• Define Juvenile delinquency

Ans :- Juvenile delinquency refers to the act of a minor (usually under the age of 18) engaging in illegal or
criminal activities. These activities may include petty crimes such as shoplifting, vandalism, or truancy, as
well as more serious offenses such as drug use, assault, or robbery. Juvenile delinquency is often a result
of various factors such as family problems, peer pressure, poverty, mental health issues, and substance
abuse. The aim of the criminal justice system and related interventions is to rehabilitate juvenile
delinquents and prevent further criminal behavior, as well as to protect the safety and well-being of the
juvenile and the community.

• "Child in need of care and protection" means

Ans :- In the context of criminology and the legal system, a "child in need of care and protection" refers to
a child who is considered vulnerable and in need of intervention by the state or other protective agencies.
This may include children who are victims of neglect, abuse, or exploitation, or those who are at risk of
harm due to a variety of factors such as poverty, family breakdown, or exposure to violence.
In many jurisdictions, the term "child in need of care and protection" is used to refer to a legal category
of children who require state intervention or protection, such as through foster care, adoption, or other
forms of placement. The primary goal of such interventions is to ensure the safety and well-being of the
child, as well as to provide them with support and care to help them overcome any challenges or difficulties
they may be facing.

• Shelter homes means

Ans :- In the context of criminology and the legal system, a shelter home is a facility established by the
government or non-governmental organizations to provide temporary accommodation and care to
individuals who need protection, such as children in need of care and protection, victims of domestic
violence or trafficking, homeless individuals, or those with mental health issues.
Shelter homes may provide a variety of services, including food, shelter, medical care, counseling, and
legal aid. They are typically staffed by trained professionals, including social workers, counselors, and
medical personnel, who are responsible for providing care and support to the individuals staying there.
The goal of shelter homes is to provide a safe and secure environment for vulnerable individuals who need
protection and care, and to help them overcome any challenges or difficulties they may be facing. In many
cases, shelter homes are also used as a means of rehabilitation, with programs and services designed to
help individuals reintegrate into society and lead productive lives.
 • What are the causes of Pyromania?
Ans :- Pyromania is a rare mental disorder that is characterized by an intense and recurrent urge to set
fires or to witness fires. The exact causes of pyromania are not well understood, but there are several
theories that suggest different factors that may contribute to the development of this disorder. Some of
the possible causes of pyromania are:
1. Biological factors: There may be genetic or neurobiological factors that contribute to the
development of pyromania. Some studies suggest that individuals with pyromania may have
abnormalities in the brain regions that regulate impulse control and aggression.
2. Psychological factors: Some researchers believe that pyromania may be related to underlying
psychological conditions, such as anxiety, depression, or trauma. Pyromania may also be a form of
self-harm or a way of expressing anger or frustration.
3. Environmental factors: Pyromania may be more likely to occur in individuals who have experienced
significant stressors or trauma, such as abuse, neglect, or loss. Exposure to fire-related stimuli,
such as fireworks or arson, may also increase the risk of pyromania.
4. Social factors: Some studies suggest that social factors, such as peer pressure or a desire for
attention or notoriety, may also contribute to the development of pyromania.
It's important to note that pyromania is a complex disorder, and it is likely that multiple factors may
interact to cause the condition. Treatment for pyromania typically involves a combination of therapy and
medication to address the underlying psychological and behavioral issues associated with the disorder.

• Name any four causes for the failure of police system in India.
Ans :- The police system in India faces several challenges that can lead to its failure in various ways. Here
are four causes for the failure of the police system in India:
1. Lack of resources and infrastructure: One of the key reasons for the failure of the police system in
India is the lack of adequate resources and infrastructure. This includes insufficient funding,
outdated equipment and technology, and inadequate training and manpower.
2. Political interference: Political interference is another major issue that affects the functioning of
the police system in India. This can include pressure to make arrests or close cases prematurely, or
interference in the appointment and promotion of police officers.
3. Corruption: Corruption is a pervasive problem in the police system in India, and it can have a
significant impact on the quality and effectiveness of policing. Corruption can undermine public
trust in the police, and it can also lead to a lack of accountability and abuse of power.
4. Poor community relations: The police system in India often struggles to establish positive
relationships with the communities they serve. This can be due to a lack of trust, poor
communication, and a perceived lack of responsiveness to community needs and concerns. Poor
community relations can lead to increased tensions and a lack of cooperation between the police
and the community, which can hinder the effectiveness of law enforcement efforts.
 • According to Preventive Theory, what is the object of the punishment?
Ans :- According to the Preventive Theory of punishment, the object of punishment is to prevent future
criminal behavior by deterring potential offenders, rehabilitating those who have committed crimes, and
incapacitating dangerous criminals to protect society. In other words, the focus is on preventing crime
rather than simply punishing offenders for their past actions.
Preventive Theory suggests that punishment should be used as a means of preventing future criminal
behavior, rather than as a means of retribution or revenge. This can involve a range of interventions, such
as community programs, probation, and parole, as well as more traditional forms of punishment such as
imprisonment or fines.
The main idea behind the Preventive Theory of punishment is that by addressing the root causes of criminal
behavior and providing support and rehabilitation to offenders, we can reduce the likelihood that they will
commit future crimes. This can help to create a safer and more just society by preventing harm and
promoting the well-being of all individuals.

• Name any four kinds of punishments

Ans :- There are several kinds of punishment that can be used as a response to criminal behavior. Here are
four types of punishment:
1. Incapacitation: This involves physically separating offenders from society to prevent them from
committing future crimes. Incapacitation can be achieved through imprisonment, house arrest, or
other forms of confinement.
2. Deterrence: This involves using the threat of punishment to discourage potential offenders from
committing crimes. Deterrence can take the form of both specific deterrence, where an offender
is deterred from committing future crimes, and general deterrence, where the threat of
punishment deters others from committing similar crimes.
3. Rehabilitation: This involves providing support and treatment to offenders to help them address
the underlying issues that may have contributed to their criminal behavior. Rehabilitation programs
can include counseling, job training, education, and other services designed to help offenders
reintegrate into society and lead productive lives.
4. Retribution: This involves punishing offenders as a form of retribution or revenge for their crimes.
Retribution is often seen as a form of justice, where the offender is held accountable for their
actions and punished accordingly. This can take the form of imprisonment, fines, or other forms of
punishment.

• What is Victimology
Ans :- Victimology is a branch of criminology that focuses on the study of victims of crime. It is concerned
with understanding the impact of crime on victims, the characteristics of victims, and the relationship
between victims and offenders. Victimology seeks to understand why certain individuals become victims
of crime and how to prevent victimization from occurring.
Victimology explores the psychological, social, and economic effects of victimization, and it aims to
provide support and assistance to victims. It also examines the ways in which the criminal justice system
responds to victims and how it can improve its response to better meet the needs of victims.
Victimology has grown in importance as a field of study in recent decades, as there has been a growing
recognition of the importance of victim perspectives in the criminal justice system. It has also become
increasingly interdisciplinary, drawing on insights from fields such as psychology, sociology, and
criminology.
 • Name any two features of Prison
Ans :- Two features of prisons are:
1. Loss of freedom: One of the defining features of prisons is that they are institutions designed to
restrict the freedom of inmates. Inmates are confined to their cells for most of the day and are
generally not allowed to leave the prison grounds without permission.
2. Security measures: Prisons are heavily secured facilities, designed to prevent inmates from escaping
and to keep the public safe from the inmates. Security measures may include walls or fences topped
with barbed wire, electronic surveillance systems, and armed guards. These measures are in place
to deter escape attempts and to ensure that inmates cannot harm others or themselves while
incarcerated.

• Any two distinctions between Parole and Probation?

Ans :- Parole and probation are both forms of community supervision that are used as alternatives to
incarceration, but there are some important distinctions between the two:
1. Legal status: Parole is a conditional release from prison before the end of the inmate's sentence,
while probation is a sentence given by a judge instead of prison time.
2. Timing: Parole is granted after a person has served a portion of their prison sentence, while
probation is granted at the time of sentencing, as an alternative to incarceration.
3. Supervision: Parole is supervised by a parole officer, who monitors the parolee's behavior and
compliance with the conditions of release. Probation is supervised by a probation officer, who also
monitors compliance with conditions but has a greater focus on rehabilitation.
4. Eligibility: Parole eligibility is determined by statutes and regulations and is typically based on
factors such as time served, behavior in prison, and completion of programming. Probation
eligibility is determined by the judge, who considers factors such as the nature of the offense, the
offender's criminal history, and the likelihood of rehabilitation.
5. Consequences of noncompliance: Violation of parole can result in a return to prison to serve the
remainder of the sentence. Violation of probation can result in additional terms of probation,
incarceration, or other sanctions, depending on the terms of the original sentence.

• Who is the “guardian” under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection to Children) Act 2000?
Ans :- Under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2000, the "guardian" refers to any
person who has the care or custody of a child and includes a parent, a legal guardian, a person who has
actual charge or control over the child, or any person who has been appointed by the court as a guardian.
The Juvenile Justice Act is an Indian law that provides for the care, protection, and rehabilitation of
children in conflict with the law and children in need of care and protection. It recognizes that children
are vulnerable and need special care and protection, and it aims to ensure that the welfare of the child is
the primary concern in all decisions related to juvenile justice.
The Act defines a "child" as any person who has not completed eighteen years of age. The "guardian" plays
an important role in ensuring the care and protection of the child and is responsible for meeting the child's
basic needs, including food, shelter, education, and medical care. The Act also recognizes that the
guardian has a duty to ensure the child's best interests are met and to facilitate the child's rehabilitation
and reintegration into society.
 • Define Penology
Ans :- Penology is a subfield of criminology that deals with the study of punishment, correctional
treatment, and rehabilitation of offenders. It involves the analysis of the principles, theories, and methods
of punishing individuals who violate laws, and the impact of such punishments on the offenders, the
victims, and society as a whole.
Penology examines various forms of punishment, including imprisonment, fines, community service,
probation, parole, and capital punishment. It aims to understand the effectiveness of these punishments
in preventing crime and deterring offenders from engaging in criminal behavior in the future.
Penology also explores the role of correctional institutions and the criminal justice system in implementing
these punishments, and the importance of ensuring that these institutions provide adequate living
conditions, treatment programs, and opportunities for rehabilitation and reintegration into society for
offenders. Overall, penology seeks to improve the criminal justice system's response to crime by promoting
the use of evidence-based practices that are effective in reducing recidivism and promoting public safety.

• What is kleptomania
Ans :- Kleptomania is a type of impulse control disorder characterized by the recurrent urge to steal items
that are not needed for personal use or monetary gain. People with kleptomania may experience a sense
of tension or anxiety before stealing, followed by a feeling of relief or gratification after the theft.
Kleptomania is a rare disorder that affects a small percentage of the population. It typically begins in
adolescence or early adulthood and may be more common in women than in men. People with kleptomania
often feel a sense of shame or guilt after the theft and may try to conceal the behavior from others.
The cause of kleptomania is not well understood, but it is believed to be related to an imbalance in certain
brain chemicals that regulate mood and behavior. It may also be associated with underlying mental health
conditions, such as depression, anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Treatment for kleptomania typically involves a combination of psychotherapy and medication. Cognitive-
behavioral therapy can help individuals develop skills for controlling the urges to steal and managing
underlying emotional issues that may contribute to the behavior. Medications such as selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may also be used to regulate brain chemicals and reduce impulsivity.
 • What are the various causes of crime?
Ans :- There is no one definitive cause of crime, as criminal behavior is a complex phenomenon that can
arise from a combination of individual, societal, and environmental factors. Some of the possible causes
of crime include:
1. Biological factors: Some research suggests that genetic and neurological factors can play a role in
criminal behavior, such as a predisposition to aggression or impulsivity.
2. Psychological factors: Mental health disorders, such as antisocial personality disorder, can increase
the risk of criminal behavior. Childhood trauma, abuse, and neglect can also contribute to the
development of criminal tendencies.
3. Societal factors: Poverty, inequality, social exclusion, and lack of access to education and
employment opportunities can create conditions that lead to criminal behavior.
4. Environmental factors: Exposure to crime, violence, and drug use in the community can increase
the likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior.
5. Cultural factors: Certain cultural beliefs, values, and norms may promote or tolerate criminal
behavior, such as a culture of violence or a culture of corruption.
6. Structural factors: Flaws in the criminal justice system, such as racial bias, discrimination, and
inadequate rehabilitation and reentry programs, can perpetuate criminal behavior and recidivism.
It is important to note that while these factors may contribute to criminal behavior, not all individuals who
experience these risk factors will engage in criminal activity, and not all criminals have experienced these
risk factors. Therefore, understanding the causes of crime is a complex and ongoing area of research in
criminology.

• What is observation home?

Ans :- An observation home is a type of facility established under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection
of Children) Act 2015 in India, where juveniles in conflict with the law or children in need of care and
protection are placed for observation, care, and protection.
Observation homes are temporary places of residence for children who are awaiting trial or inquiry, or who
require protection due to being abandoned, lost, or homeless. The aim of the observation home is to
provide a safe and secure environment for the child, where their basic needs such as food, shelter,
education, and medical care can be met.
The observation home is also responsible for conducting a preliminary assessment of the child's needs and
risks, in order to determine the appropriate course of action and develop a plan for rehabilitation and
reintegration into society. The staff at the observation home are trained to work with children and are
responsible for providing appropriate care, protection, and guidance to the child.
Observation homes are established by the state government and are usually run by the state's child welfare
department. They are subject to regular monitoring and inspection by the juvenile justice board and the
Child Welfare Committee to ensure that the children in the home are being cared for in a safe and
appropriate manner.

• Define white-collar crime

Ans :- White-collar crime refers to non-violent criminal activity that is typically committed by individuals
or organizations in the course of their professional or business activities for financial gain or other benefits.
White-collar crimes are often characterized by deception, fraud, or manipulation, and may involve the
misuse of authority or trust.
Some examples of white-collar crimes include embezzlement, insider trading, bribery, money laundering,
fraud, and identity theft. These crimes are often committed by individuals who hold positions of power or
influence within their organizations, such as executives, managers, or professionals like lawyers or
accountants.
White-collar crimes can have significant financial, social, and political consequences, affecting not only
the victims of the crime but also the wider community. They may result in significant financial losses,
erode public trust and confidence in institutions and government, and undermine the stability and integrity
of the economy.
Enforcement and prosecution of white-collar crimes can be complex, requiring specialized knowledge and
skills in areas such as financial analysis and investigation. Regulatory agencies such as the Securities and
Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) play a critical role in detecting
and preventing white-collar crimes, as do law enforcement agencies at the state and local levels.

• Any two duties of the Police

Ans :- The police are responsible for maintaining law and order and ensuring public safety. Some of the
key duties of the police include:
1. Crime prevention: The primary duty of the police is to prevent crime by maintaining a visible
presence in the community, identifying, and addressing potential risks and threats, and taking
proactive measures to deter criminal activity.
2. Law enforcement: The police are responsible for enforcing the law and ensuring that those who
break the law are brought to justice. This involves conducting investigations, gathering evidence,
making arrests, and presenting cases to the courts.
3. Protecting life and property: The police have a duty to protect the lives and property of the citizens
they serve. This includes responding to emergency situations, providing assistance to those in need,
and taking steps to prevent harm to individuals and their property.
4. Maintaining order: The police are responsible for maintaining order in the community, ensuring that
people can go about their daily lives without fear of violence or disruption. This involves responding
to incidents of disorder, such as public disturbances or riots, and taking appropriate action to
restore order.
5. Community engagement: The police have a duty to engage with the community they serve, building
relationships with local residents and businesses, and working together to address the issues that
affect their quality of life. This involves developing partnerships and collaborations with community
groups, local leaders, and other stakeholders to promote trust and cooperation between the police
and the community

• Who is recidivist?
Ans :- A recidivist is a person who has been previously convicted of a crime and has subsequently reoffended
or committed a new crime. Recidivism is a term used to describe the tendency of some individuals to
engage in criminal behavior repeatedly, despite previous punishment or attempts at rehabilitation.
Recidivism is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by a range of factors, including individual
characteristics, social and economic circumstances, and the effectiveness of the criminal justice system
in deterring criminal behavior. Some recidivists may have a history of substance abuse, mental illness, or
a lack of social support, which can increase their risk of reoffending.
Reducing recidivism is a key goal of the criminal justice system, and efforts to achieve this include a range
of interventions, such as education and job training, substance abuse treatment, mental health services,
and community-based supervision and support. Effective reentry programs and support services can help
individuals who have been incarcerated to successfully transition back into society and avoid future
criminal behavior.

• What is cyber-crime?

Ans :- Cybercrime is a type of criminal activity that is conducted using computers, the internet, or other
digital devices. Cybercrime can take many different forms, including hacking, identity theft, phishing
scams, malware attacks, and online fraud. The goal of cybercriminals is often to steal sensitive
information, such as financial or personal data, or to gain access to computer systems for criminal
purposes.
Cybercrime can be carried out by individuals, criminal organizations, or even state-sponsored actors, and
can target individuals, businesses, governments, and other organizations. Cybercrime is a growing concern
around the world, as more and more people rely on digital devices and online services in their daily lives.
Law enforcement agencies around the world are working to combat cybercrime through a range of
measures, including improved cybersecurity measures, education and awareness campaigns, and enhanced
law enforcement and prosecution efforts. Cybercrime laws have been enacted in many countries, making
it illegal to engage in activities such as hacking, cyberstalking, and cyberbullying. However, cybercrime
remains a significant challenge, as cybercriminals continue to develop new and more sophisticated ways
to exploit digital systems and evade law enforcement.

• Any two categories under the British Prison System.

Ans :- The British prison system can be broadly categorized into two main types of institutions:
1. Category A Prisons: These are high-security prisons that house the most dangerous and high-risk
offenders. Category A prisons are designed to hold individuals who pose a significant threat to the
public or who are likely to attempt to escape. They are typically equipped with extensive security
measures, such as high walls, surveillance cameras, and armed guards.
2. Category B, C, and D Prisons: These are lower-security prisons that house offenders who pose a
lower risk to the public. Category B prisons are for prisoners who are considered a moderate risk,
while Category C and D prisons are for those who pose a lower risk. These prisons have fewer
security measures than Category A prisons, and they may offer more opportunities for prisoners to
participate in education, vocational training, and other programs aimed at reducing recidivism.
Category D prisons, also known as open prisons, are designed to prepare prisoners for reentry into
society and may offer work-release programs and other forms of community integration.