers from such coastline.
14. PFDA (Philippine Fisheries Development Authority) - The Philippine fishing
industry was experiencing an annual production growth rate of 5.5% on the national
level prior to the creation of PFDA.
15. Resilience - Designing adaptable structures that can “learn” from their
environments and sustain life, even in the face of disaster. It also means architects
can learn from their buildings and deploy evermore-refined designs.
16. Ro-ro - Roll-on/roll-off (RORO or ro-ro) ships are ferries designed to carry
wheeled cargo, such as cars, trucks, semi-trailer trucks, trailers, and railroad cars
that are driven on and off the ship on their own wheels or using a platform vehicle,
such as a self-propelled modular transporter.
1.2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Marine fishing in the Philippines in more than an industry. With more than 7,600
islands, the Philippines has the world's longest discontinuous coastline. Through study, it
was concluded that over a million Filipinos are engaged in marine fishing somehow as a
way of life for others (Blitz, 1987). The Philippine fishing industry comprises marine
capture fisheries, inland capture fisheries, and aquaculture. Marine capture fisheries can be
further divided into municipal fisheries and commercial fisheries. Recreational fisheries
are not significant. In essence, fish catches in other parts of the Philippines are typically
landed in private, traditional or government-owned landing centers. These government-
owned landing centers are fish ports managed either by the Philippine Fisheries
Development Authority (PFDA) or by Local Government Units (LGUs) or managed by
both (Republic of the Philippines, 2014).

Pursuant to Republic Act No. 8550 also known as “Philippine Fisheries Code of
1998” Section 16 of the said act provides for the jurisdiction of Municipal Government
with regard to fisheries. Wherein, the LGUs shall also enforce all fishery laws, rules and
regulations as well as valid fishery ordinances enacted by the municipal/city council. As
such, local fisherfolk reaped several benefits from the construction of a modern fishing
port, foreign commercial fishing companies have likewise benefited. Anyway, the overall
impact of the project on the local including the national economy has not yet diminished.
The intended beneficiaries of the fish port complexes were small-and medium-scale local
fisheries. The modern complexes were meant to provide safe, hygienic and efficient
unloading facilities where none existed in the past. On the other hand, it appears that
foreign commercial fishing companies had more to gain as to the use of these facilities as
transshipment ports because of their greater volume of catches (Villoria, 2003).

Ports in the Philippines are classified as fishing ports, feeder ports or commercial
ports. Fishing ports, which are either municipal or regional, are those which primarily serve
the fishing industry and function as the main collection and distribution center of fish. Port
development has strong forward and backward linkages to the coastal municipalities’
economy. However, it should also be approached with caution since an arbitrary and
indiscriminate form of development can be irretrievably costly to the entire nation (Israel
& Roque, 2000). Fish and fishery/aquatic products generally come from two sources:
capture fishery and aquaculture. Capture fishery refers to the catching and harvesting of
fish and other marine and aquatic resources from the wild or natural environment whereas
aquaculture pertains to all forms of raising and culturing fish and other fishery species in
fresh, brackish and marine water areas (Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, 2018).

The sea is considered as a huge food basket that helps maintain the food supply of
the whole country and provide livelihood to almost 2 million people. Fisheries are
culturally, economically, and ecologically important to Filipinos (Perez, 2014). Also,
according to Perez, they contribute predominantly to income, employment, foreign
exchange earnings, nutrition, and thus to the stability of the Philippines in general. In
constructing a port, they give vessels and crews access to essential services and supplies,
and enable vessel operators to land their catch. While the majority of port operate
responsibly and seek to avoid becoming conduits for fish caught via illegal, unreported and
unregulated means (Huttington, Nimmo, & Macfadyen, 2015). However, free trade is
desirable in the long term, but too early to practice without market failures. The spirit of
trade is for the mutual benefit of participants which creates mutual trust. These participants
today are all related parties in the trade including not only sellers and buyers but also people
concerned in production, processing, marketing and communities. However, issues that
were raised are common rather than specific and current trade supported by governments
in fact is in favor of profit-seeking capital and not to sustainability. As a result, winners are
created for capital and losers for the community in the name of competition such as the
nature of overfishing would probably come into play. (Matsuda, 2008). On the contrary,
some studies show that various hydrological and geophysical hazards would be a hindrance
as to the making of ports. Hydrological hazards that may affect the municipality include
flooding, storm surge, and tsunami. Geophysical hazards include ground shaking,
liquefaction, and volcanic hazard. (Municipality of Sasmuan, 2017). Floating markets are
not only made possible and pleasurable by people, but also by objects, spaces and
technologies. The different versions of floating markets are connected in certain and
multiple ways to construct one particular floating market that will affect people, canals,
boats, homes, fruits and vegetables transportation. (Pongajarn, van der Duim, & Peters,
2015). Construction of floating markets resiliency could have some similarities as to stilted
homes, wherein, they serve as a basis for replication in other flood-prone area based on
participatory consultation with local communities. Further, benefits of stilts are many
which include safe and healthy house, environmentally friendly, most importantly
protected by numerous floods (Biswas, Hasan, & Islam, 2015).

It has long been recognized that a country’s transport system plays a central role in
its development. Over the years, researchers have looked at the impact of investing in
transport infrastructure and produced numerous studies showing evidence of economic
growth, increases in productivity and reduction of income inequality (Francisco, 2017).
The Philippines national planning policy aims to limit the concentration of activities in
Manila to reduce congestion of the road system leading to the capital region by encouraging
maritime transport and rail revival specifically on Luzon, and to foster the development of
new economic growth centers across the country. One of the problems of mobility in the
islands is the break in movement induced by switching from land to sea transport, in order
to improve sea-land mixed mode of transportation, both for passengers and for freight
(Boquet, 2012).
 The transport of goods generates the greatest income, and the carriage of passengers
brings only a small percentage of the total revenue for ferry companies. Ferry carriers
appreciate the benefits derived from the passenger traffic and seek to attract their attention.
Moreover, ferry shipping meant an extension of roads to cross the straits and channels and
ferries were the floating bridges and primarily met transport needs. Ferry shipping is
designed to extend the land-based routes and to create the sea corridors for carriage of
goods and passengers. The passengers travelling for tourist motives represented the largest
segment of passengers purchasing the services on-board of the ferries (Kizielewicz, Haahti,
Luković, & Gračan, 2017).

In developing ferry connections, it is necessary to have suitable infrastructure in

place. (Institute for Sustainability, 2014). The safe and efficient process of transporting
freight, vehicles or passengers between ship and shore is a primary and vital aspect of any
successful RoRo and Ferry Terminal port operation and each type of facility has its own
unique needs and requirements just to meet the needs of people. (Davies, 2019).

The public transport stops differ from one another in the types of services they offer.
Frequencies, service coverage, stopping patterns, and connections may all vary. This
creates differences in the impacts particular stops have on surrounding property values.
One would expect the ferry terminals in a system with the greatest frequencies, cheapest
services, highest quality facilities, and best connections to bus networks would have higher
land value premiums due to accessibility around them. Property redevelopment
opportunities may be also be greater around some ferry terminals than others, further
increasing the potential for value uplift in some locations and stymying it in others.

Property value effects may substantially differ by land-use type. Residential

properties may be very differently affected than industrial or commercial properties, with
owners of the latter being more likely to internalize potential land value uplift from the
announcement of transport improvements, socio-economic and demographic variables
play a significant role in influencing the impacts of transit stops on property values.
Disparities in socio-economic status and ethnicity produce higher ridership on public
transport in some neighborhoods than others. In many cities, low-income households are
particularly attracted to locations serviced by public transport, where residents become
captive riders, particularly where they have no private motor vehicle alternatives.

River ferry services are often seen as premium public transport services, offering
uncongested, scenic, high-amenity travel with few stops, linking suburban areas with
destinations such as central business districts and universities for commuting purposes
(Tsai, Mulley, Burke, & Yen, 2017).

Ferries carry the limitation that everyone has to get off at the end of the line. Transit
connections are needed for onward journeys onto land, but the resulting passenger trips
often require several changes of vehicle to continue in one direction, which is always less
effective than services that can flow continuously across the city like a well-designed bus
or rail line. Like others, establishing ferry lines has certain limitations to consider, such as:
high frequency, very high density, quality landside access, frequent transit lines, a direct
path, few major terminals, favorable pricing (Walker, 2019).

Businesses everywhere could face similar challenges during the next few years. A
larger global population and growing economies are placing bigger demands on already-
depleted water supplies. Making a business out of improving water efficiency won’t be
easy. Successful providers will have to migrate from selling equipment and components to
selling solutions aimed at helping business customers reduce their water and energy use.
The providers will therefore have to develop new skills and capabilities, particularly in
marketing and sales, to identify and capture the higher-value-added solutions that business-
to-business markets need (Boccaletti, Grobbel, & Stuchtey, 2009).

Water needs for domestic, agricultural and livestock uses create acute sustainability
pressures. Climate change and urban sprawl worsen the environmental pressures on water
and sanitation supply and quality. All of this creates the need for greater efficiency,
management and use of water services. (Gaull, 2014).

When water began to flow in his well, Bird learned that the liquid had a "particular
taste and effect" that rendered it unpalatable to drink. Demonstrating a great deal of
resourcefulness, the old man began to peddle the water around town, especially to the sick
and afflicted (Ericson, 1995).

1.3. THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Input Procedure Output

1. Identify the demand. Data gathering and This stage will result with
analyzation. the idenfication of the main
problem and the factors
causing it.

2. Identify the supply Data gathering and This will result for the
and state the analyzation. formulation of architectural
problem. solution to meet the needs
of the problem.

3. Project proposal. Study of related literature, Architectural solution for

survey and observation the problem and will set a
unique character of the
project.

4. Site selection. Choose the site Identification for the

 Establish site strategic location for the
selection criteria. project.
 Site analysis.
 SWOT analysis.

5. Identify the target Statistic and marketing This will be the aid for the
market. expected visitor of the
project.

6. Space requirements. Architectural programming. Project volume and

Analysis of requirements. dimension cost.
 7. Return of investment. Calculate the assets/income Identify the year for the
of the project. ROI.

1.4. METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH

The researchers will follow both quantitative and qualitative research methods
that will help in acquiring the best result of the project. Quantitative research focuses on
the quantity or numerical data needed in the research such as the number of fisherfolk,
the demographics of the municipality, and other numerical data.

Qualitative research on the other hand, focuses more on the descriptive side of the
research. It focuses on the “why” rather than the “what.” In this case, it included
interviewing local government officials of the municipality, researching through the
worldwide web, and by reading different journals, be it historical or contemporary,
concerning the research. Rather than collecting numerical data, the researchers used
multiple systems of inquiry such as case studies, historical analysis, ethnography, and other
systems of inquiry.

The researchers used the following methods to acquire data needed for their study:

Identification of the Problem

This section shows how the researchers will identify the problem through the use
of the following primary and secondary sources:

-Interviews

-Online research

-Reading of journals, historical and contemporary alike

Sources of Data

The researchers will use primary and secondary sources in order to collect data.
The researchers will conduct an interview to the Municipal Tourism Officer of Sasmuan,
with a letter addressing the said officer and the Mayor in order to gather data and needed
information needed in the study. Further, the researchers will request for an endorsement
letter from the Mayor in order to conduct further research in the coastal areas of the
municipality. Likewise, this request was accompanied with another letter addressed to the
Mayor.

On the other hand, the secondary sources of data will be gathered from various
books, periodicals, research journals, past theses, and other sources related to the study.

 Interview
It is not enough to gather data without the help of a professional. In this
case, the researchers consulted their Design Adviser and the municipal tourism
officer of Sasmuan regarding their thesis proposal which will help them know and
learn what necessities, strategies, and actions the researchers must do in order to
fulfill the requirements in their project.
 Collection of Data
After identifying the problem, the researchers need to gather information
and data that will support the problem of the study. This data will lead to the
probable solution to the problem. To be to able gather essential information, they
need to have specific sources which can be gained from the different government
agencies concerning the project through actual interview and variety of sources
through different books and online research. The data the researchers will need to
acquire from various sources are relevant to the following:
o Demographics of Sasmuan
o Number of fisherfolk in Sasmuan
o Number of boat operators in Sasmuan
o Amount of fish catch in Sasmuan
o Average number of tourists in Pampanga
o Existing ferry terminals around Manila Bay
o Projects concerning the Guagua-Pasak River
o Architectural Solutions for Resilient Architecture
o Conditions of existing ports in the municipality
 o Status and analysis of the site within the area (location, road access,
etc.)
o Circulation of activities in the vicinity

 Architectural Programming

In order to conduct this method, the researchers need an ocular visit to the site in
order to gather the information needed as stated below:

- Observation to site condition: its topography, soil condition, climate and

its accessibility.
- Picture taking in the site to show the actual site situation.
- Strengths and weaknesses of the site.

Duration

The duration of the of this gathering of data, depends upon the weather as the
municipality gets flooded easily especially during the monsoon season. Likewise, the
gathering of data also depends upon the availability of local government officials.
Nevertheless, the interviews and gathering of data would only proceed less than a day,
unless more data is needed.

1.5. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Biswas, S., Hasan, S., & Islam, M. (2015). Stilt Housing Technology for Flood Disaster
Reduction in the Rural Areas of Bangladesh. International Journal of Research in
Civil Engineering, Architecture and Design.

Blitz, A. (1987). MARINE FISHING IN THE PHILIPPINES. Cultural Survival

Quarterly Magazine.

Boccaletti, G., Grobbel, M., & Stuchtey, M. R. (2009). The business opportunity in water
conservation. McKinsey Quarterly.
Boquet, Y. (2012). MOVING AROUND THE PHILIPPINES : CHALLENGES AND
DYNAMICS OF INTERISLAND TRANSPORTATION IN A DEVELOPING
COUNTRY . Conference Paper.

Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. (2018). COMPREHENSIVE POST-

HARVEST, MARKETING AND ANCILLARY INDUSTRIES PLAN 2018-2022.
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources.

Davies, T. (2019). ROLL-ON/ROLL-OFF (RORO) AND FERRY TERMINALS.

ROYAL HASKONINGDHV.

Ericson, J. E. (1995). Nacogdoches as a Health Resort? The Story of Aqua Vitae Park.
East Texas Historical Journal.

Francisco, K. A. (2017). The Impacts of Roll-On/Roll-Of of Transport System in the

Philippines. DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 2017-22.

Gaull, S. (2014). Water: the essence of life and economic prosperity. Millenium
Challenge Corporation.

Huttington, T., Nimmo, F., & Macfadyen, G. (2015). Fish Landings at the World’s
Commercial Fishing. Journal of Ocean and Coastal Economics.

Institute for Sustainability. (2014). Sustainable ferry transport:delivering innovative

passenger transport. iTransfer (Innovative Transport Solutions for Fjords,
Estuaries and Rivers).

Israel, D. C., & Roque, R. R. (2000). Analysis of Fishing Ports in the Philippines.
Makati: Philippine Institute for Development Studies.

Kizielewicz, J., Haahti, A., Luković, T., & Gračan, D. (2017). The segmentation of the
demand for ferry travel. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja.

Matsuda, Y. (2008). Advantages and Disadvantages of the Fisheries Trade. Fisheries for
Global Welfare and Environment.

Municipality of Sasmuan. (2017). Comprehensive Land and Water Use Plan (2017-
2026). Sectoral Studies.
Perez, D. (2014). Fishing Capital of the Philippines: Ameliorating Navotas Fish Port
Complex as a Green Port with the integration of Eco-Resilient approach. Navotas
Fish Port.

Pongajarn, C., van der Duim, R., & Peters, K. (2015). Floating markets in Thailand:
same, same, but different. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change.

Republic of the Philippines. (2014). Narrative. Fishery and Aquaculture Country

Profiles.

Tsai, C.-H., Mulley, C., Burke, M., & Yen, B. (2017). Exploring property value effects of
ferry terminals: Evidence from Brisbane, Australia. The Journal of Transport and
Land Use.

Villoria, O. G. (2003). Third Party Evaluator’s Opinion on Fishing Ports Project (II).
General Santos City: Philippine Fisheries Development.

Walker, J. (2019). Basics: Where Can Ferries Succeed? Human Transit.

CHAPTER 2: Presentation of Data

2.1 DATA MANAGEMENT

2.1.1. PRESENT CONDITION

 DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
PRESENT AND PROJECTED POPULATION

As per 2015 data from the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), Sasmuan
has a total population of 28,004 with a density of 620 persons per square kilometer
(km2) and an annual population growth rate of 1.33% from 2000 to 2015.
TABLE 2.1.1.1. Historical Population Growth (1990-2015)

Sasmuan has twelve (12) barangays, two of which are classified by the PSA
as urban, while the rest are rural. It also has three sitios: Sitio Santa Cruz located
within Barangay Santo Tomas, Sitio Remedios considered a part of Barangay San
Nicolas 2nd, and Sitio San Francisco-Cutud located within Barangay Santa
Monica.

The table below lists down the total population of the urban and rural
barangays.

TABLE 2.1.1.2. Urban and Rural Population (2010-2015)

 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

The average annual population growth rate (APGR) for urban barangays is
-0.84% while that of the rural barangays is -0.56%.

TABLE 2.1.1.3. APGR Urban and Rural Populations (2000, 2010, and 2015)

The municipality has a five-year tempo or urbanization of -1.40% and an

urbanization level of 23.91%.

TABLE 2.1.1.4. Tempo and Level of Urbanization (2000, 2010, and 2015)
TABLE 2.1.1.5. Inland and Coastal Population

It has seven (7) inland barangays and five (5) coastal barangays. The table
below lists down the population per barangay based on their geographical location.

The next table presents a tabulation of the population and gross area per
barangay, and their respective population densities.
TABLE 2.1.1.6. Population Density by Barangay (2010, 2015)

TABLE 2.1.1.7. Barangay Ranked based on Population Density (2015)

TABLE 2.1.1.8. Barangays Ranked by Gross Area

POPULATION CHANGES

Sasmuan has a Crude Birth Rate (CBR) of 3.83% and a Crude Death Rate
(CDR) of 4.31% as of 2014, indicating a Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) of -0.48%
for the municipality.

TABLE 2.1.1.9. CBR, CDR, and RNI (2009-2014)

The table below shows the literacy rate for Sasmuan in 2000.
TABLE 2.1.1.10. Literacy Rate - 10 yrs. Old and Over, by sex (2000)

*No data was provided by the local Department of Education for 2001 to the current year.

In 2000, only 52.70% or 14,406 out of the 27,336 employable population

had jobs.

TABLE 2.1.1.11. Labor Force Population by Employment Status (2000)

*No data is available for the years beyond 2000

Using the 1.55% Annual Population Growth Rate of Sasmuan computed

from 2010 to 2015, the population of the municipality is projected from 2015 to
2026 as shown in the table below.

TABLE 2.1.1.12. Population Projection (2015-2016)

*If this growth rate prevails over time, then the population of Sasmuan would double in less than 45 years.
 The table below shows the participation rate of each barangay as well as the
projected population for 2016 to 2026.

TABLE 2.1.1.13. Population Projection by Barangay (2015-2020)

TABLE 2.1.1.14. Population Projection by Barangay (2021-2026)

PHYSICAL DATA

 MACRO-SITE

Location

MAP 2.1.1.1. Political Map of Pampanga MAP 2.1.1.2 Political Map of Sasmuan

Sasmuan is situated at the southwestern side of the province of Pampanga,

bounded on the northwest by the municipality of Guagua, on the east by the
municipality of Macabebe, on the west by the municipality of Lubao and on the
south by Manila Bay.

Surrounded with vast communal rivers, it lies within the delta of the
expansive Pampanga River which winds from the northeast towards Manila Bay.
The town can be reached by land through a national road from the municipality of
Lubao in the west or a provincial road from the municipality of Guagua in the north.
MAP 2.1.1.3. Administrative Map
Climate

Sasmuan has a short dry season classified as “Am” or Tropical Monsoon

Climate under the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification. Locally, its climate is
classified as Type I under the Modified Coronas Classification. Type I has two
pronounced seasons: dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the
year.

Temperature

Sasmuan’s temperature averages 27.4 degrees Celsius as shown on the

climograph below. The horizontal axis shows the months in a year; the left vertical
axis shows the mean temperature; while the right vertical axis shows the amount of
rainfall in millimeters (mm). The blue bars show the amount of rainfall per month
while the red horizontal line shows the average temperature per month.

FIGURE 2.1.1.1. Climograph

Source: climate-data.org
 May is the warmest month of the year. The temperature in May averages
29.2 °C. In January, the average temperature is 25.9 °C. It is the lowest average
temperature of the whole year. The average temperatures vary during the year by
3.3 °C. The Climograph is detailed by the following table.

TABLE 2.1.1.15. Monthly Temperature (Degree Celsius)

TABLE 2.1.1.16. Monthly Rainfall (mm)

Rainfall in Sasmuan averages 2,304 mm per year. As shown on the table

below, Sasmuan’s driest month is February, with only 10 mm of rain. Most
precipitation falls in August, with an average of 556 mm. There is a difference of
546 mm of precipitation between the driest and wettest months.

Between the years 2009 to 2017, the highest recorded average rainfall
amount in Sasmuan is 943.603 mm during the period between July and September
2009 with 92 days of rain. The lowest recorded average rainfall amount is 225.36
mm during the period between July and September 2015 with 86 days of rain.

The chart
below shows
the amount of
rainfall (blue
areas) and the
number of
rainy days
(black bars)

FIGURE 2.1.1.2 Average Rainfall Amount and Rainy Days

Source: WorldWeatherOnline.com
Humidity

Humidity refers to the ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air to the
maximum amount the air can hold at a specific temperature. Humidity determines
the body comfort of the people.

The highest average recorded humidity between the years 2009 to 2017 was
94% and this was recorded in the month of August with an average cloud of 59%
and in September with an average cloud of 65%, both of which are recorded in
2009.

The lowest average humidity recorded was in April 2016 with an average
humidity of 60% and an average cloud of 20%.

Wind

Based on the data between 2009 and 2017, Sasmuan’s maximum wind
speed was recorded in November 2015 with a maximum speed of 19.47 kilometers
per hour (kph) with average gustiness of 14.00 kph and average wind of 11.10 kph.

The minimum wind speed, on the other hand, was recorded in September
2010 with a minimum speed of 6.44 kph, average gustiness of 7.24 kph and average
wind of 4.35 kph.

Hazards

Sasmuan is susceptible to various hydrological and geophysical hazards.

Hydrological hazards that may affect the municipality include flooding, storm
surge, and tsunami. Geophysical hazards include ground shaking, liquefaction,
and volcanic hazard.

Hydrological

Based on the Storm Surge Hazard Map produced by the READY Project,
897 hectares of the coastal barangays are affected by storm surge.
 Affected areas include the entire Barangay Batang 2nd, majority of
Barangay Mabuanbuan, Barangay Batang 1st Proper, and areas near the
waterways of Barangays Malusac and Sebitanan.

On the other hand, the Tsunami Hazard Map by the READY Project shows
that 911 hectares of the coastal barangays are at risk of being hit by tsunamis. The
entire Barangay Batang 2nd and Mabuanbuan are affected as well as a sizeable
portion of Barangay Batang 1st.

Finally, based on the Flood Hazard Map by the READY Project, the entire
municipality is highly susceptible to flooding.

An alternative map from the DENR further breaks down the flood risk into
very high, high, moderate, and low flood susceptibility with corresponding affected
areas as follows.

TABLE 2.1.1.17. Flood Hazard Levels and Affected Land Areas

All the coastal barangays are with very high flood susceptibility as well as
portions of Barangays San Antonio, Santa Monica, and San Pedro. All inland
barangays, on the other hand, have high flood susceptibility. Finally, built-up areas
in all barangay propers have moderate flood susceptibility while the dike road
alongside the Labuan Channel River has low flood susceptibility.

Storm surge, tsunami, and flood hazard maps are shown on the next page
followed by a multi-hydrological hazard map combining all three.
Sea Level Rise

The devastating effect of these hazards will further be exacerbated by the

continuous rise of sea levels due to global warming which was reportedly at the rate
of 3.1 mm per year from 1993 to 2003, faster than the rate of 1.88 mm per year
from 1961 to 2003. (Dasgupta & Meisner, 2009)

TABLE 2.1.1.18. Projected Sea Level Rise

According to the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change (IPCC), the oceans will rise to between 11 and 38 inches (or between 28
and 98 centimeters) by the year 2100.

The rate of 3.1 mm per year, however, is the global average. Alarmingly, a
study on the rise of sea levels specifically for the Philippines indicate a rate of
increase of between 5 and 7 mm per year, about twice of the global average.
(Kahana, Abdon, Daron, & Scannell, 2016)
Land Subsidence

Compounding sea level rise is the gradual subsidence of land around the
northern areas of Manila Bay including Sasmuan. According to the study entitled,
“Worsening Floods around Northern Manila Bay, Philippines: Research-Based
Analysis from Physical and Social Science Perspectives,” land within this region is
subsiding by a rate of between 3 to 8 centimeters per year. (Rodolfo, Siringan,
Remotigue, & Lamug, 2011)

At this rate, land will have subsided by 10 inches to 2.4 feet by the end of
the planning period (2026) of the Municipality of Sasmuan.

TABLE 2.1.1.19. Projected Land Subsidence

Sea level rise and land subsidence will have had a combined impact of 11.7
inches to about 2.45 feet by the end of the planning period (2026) of the
Municipality of Sasmuan.
MAP 2.1.1.4. Storm Surge Hazard Map
MAP 2.1.1.5. Tsunami Hazard Map
MAP 2.1.1.6. Flood Hazard Map
MAP 2.1.1.7. Multi-Hydrological Hazard Map
Geophysical

Although it is beyond the 10-kilometer permanent danger zone around

Mount Pinatubo as shown below, Sasmuan may be susceptible to ground-shaking.

MAP 2.1.1.8. Mount Pinatubo Radii

Source: United States Geological Services (USGS)
Sasmuan, as a whole, is susceptible to an Intensity VII earthquake under
the PHILVOCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS). This hazard, combined with the
watery soils of Hydrosol and La Paz Silt Loam, makes the municipality, in its
entirety, susceptible to liquefaction.

According to the READY Project’s Volcanic Hazard Map, the municipality

is safe from lahars but its inland barangays, excluding the portion of Barangay San
Pedro south of the Labuan Channel River, are prone to sediment-laden or muddy
stream flows or siltation. The rest of the municipality is also safe from lahars but
are prone to persistent (more than a week) or recurring flooding and or back-
flooding due to drainage blockage.
MAP 2.1.1.9. Ground Shaking Hazard Map
MAP 2.1.1.10. Liquefaction Map
MAP 2.1.1.11. Volcanic Hazard Map
 MICRO-SITE

MAP 2.1.1.12. Barangay Boundaries Map

Barangay Land Areas

Measurements of barangay land areas as well as conversions to square

kilometers and percentages of the total land area are shown below.

TABLE 2.1.1.20. Barangay Land Areas and Percentage of Total Area

TABLE 2.1.1.21. Urban and Rural Barangays Land Area and Percentage of Total

TABLE 2.1.1.22. Inland and Coastal Barangays Land Area and Percentage of Total
Land Use

Sasmuan is only around 2.04% built-up with the remaining 97.96% consist
of rivers, creeks, marshlands, mangrove forests, and fishponds.

TABLE 2.1.1.23. Land Cover/ Water Classification

Built-Up Areas

The 2% built-up areas consist of 82.24% residential, 5.60% roads, 1.06%

commercial, and 11.10% other uses.

TABLE 2.1.1.24. Current Built-up Area Land Use

MAP 2.1.1.13. Existing General Land Use Map
Land Cover

Majority of the municipality is used for aquaculture (76%) while only a

minor portion is built-up with residential, commercial, institutional, and other
buildings (2%). Waterways, which include rivers and creeks, make up 12% of total
area while mangrove areas which line the waterways make up only 1% of the
municipality’s total land area.

TABLE 2.1.1.24. Land Cover/ Water Classification

Built-up areas are grouped into various settlements as shown in the table
and on the map on the next page.

TABLE 2.1.1.25. Major Settlements

MAP 2.1.1.14 Settlements (Built-Up Areas) Map
MAP 2.1.1.15 Existing Urban Land Use Map
Land Characteristics

Soil Type

Sasmuan’s soil type is classified into two: Hydrosol and La Paz Silt Loam.
Hydrosol is a soil type that is saturated with water for long periods of time and
typically grey or greenish-grey in color. La Paz Silt Loam, on the other hand is
saturated with water for repeated periods of time manifested by its grayish color.
The table below indicates the land areas covered by each of these two soil types
while a map on the next page shows their location within the municipality. Since
the predominant soil type is hydrosol, suitability for built-up uses is low and must
be cultivated with caution.

TABLE 2.1.1.26 Soil Types and Land Area Coverage

Topography

Sasmuan’s topography is generally flat and plain with an elevation of

around 6 meters above mean sea level in the poblacion.

FIGURE 2.1.1.3. Elevation Map

Source: http:/en-ph.topographic-map.com
MAP 2.1.1.16. Soil Type Map
Mangrove Areas

The 24.8-hectare mangrove areas are broken down as follows.

Mangroves in Batang 2nd constitute the largest share with 14.10 ha. or
56.85%.

TABLE 2.1.1.27. Mangrove Areas (in Hectares)

Spoil Sites

In recent years, however, spoil sites have been created in various areas in
the municipality totaling 59.5 ha. These spoil sites were previously fishponds but
were subsequently purchased by the Department of Public Works and Highways
(DPWH) for the purpose of storing silt dredged from Sasmuan’s rivers. Spoil sites
constitute 1.32% of the total land area, while fishponds are reduced to 3,362.218
ha. or 74.39% of the total land area from the previous 75.70%.

TABLE 2.1.1.28 Spoil Sites

Ecosystems

Surface Water

The waterways of Sasmuan are part of the Pampanga River Basin.

Pampanga River is the Philippines’ fourth longest river and the second largest in
Luzon. Its headwaters are located at the Sierra Madre and runs a south and
southwesterly course for about 260 kilometers until it drains into Manila Bay. The
river's basin covers an area of 10,540 km² including the allied basin of Guagua
River.

MAP 2.1.1.17. Pampanga River Basin Map

Source: Disaster and Exposure Assessment for Mitigation (DREAM) Program

As listed in the Land Cover section, the waterways of Sasmuan occupy a

total of 537.7760 hectares or 11.90% of the total area of the municipality. These
waterways run a total length of 120.68 kilometers, 79.18 km of which are rivers,
and 41.50km creeks. The table below lists 27 rivers and 17 creeks with
corresponding lengths.
TABLE 2.1.1.29. Length of River and Creeks

As shown, the longest river is the Guagua-Pasac River which runs a total
length of 17.9 kilometers from Guagua, through Sasmuan, and finally to Manila
Bay.
MAP 2.1.1.18. River Map
MAP 2.1.19. Creek Map
Biodiversity

Sasmuan is surprisingly diverse with various flora and fauna species. In

fact, the entire municipality is within a Terrestrial Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) as
delineated by the DENR’s Biodiversity Management Bureau together with
Conservation International Philippines and the Haribon Foundation in a 2006
publication entitled “Priority Sites for Conservation in the Philippines: Key
Biodiversity Areas.”

Based on this study, the Philippines has total of 228 KBAs (as shown on the
map on the next page) which include 128 terrestrial KBAs and 123 marine KBAs
covering 106,000 km2 and home to 855 species. These species include 396 globally
threatened, 398 restricted-age, and 61 congregatory species.

Not all of these KBAs are protected by legislations. Sasmuan itself has
currently no local ordinances and specific plans for the protection of its biological
diversity.

The following sections details the vulnerable flora and fauna species that
can be found in the municipality.

The map on the next page shows all the marine and terrestrial KBA sites in
the Philippines with an identification of the terrestrial KBA affecting Sasmuan.
This area is identified as the Manila Bay Terrestrial KBA.
MAP 2.1.1.20. Key Biodiversity Areas Map of the Philippines
Source: https://fpe.ph/biodiversity.html/view/the-philippine-key-biodiversity-greas-kbas
MAP 2.1.1.21. Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA) Map
 Flora

Since 88% of the municipality consists of waterways and fishponds, the

variety of plants species is limited. However, various mangrove species and
bamboos are spread-out along the river banks especially within the five coastal
barangays.

Moreover, Bangkung Malapad, also known as Sasmuan Bangkung

Malapad Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Area (SBMCHEA), a mangrove islet
surrounded by mudflats south of Barangay Batang 2nd, is rich with both floral and
faunal diversity including various species of mangroves, fishes, and birds.

FIGURE 2.1.1.4. Mangroves FIGURE 2.1.1.5. Mudflats

There are four main groups of hydrophytes (plants that only grow in or on
water) that can be found in the waterways and wetlands of Sasmuan: submerged
water plants, floating water plants, emerging water plants, and surrounding trees
and shrubs.

Submerged Water Plants

This type of vegetation is found completely underwater and can grow in

salt-water and fresh-water conditions. Some submerged water species have
underwater flowers, while others have long stems to allow the flowers to reach the
surface. These plants serve as food source and habitat for native fauna, and can
filter water as well.
Floating Water Plants

Although it is usually small, this type of vegetation may take up a large

surface area in a wetland system. These species have small roots and can only be
found in slow-moving, nutrient-rich water. These plants, such as the water hyacinth,
serve as food for various bird species.

FIGURE 2.1.1.6. Submerged Water Plants FIGURE 2.1.1.7. Floating Water Plants

Emerging Water Plants

This type of vegetation can be seen above the surface of the water but with
roots that are completely submerged. Many of these plants have aerenchyma (a soft
plant tissue containing air spaces) to deliver oxygen from the atmosphere to their
roots. Extensive areas of these type of plants are usually termed marsh. An example
of this type is the River Bulrush.

Surrounding Trees and Shrubs

Extensive areas of these plants are known as swamps. Examples of this type
are mangroves and diluario. The table on the next page lists the flora species that
can be found within the municipality.
TABLE 2.1.1.30. Plant Species in Sasmuan

FIGURE 2.1.1.8. Dampalit FIGURE 2.1.1.9. Diluario

Grass species also grow along the riverbanks. Four species are listed below.

TABLE 2.1.1.30. Mangrove Species in Sasmuan

 Mangroves Majority of the mangroves in Sasmuan are of the riverine type
which can be see along the banks of rivers and creeks.

TABLE 2.1.1.31. Mangroves Areas (in Hectares)

Mangrove species are classified as either true mangroves or mangrove

associates. Sasmuan has six true mangrove species, five of which are as listed
below. Pagatpat is the dominant species and is found in the low course extending
upstream and to the alluvial lands of the Pasac-Macabebe River. Pagatpat grows
vigorously within the SBMCHEA.

TABLE 2.1.1.32. Mangrove Species in Sasmuan

On the other hand, the municipality has five mangrove associate

species as listed below.

Fauna
 Fishes Sasmuan is rich in aquatic and marine life which serve as the main
source of income of fisher folks and fishpond operators. Its brackish waters are
home to prawns, crabs, and fishes such as milkfish and “tilapia”.

Fish species found in the municipality are shown below.

TABLE 2.1.1.33. Fish Species

FIGURE 2.1.1.10. Tilapia FIGURE 2.1.1.11. Milkfish FIGURE 2.1.1.12. Goby

FIGURE 2.1.1.13. Silver Perch FIGURE 2.1.1.14. Shrimp FIGURE 2.1.1.15 Mud Crab

TABLE 2.1.1.34. Species of Other Sea Creatures

Birds

Approximately 30,000 to 40,000 migratory birds flock to Bangkung

Malapad from November to April of every year since it is part of the Philippines’
East Asian-Australian Flyway. SBMCHEA is host to more than fifty (50) species
of these migratory birds as listed in the following below.

FIGURE 2.1.1.16. Bird Species in Sasmuan

TABLE 2.1.1.35. Bird Species in Sasmuan

SECTORAL DATA

 Social Services

Housing

In Sasmuan, there were 2,458 informal settler families (ISFs) in 2014. This
figure includes 441 households along danger areas, around 50% of which are
living along the Guagua-Pasac River, the banks of which are at high risk of
flooding.

ISFs living along road easements number a total of 837, those within
private lands, 380, and those within government lands, 800.

Although there is no data for years earlier than 2014, this total figure may
be compared with the total number of households within Sasmuan in 2010, which
is 5,625: a staggering 44% of the total households in the municipality are ISFs.

Health and Sanitation

Sasmuan has one (1) Rural Health Unit (RHU) located in barangay San
Nicolas 1st, currently headed by Dr. Marlene Banting-Mendoza. It has three (3)
barangay health stations in Barangays Malusac, Sebitanan, and Batang 2nd.

The municipality’s RHU falls under Category V, or those with a catchment

population of between 20,001 to 30,000.
 The municipality has a one (1) nurse, seven (7) midwives, one (1) sanitary
inspector, one (1) medical technologist, but no dentist.

TABLE 2.1.1.35. Health Facilities and Personnel (2017)

An Executive Order (EO) was issued for the composition of the Solid Waste
Management Board (SWMB). This Executive Order also required the barangays to
formulate their own plans and be responsible for the collection of biodegradable
and recyclable wastes while the municipality will be responsible for the collection
and disposal of the residual and special wastes.

Sasmuan’s Material Recovery Facility (MRF) serves as the transfer station

and collection point. All residents are required to deposit their residual and
special/hazardous wastes in their respective barangay MRFs and the accumulated
wastes in each barangay MRF are transported to the municipal MRF.

Biodegradables from barangays and the public market are composted to

produce organic fertilizers while recoverable non bio-wastes are processed into new
products.

The inland barangays practice waste segregation at their barangay MRFs.

Seven barangays have two to three push carts used in the daily collection of wastes
brought to their respective MRFs.

Coastal barangays produced the largest quantity with an average of

4,101.55 kilos per day or 40.43 percent, followed by rural areas with 3,008.47
kilos per day or 29.65%, urban areas with 1,597.60 kilos per day or 15.75%,
 institutional buildings with 1,075 kilos per day or 10.60%; and commercial
establishments with the least amount generated at an average of 362.76 kilos per
day or 3.5%.

Of the commercial establishments, food shops generate the largest quantity

of wastes at 9.14%. This is followed by the public market at 8.97%, then by general
stores at 4.71%, and finally, service centers which generate 2.40% of the total
commercial wastes.

The municipality has no existing open or controlled dumpsite or a sanitary

landfill so all biodegradable wastes are delivered to the municipal Material
Recovery Facility for processing into organic fertilizer.

Furthermore, the municipality has an existing contract with the Metro Clark
Waste Management Corporation (MCWMC) for the final disposal of its generated
residual wastes.

Protective Services

Sasmuan Police Headquarters is located in Barangay Santa Lucia with

thirty (30) personnel and four (4) service vehicles. There are no police outposts in
the municipality. Sasmuan’s personnel-population ratio is 1:1,070.

TABLE 2.1.1.37. Police Services by Facilities and Equipment

Sasmuan’s fire station is located along the National Road in Barangay

Santa Lucia. Personnel-population ratio is 1:4,813.
TABLE 2.1.1.38. Fire Protection Services by Facilities and Equipment

Sports and Recreation

Sasmuan has eleven (11) basketball courts, four (4) of which are covered
courts. Only Barangays San Antonio and San Pedro do not have basketball courts.
Meanwhile, Barangay San Nicolas 2nd has two (2) basketball courts, one of which
is located in Sitio Remedios.

TABLE 2.1.1.39. Recreational Facilities

 Economic Services

Municipal Fishing & Aquaculture

Sasmuan is unique in the sense that, it is the only town in the Province of
Pampanga in which all of its agricultural output come solely from aquaculture.
Sasmuan does not produce livestock, poultry, rice, or other high value crops.
 This should come as no surprise as Sasmuan is located beside the Pampanga
River and is packed with fishponds. In fact, as previously mentioned, about
3,421.7180 ha., or 76% of the total land area of Sasmuan, is dedicated to fishponds.

Fishing is dominated by males who account for 84.21% of the total number
of fisher folk. The capturing, raising and selling of various fish produce makes up
85% of the labor force in Sasmuan. Coastal barangays are home to two-thirds of all
the fisher folk in Sasmuan.

TABLE 2.1.1.40. Registered Fisher Folk by Barangay, By Sex

As per the previous years of the municipality, Sasmuan produces about

2,000 metric tons (MT) of fish, crabs and shrimp per year. This would mean that
Sasmuan produces, on average, 0.58 MT of aquaculture produce per hectare of
fishpond.

Fishpond operators in the municipality number a total of 512, with the

largest number coming from Barangay San Antonio, and the least from Barangay
San Nicolas 1st.
TABLE 2.1.1.41. Number of Fishpond Operators

The common fish caught/harvested in Sasmuan are tilapia, milkfish, gobies,

silver perch, mullet, shrimp and mud crabs.

The figure below shows that by 2015, each barangay had more than doubled
the volume of fish they had caught respectively in 2013.

FIGURE 2.1.1.17. Volume of Fish Caught by Fisher Folk (2013)

Source: Municipal Agriculture Office
Trade and Commerce

There are a total of 164 registered establishments in Sasmuan, 161 of which

are commercial establishments while the remaining 3 are factories. Ninety-one (91)
of these or 55% of all the establishments are located in Barangay Santa Lucia, while
the remaining establishments are spread across eight barangays. Batang 1st,
Mabuanbuan, and Sebitanan do not have any registered establishments.

FIGURE 2.1.1.18. Establishments by Location

Although the vast majority of establishments are located in Barangay Santa

Lucia, these establishments do not only serve the aforementioned Barangay. The
close proximity of the other non-coastal barangays to Barangay Santa Lucia means
that they too fall under the catchment area of these establishments.

Residents of the coastal barangays have to make do with what is available

or, if they have the money and time, travel all the way to Barangay Santa Lucia or
the Municipalities of Lubao, Pampanga or Orani, Bataan.
FIGURE 2.1.1.19 Commercial Establishments by Economic Activity

The figure above groups the establishments according to their respective

economic activities as described in the Philippine Standard Industrial Classification
(PSIC). The figure shows that 132 or 83% of the commercial establishments are
into wholesale or retail trade; 63 out the 90 are retailers; and the remaining 17%
are spread across the remaining 5 groups.

Tourism

Sasmuan’s tourism industry is gradually picking up with its unique tourism

assets, Bangkung Malapad and Santa Lucia Parish Church, its various cultural
activities, and its music and arts.

Water World Leisure Resort (founded in 1998) is the only resort in the
municipality. Its facilities include a bowling alley, basketball court, swimming pool
with slides, cottages, and family rooms.

In addition to the previously mentioned Kuraldal and Manasan Festivals,

Sasmuan also celebrates Maleldo, Good Friday Procession, Salubong, a Flower
Festival, and a Fluvial Parade.
 Maleldo, a holy week tradition, is a solemn procession being held on the
sunset of Holy Thursday and Good Friday where a chain of lighted candles
enlightens the whole town as the church’s best antique carozas or carriages and the
saints’ holy images depicting the Passion of Christ are paraded.

Sasmuan’s Good Friday Procession, another holy week tradition, is an

unusual one because the grim procession for the dead Jesus and his grieving Mother
is followed by a procession of “magdarame” (flagellants and cross-bearers).

Salubong or the Easter Sunday Procession refers to the popular religious

celebration reenacting the meeting between Jesus and Mary, his mother. In this holy
week tradition, a drama is played by the “Artista Nang Apung Kulas” (ANAK).

Flores de Mayo (Santacruzan), a festival held in May, is a devotion to the

Blessed Virgin Mary which honors the finding of the True Cross of Jesus Christ by
Reyna Elena and Constantine the Great.

Finally, a Fluvial Parade for Saint John the Baptist is a whole day
celebration every June. Devotees carry the blessed images of the saint and paraded
in a decorated pagoda or float.

As previously mentioned, Sasmuan has two well-known marching bands,

two famous rock bands, and two award-winning choral groups.

In addition to Cuajo card-making, Sasmuan produces fishing nets knitted

by its locals, an art that came from the Malays.

Finally, Sasmuan is known for Sasmuan delicacies (founded in 1990) and

Aiza’s Sweets (founded in 2000). Sasmuan Delicacies is famous for its Polvoron,
made of roasted flour with sugar, milk, and butter or margarine. Products of
Sasmuan Delicacies are sold in supermarkets and malls in the Philippines, while
those of Aiza's Sweets are sold in popular local shops such as Susie's Sweets and
Nathaniel’s and are also exported to Canada and the USA.
 Other local food products and delicacies in Sasmuan include: “tamales”
(rice flour with shrimp gravy, garlic, and a little slice of boiled egg steamed in
banana leaves), “Palapat” (a sour fruit often used as condiment), “Taba ng
Talangka” (fat derived from a small breed of crab), “Eko” (a type of fish sauce),
“Taklang Dagis” (from Dakung), “Dulum/Sinarapan” (a small fish), and
“Pituklip” (thin, sticky rice dessert).

 Physical Infrastructure

Transportation

The World Economic Forum – Global Competitiveness Report (WEF–

GCR) for 2015-2016 included an assessment on the quality of road infrastructure
of 140 countries, and has ranked the Philippines as 97th overall. In response to this,
as well as to the increasing demands on the infrastructure sector, the next six years
are expected to be “the golden age of infrastructure” which will then help pave the
way towards the attainment of AmBisyon Natin 2040, the long-term vision of the
Filipino people. Accordingly, among the nine priority sectors identified by the
Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2017-2022 are manufacturing and
connectivity – both of which are under the infrastructure sector. Connectivity is
also one of the strategies adopted by the Luzon Spatial Development Framework
(LSDF) in the Central Luzon Regional Development Plan (RDP) 2017-2022, with
the objective to “enhance the linkages of communication, transportation, and
economic infrastructure to… increase access and to improve the efficiency of
markets.” (Source: CLUP 2017-2026 Volume 3)

Roads

Existing Situation

In terms of connectivity, the main roads linking Sasmuan to nearby

municipalities are the Lubao-Sasmuan Arterial Road (National Road) and the
Guagua-Sasmuan Road (Provincial Road). However, Sasmuan has some problems
 with accessibility, because of two reasons: (1) most of the municipality is composed
of fish ponds and water resources, and thus Sasmuan is susceptible to flooding; and
(2) the coastal barangays are not accessible via land. The total length of roads
within the municipality is 161.61 kilometers. Out of this, 0.61% or 0.98 kilometers
are classified as national roads; 1.19% or 1.92 kilometers are provincial roads;
2.67% or 4.31 kilometers are municipal roads; 5.46% or 8.82 kilometers are
barangay roads; and 90% or 145.58 kilometers are earth dike roads.

FIGURE 2.1.1.20. Distribution of Road Types (2017)

Source: Municipal Engineering Office

Within a span of seventeen years, there have been substantive additions

to the barangay roads; while the national, provincial, and municipal roads have had
minimal improvement.
 The inventory of roads of Sasmuan based on system classification can be
found the table below.

TABLE 2.1.1.41. Inventory of Roads by System Classification (2000 & 2017)

The 2010 Sasmuan Municipal Profile provides a tabulation of the

lengths and widths of the roads, which are then classified into two groups: (1)
the inland barangays, with a total length of 6.065 kilometers and standard road
width of 7.00 meters; and (2) the coastal barangays, with a total road length of
1.555 kilometers, and standard road width of 6.00 meters.

Expectedly, Santo Tomas and Santa Lucia have the highest total
length of roads, since they are the only urban barangays in the municipality, as
determined by the 2010 PSA census.

The principal modes of public transportation within the municipality

are tricycles and jeepneys for the inland barangays, and motorboats and
speedboats for the coastal barangays, which are not accessible via land
transport. Such is the reason for the substantial difference between the road
network of the two groups of barangays.

The inventory of roads in Sasmuan, classified into inland and coastal

barangays, is presented in table below.
 TABLE 2.1.1.42. Inventory of Roads in Inland Barangays (2010)

TABLE 2.1.1.43. inventory of Roads in Coastal Barangays (2010)

Current and Projected Needs

To determine whether or not the existing road network of the

municipality is sufficient for the current and future development needs of the
transportation subsector, the urban road requirement, or the additional road length
essential for the urban areas within the municipality, is calculated by dividing the
total urban population by the standard road to population ratio, and then the total
length of existing roads in the urban areas are subtracted from the first figure.

Given the following:

• that the combined total population of the urban barangays in 2015 is 6,696;
• that the total length of existing roads for the same is 3.645 kilometers; and
• that the standard road to population ratio is 2.4 kilometers per 1,000
population;
• then the current urban road requirement for Sasmuan would be 16.07
kilometers, while the projected urban road requirement for the year 2025 would
be 18.72 kilometers.
Sasmuan’s current network of major and minor roads are shown on the map.
MAP 2.1.1.22. Road Network Map
Bridges

There are currently three (3) bridges in Sasmuan – a steel bridge

located in Santa Monica; another steel hanging bridge found in San Pedro; and
the third is a 40-meter bridge situated in Santa Lucia. In addition to these, the
municipality has three (3) footbridges – two (2) of which can be found in
Sebitanan, while the third one is located in Batang 2nd. The table below
presents the inventory of bridges.

TABLE 2.1.1.44. Inventory of Bridges by Location, Type, and Length (2017)

FIGURE 2.1.1.20. Sta Lucia-San Pedro Bridge FIGURE 2.1.1.21. Sebitanan Footbridge
 FIGURE 2.1.1.22. Sebitanan 2nd Footbridge FIGURE 2.1.1.23. Batang 2nd Footbridge

Power

Local power requirement is supplied by the Pampanga Electric

Cooperative II (PELCO II) with a main office in located in Guagua, Pampanga,
and a distributor sub-office located along the provincial road traversing Barangay
San Nicolas 1st. However, not all households within the twelve barangays have
access to the local power supply.

In 1999, the recorded actual energy consumption was at 303,000 kilowatt

hour (kWh) per month, with residential use at 96%, commercial use at 2%, and
institutional and other uses at 2%. Since some households did not have electrical
connections, kerosene lamps, candles, and gas were used for lighting; while
liquefied petroleum gas, charcoal, and kerosene are utilized for cooking. The same
percentages were also recorded in 2015. The figures on the power consumption and
the types of users are shown below.

TABLE 2.1.1.45. Number of Connections by Users and Consumption (1999 & 2015)

Water

Safe water supply within Sasmuan is supplied by two entities: (1) Sasmuan
Water Works, which serves Santa Lucia and its neighboring barangays; and (2)
Sasmuan Water District, which serves all twelve barangays and three sitios in
the municipality. However, not all households within the service area could
access the said water supply; and as a result, a large portion of the residents still
utilize other sources of water such as public artesian wells and deep wells.
 With regard to the Level 1 water supply system, Sasmuan has public
artesian wells and private wells as listed below.

TABLE 2.1.1.46. Level I Water Supply System (2000 and 2011)

Sasmuan Water Works and Sasmuan Water District both fall under the
Level 3 water supply system. The number of connections are shown below.

TABLE 2.1.1.47. Level 3 Local Waterworks System (2000 and 2011)

Telecommunication

Sasmuan is served by the Philippine Long Distance Telephone (PLDT)

Company for landline connections, and Smart Communications and Globe
Telecom for mobile phones. There are, however, no postal stations within the
municipality.

TABLE 2.1.1.48. Communication Services Facilities (2000)

SOURCE: Sasmuan Comprehensive Land and Water Use Plan (2017-2026) Vol. 1&3

2.2 CASE STUDIES

2.2.1 Scope and Delimitation

The proposed recovery cycle of facilities in the study includes three processes:
first is the treatment, second is the continued therapy, and lastly is the educational
training and enhancement. For this reason, the three major components of the complex
will be a medical facility that is specifically suitable for the treatment of physical and
psychological abuse; activity halls for continued therapy and interactive and recreational
events; and an educational facility that is focused on the skills training and capability
enhancement of the abused patients. Along with these will be common parks, spaces,
including areas intended for the families of patients.

And in order to achieve this framework, listed below are the relevant aspects to be
considered in developing the project:

Scope

 Site analysis and layout

 Space requirements suitable for rehabilitation/ psychosocial care
  Sizes and dimensions of each space
 Function of each space
 Capacity of each facility
 Effective and efficient space program
 Incorporation of both local and global strategies, approaches, technologies, and
ideas

Limitations:

 Detailed breakdown of medical equipments to be used

 In-depth analysis of treatment procedures
 Selection of staff and personnel
 Matters concerning salary

2.2.2 Case Studies

2.2.3 Summary and Recommendations

CHAPTER 3: ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

3.1. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

3.1.1. Identification/Assessment of Needs

The primordial reason for the need of facilities is to house the center of commerce
in Sasmuan dedicated to fisheries trade, aquatic transport, and at the same time promoting
ecotourism around Sasmuan.

Supporting facilities such as gasoline stations, villas as a resting stop for truck
drivers, a business center, and other facilities needed for the utilization and maintenance of
the fish port all the while providing a place of leisure for the commuters.

3.1.2. Restatement of the Problem

 After analyzing the given facts, data, researches, and information needed, the
researchers can now make a final statement/s of the problem:

 The lack of a facility to cater the patrons of the aquaculture and fishing industry of
Sasmuan.
 Because of inadequacy, the existing terminal in the long run would become less of
use.

3.1.3. Recommendations

To effectively provide a solution to the stated design problem of the project

proposal, it is recommended for the researchers to follow the standards and guidelines set
by the Philippine Fisheries Development Authority regarding the establishment of a fish
port. Likewise, the researchers should also follow the standards and guidelines set by the
Philippine Ports Authority regarding the establishment of ferry terminals. Regarding
structural integrity and resilience to calamities, the standards set by the Japan International
Cooperation Agency should be followed.

In the event of flooding, which obviously is inevitable in the site, the project should
be elevated in way that the complex would become similar to the floating markets of
Thailand and Vietnam.

3.2. SITE

3.2.1. Background

The selected site for the project proposal “AQUÆ VITÆ” consists of two accretion
lots covering an area of 16.89 hectares located at the coastal area of Sasmuan. It has a
unique location as it is surrounded by fishponds and its location is easily accessible from
Manila Bay. And since the project is to be built not only for the patrons of the fishing
industry, but also for travelers and tourists alike, the researchers have chosen the site in
Batang 1st and Batang 2nd as their project location since it is easily accessible from Manila
Bay, surrounded by bodies of water, and the primary location of Bangkung Malapad, a
critical habitat protected by the DENR. The basis for this is the shorter and easier access
for commuters coming from provinces surrounding Manila Bay going to Pampanga.
3.2.2. Site Selection Criteria

Listed below are the following guidelines/aspects to be considered in selecting a site:

CRITERIA GUIDELINES TO BE CONSIDERED

 Climate(Temperature,Storms,Rainfall)
REGIONAL  Soils(stability, fertility, depth)
 Water supply and Quality
 Economy(rising, stable, declining)
 Transportation(highways and transit)
 Energy(Availability and relative cost)
 Landscape character
 Cultural opportunities
 Employment opportunities
 Health care facilities
 Major detractions
 Exceptional features
 Travel(Time distance to work)
 Travel experience(pleasant)
COMMUNITY  Community ambience
 Schools
 Churches
 Public services(fire, police, etc.)
 Medical Facilities
 Governance
 Landscape character
 Lifestyle
NEIGHBORHOOD  Compatibility of proposed uses
  Traffic
ways(Acces,Hazard,attractiveness)
 Conveniences(School, services, etc.)
 Parks, recreational and open spaces
 Exposure(Sun, wind, storms, planning)
 Freedom from noises, fumes, etc.)
 Utilities(Availability and cost)
 Size and Shape(suitability)
 Aspect from approaches
PROPERTY  Safe entrance and egress
 Permanent trees and cover
 Ground forms and gradients
 Soils(quality and depth)
 Relative cost of earthwork and
foundation
 Site drainage
 Adjacent structures
 Relationship to circulation patterns
 Relative cost of land and development
 Topographic
BUILDING SITE  Gradient of approaches
 Orientation to sun, wind and breeze
 Views
 Privacy
 Freedom from noise and glare
 Visual impact
 Proximity to utility leads
3.2.3. Site Selection Justification
 The researchers were given two (2) sites to choose from. However, the main
restriction encountered here is that the Local Government of Sasmuan owns few lots partly
due to the insufficiency of the local government’s funds for land banking as well as to the
absence of a well-defined program for purchasing land for public purposes.; the ones left
available are those in the barangays of Batang 1st, Batang 2nd, and Mabuanbuan although
these lots are either lacking technical descriptions or needs land reclamation. Nonetheless,
despite the constraints, different factors have still been considered to essentially choose the
best and most suited for the project out of the choices.

 SITE NO. 01 – BARANGAY MABUANBUAN, SASMUAN, PAMPANGA

o 11.89 hectares in area
o Public Property of the Republic of the Philippines (subject for
reclamation)
 SITE NO. 02 – BARANGAYS BATANG 1ST AND BATANG 2ND
o 16.89 hectares in area
o Public Property of the Republic of the Philippines

CRITERIA SITE 01 SITE 02

I.

REGIONAL

Climate (temperature, storms, rainfall, etc.) 3 3

Soils (stability, fertility, depth) 1 3
Water supply and quality 1 3
Economy (rising, stable, declining) 1 4
Transportation (highways and transit) 2 2
Energy (availability and relative cost) 3 3
Landscape character 1 3
Cultural opportunities 1 3
 Employment opportunities 2 3
Health care facilities 1 1
Major detractions (list and describe) 1 3
Exceptional features (list and describe) 2 3

II.
COMMUNITY
Travel (time-distance to work, shopping,etc. 1 2
Travel experience (pleasant or unpleasant) 2 2
Community ambience 3 3
Schools 2 3
Shopping 1 1
Churches 1 2
Cultural opportunities (library, auditorium) 1 2
Public services (fire, police, etc.) 2 2
Safety and security 3 3
Medical facilities 1 3
Governance 3 3
Taxes 3 3
Major detraction (list and describe) 3 3
Exceptional features (list and descried) 3 3
3 3
III.

NEIGHBORHOOD

Landscape character 2 3
Lifestyle 3 3
Compatibility of proposed uses 3 3
Trafficways (access, hazard, attractiveness) 2 3
 Schools 2 3
Conveniences (schools, service, etc.) 2 2
Parks, recreation and open space 2 3
Exposure (sun, wind, storms, planning) 3 3
Freedom from noise, fumes, etc. 3 3
Utilities (availability and cost) 2 2
Major detraction (list and describe) 3 3
Exceptional features (list and descried 3 3

PROPERTY

Size and shape (suitability) 2 3

Aspect from approaches 2 3
Safe entrance and egress 2 3
On-site “feel” 3 3
Permanent trees and cover 3 3
Need for clearing 3 3
Ground forms and gradients 3 3
Soils (quality and depth) 3 3
Relative cost of earthwork and foundation 3 3
Site drainage 3 3
Adjacent structures (or lack of) 3 3
Neighbors 3 3
Relationship to circulation patterns 3 3
Relative cost of land and development 3 3
Major detraction (list and describe) 3 3
Exceptional features (list and descried) 3 3
 BUILDING SITE

Topographic “fit” of programmed user 3 3

Gradient of approaches 3 3
Safe distance at entrance drive 2 3
Orientation to sun, wind and breeze 2 3
Views 2 3
Privacy 2 3
Freedom from noise and glare 2 2
Visual impact of neighboring uses 3 3
Visual impact upon neighboring uses 3 3
Proximity to utility leads 3 3

TOTAL: 172 188

LEGEND
1- Severe limitation
2 - Moderate constraint
3 - Condition good
4 - Condition excellent

Note: By substituting numbers for symbols, the arithmetic sum for each column would give
a general indication of its relative overall rating. It is to be realized, however, that in some
cases a single severe constraint or superlative feature might well overwhelm the statistics
and become the deciding factor.
Conclusion: Based on the derived sum of the site selection criteria, the SITE NO. 02
(16.89 ha.) obtained the highest score meaning it is the best site to choose out of the given
three.

3.2.4. Site Analysis

MACRO SITE ANALYSIS

Geographical Location
The Municipality of Sasmuan is located in the southern portion of Pampanga. It is
bounded on the northwest by the municipality of Guagua, on the east by the municipality
of Macabebe, on the west by the municipality of Lubao and on the south by Manila Bay. It
is one of only three towns in Pampanga that touches Manila Bay, the other two being Lubao
and Macabebe. Its geographical coordinates are 14° 56' 19" North, 120° 36' 58" East.
Sasmuan’s land area is around 2.19% of Pampanga’s total area of 206,247 hectares (NSCB,
2007). This makes it the 4th smallest or the 15th largest among the 19 local government
units in Pampanga.

Sasmuan has a total land area of 4,520 hectares. Majority of the municipality is
used for aquaculture (76%) while only a minor portion is built-up with residential,
commercial, institutional, and other buildings (2%). Waterways, which include rivers and
creeks, make up 12% of total area while mangrove areas which line the waterways make
up only 1% of the municipality’s total land area.

Climate

Sasmuan has a short dry season classified as “Am” or Tropical Monsoon Climate
under the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification. Locally, its climate is classified as Type
I under the Modified Coronas Classification.

Type I has two pronounced seasons: dry from November to April and wet during
the rest of the year.

Sasmuan’s temperature averages 27.4 °C. May is the warmest month of the year.
The temperature in May averages 29.2 °C. In January, the average temperature is 25.9 °C,
the lowest average temperature of the whole year. The average temperatures vary during
the year by 3.3 °C.

Soil Type

There are two soil types in the Municipality of Sasmuan: Hydrosol (which covers
about 95% of the municipality) and La Paz Silt Loam. Hydrosol is a soil type that is
saturated with water for long periods of time and typically grey or greenish-grey in color.
Suitability for built-up uses in Hydrosol is low and must be cultivated with caution. La Paz
Silt Loam, on the other hand is saturated with water for repeated periods of time manifested
by its grayish color.

Contour / Slope

The Municipality of Sasmuan is generally flat and plain. It is characterized

by coastal plains along the Manila Bay in the south with an elevation of around 6 meters
above mean sea level.

Transportation

The principal modes of public transportation within the municipality are tricycles
and jeepneys for the inland barangays, and motorboats and speedboats for the coastal
barangays, which are not accessible via land transport. Such is the reason for the substantial
difference between the road network of the two groups of barangays.

Road Networks

The main roads linking Sasmuan to nearby municipalities are the Lubao-Sasmuan
Arterial Road (National Road) and the Guagua-Sasmuan Road (Provincial Road).

The total length of roads within the municipality is 161.61 km. Out of this, 0.61% or 0.98
km are classified as national roads; 1.19% or 1.92 km are provincial roads; 2.67% or 4.31
km are municipal roads; 5.46% or 8.82 km are barangay roads; and 90% or 145.58 km are
earth dike roads.

Water Supply
 Safe water supply within Sasmuan is supplied by two entities: (1) Sasmuan Water
Works, which serves Santa Lucia and its neighboring barangays; and (2) Sasmuan Water
District, which serves all twelve barangays and three sitios in the municipality. However,
not all households within the service area could access the said water supply; and as a
result, a large portion of the residents still utilize other sources of water such as public
artesian wells and deep wells.

Power Supply

Local power requirement is supplied by the Pampanga Electric Cooperative II

(PELCO II) with a main office in located in Guagua, Pampanga, and a distributor sub-
office located along the provincial road traversing Barangay San Nicolas 1st. However, not
all households within the twelve barangays have access to the local power supply.

In 1999, the recorded actual energy consumption was at 303,000 kilowatt hour
(kWh) per month, with residential use at 96%, commercial use at 2%, and institutional and
other uses at 2%. Since some households did not have electrical connections, kerosene
lamps, candles, and gas were used for lighting; while liquefied petroleum gas, charcoal,
and kerosene are utilized for cooking. The same percentages were also recorded in 2015.

Waterways

The waterways of Sasmuan are part of the Pampanga River Basin. Pampanga River
is the Philippines’ fourth longest river and the second largest in Luzon. Its headwaters are
located at the Sierra Madre and runs a south and southwesterly course for about 260
kilometers until it drains into Manila Bay. The river's basin covers an area of 10,540 km²
including the allied basin of Guagua River.

Throughout history, Guagua-Pasac River, together with one of its most important
tributaries, Dalan Bapor River (Ship’s Way), has served as an important causeway for
cargo ships, bringing important goods to be sold or traded for other commodities. It is
considered to be such an important part of the municipality that the first church was located
along its west bank.
 At present, hundreds of motorboats ply routes along this river and its numerous
tributaries. Aquaculture businesses and consignee establishments are currently situated
along its riverbanks generating jobs and income for the local economy.

Before Mount Pinatubo’s devastating eruption in 1991, Sasmuan achieved modest

accomplishments in fishing especially in prawn raising. Today, rivers and creeks are
heavily silted, affecting fishing operations and market activity.

Portions of Sasmuan’s waterways are polluted especially those lined with

settlements. Water waste generated from residences, including those from commercial
establishments, are discharged into drainage canals or directly to the rivers and creeks.
Overhung latrines or shanty-like toilet structures are common along the banks of rivers and
creeks, directly discharging sewage into these waterways.

MICRO SITE ANALYSIS

Size/Area and Shape

The chosen site covers an area of 16.89 hectares which is presumably just enough
for the development of the whole proposal catering all the patrons of the fishing industry,
as well as commuters and tourists alike. The shape, on the other hand, is somehow a
constraint since it is irregular in shape.

Landscape/Vegetation

As of this writing, the site is currently overgrown with vegetation, particularly with
Saccharum spontaneum, locally known as talahib grass. Planted around and within the site
were fruit bearing trees and a wide range of grass cover. The existing natural landscape
may not be a hindrance in planning the project but there is still a need in clearing unwanted
weeds. For the future beautification of the site, richly green open spaces will be developed
which could also contribute to the intended leisure for tourists and as a place of relaxation
for all.

Parking

Parking spaces are part of the site planning and must be near the major road to avoid
spending much for the driveway although a proper road still needs to be constructed. They
shall be computed by following the standards of the National Building Code of the
Philippines to provide sufficient space and to ensure that they are not too much or too few.

Road Network/Access

The preferred site is bounded by the Guagua-Pasak River in its frontage. Proper
roads are yet to be constructed but this would be made possible by the national
government’s Build-Build-Build Program as well as the ongoing Balik Sigla Ilog
Guagua, a rehabilitation program by Double Rainbow Construction aimed to dredge the
river and restore its former glory

Utilities

Utilities for the site will be catered by the corporations servicing the barangays of
Sasmuan like the Sasmuan Water District for the water supply system. In terms of
electricity, the municipal government suggested to have the power supplied partly by the
Pampanga Electric Cooperative II and mostly through renewable sources of energy like
solar, wind, and hydropower

Adjacent Developments & Interrelationship

This part is the somehow deemed as a weakness of the selected site especially that
the project would be a center for commerce and transportation. Illegals fishponds have also
been constructed in parts of the site. Another problem for this is the noise the project would
create for nearby residents. For this reason, apparent treatment strategies and techniques
for the site planning and development must be critically applied as way of providing an
effective solution.

Topography/Landforms

The Municipality of Sasmuan is generally flat and plain. It is characterized

by coastal plains along the Manila Bay in the south with an elevation of around 6 meters
above mean sea level.

Map of the Philippines Pampanga

 Sasmuan

Different Views on the Site Vegetation and Condition

ORIENTATION IN RELATION TO SOLAR AND WIND PATHS
According to Google Maps (June 22, 2019)

Northeast Monsoon

Southwest Monsoon
6:00AM

6:00PM

Sun Path
3.2.5. SWOT Analysis
Strengths
1. The site has close proximity to
Manila Bay.
2. It is relatively flat grass land.
3. It has an existing good condition
of trees.
4. The local government has an
ongoing project called “Balik
Sigla Ilog Guagua”.
5. Numerous sources for renewable
energy.
Weaknesses
1. It is located near a residential area
wherein sound pollution would
disturb the residents.
2. The existing site has no technical
descriptions
Opportunities
A. Accessible to ferries coming from
provinces surrounding Manila Bay.
B. Easier planning strategies
C. Incorporate some of the flora in the
design.
D. Make the project as a part of the
ongoing rehabilitation of the river.
E. Utilize renewable energy in the site
in order to provide ample amount of
power.
Threats
A. Natural hazards especially
brought by earthquakes and
typhoons.
3.2.6. Baseline Analysis

1. Maps
Elevation Map
2. Existing Standards

3.2.7. Factors and Issues Relevant to the Site

DATA ON THE SITE AND ITS IMMEDIATE CONTEXT

A. PHYSICAL DATA
1. Soil

There are two soil types in the Municipality of Sasmuan: Hydrosol (which covers
about 95% of the municipality) and La Paz Silt Loam. Hydrosol is a soil type that is
saturated with water for long periods of time and typically grey or greenish-grey in color.
Suitability for built-up uses in Hydrosol is low and must be cultivated with caution. La Paz
Silt Loam, on the other hand is saturated with water for repeated periods of time manifested
by its grayish color.

2. Water

Surface Water

The waterways of Sasmuan are part of the Pampanga River Basin. Pampanga River is the
Philippines’ fourth longest river and the second largest in Luzon. Its headwaters are located
at the Sierra Madre and runs a south and southwesterly course for about 260 kilometers
until it drains into Manila Bay. The river's basin covers an area of 10,540 km² including
the allied basin of Guagua River.

Groundwater

Pampanga has a vast groundwater reserve, a water source for domestic use. The
groundwater is extracted by the construction of wells or by water pumps.

Most inland barangays are served by the Local Water District but some households
still resort to water pumps for their consumption. Most of coastal barangays are dependent
on water pumps for domestic use even if some of these pumps are not suitable for drinking
since groundwater in these areas are brackish due to saltwater intrusion. People living in
these areas still need to go to nearby municipalities such as Orani, Bataan to buy safe
drinking water.

Furthermore, uncontrolled extraction of ground water worsens the aforementioned

subsidence of land especially in the coastal barangays.

Water Quality

Available data from government agencies such as the DENR-EMB have indicated
that the near-the-shore waters of Manila Bay, together with the major rivers in Metro
Manila, are considered biologically dead. The water quality in Manila Bay has
progressively deteriorated due to domestic, industrial and agricultural wastes being
dumped uncontrollably in the waterways. This present state is likewise being attributed to
inadequate drainage facilities and the discharge of untreated domestic and industrial
wastewater due to inadequate wastewater collection, treatment and disposal facilities.

3. Topography

Sasmuan’s topography is generally flat and plain with an elevation of around 6

meters above mean sea level in the poblacion.

4. Atmospheric Characteristics

Climate

Sasmuan has a short dry season classified as “Am” or Tropical Monsoon Climate
under the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification. Locally, its climate is classified as Type
I under the Modified Coronas Classification. Type I has two pronounced seasons: dry from
November to April and wet during the rest of the year.

Rainfall

Rainfall in Sasmuan averages 2,304 mm per year. As shown on the table below,
Sasmuan’s driest month is February, with only 10 mm of rain. Most precipitation falls in
August, with an average of 556 mm. There is a difference of 546 mm of precipitation
between the driest and wettest months.

Temperature
 Sasmuan’s has an average temperature of 27.4 °C. May is the warmest month of
the year. The temperature in May averages 29.2 °C. In January, the average temperature is
25.9 °C. It is the lowest average temperature of the whole year. The average temperatures
vary during the year by 3.3 °C.

Humidity

Humidity refers to the ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air to the maximum
amount the air can hold at a specific temperature. Humidity determines the body comfort
of the people.

The highest average recorded humidity between the years 2009 to 2017 was 94%
and this was recorded in the month of August with an average cloud of 59% and in
September with an average cloud of 65%, both of which are recorded in 2009.

The lowest average humidity recorded was in April 2016 with an average humidity
of 60% and an average cloud of 20%.

Wind

Based on the data between 2009 and 2017, Sasmuan’s maximum wind speed was
recorded in November 2015 with a maximum speed of 19.47 kilometers per hour (kph)
with average gustiness of 14.00 kph and average wind of 11.10 kph.

The minimum wind speed, on the other hand, was recorded in September 2010 with
a minimum speed of 6.44 kph, average gustiness of 7.24 kph and average wind of 4.35 kph.

5. Air Quality

Sasmuan is already experiencing a deterioration of its air quality. Although it might

seem small, the deterioration could worsen over time. This could be attributed to the
congestion of people, and improperly maintained vehicles servicing them especially the
motorized bangcas emitting smoke from the motors.

6. Geologic and other Natural Hazards

 Sasmuan is susceptible to various hydrological and geophysical hazards.
Hydrological hazards that may affect the municipality include flooding, storm surge, and
tsunami. Geophysical hazards include ground shaking, liquefaction, and volcanic hazard.

Hydrological

Based on the Storm Surge Hazard Map produced by the READY Project, 897
hectares of the coastal barangays are affected by storm surge.

Affected areas include the entire Barangay Batang 2nd, majority of Barangay
Mabuanbuan, Barangay Batang 1st Proper, and areas near the waterways of Barangays
Malusac and Sebitanan.

On the other hand, the Tsunami Hazard Map by the READY Project shows that
911 hectares of the coastal barangays are at risk of being hit by tsunamis. The entire
Barangay Batang 2nd and Mabuanbuan are affected as well as a sizeable portion of
Barangay Batang 1st.

Finally, based on the Flood Hazard Map by the READY Project, the entire
municipality is highly susceptible to flooding.

All the coastal barangays are with very high flood susceptibility as well as portions
of Barangays San Antonio, Santa Monica, and San Pedro. All inland barangays, on the
other hand, have high flood susceptibility. Finally, built-up areas in all barangay propers
have moderate flood susceptibility while the dike road alongside the Labuan Channel River
has low flood susceptibility.

Storm surge, tsunami, and flood hazard maps are shown on the next page followed
by a multi-hydrological hazard map combining all three.

Sea Level Rise

The devastating effect of these hazards will further be exacerbated by the

continuous rise of sea levels due to global warming which was reportedly at the rate of 3.1
mm per year from 1993 to 2003, faster than the rate of 1.88 mm per year from 1961 to
2003. (Dasgupta & Meisner, 2009)
 At this rate, sea levels will have risen by an inch by the end of the planning period
of this CLUP (2026), by 2.6 inches twenty years from now, 6.2 inches fifty years from
now, and by 12.3 inches or a foot a hundred years from now.

Land Subsidence

Compounding sea level rise is the gradual subsidence of land around the northern
areas of Manila Bay including Sasmuan. According to the study entitled, “Worsening
Floods around Northern Manila Bay, Philippines: Research-Based Analysis from Physical
and Social Science Perspectives,” land within this region is subsiding by a rate of between
3 to 8 centimeters per year.

Geophysical

Although it is beyond the 10-kilometer permanent danger zone around Mount

Pinatubo, Sasmuan may be susceptible to ground-shaking.

Sasmuan, as a whole, is susceptible to an Intensity VII earthquake under the

PHILVOCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS). This hazard, combined with the watery
soils of Hydrosol and La Paz Silt Loam, makes the municipality, in its entirety, susceptible
to liquefaction.

According to the READY Project’s Volcanic Hazard Map, the municipality is safe
from lahars but its inland barangays, excluding the portion of Barangay San Pedro south
of the Labuan Channel River, are prone to sediment-laden or muddy stream flows or
siltation.

The rest of the municipality is also safe from lahars but are prone to persistent (more
than a week) or recurring flooding and or back-flooding due to drainage blockage.

8. Environmental

Management and Water Management

To address the countrywide water crisis which adversely affects the health and well
being of the population, food production and industrialization process, the National Water
Crisis Act of 1995 was enacted. Some of the issues related to the water crises are: water
supply, water distribution, financing aspects, privatization of state-run water facilities, the
protection and conservation of watersheds, and pilferage of water, including the serious
matter of graft and corruption in all the water agencies.

Air Quality Management

The Clean Air Act of 1999 recognizes that the responsibility of cleaning the habitat
and environment is primarily area-based, thus, a local government concern. In terms of air
quality management, it stipulates that:

LGUs shall share the responsibility in the management and maintenance of air
quality within their territorial jurisdiction. LGUs shall implement air quality standards set
by the Pollution Adjudication Board (PAB) in areas within their jurisdiction. Provided,
however, that in cases where the board has not been duly constituted and has not
promulgated its standards, the standards set forth in this Act shall apply. The Department
of Environment and Natural Resources shall provide the LGUs with technical assistance,
training and a continuing capability-building program to prepare them to undertake full
administration of the air quality management and regulation within their territorial
jurisdiction.

The LGU, for one, is responsible for attaining and maintaining the ambient air
quality standards within their respective airsheds. The designation of airsheds shall be on
the basis of, but not limited to, areas with similar climate, meteorology and topology which
affect the interchange and diffusion of pollutants in the atmosphere, or areas which share
common interest or face similar development programs, prospects or problems. The DENR
bases such ambient air quality standards on World Health Organization (WHO) standards,
but shall not be limited to nor be less stringent than such standards. The initial lists and
values of the hazardous air pollutants are provided in the DENR mandate.

Land Management

Apparently, most of the municipality is still classified as forest land, while only
certain areas are alienable and disposable. This is the case for the potential expansion areas
west of the urban core. The DENR is responsible for managing these forest lands, but while
securing land use agreements with this department may be possible, processing these
agreements can take considerable time.

Solid Waste Management (SWM)

The enactment of R.A. 9003 otherwise known as “The Ecological Solid Wastes
Management Act” answered the continuous problems, issues, and concerns regarding solid
waste management, particularly garbage disposal. This law is considered a comprehensive
approach to solid waste management. This involves segregation at source, storage, transfer,
processing and disposal of solid wastes.

R.A. 9003 provides that the local government unit is primarily responsible for its
enforcement and facilitate the drawing up of a Solid Waste Management Plan, Sasmuan
developed a 10-year plan for the implementation of an Ecological Solid Waste
Management (ESWM) by providing the necessary equipment for the collection system and
a development of required facilities.

An Executive Order was issued for the composition of the Solid Waste
Management Board (SWMB). This Executive Order also required the barangays to
formulate their own plans and be responsible for the collection of biodegradable and
recyclable wastes while the municipality will be responsible for the collection and disposal
of the residual and special wastes.

Sasmuan’s Material Recovery Facility (MRF) serves as the transfer station and
collection point. All residents are required to deposit their residual and special/hazardous
wastes in their respective barangay MRFs and the accumulated wastes in each barangay
MRF are transported to the municipal MRF.
3.3. BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS

3.3.1. Activity Flow Diagram

 The proposed Fish Port and Ferry Terminal of Sasmuan is composed of the
following spaces

Fish Port Ferry

Terminal

Main Building
Landscape Recreational
and Walkways Facilities

Parking Motels/Villas
  Activity flow of the users of the major spaces, personnel or staffs, and others.
Entering Look for Pay for the Exit
Building goods to buy goods

Buy a ticket/ Baggage

Pay the fare claim

Wait for Exit

boarding

Board
3.3.2. Environment Behavior Studies

ONE STOP SHOP

FOR LOCAL
GOODS

FACILITY KIND AND

RESILIENT TO ATTENTIVE
NATURAL STAFFS
CALAMITIES

FISH PORT AND

FERRY
TERMINAL
CLEANLINESS COMMUNICATIO
MAINTAINED N BETWEEEN
DEPARTMENTS
AND OTHER
AGENCIES

PROVIDES
LEISURE TO
TOURISTS AND
COMMUTERS
3.3.3. Interrelationship Analysis

 MATRIX DIAGRAM (SITE)

CATEGORY MAIN ASSEMBLY RECREA - SHELTERS PUBLIC PRIVATE

BUILDING AREA TIONAL PARKING PARKING
FACILITIES

GENERAL
PUBLIC

STAFF AND
EMPLOYEES

SECURITY
PERSONELS
  MATRIX DIAGRAM (MAIN BUILDING)

CATEGORY LOBBY STALLS OFFICES BOARDING UTILITIES

GATE

GENERAL
PUBLIC

TOURISTS
AND
COMMUTERS

STAFF AND
EMPLOYEES

SECURITY
PERSONELS
AND
MAINTENANCE

3.4. VIABILITY STUDIES

3.4.1. TECHNICAL VIABILITY & ENVIRONMENT IMPACT

ASSESSMENT

• Green Roof Construction

 With the current situation of
modernization, every day we are
losing our natural green spaces by
constructing new structures and thus
creating a concrete jungle. This
massively affects our air, climate and environment making the city gray, covered in
concrete and pollution rather than healthy green surrounding.

So in order to return the lost beauty that once gone, green will be a primary design
in this proposal by the ideas of green roofs, green walls, street trees and parks. Green roof
is already known but only a few were successful in implementing it. Green roofs offer
many benefits to architecture such as energy savings, rain water harvesting, air quality
improvements, and reduce of urban heat island effect.

• Adaptive Shading

With our current climate, the next generation of intelligent operable shading
systems is ideal. Solar motion dynamic facades are like a living part of the building and to
respond elements like wind, rain and sun providing optimal comfort.

• Acoustic Treatment in Building Elements

 Noise control is crucial whenever disturbing noises can spread unchecked within
the premises.

Treating these problems can be done with the use of sound proofing materials like
acoustic primers, acoustic boards and panels applied within walls ceiling and openings to
reduce unwanted sounds.

• Energy Harvesting Flooring

Designed for use in in high foot-traffic areas, the tiles convert the kinetic energy
from footsteps of pedestrians into renewable electricity, which can be stored in a lithium
polymer battery or used to power low-wattage, off-grid applications like lighting, displays,
speakers, alarms, signs, and advertising.

Each time someone steps on the tile, a central light illuminates, "connecting" the
person to the part they play in producing the 2.1 watts of electricity per hour the tiles can
generate.
 The tiles are made from nearly 100-percent recycled materials (mostly rubber) and
some marine grade stainless steel. They can be retrofitted to existing structures and are
waterproof as well as designed to withstand outdoor conditions.

Technology

An approach going Beyond is the design strategy used in the proposed Fish Port
and Ferry Terminal of Sasmuan which incorporates to its environment, components, and
movements. Green and Adaptive Architecture is also a must in design considerations to
promote sustainability and effectiveness.

• Earthquake Resistance

BASE ISOLATION
1. Isolation units are the basic elements of a base isolation system which are intended
to provide the aforementioned decoupling effect to a building or non-building structure.

2. Isolation components are the connections between isolation units and their parts
having no decoupling effect of their own.

Base isolation is one of the most powerful tools of earthquake engineering

pertaining to the passive structural vibration control technologies. It is meant to enable a
building or non-building structure to survive a potentially devastating seismic impact
through a proper initial design or subsequent modifications. In some cases, application of
base isolation can raise both a structure's seismic performance and its seismic sustainability
considerably. Contrary to popular belief base isolation does not make a building earthquake
proof.

Rubber Base Isolator

Weak buildings may give way in the event of an earthquake at PHIVOLCS

Intensity Level V (Very Strong). This is because a building’s rigidity works against its
favor when the ground moves violently in all directions: the building bears the entire
impact of forces shaking it in all directions, causing it to tear apart and fall. Even if a
building may be structurally sound enough to withstand damage, strong earthquakes can
dislodge fixtures and heavy furniture that may injure or trap anyone inside during the event.

In other countries, houses and other establishments are constructed with rubber base
isolator to serve as a buffer between the ground and the building itself. In a way, base
Isolator works like automobile shock absorb because they absorb the impact from outside
while protecting the structure from the brunt of the force.

• Fire Proofing System

Rigid Board Fireproofing

Rigid board fireproofing can be very easy and fast to install. One of the key benefits
is that it could be installed as you go up installing the steel deck and beams. Not only will
provide the right fireproofing requirements, but it will also provide great thermal and
acoustic control.
 It can be mechanically fastened and can prevent pests and termite attacks. It is
normally available in different thickness to meet UL requirements. This type of
fireproofing board can also withstand moisture and humidity without losing its fire
stopping characteristics.

Intumescent Coating

Also known as intumescent paint, this is a method used to protect and provide fire
resistance to structural steel members. One of the key benefits is that it will expand as much
as 100 times the original thickness of the material, providing superior fire resistance,
creating a buffer type are between the fire and the steel members. It is a great solution when
aesthetics come into place and steel is exposed to the general public. The product is applied
just like paint, which every layer will add up to the overall thickness of the product.

Flexible Blanket Systems

Flexible blanket can be used as fireproofing material, making it easy to install and
to maintain a toxic-free environment in case of fire. Although a very practical and
convenient method, there are only a limited numbers of manufacturers. This application
can meet almost all safety standards and codes providing a cost-effective and reliable
system to prevent fire from spreading into structural members.

There are some alternatives that fall into this category and can be classified as
removable and reusable fireproofing blankets. Some of these blankets can be used in
specific areas on which access could be important and needs to be maintained throughout
the product life-span.

Autoclaved Aerated Concrete

These concrete blocks will enhance and provide longer fire resistance when needed,
especially around steel columns.

Autoclaved aerated concrete can produce fireproofing characteristics when they are
installed between the flanges and tied to the web of rolled sections.

When you need to have longer fire resistance requirements, then it would be great
to pour concrete between the flanges of the steel components using shear connections
attached to the steel web. The concrete being placed needs to be retained at the bottom of
the connection area.

Structural Steel Fireproofing: Fire Retardant Paints

Fire resistant paints can be applied on the steel to provide heat resistance. The
substances being applied can also be used over wood, fabric, steel and other building
materials. When the applying the substances, one key element is to provide the required
thickness to meet building code requirements.
  Fire Protection System

Passive Fire Protection System

A group of Systems that Compartmentalize a building through the use of fire-

resistance rated walls or floors, these systems includes smoke or fire dampers fire walls
and floors.

Active Fire Protection System

A group of systems that require some amount of action or motion in order to work
efficiently in the event of fire, this system is manually operated examples are fire
extinguisher.
Cost

Time

Site Conditions

Location
The Municipality of Sasmuan is located in the southern portion of Pampanga. It is
bounded on the northwest by the municipality of Guagua, on the east by the municipality
of Macabebe, on the west by the municipality of Lubao and on the south by Manila Bay. It
is one of only three towns in Pampanga that touches Manila Bay, the other two being Lubao
and Macabebe. Its geographical coordinates are 14° 56' 19" North, 120° 36' 58" East.
Sasmuan’s land area is around 2.19% of Pampanga’s total area of 206,247 hectares (NSCB,
2007). This makes it the 4th smallest or the 15th largest among the 19 local government
units in Pampanga.

Sasmuan has a total land area of 4,520 hectares. Majority of the municipality is
used for aquaculture (76%) while only a minor portion is built-up with residential,
commercial, institutional, and other buildings (2%). Waterways, which include rivers and
creeks, make up 12% of total area while mangrove areas which line the waterways make
up only 1% of the municipality’s total land area.

Climate

Sasmuan has a short dry season classified as “Am” or Tropical Monsoon Climate
under the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification. Locally, its climate is classified as Type
I under the Modified Coronas Classification.

Type I has two pronounced seasons: dry from November to April and wet during
the rest of the year.

Sasmuan’s temperature averages 27.4 °C. May is the warmest month of the year.
The temperature in May averages 29.2 °C. In January, the average temperature is 25.9 °C,
the lowest average temperature of the whole year. The average temperatures vary during
the year by 3.3 °C.

Soil Type

There are two soil types in the Municipality of Sasmuan: Hydrosol (which covers
about 95% of the municipality) and La Paz Silt Loam. Hydrosol is a soil type that is
saturated with water for long periods of time and typically grey or greenish-grey in color.
Suitability for built-up uses in Hydrosol is low and must be cultivated with caution. La Paz
Silt Loam, on the other hand is saturated with water for repeated periods of time manifested
by its grayish color.

Contour / Slope

The Municipality of Sasmuan is generally flat and plain. It is characterized by

coastal plains along the Manila Bay in the south with an elevation of around 6 meters above
mean sea level.

Transportation

The principal modes of public transportation within the municipality are tricycles
and jeepneys for the inland barangays, and motorboats and speedboats for the coastal
barangays, which are not accessible via land transport. Such is the reason for the substantial
difference between the road network of the two groups of barangays.

Road Networks

The main roads linking Sasmuan to nearby municipalities are the Lubao-Sasmuan
Arterial Road (National Road) and the Guagua-Sasmuan Road (Provincial Road).

The total length of roads within the municipality is 161.61 km. Out of this, 0.61% or 0.98
km are classified as national roads; 1.19% or 1.92 km are provincial roads; 2.67% or 4.31
km are municipal roads; 5.46% or 8.82 km are barangay roads; and 90% or 145.58 km are
earth dike roads.

Water Supply

Safe water supply within Sasmuan is supplied by two entities: (1) Sasmuan Water
Works, which serves Santa Lucia and its neighboring barangays; and (2) Sasmuan Water
District, which serves all twelve barangays and three sitios in the municipality. However,
not all households within the service area could access the said water supply; and as a
result, a large portion of the residents still utilize other sources of water such as public
artesian wells and deep wells.

Power Supply

Local power requirement is supplied by the Pampanga Electric Cooperative II

(PELCO II) with a main office in located in Guagua, Pampanga, and a distributor sub-
office located along the provincial road traversing Barangay San Nicolas 1st. However, not
all households within the twelve barangays have access to the local power supply.

In 1999, the recorded actual energy consumption was at 303,000 kilowatt hour
(kWh) per month, with residential use at 96%, commercial use at 2%, and institutional and
other uses at 2%. Since some households did not have electrical connections, kerosene
lamps, candles, and gas were used for lighting; while liquefied petroleum gas, charcoal,
and kerosene are utilized for cooking. The same percentages were also recorded in 2015.

Waterways
 The waterways of Sasmuan are part of the Pampanga River Basin. Pampanga River
is the Philippines’ fourth longest river and the second largest in Luzon. Its headwaters are
located at the Sierra Madre and runs a south and southwesterly course for about 260
kilometers until it drains into Manila Bay. The river's basin covers an area of 10,540 km²
including the allied basin of Guagua River.

Throughout history, Guagua-Pasac River, together with one of its most important
tributaries, Dalan Bapor River (Ship’s Way), has served as an important causeway for
cargo ships, bringing important goods to be sold or traded for other commodities. It is
considered to be such an important part of the municipality that the first church was located
along its west bank.

At present, hundreds of motorboats ply routes along this river and its numerous
tributaries. Aquaculture businesses and consignee establishments are currently situated
along its riverbanks generating jobs and income for the local economy.

Before Mount Pinatubo’s devastating eruption in 1991, Sasmuan achieved modest

accomplishments in fishing especially in prawn raising. Today, rivers and creeks are
heavily silted, affecting fishing operations and market activity.

Portions of Sasmuan’s waterways are polluted especially those lined with

settlements. Water waste generated from residences, including those from commercial
establishments, are discharged into drainage canals or directly to the rivers and creeks.
Overhung latrines or shanty-like toilet structures are common along the banks of rivers and
creeks, directly discharging sewage into these waterways.

3.4.2. Legal Viability

National Building Code Philippines

RULE VII – CLASSIFICATION AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF ALL

BUILDINGS BY USE OR OCCUPANCY

SECTION 701. Occupancy Classified

General USE Character of Occupancy of Building/Structures
V. Group E - Business and Mercantile

Division E-1

(Where no work is done except exchange of parts and maintenance requiring no open
flame, welding, or the use of highly flammable liquids.)

Division E-2

(Wholesale and retail stores, office buildings, drinking and dining establishments having
an occupant load of less than one hundred persons, using not highly flammable or
combustible materials.)

Group F – Industrial

(Using incombustible and non-explosive materials, and storage and sales rooms for
incombustible and non-explosive materials.)

X. Group J – Accessory

Division J-1

(Agricultural Structures)

Zoning Classification:

C-2 (Commercial Two or Medium Commercial) – a municipal or city level of

commercial use or occupancy, characterized mainly as a medium-rise building/structure
for medium to high intensity commercial/ trade, service and business activities, e.g., three
to five (3 to 5) storey shopping centers, medium to large office or mixed use/occupancy
buildings/structures and the like.

UTS (Utilities, Transportation and Services) – a range of utilitarian/functional uses or

occupancies, characterized mainly as a low-rise or mediumrise building/structure for low
to high intensity community support functions, e.g., terminals/inter-modals/multimodals
and depots.
I-1 (Industrial One) - a light industrial use or occupancy, characterized mainly as a low-
rise but sprawling building/structure for low intensity manufacturing or production
activities.

A (Agricultural) - an agricultural or agriculture-related use or occupancy, characterized

mainly as a low-rise or medium-rise building/structure for low to high intensity agricultural
or related activities, e.g., poultry houses, hatcheries, piggeries, greenhouses, granaries and
the like as well as offices, educational, training, research and related facilities for
agriculture and the like.

SECTION 704. Location on Property

1. General

a. No building shall be constructed unless it adjoins or has direct access to a public space,
yard or street on at least one of its sides.

b. For the purpose of this Section, the center line of an adjoining street or alley shall be
considered an adjacent property line.

c. Eaves over required windows shall not be less than 750 millimeters from the side and
rear property lines.

2. Fire Resistive of Walls

Exterior walls shall have fire resistance and opening protection in accordance with the
requirements set forth by the Secretary. Projections beyond the exterior wall shall not
exceed beyond a point one-third the distance from an assumed vertical plane located where
the fire-resistive protection of openings is first required to the location on property
whichever is the least restrictive. Distance shall be measured at right angles from the
property line. When openings in exterior walls are required to be protected due to distance
from property line, the sum of the areas of such openings in any storey shall not exceed50%
of the total area of the wall in that storey.

Building Footprint and Firewall Requirements

a. The following rules shall be observed in the determination of the Allowable Maximum
Building Footprint (AMBF) for buildings and related habitable structures. If the stated rules
are compared with (1) Rule VIII Table VIII.1. - Reference Table on Percentage of Site
Occupancy and Maximum Allowable Construction Area (MACA); (2) Rule VIII Tables
VIII.2. And VIII.3. (Setbacks, yards and courts); or (3) with the applicable stipulations
under this Rule and with the applicable stipulations of the Fire Code, the more stringent
but applicable regulation out of the aforementioned rules should be observed;

b. If without a firewall, the footprint of a proposed building/structure shall be measured

horizontally from the property line to the outermost faces of the exterior walls of the
building/structure; Provided, that the distance measured from the property line shall
conform with the applicable stipulations of this Rule and Rule VIII; The resultant area
established at grade level upon which the proposed building/structure may stand shall be
the AMBF.

SECTION 705. Allowable Floor Areas

1. General. The Allowable Maximum Total Gross Floor Area (TGFA) of any
proposed building/structure shall only be as allowed under this Rule.

2. TGFA Limitation. In Table VII.1. hereafter, the percentages (%) indicated in the
third (3rd) through eighth (8th) columns, but excluding the multiplier numbers 3, 5, 12, 18,
and 30 (which represent the number of storeys/floors), are the percentages of the Total Lot
Area (TLA) that may be used to initially determine the Allowable Maximum TGFA for a
proposed building/structure.

3. Crosscheck of TGFA with Allowable Maximum Volume Building (AMVB). The

Allowable Maximum TGFA once established must be thoroughly crosschecked with the
AMVB to find out if the AMVB is not exceeded. If exceeded, the necessary adjustments
on the Maximum Allowable TGFA must be made since the AMVB must always prevail
Allowable Maximum Total Gross Floor Area (TGFA) *by Type/Location of Lot
Institutional (Without Sprinkler System & Firewalls) BHL x 60% of TLA

SECTION 706. Allowable Floor Area Increases

The floor areas hereinabove provided may be increased in certain specific instances
and under appropriate conditions, based on the existence of public space, streets or yards
extending along and adjoining two or more sides of the building or structure subject to the
approval of the Building Official.

SECTION 707. Maximum Height of Buildings

1. The maximum height and number of storeys of proposed building shall be

dependent upon the character of use or occupancy and the type of construction, considering
end-user population density, light and ventilation, width of RROW/streets particularly of
its roadway/carriageway component, building bulk, off-street cum off-site parking
requirements, etc. and in relation to land use plan and zoning regulations, e.g., geological,
hydrological, meteorological, topographical, prevailing traffic conditions, the availability
and capacity of public utility/service systems, etc.

2. Determination of Building Height:

a. BUILDING HEIGHT LIMIT (BHL) - the maximum height to be allowed for

buildings/structures based on their proposed use or occupancy; the BHL is generally
determined after the application of other development controls (DC) and certain other
parameters, i.e., considerations of site conditions, view, etc. (Table VII.2. of this Rule).
The BHL shall be generally measured from the established grade line to the topmost
portion of the proposed building/structure. If applicable, the BHL may be subject to
clearance requirements of the Air Transportation Office (ATO) or of the concerned
military/security authorities. (Refer to Guidelines on Development Controls at the end this
Rule) BHL excludes the height of permitted/allowed projections above the roof of the
building/structure, e.g., signage, mast, antenna, telecom tower, beacons and the like.

b. The Building Height Limit (BHL) of any proposed building/structure shall only be as
allowed under this Rule or under the duly approved city/municipal (local) zoning
ordinance, whichever is more restrictive.

Building Height Limit (BHL) by Type of Use or Occupancy Institutional

Meters above highest grade: 15 meters (or must follow the duly approved BHL in the major
zone it is part of)

Floor-Lot Area Ratio (FLAR)

Type of Use or Occupancy:

Commercial

Utility/Transportation/Road Right-of-Way Services

Industrial

Agricultural/Agro-Industrial/Tourism

FLAR Designation/Rights:

1.70 up to 3.00

2.00 up to 3.00

1.50 up to 2.50

1.80 up to 2.20

RULE VIII - LIGHT AND VENTILATION

SECTION 801. General Requirements of Light and Ventilation

2. All buildings shall face a street or public alley or a private street which has been
duly approved. (Refer to Guidelines on Streets/RROW and Sidewalks at the end of this
Rule)
3. No building shall be enlarged so that the dimensions of the required court or yard
would be less than that provided for buildings under this Rule, or to create an additional
room, unless such additional room conforms to the requirements of this Rule.

4. No building shall be enlarged so that the dimensions of the required court or yard
would be less than what is prescribed for such building lot.

SECTION 802. Measurement of Site Occupancy

1. The measurement of site occupancy or lot occupancy shall be taken at the ground
level and shall be exclusive of courts, yards, and light wells.

2. Courts, yards, and light wells shall be measured clear of all projections from the
walls enclosing such wells or yards with the exception of roof leaders, wall copings, sills,
or steel fire escapes not exceeding 1.20 meters in width.

SECTION 803. Percentage of Site Occupancy

1. The measurement of the percentage (%) of site occupancy (or lot occupancy) shall
be taken at the ground level and shall be exclusive of courts, yards and light wells. Courts,
yards, and light wells shall be measured clear of all projections from the walls enclosing
such wells or yards with the exception of roof leaders, wall copings, sills, or steel fire
escapes not exceeding 1.20 meters in width.

2. In case of proposed additional construction on a lot on which another

building/structure already stands, the Percentage of Site Occupancy (PSO) arising out of
such existing buildings/structures must be included in the computation of the PSO for the
Total Lot Area (TLA). In case of discrepancy between the specified Maximum Allowable
PSO and the other light and ventilation provisions under this Rule, the resulting lesser
building/structure footprint or Gross floor area at the ground floor (or at grade level) must
prevail.
3. Maximum site occupancy shall be governed by use, type of construction, and height
of the building and the use, area, nature and location of the site; and subject to the
provisions of the local zoning requirements and in accordance with the following types of
open spaces:

a. Public open spaces – streets, alleys, easements of sea/lakeshores, rivers, creeks, esteros,
railroad tracks, parks/plazas, playgrounds, and the like.

b. Total Open Spaces within Lot (TOSL) – courts, yards, gardens, light wells, uncovered
driveways, access roads and parking spaces consisting of two (2) types:

i. Paved or tiled (hardscaped areas); sub-classification of open space shall fall under
Maximum Allowable Impervious Surface Areas (ISA) within the Total Lot Area (TLA);
and

ii. Unpaved areas within the lot that are with exposed soil and planted (softscaped), i.e., the
Unpaved Surface Areas (USA); this sub-classification is the true open space.

G. DESIGN OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES

1. General

a. Public buildings/structures are permanent edifices owned by the government, whether

national or local, its agencies, including government-owned and/or controlled corporations.
b. Design of public buildings/structures shall conform to the applicable provisions of the
preceding rules and regulations. Aside from being logically functional and structurally
sound, should promote, enhance and express the aesthetic presentability, customs and
traditions, socio-economic values environmental quality and cultural heritage of the region
concerned towards evolving a distinct Filipino Architecture.

c. The architectural character of public buildings/structures must fully express the nature
of their function, use or occupancy and should reflect their identity as public
buildings/structures compatible with their total macro and microenvironment.

d. Public buildings/structures should be designed for permanence but with maximized

flexibility to allow for future adjustments in their uses/occupancies.
e. Use of indigenous and/or locally manufactured/produced materials such as marble,
stone, adobe, clay tiles, wood, coco wood, kapis shells, should be maximized unless their
production or usage are banned or regulated by the government to promote the efforts to
conserve natural resources.

f. Use of natural light and ventilation by means of proper orientation, cross ventilation,
convection, sun control devices and the like should be maximized.

g. Choice of finishes should aim to minimize maintenance costs.

h. The architectural plan and design must basically reflect the functional manner or spatial
utilization and/or the evolving Filipino, Asian or International usage of spaces that need to
be projected if required or used, more than just attention to pure forms/images.

i. Only the use of good to high quality materials, labor, technologies and construction
methods within the approved budget, must be specified by its planners and designers to
ensure permanence, long continued use and low maintenance cost of public buildings or
structures.

j. Plans and designs of all public buildings must fully comply with all of the planning and
design requirements under the Code and this IRR including the Fire Code of the Philippines
(RA 9514) and the Accessibility Law (BP Blg. 344).

k. Strictly consider proper landscaping analysis and design not only for aesthetics but more
so for the prevention of erosion of its site and immediate vicinity, and for ecological
balance.

l. These requirements are not intended to limit the creativity of the designer nor preclude
the use of advanced or innovative technology particularly in instances wherein mandated
compliance under this Guideline shall present a major difficulty in or hamper the proper
execution of the plan, design or architectural concept.
3.4.3 FINANCIAL VIABILITY

Sources of Funds

Every year from the Department of Budget and Management, the national
government allocates specific amount for the rentals of the different government bodies.
Since the proposed project falls under the Implementing Rules and Regulations of the R.A.
10621, majority if not all of the percentage of funds that will be used for the project cost
may come from this. From the land acquisition up to the needed equipment, it will be
government-supplied. In line with this, the proposed project will be mainly funded by the
Local Government Unit of Sasmuan, as well as the National Economic and Development
Authority.

3.4.4. Design Proposal

3.4.5 Developmental Control and Computations