Title of the project =Rivers and Mountains in India.

Name of the student = Kamireddy Yaswanth Reddy

Registration number = 21126

Semester = Semester one (ODD)

Year = 2021-2022

Subject = Cultural Education I

Department =Amrita Darshanam (ICSS), Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham,

Chennai Campus.
Section = CSE-B

Acknowledgement:
I would like to express my special thanks to professor Shanmuga Priya darshini madam who
gave such an amazing research-based project. I would also like to extend my gratitude to our
director sir Shri. Manikandan, Principal Dr. Shankar who have always encouraged us.
 INDEX
S. Topic Page
No number
1. List of some of the rivers in India 3

2. List of some of the mountains in India 4

3. Ganges, Yamuna 5

4. Brahmaputra, Meghna 6

5. Mahanadi, Godavari 7

6. Krishna, Kaveri 8

7. Penna, Narmada 9

8. Kanchenjunga, Nanda Devi 10

9. Kamet, K12, Mukut Parbat 11

10. Anamudi, Meesupulimala, Doddabetta 12

11. Devimala, Perumal malai 13

12. Learning Outcome, Bibliography 14

 Rivers are one of the most important sources of water in India, civilization developed along the bank
of rivers and even today most of development has taken place in the cities located near the rivers. The rivers
provide water for industries, agriculture, aquaculture, commercial and domestic purpose. There are many
rivers in India making the lands fertile as they flow.
List of some of the rivers in India:

S. Name Length(km) Originates from

No

1. Ganges 2525 Gangotri glacier

2. Yamuna 1375 Yamunotri glacier

3. Brahmaputra 2900 Near Manasarovar lake

4. Meghna/Barak 240 Bangladesh

5. Mahanadi 858 Raipur

6. Godavari 1465 Nasik district, Maharashtra

7. Krishna 1327 Western ghats

8. Penna 597 Nandi Hills in Chikkaballapur of Karnataka

9. Kaveri 805 Brahmir range, Western ghats

10. Narmada 780 Amarkantak

11. Mahi 580 Madhya Pradesh

12. Tapti/tapi 700 Madhya Pradesh

13. Bhagirathi 205 Uttarakhand

Mountains are one of the most ancient existences standing through the ages as time passes. Eastern ghats
and Western ghats and the Himalayas are the major mountain ranges of India.

List of the some of the mountains in India:

S. No Name of the mountain Height(m) Location

1. Kangchenjunga 8,598 Himalaya, Sikkim

2. Nanda Devi 7,816 Grahwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand

3. Kamet 7,756 Grahwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand

4. Saltotro Kangri/ K10 7,742 Saltoro Karakoram, Ladakh

5. K12 7,428 Saltoro Karakoram, Ladakh

6. Ghent Kangri 7,401 Saltoro Karakoram, Ladakh

7. Mukut Parbat 7,242 Grahwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand

8. Anamudi 2,695 Eravikulam National Park, Kerala

9. Meesupulimala 2,659 Theni, Tamil Nadu

10. Doddabetta 2,637 Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu

11. Devimala 2,523 Devikulam, Kerala

13. Perumal malai 2,234 Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu

14. Nandala Mala 2,372 Kerala

The Rivers of India:
1.Ganges:
The Ganges (Ganga in India and Padma in
Bangladesh) is a trans-boundary river of Asia which
flows through India and Bangladesh. The 2,525 km
(1,569 mi) river rises in the western Himalayas in the
Indian state of Uttarakhand. It flows south and east
through the Gangetic plain of North India, where it
receives the right-bank tributary, the Yamuna which also
rises in the western Indian Himalayas, and several left-
bank tributaries from Nepal that account for the bulk of
its flow.
In West Bengal state, India, a feeder canal taking
off from its right bank diverts 50% of its flow southwards, artificially connecting it to the Hooghly river.
The Ganges continues into Bangladesh, its name changing to the Padma. It is then joined by the Jamuna, the
lower stream of the Brahmaputra, and eventually the Meghna, forming the major estuary of the Ganges
Delta, and emptying into the Bay of Bengal. The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna system is the third largest
river on earth by discharge.
The Ganges is a lifeline to millions of people who live in its basin and depend on it for their daily
needs. It has been important historically, with many former provincial or imperial capitals such as
Pataliputra, Kannauj, Kara, Munger, Kashi, Patna, Hajipur, Delhi, Bhagalpur, Murshidabad, Baharampur,
Kampilya, and Kolkata located on its banks or the banks of tributaries and connected waterways. The river
is home to approximately 140 species of fish, 90 species of amphibians, and also reptiles and mammals,
including critically endangered species such as the gharial and South Asian river dolphin. The Ganges is the
most sacred river to Hindus. It is worshipped as the goddess Ganga in Hinduism.
2.Yamuna:
The Yamuna is the second-largest tributary river of the Ganga
by discharge and the longest tributary in India. Originating from the
Yamunotri Glacier at a height of 6,387 metres (20,955 ft) on the
southwestern slopes of Banderpooch peaks of the Lower Himalaya in
Uttarakhand, it travels a total length of 1,376 kilometres (855 mi) and
has a drainage system of 366,223 square kilometres (141,399 sq mi). It
merges with the Ganga at Triveni Sangam, Prayagraj, which is a site of
the Kumbh Mela, a Hindu festival held every 12 years. Like the
Ganga, the Yamuna is highly also venerated in Hinduism and
worshipped as the goddess Yamuna. In Hinduism she is the daughter
of the Sun God, Surya, and the sister of Yama, the God of Death,
hence also known as Yami. According to popular legends, bathing in
its sacred waters frees one from the torments of death.
It crosses several states: Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, passing by Uttarakhand and later Delhi, and
meeting its tributaries on the way, including Tons, Chambal, its longest tributary which has its own large
basin, followed by Sindh, the Betwa, and Ken. From Uttarakhand, the river flows into the state of Himachal
Pradesh. After passing Paonta Sahib, Yamuna flows along the boundary of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh and
after exiting Haryana it continues to flow till it merges with the river Ganga at Sangam or Prayag in
Allahbad (Uttar Pradesh). It helps create the highly fertile alluvial Yamuna-Ganga Doab region between
itself and the Ganga in the Indo-Gangetic plain.
 The earliest mention of Yamuna is found at many places in the Rig Veda (c. 1500–1000 BCE),
which was composed during the Vedic period c. 1700–1100 BCE, and also in the later Atharvaveda, and the
Brahmanas including Aitareya Brahmana and Shatapatha Brahmana. In the Rigveda, the story of the
Yamuna describes her "excessive love" for her twin, Yama, who in turn asks her to find a suitable match for
herself, which she does in Krishna.
3.Brahmaputra:
The Brahmaputra, also known as the Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet, the Siang/Dihang River in
Arunachal Pradesh, and Luit, Dilao in Assam, is a trans-boundary river which flows through Tibet, India,
and Bangladesh. It is the 9th largest river in the world by discharge, and the 15th longest.
With its origin in the Manasarovar Lake region, near Mount Kailash, on the northern side of the
Himalayas in Burang County of Tibet where it is known as the Yarlung Tsangpo River, it flows along
southern Tibet to break through the Himalayas in great gorges (including the Yarlung Tsangpo Grand
Canyon) and into Arunachal Pradesh. It flows southwest through the Assam Valley as the Brahmaputra and
south through Bangladesh as the Jamuna (not to be confused with the Yamuna of India). In the vast Ganges
Delta, it merges with the Ganges, popularly known as the
Padma in Bangladesh, and becomes the Meghna and ultimately
empties into the Bay of Bengal.
The river drains the Himalayas east of the Indo-Nepal
border, south-central portion of the Tibetan plateau above the
Ganga basin, south-eastern portion of Tibet, the Patkai-Bum
hills, the northern slopes of the Meghalaya hills, the Assam
plains, and the northern portion of Bangladesh. The basin,
especially south of Tibet, is characterized by high levels of
rainfall. Kangchenjunga (8,586 m) is the only peak above 8,000
m and hence is the highest point within the Brahmaputra basin.
The Brahmaputra's upper course was long unknown, and its
identity with the Yarlung Tsangpo was only established by exploration in 1884–86. The river
is often called the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra river, the lower reaches are sacred to Hindus. While most rivers on
the Indian subcontinent have female names, this river has a rare male name. Brahmaputra means "son of
Brahma" in Sanskrit.
4.Meghna:
The Meghna River (is one of the major rivers in Bangladesh, one of the three that form the
Ganges Delta, the largest delta on earth, which fans out to the Bay of Bengal. A part of the Surma-Meghna
River System, Meghna is formed inside Bangladesh in
Kishoreganj District above the town of Bhairab Bazar
by the joining of the Surma and the Kushiyara, both of
which originate in the hilly regions of eastern India as
the Barak River. The Meghna meets its major tributary,
the Padma, in Chandpur District. Other major tributaries
of the Meghna include the Dhaleshwari, the Gumti, and
the Feni. The Meghna empties into the Bay of Bengal in
Bhola District via four principal mouths, named Tetulia
(Ilsha), Shahbazpur, Hatia, and Bamni.
The Meghna is the widest river among those that flow completely inside the boundaries of
Bangladesh. At a point near Bhola, Meghna is 13 km wide. In its lower reaches, this river's path is almost
perfectly straight.
5.Mahanadi:
The Mahanadi is a major river in East Central
India. It drains an area of around 132,100 square
kilometres (51,000 sq mi) and has a total length of 900
kilometres (560 mi). Mahanadi is also known for the
Hirakud Dam. The river flows through the states of
Chhattisgarh and Odisha and finally merged with Bay of
Bengal.
The word Mahanadi is a compound of the
Sanskrit words maha ("great") and nadi ("river"). In
different era, this river was known by several names,
such as:
Ancient era – Kanaknandini
Dvapara Yuga – Chitrotpala (Similar name in matasya Purana)
Treta Yuga – Nilotpala (Similar name in vayu Purana)
Mahabharata era – Mahananda
Kali Yuga – Mahanadi or Mahashweta
The Mahanadi is an important river in the state of Odisha. This river flows slowly for about 900
kilometres (560 mi) and deposits more silt than any other river in the Indian subcontinent.
The cities of Cuttack and Sambalpur were prominent trading places in the ancient world and the river
itself has been referred to as the Manada in Ptolemy's works. However today the Mahanadi valley is best
known for its fertile soil and flourishing agriculture.
6.Godavari:
The Godavari is the third largest river in India.
Its source is in Trimbakeshwar, Nashik, Maharashtra.
It flows east for 1,465 kilometres (910 mi), draining
the states of Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh and Odisha. The river ultimately empties
into the Bay of Bengal through an extensive network
of tributaries. Measuring up to 312,812 km2 (120,777
sq mi), it forms one of the largest river basins in the
Indian subcontinent, with only the Ganga and Indus
rivers having a larger drainage basin. In terms of
length, catchment area and discharge, the Godavari is
the largest in peninsular India, and had been dubbed as
the Dakshina Ganga (Ganges of the South).
The Godavari originates in the Western Ghats of central India near Nashik in
Maharashtra, 80 km (50 mi) from the Arabian Sea. It flows for 1,465 km (910 mi), first eastwards across the
Deccan Plateau then turns southeast, entering the West Godavari district and East Godavari district of
Andhra Pradesh, until it splits into two distributaries that widen into a large river delta at Dowleswaram
Barrage in Rajahmundry and flow into the Bay of Bengal.The Godavari River has a coverage area of
312,812 km2 (120,777 sq mi), which is nearly one-tenth of the area of India.
The major tributaries of the river can be classified as the left bank tributaries which include the
Purna, Pranhita, Indravati and Sabari River covering nearly 59.7% of the total catchment area of the basin
and the right bank tributaries Pravara, Manjira, Manair together contributing 16.1% of the basin.
7.Krishna:
The Krishna River is the fourth-largest river in terms
of water inflows and river basin area in India, after the
Ganges, Godavari and Brahmaputra. The river, also called
Krishnaveni, is almost 1,288 kilometres (800 mi) long. It is a
major source of irrigation in the Indian states of Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
The Krishna river originates in the Western Ghats
near Mahabaleshwar at an elevation of about 1,300 metres
(4,300 ft), in the state of Maharashtra in central India. The
Krishna river is around 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) in length
(282 kilometres (175 mi) in Maharashtra). It is one of the
most suitable arable basins in the world as 75.6% of the Krishna basin is under cultivation due to the
availability of water. The river's source is at Mahabaleshwar near Jor village in the extreme north of Wai
Taluka, Satara District, Maharashtra in the west, and it empties into the Bay of Bengal at Hamasaladeevi
(near Koduru) in Andhra Pradesh on the east coast. The river flows through the state of Karnataka before
entering Telangana state. The delta of this river is one of the most fertile regions in India and was home to
the ancient Satavahana and Ikshvaku Sun Dynasty kings. Vijayawada and Sangli are the largest cities on the
Krishna. Its banks have heavy soil erosion during the monsoon floods, flowing fast and furious, often
reaching depths of over 75 feet (23 m).
10.Kaveri:
The Kaveri (also known as Cauvery, the anglicized name) is an Indian river flowing through the
states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. In Ancient times, It was also called as Ponni (the golden maid- as the
Cauvery is sometimes called, in reference to the fine silt it deposits) in Tamil literature. The Kaveri river
rises at Talakaveri in the Brahmagiri range in the Western Ghats, Kodagu district of the state of Karnataka,
at an elevation of 1,341 m above mean sea level and flows for about 800 km before its outfall into the Bay
of Bengal. It reaches the sea in Poompuhar in Mayiladuthurai district. It is the third largest river – after
Godavari and Krishna – in southern India and the largest in the State of Tamil Nadu, which, on its course,
bisects the state into North and South.
The Kaveri is a sacred river to the people of South
India and is worshipped as the Goddess Kaveriamma. The
Kaveri is also one of the seven holy rivers of India. It is
extensively used for agriculture in both states. The name of
the river was derived from the Sankheti word for "river", as
this river is the main river for the Sankethi people that live
along its waters.
Acting on the Supreme Court's direction, the Centre
constituted a Cauvery Water Management Authority
(CWMA) on 1 June 2018 to address the dispute over sharing
of river water among Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala and
Puducherry. The central government failed to adhere with the
top court's deadline of within six weeks of deliverance of judgement.
On 16 February 2018, the apex court had directed the government to form the CWMA
within six weeks in a verdict that marginally increased Karnataka's share of Cauvery water, reduced the
allocation for Tamil Nadu and sought to settle the protracted water dispute between the two states.
On 22 June 2018, despite opposition from Karnataka, the Central government constituted the Cauvery Water
Regulation Committee (CWRC) as per the provisions in the Kaveri Management Scheme laid down by the
Supreme Court
9.Penna:
Penna (also known as Pinakini, Pennar, Penner, Penneru) is a river of southern India. This is a
unique river in world where after originating from Nandi hills, it flows as two different streams, one in
North and South directions. The Penna rises in the Nandi Hills in Chikkaballapur District of Karnataka state,
and runs north and east in Karnataka, south towards Tamilnadu with the Tamil name Then Pennai and east
through the states of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, known as Uttara Pinakini, to empty into the Bay of
Bengal.
The watershed of the Penna and its tributaries
covers part of the southern Deccan plateau, including
most of the Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh and
part of Karnataka. The Krishna River and its tributaries
drain the Deccan plateau to the west and north of the
Penna's watershed, and the low Erramala hills forms the
northern divide of the Penna basin. The upper watershed
of the Penna includes Cuddapah District, central and
eastern Anantapur District, the southern part of Kurnool
District, northwestern Chittoor District.
The upper basin was formerly covered by tropical dry forest, thorn forest, and xeric shrublands. Most of the
dry tropical forest has now disappeared, due to clearance for grazing and overharvesting the forests for
timber and firewood, replaced by thorny shrublands. The remnant forests of the Deccan are largely
deciduous, dropping their leaves in the dry winter and spring months. The East Deccan dry evergreen forests
of Coastal Andhra were evergreen, but these forests have largely been reduced to tiny remnant pockets.
10.Narmada:
The Narmada River, also called the Reva and previously also
known as Narbada or anglicised as Nerbudda, is the 5th longest river
and the longest west-flowing river in India, and largest flowing river of
the state of Madhya Pradesh. This river flows through Madhya Pradesh
and Gujarat states of India. It is also known as "Life Line of Madhya
Pradesh and Gujarat" for its huge contribution to the state of Madhya
Pradesh and Gujarat in many ways. Narmada rises from Amarkantak
Plateau in Anuppur district Madhya Pradesh. It forms the traditional
boundary between North India and South India and flows westwards
over a length of 1,312 km (815.2 mi) before draining through the Gulf
of Khambhat into the Arabian Sea, 30 km (18.6 mi) west of Bharuch
city of Gujarat.
It is one of only two major
rivers in peninsular India that run
from east to west (longest west flowing river), along with the Tapti
River. It is one of the rivers in India that flows in a rift valley,
bordered by the Satpura and Vindhya ranges. As a rift valley river,
the Narmada does not form a delta; Rift valley rivers form estuaries.
The other rivers which flow through rift valley include Damodar
River in Chota Nagpur Plateau and Tapti.
To Hindus the Narmada is one of the seven holy rivers of
India; the other six being Ganges, Yamuna, Godavari, Saraswati,
Sindhu, and Kaveri. It is believed that a dip in any of these seven rivers washes one's sins away. According
to a legend, the river Ganges assumes the form of a black cow and comes to the Narmada to bathe and
cleanse itself in its holy waters.
 Mountains of India:
1.Kanggchenjunga:
Kangchenjunga, also spelled Kanchenjunga, is the third highest mountain in the world. It lies
between India and Nepal, with three of the five peaks, namely Main, Central and South, directly on the
border, and the peaks West and Kangbachen in Nepal's Taplejung District.
Until 1852, Kangchenjunga was assumed to be the highest mountain in the world, but calculations
based on various readings and measurements made by the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India in 1849
came to the conclusion that Mount Everest, known as Peak XV at the time, was the highest. Allowing for
further verification of all calculations, it was officially
announced in 1856 that Kangchenjunga is the third highest
mountain in the world.
The Kangchenjunga landscape is a complex of three
distinct ecoregions: the eastern Himalayan broad-leaved and
coniferous forests, the Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and
meadows and the Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands. The
Kangchenjunga transboundary landscape is shared by Nepal,
India, Bhutan and China, and comprises 14 protected areas with
a total of 6,032 km2 (2,329 sq. mi).
These protected areas are habitats for many globally significant plant species such as rhododendrons
and orchids and many endangered flagship species such as snow leopard (Panthera uncia), Asian black bear
(Ursus thibetanus), red panda (Ailurus fulgens), white-bellied musk deer (Moschus leucogaster), blood
pheasant (Ithaginis cruentus) and chestnut-breasted partridge (Arborophila mandellii).
There are four climbing routes to reach the summit of Kangchenjunga, three of which are in Nepal
from the southwest, northwest, and northeast, and one from northeastern Sikkim in India. To date, the
northeastern route from Sikkim has been successfully used only three times. The Indian government has
banned expeditions to Kanchenjunga; therefore, this route has been closed since 2000.
2.Nanda Devi:
Nanda Devi is the second-highest mountain in India, after Kangchenjunga, and the highest located
entirely within the country (Kangchenjunga is on the border of
India and Nepal). It is the 23rd-highest peak in the world.
The peak, whose name means "Bliss-Giving Goddess", is
regarded as the patron goddess of the Garhwal and Kumaon
Himalayas. In acknowledgment of its religious significance and for
the protection of its fragile ecosystem, the Government of India
declared the peak as well as the circle of high mountains
surrounding it—the Nanda Devi sanctuary—off-limits to both
locals and climbers in 1983. The surrounding Nanda Devi National
Park was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988.
Nanda Devi is a two-peaked massif, forming a 2-kilometre-long (1.2 mi) high ridge,
oriented east-west. The western summit is higher, and the eastern summit.
The ascent of Nanda Devi necessitated fifty years of arduous exploration in search of a passage into
the Sanctuary. The outlet is the Rishi Gorge, a deep, narrow canyon which is very difficult to traverse safely,
and is the biggest hindrance to entering the Sanctuary; any other route involves difficult passes, the lowest of
which is 5,180 m (16,990 ft).
3.Kamet:
Kamet is the second highest mountain in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, India, after Nanda
Devi. It lies in the Chamoli District of Uttarakhand. Its appearance resembles a giant pyramid topped by a
flat summit area with two peaks. Due to its position near the Tibetan
Plateau, Kamet is very remote and not as accessible as some Himalayan
peaks. It also receives a great deal of wind from the Plateau. However,
by modern standards, it is a relatively straightforward ascent for such a
high mountain.
While attempts to climb Kamet began in 1855, the first ascent was not
made until 1931 by Frank Smythe, Eric Shipton, R.L. Holdsworth, Dr
Raymond Greene, the expedition's doctor, Bill Birnie and Lewa Sherpa,
members of a British expedition. Kamet was the first summit over
25,000 ft (7,620 m) to be climbed, and was the highest summit reached
until the first ascent of Nanda Devi five years later.
There are varying explanations of the name "Kamet." C. F. Meade gives the pronunciation as
/ˈkʌmeɪt/, and claims that it is known to Tibetans as Kangmen, signifying "huge grandmother of a sacred
snow chain". However, Frank Smythe writes in his book Kamet Conquered that the genesis of the name is
from the Tibetan word Kangmed ("the lower snows", from kang, "snow", and med, "little"), as distinct from
the "higher snows" of the Kailash range, 110 miles east of Kamet. (This range is slightly lower than Kamet).
4. K12:
K12 is the second highest peak in the Saltoro
Mountains, a subrange of the Karakoram range in the
Siachen region, in Ladakh, India. Its name comes from its
designation given during the original survey of the
Karakoram range. In 1984, an Indian army expedition
under Colonel Prem Chand took hold of this peak, from the
side of Siachen glacier by traversing from the west. K12 lies to
the southwest of the Siachen Glacier; the K12 glacier heads on its
northeast slopes and feeds the Siachen. The western slopes of K12 drain to the Bilafond Glacier system, and
thence to the Dansam River, and eventually the Indus River.
K12 had been used as the objective for training Indian Army Mount Everest expedition in 1985.
Apart from this, K12 has seen little climbing activity, partly because of the unsettled political situation and
the con tinued military presence in the area.
5.Mukut Parbat:
Mukut Parbat or Mukut Parvat is a mountain in
Uttarakhand India, and the 20th highest located entirely
within India. Nanda Devi, is the highest mountain in this
category. Mukut Parbat 96th highest peak in the world.
There are two summits, the first one is 7,242 m (23,760 ft)
and other one is 7,130 m (23,392 ft). It falls under Kamet
Zaskar Range. Mukut Parbat was first climbed in 1951 by
a team from New Zealand through its sharp and steep
western ridge. Cotter, Pasang Dawa Lama and Riddiford
reached its summit from the Dakhini Chamrao glacier
which joins the Saraswati from the east. Mukut Parbat lies
in the Zaskar Range which does not receive the heavy
monsoon.
6.Anamudi:
Anamudi is a mountain located in Ernakulam district and Idukki district of the Indian state of Kerala.
It is the highest peak in the Western Ghats and in South India. The name Anamudi literally translates to
"elephant's head" a reference to the resemblance of the mountain to an elephant's head.
Anamudi peak is one of the three prominent peaks in South India. It is also the peak with the greatest
topographic isolation within India. It is the highest point in India south of
Himalayas. Thus, it is known as "Everest of South India". The peak is
not exceptionally dramatic in term of steepness or local relief and is a
fault-block mountain. It is located in the southern region of
Eravikulam National Park at the junction of the Cardamom Hills, the
Anaimalai Hills and the Palani Hills.
Anamudi and the Eravikulam National Park surrounding it is
home to the largest surviving population of the Nilgiri tahr (Nilgiritragus
hylocrius) Asian elephants, gaur, Bengal tigers, and the Nilgiri marten (Martes gwatkinsii) are some of the
species of animals found here. The Anamudi peak area is also habitat of a unique frog Raorchestes
resplendens.[12] This newly discovered species is located in the Eravikulam National Park and is restricted
to less than three km2 on the summit of Anamudi.
7.Meesupulimala:
Meesupulimala is the second highest peak in
India. The name derives from its appearance from the
southwest of a tiger with prominent whiskers. It is located
in between the Anaimalai Hills and Palani Hills near
Suryanelli around 20 km away from Munnar. Treks to the
peak via Rhodo Valley (favourable for rhododendron
flowers) can be organized through the Kerala Forest
Development Corporation in Munnar. The trekking path
from Kolukkumalai to Meesapulimala is highly restricted.
It is shelter to many wild animals such as Nilgiri tahr,
sambar deer, wild gaur, wild dogs and even the sloth bear.
8.Doddabetta:
Doddabetta is the highest mountain in the Nilgiri Mountains.
There is a reserved forest area around the peak. It is 9 km from Ooty,
on the Ooty-Kotagiri Road in the Nilgiris District of Tamil Nadu,
India. It is a popular tourist attraction with road access to the summit.
It is the fourth highest peak in South India next to Anamudi,
Mannamalai and Meesapulimala. The area surrounding Doddabetta
is mostly forested. One can even see the forests of Bandipur National
Park from the top. The entire visual is that of misty mountain tops,
serene valleys, and tranquil nature at its best. Sholas cover the
hollows of its slopes. Slightly stunted, rhododendron trees, in the
midst of thick coarse grass, flowering sub-alpine shrubs and herbs are common, even very near the peak.
There is an observatory at the top of Doddabetta with two telescopes available for the public. It was
opened on 18 June 1983 and is run by the Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation (TTDC). The
average number of viewers in 2001-2002 was 3500 per day in season and 700 per day in the off season. It
was opened in 18 June, 1983 and since then, the views of misty mountains, dense valleys and other peaks of
this region have enthralled tourists who throng to this Telescope House to have a good view of the
surroundings.
9.Devi mala:
Devimala, is one of the 14 highest peaks of
Western Ghats in the (Devikulam) taluk of Idukki
district of Kerala. Devimala Peak lies in the Anamalai
hills of Kerala. It is located at the tea estate of
Devikulam near to Munnar. It is the highest peak in the
Devikulam hill station. It stands at an altitude of 2,521
m (8731 ft). Anamudi is located near to this peak. It is
the seventh highest peak in South India.

10.Perumal malai:

Perumal Peak or Perumal Malai Peak is a high peak at Kodaikanal in the Palani hills, that are a part
of the greater Western Ghat mountain range in Tamil Nadu, India, having an elevation of 2,234 metres
(7,329 ft). It is a favourite spot for trekkers. This peak divides the upper Palani hills to the west and the
lower Palani hills to the east. The Kodaikanal forest department have their communications repeater atop the
peak.
The trekkers may ascend the peak that rises to an altitude of 2440 meters. Ascending the Perumal
Peak is an exciting journey that reveals the hidden beauty of the Nilgiri Hills. The tourists may capture the
virgin beauty of the Western Ghats from atop the Perumal Peak. Trekking in the Perumal Peak is easy and
does not require prior experience in the adventure sport. The beginners and the novice may enjoy a beautiful
hike from the foot of the Perumal Peak to the top. From the summit of the peak the tourists get a spectacular
view of the wooded region around. The trek begins from the foot of the Perumal Peak which is located at
Neutral Saddle. The tourists may traverse the small hamlet called the Perumal Mallai Village where the
Neutral Saddle is located. Trekking in the Perumal Peak requires no permission and can be done by all. The
journey lasts for about 4 hours which includes the ascent and the descent of the Perumal Peak.
Kodaikanal - Perumal Peak is separated by a short distance of 11.3 kilometres from the town of
Kodaikanal. The region is easily accessible from the hill town of Kodaikanal. The tourists may travel to
Neutral Saddle by the buses or private cars that can be hired from the town. The journey from Kodaikanal -
Perumal Peak will take the tourists through an endless chain of mountains.
Learning Outcome:
1.Some of the major mountain ranges have rare species of flora and fauna and are being protected by the
government.
2.Rivers and mountains are important assets to be protected.
3.Some of the mountains and rivers are considered sacred.
4.The riverbeds are fertile soils and are suitable for agriculture.
5.Ganges is the largest river in India.
6.Godavari is also called Dakshin ganga (Ganges of the south) as it is the longest river in southern India.
7.Many ancient civilizations were established at riverbeds.
8.A peak of elevation above 2,000 metre is called as a mountain and if less than 2,000 they are called as
hills.
9.Kangchenjunga/Kanchenjunga is the highest peak in India.
10.Anamudi is the highest peak in southern India.
11.Narmada and Tapti are the only major west flowing rivers.
My Opinion:
It was very fun doing this project. I felt like I was sightseeing and I learned a lot about the rivers and
mountains of India. It was also relaxing to do this project.

Bibliography:
List of rivers of India - Wikipedia List of mountains in India - Wikipedia
Ganges - Wikipedia Kangchenjunga - Wikipedia
Yamuna - Wikipedia Nanda Devi - Wikipedia
Brahmaputra River - Wikipedia Kamet - Wikipedia
Meghna River - Wikipedia K12 (mountain) - Wikipedia
Mahanadi - Wikipedia Mukut Parbat - Wikipedia
Godavari River - Wikipedia Anamudi - Wikipedia
Krishna River - Wikipedia Meesapulimala - Wikipedia
Narmada River - Wikipedia Doddabetta - Wikipedia
Devimala - Wikipedia
Doddabetta Peak: Know everything about Doddabetta Peak in Ooty TN (vedantawakeup.com)
List of peaks in the Western Ghats - Wikipedia
List of mountains in India - Wikipedia