Fundamentals of criminology/Reviewer for final examination

Fundamentals of criminology final exam reviewer

Study of criminals - It is a multidisciplinary field that seeks to understand why individuals commit
crimes, how crime can be prevented, and how the criminal justice system functions
Sociological theories suggest that criminals are shaped by their Social environment, such as
their family, peers, neighborhood, culture, or subculture.
Criminal a person of legal age who has been found guilty of committing a crime, which is a violation of the
law punishable by the state through fines, imprisonment, or other penalties.
Delinquent it Is typically a minor or an individual who has not yet reached the age of criminal responsibility.
Republic Act No. 9344 as amended by Republic Act No. 10630, SEC. 6, the Minimum Age of criminal
responsibility is set at 15 years old
The exemption from criminal liability herein established does not include exemption from civil liability
which shall be enforced in accordance with existing laws.
A child above fifteen (15) years but below eighteen (18) years of age shall likewise be exempt from
criminal liability but subjected to intervention program
Such child shall be subjected to the appropriate proceedings in accordance with the law if he/she has
acted with discernment
Vandalism Which among the choices is an act of delinquency committed by children below the age of
criminal responsibility as defacing or damaging public or private property through graffiti, destruction of signs,
or other acts?
Assault or physical violence - is an act of delinquency committed by children below the age of criminal
responsibility where the child is engaging in physical altercations, fights, or acts of violence against others,
including peers or family members, can be treated as acts of delinquency.
The Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of the Philippines promotes a restorative justice approach, aiming
to address the underlying causes of delinquency and provide appropriate interventions for the welfare and
development of the child

Less Serious Crimes-Under Philippine law, criminals are classified based on the seriousness and nature of
the offenses they have committed. Which among the classifications of criminals under Philippine law includes
offenses punishable by penalties higher than correctional penalties but lower than capital offenses.
Hostile Aggression-It is a type of aggressive behavior driven by anger, hostility, and the
intent to harm or hurt someone.
Anger, resentment, and a desire for retaliation are common emotions associated with hostile
aggression.
motive It is not driven primarily by anger or emotional arousal but rather by a desire to achieve
a particular outcome.
The primary motives behind hostile aggression are emotional and reactive. It arises from
feelings of anger, frustration, or perceived threats.
Robbery, assault for personal gain, or using threats and violence to establish dominance within
a group are examples of instrumental aggression
Hostile aggression is characterized by strong emotions like anger, while instrumental
aggression may involve less intense emotional arousal.
Hostile aggression- It aims to cause harm or pain to the target without a clear, tangible
objective beyond retaliation or venting anger.
instrumental aggression - It is a type of aggressive behavior where the primary goal is to
achieve a specific objective or outcome, and harm to others is a means to that end.
Overt aggression -It involves behaviors that are openly and directly aggressive, and the intent
to harm is evident to observers.
Covert aggression - It involves actions that are less explicit and may be concealed or subtle. The
Earlier explanations of the existence of criminality theories are Biological theories, Psychological Theories,
Rational Choice Theory.
Rational Choice Theory - This theory gained prominence in the late 20th century, suggests that
individuals engage in criminal behavior after weighing the potential risks and rewards.
Sociological Theories - Theory conceptualized by sociologists such as Robert Merton and Emile
Durkheim focused on how social structures, cultural norms, and inequalities could contribute to criminal
behavior.
Strain Theory - Developed by Robert Merton, this theory suggests that individuals may turn to crime when
they are unable to achieve culturally prescribed goals through legitimate means.
Biological theories - late 19th and early 20th centuries, some scientists and criminologists proposed a theory
that criminal behavior was linked to several factors such as genetics, brain structure, or even physical
characteristics.
Modern scientific understanding of human behavior and genetics emphasizes the complex interplay of
genetic, environmental, social, and psychological factors in shaping human conduct, including criminal
behavior.

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 Fundamentals of criminology/Reviewer for final examination
Physical degeneracy- This was a term used to describe the supposed physical and biological
characteristics of individuals who were believed to be predisposed to criminal behavior.
Cesare Lombroso - He proposed that criminals were "atavistic" individuals who exhibited physical traits
reminiscent of earlier stages of human evolution.
Lombroso's theory of atavism and its application to criminology has been widely discredited, as it was
based on flawed assumptions and Lombroso’s conjecture.
Contemporary research emphasizes the complex interplay of genetic, environmental, social, and
psychological factors in shaping human behavior, including criminal conduct
. A victim is an individual or group of individuals who have suffered harm, injury, or loss as a
result of criminal or harmful actions, such as a crime, accident, or abuse.
Victimization refers to the process of becoming a victim. It encompasses the events and
actions leading to harm, the impact on the victim, and the response of society and the criminal justice
system to the victim's experience.
Revictimization occurs when a person who has previously been a victim of a crime or harm
experiences victimization again.
Victimology examines the dynamics between victims and offenders, exploring the
circumstances that lead to victimization and the interactions between the two parties.
Secondary victimization refers to the negative experiences or treatment that victims may
encounter from various sources, such as the criminal justice system, the media, or even from their
own communities. It can compound the trauma of victimization.
Victim blaming is the act of holding victims responsible for their victimization, often by
suggesting that they behaved in a way that contributed to the harm they suffered.
Restorative justice is an approach that involves the active participation of victims in the
resolution of crimes or harm. It emphasizes repairing the harm done, holding offenders accountable,
and meeting the needs of victims.
Victimology advocates for the rights of victims within the criminal justice system, including the
right to be informed, heard, and compensated for their losses.
Victim services encompass a range of support programs and resources that assist victims in
coping with the physical, emotional, and practical aftermath of victimization.
Victim advocates are professionals who provide support, information, and advocacy for victims
throughout the legal process, ensuring their rights are protected and their needs are met.

Victimology - It is the scientific study of victims and victimization.

Victimologists- Study the interactions between victims and offenders, including the circumstances
leading to victimization and the roles played by both partie Victim Services and Support s in the process.
Consequences of victimization- This includes post-traumatic stress, loss of property, medical expenses,
and the long-term effects on victims' lives.
Victim advocates- Work to ensure that victims are treated with dignity and respect throughout the
legal process
Restorative Justice- Focus on repairing the harm caused by a crime and involving victims in the
resolution process.
Victim identification- This involves recognizing different types of victims, including those affected by
various crimes, accidents, disasters, or social injustices.
Impact and Consequences -This includes studying post-traumatic stress, physical injuries, financial
losses, and the long-term effects on victims' well-being.
Victim Services and Support - These services aim to help victims cope with their experiences and
recover from the harm they have suffered.
Victim Rights and Advocacy -This element involves advocating for the rights of victims, including the
right to be informed, heard, and compensated for their losses.
Prevention and Protection- This includes crime prevention programs, public safety measures, and
policies designed to reduce the risk of victimization.

Victimology emphasizes the importance of crime prevention strategies, including

environmental design, situational crime prevention, and community-based initiatives to reduce
opportunities for victimization.
Recognizing that many victims experience trauma, victimology promotes trauma-informed
care, which involves providing services and support that are sensitive to the emotional and
psychological needs of victims.
Victimology considers the factors that make individuals or groups more susceptible to
victimization, including age, gender, socioeconomic status, and personal traits.
Empowerment is a central concept in victimology, aiming to empower victims by providing
them with information, support, and the ability to make informed decisions regarding their recovery
and the justice process.
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 Fundamentals of criminology/Reviewer for final examination
Victimology seeks to raise public awareness about victimization issues, reduce stigma, and
encourage community support and engagement in addressing the needs of victims.
TEST III. Matching Type (10 Items): Match column A with column B Write your answer before the number

The causes of crime are complex and multifaceted, and have been the subject of much
study and debate throughout history. Various historical explanations for the causes of crime
have been proposed by different scholars and thinkers.
1. Biological Explanations: In the 19th and early 20th centuries, some scholars and criminologists
believed that criminal behavior was primarily determined by biological factors, such as genetics,
physiology, or even the shape of the skull. This theory, known as biological determinism, suggested
that some individuals were "born criminals" due to their innate biological characteristics.
2. Psychological Explanations: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the field of psychology began
to influence criminology. Sigmund Freud and others proposed that criminal behavior could be
attributed to psychological factors, such as childhood experiences, trauma, or mental illness. This
perspective emphasized the role of individual psychological processes in shaping criminal behavior.
3. Sociological Explanations: During the 20th century, sociological theories of crime gained
prominence. Sociologists such as Emile Durkheim and Robert Merton argued that crime could be
attributed to social and environmental factors, such as poverty, inequality, social disorganization, and
lack of opportunity. They emphasized the influence of social structures and institutions on an
individual's likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior.
4. Economic Explanations: Some historical explanations for crime have focused on economic factors.
Poverty, unemployment, and economic inequality have been linked to higher crime rates in many
societies. Economic theories of crime suggest that individuals may turn to illegal activities as a means
of economic survival or advancement, particularly when legitimate opportunities are limited.
5. Cultural Explanations: Cultural theories of crime have emphasized the influence of values, norms,
and belief systems on criminal behavior. Some scholars have argued that certain cultural values or
subcultures may promote or tolerate criminal behavior, leading individuals to engage in illegal
activities as a result of cultural influences.
6. Political Explanations: In some historical contexts, political factors, such as oppression,
authoritarianism, or political instability, have been linked to higher levels of crime. Political
explanations for crime focus on the impact of political and governmental systems on social order and
the prevalence of criminal behavior.

It's important to note that contemporary criminological perspectives often integrate elements
from these historical explanations, recognizing the complex interplay of biological, psychological,
social, economic, cultural, and political factors in shaping criminal behavior. Moreover, modern
criminology also emphasizes the importance of understanding the specific context and dynamics of
crime within different communities and societies.
Victimology has evolved as a distinct field of study within criminology, focusing on the
experiences of crime victims, their interactions with the criminal justice system, and the impact of
victimization on individuals and society. The evolution of victimology has been shaped by historical,
social, and academic factors, leading to a more comprehensive understanding of victims and their
experiences over time.

1. Historical Development:
Victimology emerged as a formal discipline in the mid-20th century, driven by a growing recognition
of the need to shift the focus of criminological inquiry from the offender to the victim. Prior to this, the
study of crime had predominantly centered on the perpetrators, with little attention given to the
experiences and needs of those who had been victimized. However, seminal works by scholars such
as Benjamin Mendelsohn, Hans von Hentig, and later, Marvin Wolfgang, helped catalyze the
development of victimology as a distinct area of study.

2. Shifting the Focus to Victims:

The early evolution of victimology involved a paradigm shift in criminological research, as scholars
began to acknowledge the significance of understanding victim experiences, behaviors, and
responses to crime. This shift was influenced by a growing recognition of the complex and
multifaceted impact of victimization, including physical, emotional, and financial repercussions, as well
as the broader social and societal implications of crime.

3. Empirical Research and Theoretical Frameworks:

Over time, the field of victimology has benefited from an increasing emphasis on empirical research,
which has allowed for a more nuanced understanding of victimization patterns, risk factors, and the
diverse experiences of victims. Additionally, the development of theoretical frameworks, such as

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 Fundamentals of criminology/Reviewer for final examination
routine activities theory, lifestyle exposure theory, and the victim precipitation theory, has provided
valuable insights into the dynamics of victimization and the interplay of various factors that contribute
to individuals' vulnerability to crime.

4. Recognition of Victim Rights and Services:

The growing recognition of victim rights and the need for victim support services has significantly
contributed to the evolution of victimology. Legal and policy developments, such as the establishment
of victim compensation programs, the implementation of victim impact statements, and the
formulation of victim rights legislation, have reflected an increasing societal awareness of the
importance of addressing the needs of victims within the criminal justice system.

5. Intersectional Perspectives:
In recent decades, victimology has increasingly embraced intersectional perspectives, recognizing
the ways in which factors such as race, gender, age, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status
intersect with victimization experiences. This has led to a more nuanced understanding of how
various forms of social inequality and marginalization impact individuals' experiences of victimization
and their interactions with the criminal justice system.

6. Restorative Justice and Victim-Centered Approaches:

The evolution of victimology has also been influenced by the emergence of restorative justice
principles and victim-centered approaches within the criminal justice system. These approaches
prioritize the needs of victims, emphasize offender accountability, and seek to address the harms
caused by crime through dialogue, restitution, and community involvement.

Overall, the evolution of victimology as a distinct field of study within criminology has been
characterized by a shift in focus from offenders to victims, the development of empirical research and
theoretical frameworks, the recognition of victim rights and services, the embrace of intersectional
perspectives, and the promotion of victim-centered approaches within the criminal justice system.
These factors have collectively contributed to a more comprehensive understanding of victims and
their experiences, as well

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