UGANDA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY -MUKONO

FACULTY OF LAW

COURSE UNIT: CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

BACHELOR OF LAWS

LECTURER: Mr. MOOLI ALBERT SIBUTA Esq., LLM, LLB, Dip LP, Advocate;
Email: moolialbert@gmail.com; Tel: 0782396373.

A. Course Description

Criminal Procedure is a practical subject that deals with the legal process and rules of
procedure for bringing criminal offenders to justice. These rules are found in statutory
enactments and case law.

B. Course Objective

At the end of this course, the student will be able to;

1. Appreciate the legal basis for police work regarding crime, particularly police
investigations.

2. Demonstrate an understanding of the law relating to how suspects (or persons

in conflict with the law) are brought to justice before the courts of law.

3. Be able to understand the procedures and legal basis for punishment.

C. Basic legal Materials

The Constitution of Uganda, 1995

The Magistrate Court Act Cap 16
The Magistrates’ Courts (Amendment) Act, 2007
The Criminal Procedure Code Act Cap 116
The Trial on Indictment Act Cap 23
The Penal Code Act Cap 120
The Penal Code (Amendment) Act, 2007
The Prisons Act Cap 303
The Probation Act Cap 122
The Children’s Act Cap 59
The Habitual Criminals (Preventive Detention) Act Cap 118

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The Extradition Act Cap 117
The Judicature Act Cap 13
The Court of Appeal Rules, Directions, 1996
Justice of Peace Act Cap 15
The Magistrates Courts (Magisterial Areas) Instrument, 2007

D. General Readings/Textbooks
- Ayume, Francis J., Criminal Procedure and Law in Uganda, Longman, 1986, Latest
Edition, 2010
- Odoki, B.J., A Guide to Criminal Procedure in Uganda, Kampala. L.D.C Publishers 197,
latest Edtion 2012
- Odoki, B. J., Cases on Criminal Procedure Vol. II L.D.C. Publications: A Handbook for
Magistrates, Kampala, 1972
- Musa Ssekanna., Criminal Procedure in Uganda, Law Africa
- Criminal Justice bench Book, by Law Developmenyt Centre
- Brown Donglas, Criminal Procedure in Uganda and Kenya ( 2 nd ed.), London, Sweet
and Maxwell, 1970
- Ssekandi F. W., Specimen Charges for Common Offences in Uganda, Kampala L.D.C
Publishers, 1975
- Roger Arguile, Criminal Procedure, London, Butterworths
- Odoki, B. J, Sentencing in Uganda (L.D.C) Kampala, 1979
- Hampton C., Criminal Procedure and Evidence London, Sweet & Maxwell, 1973

E. Methodology, course requirements and evaluation

The instructor will use a variety of teaching methods including the lecture method and
seminar style method (involving class discussions), with a bigger emphasis on the lecture
method. Students will take their own notes as the instructor facilitates their learning.
Lectures will be supplemented by tutorials.

Students are encouraged to attend all the classes and prepare for class by reading in
advance.

This is a largely case based subject and students are encouraged to find and read the cases
provided on the reading list.

Student will be assessed at two levels; course work and examination. Course work
constitutes 30 percent, while examination accounts for the 70 percent of the marks. It
should be noted that out of the 30 marks for coursework, 10 marks will be reserved for
class attendance and class participation.

F. COURSE CONTENT
 Nature of Criminal Proceedings
 Jurisdiction
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  Extradition
 Summons, Warrants and Arrest
 Searches and Search Warrants
 Bail
 Charges and Indictments
 Criminal Prosecutions ( Trial Procedure)
 Trial before Magistrate Courts
 Trial before the High Court
 Pleas ( including change of plea and functus officio rule)
 Judgments
 Sentencing ( including orders related to sentencing- compensation,
restitution, reconciliation, forfeiture, binding over order)
 The trial of juvenile offenders
 Appeals and Revisions

TOPICS AND REQUIRED READING

NATURE OF CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS

Ayume: Ch.1, Pages 1-8

CASES
Abdul Aziz Suleman v R (1958) EA 31
Onumu & Another v R (1970) EA 453

JURISDICTION

Ayume : Ch.3,pages 15-16

Richard Card and Jones: Criminal Law, 13th Edn, Ch.4, page 45.
The Constitution of Uganda; arts. 129 -139
The Judicature Act
Magistrates Courts Act; s. 1, 2, 3, 31,32,33,34,37,41, 142, 157, 161,162 ,166,204(1b) 168
Trial on Indictments Act; s. 1, 2,3
The Penal Code Act; s. 4, 5
The High Court (Circuits) Instrument, SI No. 20 of 2004

CASES
Ug vs Mustapha Atama (1975) HCB 254 s.5pca
Leo kahigwa and anor v Uganda s.5pca
Uganda v Nicholas iwanu s.162(1)b
Uganda v iwanuka s.162(1c)
Musisi vs R (1969) EA 493
Animisic Ltd vs Foreign Compensation Commission (1967) 2 All ER 986
Desai vs Warsama (1967) EA 351
Ug vs. James Bitambe ( 1983) HCB 17

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R v Pinfold (1988) 2 WLR 635
Ug v Ongone Taresela (1992-93) HCB 75
Kabenge & 2 Ors vs Uganda ( 1971) ULR 20
R vs. Hashin S/O Mohammed Mfaume (1968) HCB 272
Ug vs. Katamu Alayo (1977) HCB 219
Ug vs. Santina Rakias [1980] HCB 98
Ug vs. Stabi Juman [1983] HCB 14
Ug vs. Ongone Taresela (1992 -1993) HCB 75
Ug vs. Christopher Kiwanuka (1979) HCB 210

EXTRADITION

The Extradition Act, Cap. 117. 2,4,5,1,3,7.

22,8.1,8.2,8.3,9,10,11,12.2,13
The Extradition (Arrangements) (Enforcement) Instrument, SI No. 117-1
Ayume: Ch. 3, pages 21-28

CASES
Re Castioni (1891) 1 QB 149 s.3
Re an Application by the Attorney General of Tanganyika (1958) EA 482
R v Meunier (1894) 2 QB 41 s.3
R v Governor of Brixton Prison, Ex parte Kaleynski (1955) 2 WLR 116
R v Governor of Brixton Prison, Ex parte Gargener (1968) 1 All ER 636
Cheng vs. Governor of Pentoville Prison (1973) 2 WLR 746
Re an application by the Attorney General of Tanganyika [1958] E.A 482

SUMMONSES , WARRANTS AND ARREST

Ayume: Ch.4
Odoki: pages 37-44
Constitution: Articles 23 and 24
MCA: s. 44-53(summons)
58-60,62(arrests) 55 [warrant], 61&23(4),63,64
TIA: s. 5, 21-36
5-7,12(arrests)
CPCA: s. 2-23
2(1,2,3)method & force, 5, 10,11,12,23,15,19.

CASES

Uganda v Kamalawo & 4 Others (1983) HCB 23

Stephen Obiro v R (1962) EA 61
Davey v Shawecroft (1948) 1 All ER 827
Christine v Leachinsky (1947) 1 All ER 567
Beard & Another v Republic (1970) EA 448 s.15 cpca
M’bui vs. Dyer (1967) EA 315 s.2(2)
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Mwangi s/o Njoroge vs. R (1954) 21 EACA 377
Karum s/o Njerege vs. R (1954) 21 EACA 377
Joseph Byarugaba vs. Ug [1973] ULR 4
Gustus Nsubuga vs. Attorney General (1973) 1 ULR 74
Edward Lule Nsimbe vs. Ug (1982) HCB 77
Ug vs. D Kamalawo and 4 ors (1983) HCB 23
Nvule vs. Attorney General (1978) HCB 31
Stephen Oporocha vs. Ug [1991] HCB 9 s.15cpca
Ug vs. Kizza [1983] HCB 12
F. Sentamu vs. U.C.B 7 Anor [1983] HCB 59
Byansi & Anor vs. Busoga District Local Administration [1975] HCB 286
R.K. Kasule vs. Makerere University Kampala [1975] HCB 375 s.15,s7cpca

SEARCHES AND SEARCH WARRANTS

Odoki: pages 45-48

Constitution: art. 27
Ayume: Ch.5
MCA: s. 69 -74
CPCA: s. 3-8
Police Act: s. 23 - 28

CASES

Kityo v Uganda (1967) EA 23s.7 cpca

Onyango v Uganda (1967) EA 386
Tenywa v Uganda (1967) EA 102
Simon Musoke v R (1958) EA 715
Ug v Kakooza (1984) HCB 1
Ug v Twaha Muyangu [1975] HCB 329
Elias vs. Pasmore (1934) 2 KB 164 s.73(1)mca
Mohanlal Trivedi vs. R [1967] EA 355
Dritoo vs. West Nile District Administration [1968] EA 428
Ug vs. Alfred Cox-Odoki [1973] HCB 191
Koech vs. R [1968] EA 109
Simon Musoke vs. Ug [1958]EA 715
Tumuhairwe vs. Ug [1967] EA 328
Ug vs. Musisi [1977] HCB 298
Kiwanuka & Anor vs. Ug [1977] HCB 1
Ug vs. Mukasa [1978] HCB 318
Ndege vs. Ug [1979] HCB 162 (CA)
Ug vs. Zakaria Kera [1975]107
Christopher Lubaale vs. Uganda [1995] VI KALR 36. S.69mca

BAIL

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The Constitution: Art. 23(6),28(2a),
20(1), 20(2), 28(3)a, 28(3c), 23(6a), 23(6b),23(6c)
Ayume: Ch.6
Odoki: Ch. 14 pages 69-75
MCA: Sections 75-84, 205,
57,63(2)
TIA: Sections 14,15 and 17
The Judicature (Criminal Procedure)(Applications) Rules, SI No. 13-8: rules 2,3,4
CPCA S.17(1), S.24(2)(b)police act,S.38
CASES

Livingstone Mukasa & 5 Others v Uganda [1976] HCB 117

Panju v R (1973) 282
Nakyeyune v Uganda (1992-93) HCB 61
Jagger v R (1973) EA 39
Teddy Ssezi Cheeye v Ug 2009. 132(4) TIA
Mugerwa Ssalongo v Uganda (1986) HCB 25
S. Ruparelia v Uganda (1992-93) HCB 52
Ug. Vs. Lawrence Luzinda [1986] HCB 33
In an Application for Bail for Balaki Kirya Misc. Criminal Appeal 65/1984
DPP vs. Col (RTD) Dr. Kiiza Besigye, Constitutional Reference No. 20 of 2005
Col (RTD) Dr. Kiiza Besigye vs. Ug H.C. Criminal Misc. Application No. 37 of 2004
Alvind Patel vs. Ug S.C.C.A No 1 of 2003 40(2)cpca
Christopher Lubaale vs. Ug [1995] IV KALR 48
Capt. Wilberfore Serunkuma vs. Ug [1995] 1 KALR 32
Leonard Muyingo vs. Ug [1995] II KALR 32
Dr.Alex Kamugisha v Ug. 2007.
Ug vs. Quarish Ggolooba [1998] II KALR 27
Charles Onyango Obbo & Andrew Mwenda vs. Ug [1997] V KALR 25
Mutyaba Semu vs. Ug H.C Criminal Misc. Application No. 99/92
Dr. Aggrey Kiyingi vs. Ug H.C. Misc. Criminal Application No.41 of 2005
Florence Byabazaire vs. Ug H.C. Misc. Criminal Application No.284 of 2006
Dens Obua Otima v. Ug H.C. Misc. Criminal Application No.18 of 2005
Godi Akbar v Uganda.
Kaye v AG Constitutional petition of 2012.
Mutyaba Semu v Uganda
Dennis obua otima v Ug 2005

CHARGES AND INDICTMENTS

Ayume: Ch. 7
Odoki; Ch.11
MCA: S. 42(2), 85-88, 132,
TIA: s. 22-27, 25,50 – 51, 58,26,27
S.88 and 25 (a,b,c,e,f,i,m,o)
CASES

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R v Timbukiza s/o Kiyonga (1958) EA 212
Judge & Ors v West Nile Administration (1963) EA 406. 88mca
R v Wandera (1948) 15 EACA 105
Ug v Lakol (1986) HCB 27
R v Male (1963) EA 471
Kimeze & Anor. V Uganda (1983) HCB 9
Ug v Ndondo & 2 Ors. (1985) HCB 3
Balinda v Ug (1992-93) HCB 41
Matu v Ug (1951) EACA 311
Ug vs. Samwiri Baligeya [1977] HCB 223
Judagi & Ors vs. West Nile District Administration [1963] EA 406
Kayondo vs. Ug (1992 – 1993) HCB 41
Ug vs. Ndondo & 2 Ors [1985] HCB 3
Ug vs. Paulo Muwanga (1988 – 90) HCB 72
Ug. William Ibwokital [1980] HCB 3
Stephen Kisuwa & Anor vs. Ug [1980] HCB 95
Ug vs. Katabazi [1978] HCB 4
Ug vs. Mpaya [1975] HCB 245
Sosi-Peter Opale slo Idiawo v R (1962) 1EA 661
Ug vs. Byaruhanga [1975] HCB 258
Uganda v Bwambale and Anor

I. JOINDER OF CHARGES

Ayume: pp. 70-75

Odoki: p.55
MCA s. 85 -87,86
TIA s. 23 -24

CASES

Alikaeli v R (1932) 12 EACA 371

Leban Koti v R (1962) EA 439
R v Peter Scarmange 47 Cr. App. R 2132
Joseph s/o Odare v R (1954) 21 EACA 311
Dalip Singh v R (1971) hcb 364
Nathan v R (1965) EA 77
Ug v Bitambe (1983) HCB 17
Yowanda Buliza v Uganda (1965) EA 634
Kato v Ug 91971) HCB 36
Yakobo Uma & Anor vs. R [1965] EA 542
Sulemani Makerere vs. R (1973) 1 TLR ® 205
Ug vs. Katabazi [1978] HCB 67
Ug vs. Luabye [1986] AC 31
Joseph s/o Odare vs. R (1954) 21 EACA 311
Delip Sigh vs. R [1971] HCB 364
Yolamu Okecho & Anor vs. U {1977} HCB 270
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Ug vs. Muwonge (1988 – 90) HCB 72
Wanda Alex v Uganda SCCA No. 42 of 1995
Ug vs. Emmanual Yigga [1984] HCB 25
Pin vs. Ug (1992 -93) HCB 32
Harry Isiko v Uganda SCCA No.4 of 1993.
Ug vs. Kadi Matovu & Anor [1983] HCB
Yorokamu Okech & Isaya Okumu vs. Ug [1977] HCB 270
Yowana Sebuzukira v Uganda 1(965)
Uganda v Yokasafati Edopa # 8 ors [1977]

II.DEFECTIVE CHARGES /DUPLICITY OF CHARGES

MCA, s. 42
TIA s. 25, 50, 58
Odoki; pp.55-56
Ayume: pp. 76-80

CASES
Sadi v R [1969] EA
Saina v R [1974] EA.
Ug vs. Matovu (1983) HCB 27
Kimaze & Anor. vs. Uganda (1983) HCB 9
Laban Koti vs. R (1962) EA 437
Ug v Borespeyo Maya [1975] HCB 245
Opale vs. R (1962) EA 661
Ug vs.Sebaale (1986) HCB 36
Ug v Dickens Elatu
Avone vs. Ug [1969] EA 129
Ug vs. James Bitambe [1983] HCB 17
Ug vs. Robert & Anor (1969) EA 622
Sosipeter Opale vs. R (1962) EA 611
Ug vs. Keneri Opidi (1965) EA 614
Abdul Rasul G. Subur vs. R [1958] EA 126
Harbans Singh vs. R[1958] EA 199
Ug vs. Bwambale & Anor [1979] HCB 254
Saidi vs R [1969] EA 280
Ludwike vs. R [1967} EA 763
Ug vs.Okello [1985]hcb 13
Shah vs. R [1960] EZ 562
Ug vs. Ssebaale [1986] HCB 230
Ug vs. Bitambe [1983] HCB 17
Njuguna v Republic

III. AMENDMENT OF CHARGES

MCA, s.132, (s.146MCA, 88 TIA, 147MCA, S.89TIA) TIA, s. 50,51

Ayume: Ch.81 – 83, Odoki, pg 71
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CASES

Wanje Kanyoro Kamau v R (1965) EA 501

Lubega & Ors vs. Ug (1967) EA 240
Mwangi vs. R (1974) EA 499
R. vs Sitapakwe [1945] 19 EACA 240
Mbithi Kisoi vs. R (1955) 22 EACA 484
Maine s/o Kamunye vs. R (1954) 21 EACA 254 (k)
Yusuf Maumba vs. R [1966} EA 167
Saucier vs. R [1962] EA 30
R vs. Pople (1951) 1 KB 53
Maulidi Abdullah Chengo vs. Republic [1964] EA 122 (T)
William Sebugenyi vs. R (1959) EA 411
Ug vs. Isake Irumba & 4 Ors [1978] HCB* 229
Musoke vs. R (1956 -57) 8 ULR 108

A. TRIAL PROCEDURE

1. MAGISTRATE COURTS

Ayume: Ch.8
Odoki B.J: Ch.92-100
MCA Sections 114-118, 119-160

CASES
1. R vs. d/o Snag and others (1987)14 EACA 134
2. Wanje Kanyoro Kamau vs. R[1965]EA 501 (CA)
3. R vs. Sitapakwe s/o Kilembo (1945)19 EACA 47
4. Lubega and others vs. R(1967)EACA 240
5. Uganda vs.Barza and another Criminal appeals Nos. 36-87/73
6. Uganda vs. Lule Crim. Case 456/68
7. Uganda vs. Lwanga and others crim. S. case No. 179/71
8. Kanyankole vs. Uganda Crim.Applic.18/72(CA)
9. R. v Hans 20 Cr.App.EA 144
10. Mwangi and Ors. vs. R[1974]EA 499
11. Batala vs.E[1974]EA 402
12. Sulemani Oyo vs. Uganda Crim.Appl No.150/71(EACA) (unreported)
13. Eustace v Republic

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14. Criminal Revision No.47 of 1980 [1981]HCB 6
15. Uganda vs. Akal & others [1979]HCB 8
16. Musa & Others v R [1970]EA 42
17. Uganda vs. G.Ndungo[1978]HCB 226
18. R v Suke d/o Samwe & Others (1947)14EACA 134

PLEAS

1. R vs. Inns 60 Crim.Appeal R.231

2. Adan vs. R[1975]EA 445
3. U vs.Mwebese (1978)HCB 872
4. R vs.Moses Muwonge and 2 others Crim Rev. 145/1977
5. U vs.Wasswa & Others (1969)KALR 94
6. U vs. Lwanga [1984]HCB 20
7. U vs. Motooroki [1979]HCB 253
8. R vs. Thomas [1950] KB 26
9. Haju Sedu Senyaga vs. Uganda [1975]EA 186
10. Ug vs. Muwonge & Others [1978]HCB 23
11. Ug vs.Tuke [1979] HCB 127
12. Ug vs.Lakot [1986] HCB 27
13. Ug vs.Kilama (1992-93) HCB 50
14. U vs.Bwambale & Another [1979] HCB 252
15. U vs.Fred Rutoroki [1979] HCB 253
16. U vs.Haji Zedi Semugoya, Crim. Rev. No.235 of 1973
17. Uganda v Milenge & Another [1970] EA 269
18. George Kanalusasi v Uganda (1988-90)HCB 9
19. Uganda v Charles Olet & Another [1991] HCB 13
20. Samwiri Mugabi v Uganda [1987]HCB 14
21. Luusi Mibuulo v Uganda [1985]HCB 5
22. Uganda v Paulo Lwanga [1984]HCB 20
23. Uganda v Matovu [1973]HCB 195
24. J.Bizangande v Uganda [1976]HCB 9

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CHANGE OF PLEA AND THE FUNCTUS OFFICIO RULE

Ayume ch.9, pg 111-116

CASES

1. Mugola s/o Pudha vs.R(1953)20 EACA 171

2. U vs Christopher Mukiibi Crim.Appl. 511/72(unreported)
3. Kulundi Gatithi vs. R[1973]EA 540
4. Lapi and 2 Others vs.Uganda MB 88/65
5. Okello vs. R[1969] EA 378
6. Yusuf Mbumba vs. R[1966]EA 383
7. R vs. Guest (1964)2 AII ER 385
8. S (an infant) v Manchester City Recorder & Others (1969)3 All ER 1230
9. U vs. Serio Elic Crim. Rev. 90/77
10. U vs. Ndondo & 2 Others [1985]HCB 3
11. George Yiga vs. U[1974]HCB 162
12. Joseph Mugola vs. R (1953)20 EACA 171
13. Ug vs. Muwonge & Others [1978] HCB 23
14. Ug vs.Tukei [1979] HCB 127
15. Ug vs. Bakamwise [1986] HCB 15
16. Uganda v Okwang Michael (1992-93)HCB 62

2. TRIAL IN THE HIGH COURT

TIA Section 50-8

1. Ug vs. Yanosam Lule Crim. Ses. Case 456/68

2. Ug vs. Musa Lwanga and 4 others Crim.Sc. No. 179 of 1971 (unreported)
3. Ug vs. Aleper Ogola s/o Sagala Crim. Sc. No.501/71 (unreported)
4. John Kanyankole vs. Uganda EACA Crim.App.No.18/72(unreported)
5. U vs. Wasajja [1975] HCB 76
6. R v Dinu d/o Sombi & 2 Others (1953)20 EACA 166
7. Vithlani v R (1956-57)8 ULR 155
8. Mafabi s/o Mafabi v R (1956-57)8 ULR 59

B. ASSESSORS
Ayume Ch.11
Odoki B.J:pp. 126-128
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Excerpts from part III of Jearey’s article 3 UAL 82
Sir John Gray – Opinion of Assesors in criminal Trials in East Africa as to Native Custom –(1985)2 JAL
A.W Allot- The Judicial Ascertainment of Customary Law in British Africa – 20 ELR 294
Odero, F.W.J. The role and Status of Assessors in East African Judicial Systems; Journal of Denning
Law Society DSM (12) December
But see Uganda TIA sections.
1. Ndirangu s/o Odingo vs. R(1954)2 EA 878
2. Washington s/o Maingi VR (1954)21 EACA 392
3. R. vs. Mutwiwa s/o Malingi (1935)2 EACA 66
4. R. vs. Kiswaga s/o Lugumu (1948)15 EACA 50
5. R. vs. Guzambizi Wesonga (1948)15 EACA 65
6. R. vs. Edimbe s/o Nyandawale (1947)14 EACA 85
7. Godfrey Tinkamalirwa & Another v Uganda (1988-90 HCB 5
8. King Emperor vs. Tirumali Reddi 24 Madras 529
9. Mahlikilili Dhalamini vs. The King [1942] AC 553
10. Khiza vs. Ug. [1983]HCB 12
11. Kusain Lukoda vs. Ug. [1983]HCB 6
12. Kasule vs. Ug. [1992-9383]HCB 38
13. Komakech vs. Ug. [1992-93]HCB 21
14. Ocoke vs. Ug. [1992-93]HCB 12
15. Kanalusasi vs. Ug. [1988-90]HCB 9
16. Kassim Musa Obura vs. Ug. [1983]HCB 3
17. Birikadde vs. Ug. [1986]HCB 6
18. Bihinganwa vs. Ug. [1986]HCB 2
19. Kinyori s/o Karuditi v R (1986)23 EALR 480
20. Abdu Komakech v Uganda (1992-93) HCB 21
21. Mohammed Byamugisha v Uganda [1987]HCB 4
22. G.Bihinganwa v Uganda [1986]HCB 1
23. R v W.Y Wilken [1965] HCB 286
24. John Kuka v Uganda, Supreme Court Criminal Appeal No. 1 of 1992
25. Sula Kasiiria v Uganda S.C.C.A No. 20 of 1993

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26. Sam Ekolu alias Obote v Uganda S.C.C.A No.15 of 1994
27. Kenge v R [1999]1 EA 145 (CAK)
28. Bwenge v Uganda [1999]1 EA 25 (cau)
29. Fred Sebahashi v Uganda [1994] V KALR 127

B. JUDGEMENTS AND COMPETENT VERDICTS

Ayume – chapter 13
Odoki- chapters 25, pg. 32-135
MCA SS. 135-136, 144-155
TIA SS 82-86; 90
Kenny pars 731; 732; 735
CASES
1. Amiraliv Ismail vs. R (1952)1 TLR (R) 370
2. Daudi Wade vs. R (1953020 EACA 138
3. R vs. Ali Abdulla Shirazi and another (1956)23 EACA 550
4. R vs. Kangara s/o Karanjo (1934)1 EACA 74
5. Akadit s/o Lengobe and another vs. R (1951)18 EACA 193
6. Desiderio Kawunya vs. R (1953)20 EACA 281
7. Samwiri Senyange vs. R (1953)20 EACA 277
8. Mugema vs Republic [1967]EA 606
9. Bwire vs.Uganda [1966]EA 539
10. Misango vs Republic [1969]EA
11. R vs. Sena [1971]HCB 208
12. John vs. R[1971]HCB 380
13. Isliam Nkate vs. R[1961]HCB 216
14. Alex Opolot vs Uganda Crim. Appealence 56/72 (CA)
15. Ug vs. Emmanuel Yanga (supra)
16. Ug vs. Benctor Adrabe [1984]HCB 20
17. Ug vs. Okitoyi (1978)HCB 3
18. U vs. Zikolere and 2 others (1986) HCB 21
19. Jean Charles Confiance v R [1960]EA 567

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20. George Kanalusasi v Uganda (1988-90)HCB 9
21. Uganda v L.Oyang & Another [1980]HCB 4
22. Uganda v Ochola & 2 Others [1981]HCB 8
23. Uganda v Pampilio Edebu [1979]HCB 209
24. Uganda v Yusuf Kasanda & 3 Others [1978]HCB 223
25. Raphael Kiiza & Anor V Uganda (1995)III KALR 59
26. Karim Bagenda & Ors V Uganda (1994)V KALR 43

MINOR AND COGNATE OFFENCES

Ayume Ch.13 pg.151
S.142 MCA
CASES
1. Robert Ndeche and Another vs. R (1954) 18 EACA 171
2. R vs. Mayanja (1936-51)6 ULR 11
3. Ali Masabaeru Mpauda vs. R [1963]EA 295
4. Breaka s/o Afiya vs. R[1963]EA 363
5. Fune vs. Ug[1967]EA 632
6. Mpanda vs. R[1963]EA 294
7. Seleeho and another vs. R 91951) 18 EACA 171
8. R vs. Kagere s/o Langaba & Another (1951) 18 EACA 193
9. Amirali Imail vs. R (1985) 1 TLR ® 370
10. Wade vs. R(1953) 20 EACA 138
11. Kawooya vs. R(1953) 20 EACA 280
12. Uganda v Patrick Batulibubi [1977] HCB 291
13. Kasto Budebo v Uganda S.C.C.A No.22 of 1993
14. Adam Owonda V Uganda S.C.C.A No.8 of 1994
15. Mawanda V Uganda (2000)2 EA 444 (SCU)
16. Henry Kayondo V Uganda (1995) III KALR 118
17. Avutia V Uganda (1995) IV KALR 115

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18. Teopista Tusingwire & Anor V Uganda (1996) IV KALR 75
19. Wini Geyonga Rusheyegera V Uganda (1992) IV KALR

D SENTENCING
Odoki Ch.26
Ayume – Chapter 14
MCA Sections 162, 164, 165, 172, 173, 175, 186 and 192
TIA Sections 96, 98, 99, 102, 103, 105, 116, 121, 122
Judges’ Role in sentencing EACA 31
Various aspects of imprisonment system 2 EALJ 18
Law in one party State by George(2) Prisons in Africa; Africa concord 1987 No.155 27 th
May. What is wrong with Prisons: Special Report Sundary Stuward May, 27th , 1990 pg.15.

CASES
1. Ug vs. Ali Naman Kakooba & Anor. [1976]HCB 262
2. Ug vs. Kawesa [1979]HCB 171
3. Ug vs. Okwang (1992-1993)HCB 62
4. Ug vs. Tuke [1974]HCB 127
5. Ug vs. Kiyime [1986]HCB 26
6. Ug vs. Akaku (1992-1993)HCB 49
7. Ug vs. Faibi Alum H.C.C Session Case No.14/96
8. Ug vs. Omara (1992-93)HCB 77
9. Waswero and 2 others vs. Ug (1988-90) HCB 25
10. Ug vs. Katusabe (1988-90)HCB 59
11. Mohammed Yasin Sekayolo vs. Ug(1992) V KALR 107
12. Ug vs. Kankiriho James & Bateta Annet
13. Amos Binuge & Others v Uganda(1992-93)HCB 29
14. Uganda v Godfrey Kilama (1992-93)HCB 50
15. Uganda v RA 67828 CPL Lenox Omara (1992-93)HCB 77
16. Uganda v J.Kawesa & Another [1984]HCB 13
17. Uganda v Beneto Adrabo [1984]HCB 28

15
18. Criminal Revision No.47 of 1980[1981]HCB 6
19. Uganda v Bambeijo & Another [1981]HCB 4 (Mayindo, J Per Curiam)
20. Uganda v Ochola & 2 Others [1981]HCB 8
21. Uganda v Solomon Adoba & Another [1974]HCB 229
22. Amratial v Uganda [1970]EA 401
23. Mahuku v Uganda [1970]HCB 495
24. Uganda v Fred Oyuku, Criminal Revision No.16 of 1992
25. Uganda v Kamahanga, Criminal Revisional Order No.2
26. Mukombe Moses V R S.C.C.A No. 12 OF 1995
27. Sula Kasiira V Uganda S.C.C.A No. 20 of 1993
28. Bimbi Peter V Uganda S.C.C.A No.33 of 1994
29. Adam Owonda V Uganda S.C.C.A No.8 of 1994
30. Mutundi Richard V Uganda Court of Appeal Criminal Appeal No.17 of 2004
31. Uganda V Nabakoza Jackline & 9 Ors H.C Crim Rev No.8/2004
32. Barasa Samuel V Uganda Court of Appeal Criminal Appeal No.294/ 2004
33. Nyekikyire Moses V Uganda Court of Appeal Criminal Appeal No.87/2003
34. Wabuluku Johnson V Uganda Court of Appeal Criminal Appeal No.158/2003
35. Kembol V R (2001) 1 EA 83 (CAK)
36. Mawanda V Uganda (2000)2EA 444 (SCU)
37. Kizito V Uganda (2000)2EA 424 (SCU)
38. Nfutimukiza V Uganda (1999)1 EA 220 (CAU)
39. Sande Martin V Uganda Court of Appeal Criminal Appeal No.278 of 2008
40. Abot Richard V Uganda Court of Appeal Criminal Appeal No.190/2004
41. Agabo Job V Uganda Court of Appeal Criminal Appeal No.230/2003
42. Yunus Wanaba V Uganda Court of Appeal Criminal Appeal No.156/2001
43. Uganda V Kennedy Ovuru (1995) V KALR 11
44. Uganda V Kankiruho James & Anor (1996) 1 KALR 70
45. Eza Sebufu V Uganda (1995) V KALR 40
46. Somali Bamutiire & 2 Ors V Uganda (1994) V KALR 164
47. Ziwa Mohammed V Uganda Court of Appeal Criminal Appeal No.217 of 2003
48. Nyasio Bumali V Uganda Court of Appeal Criminal Appeal No.197 of 2003

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49. Luggya Lawrence V Uganda Court of Appeal Criminal Appeal No.325 of 2003
50. Guloba Muzamiru V Uganda S.C.C.A No.6/2004
51. Sebule V Uganda S.C.C.A No.22/2004
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHILE SENTENCING
a) Prisoner’s Antecedents- meaning of
1. Anyuma s/o Omolo and another vs. R (1953)20 EACA 218
2. R vs. John Mselamma [1967] HCB 145
3. Rashid s/o, Abdallah vs. R[1969]HCB 70
4. Ug. Vs Mutebi Settumba (1986) HCB 13
5. Nasamaire Nsubuga vs. R (1950) 17 EACA 130

For every count on which conviction is had, there must be separate sentence
Omnibus sentence are not allowed in law
1. Mohamed Warsama vs. R (1956) 23 EACA 576
2. Uganda v Pampilio Edebu [1979] HCB 209
3. Uganda v Rubarema (1972) II ULR 35
After conviction, the Judge or Magistrate has discretion to accept whatever information he
thinks fit. Such information need not be given unless the accused challenges its accuracy.

Ruto Arap Lillygoi vs. R (1955)22 EACA 541

b) Previous Convictions
Only relevant where they preceded the date or commission of the offence in question.
Ayume: pp. 155-157

1. R VS. Musi s/o Usawale [1962]EA 499

2. Effect of L Sajile Salemu vs. Republic [1964] EA 341
3. Uganda vs. Edward Mutyaba [1971]1 ULR 45
4. Ali Kiggundu v Uganda, Criminal Appeal No.283 of 1973
5. Sebulini Zongoza v Uganda, Criminal Appeal No.314 of 1969

c) Aggravating or Extenuating Circumstances

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1. Santok Singh Vs R (1948)15 EACA 97
2. Hopley Vs R (1949) 16 EACA 110
3. Baigunamu Vs Uganda (1972) 2 ULR 1
4. Uganda v Otim s/o Engodu [1980] HCB 2
5. Nkera v Uganda [1984] HCB 2
The prevalence of crime –with which the accused is convicted may be a factor in assessing
the sentence to be imposed so long as it does not result in a convicted man being made the
scapte goat of other people who have committed similar crimes but have not been caught
and convicted.

d) Taking other offences into account:

MCA: Section 133(2)
TIA. S.98(b)
R vs Gulamhussein [1959]EA 743

Preventive Detention
Habitual Criminals (Preventive Detention) Act (cap.118)
MCA: Section 163
Practice Note- Lord Parker CJ-Published in (1962)All E.R 672
1. Stefano Ochaya vs Uganda-High Court Cr. App. No. 398 of 1964.
2. Francis Othieno vs Uganda-High Court Cr. App. 236 of 1970/M.B.113/70
3. Jovamu vs Ug
4. R vs Mclean (1911) 1KB 332
5. R vs Webb (19530 1 ALLER 1156
6. Mahuku v Uganda [1970] HCB 495
7. Ojok v Uganda [1970] EA 575

Imprisonment
a) Uganda v Kunobwa Deo, Criminal Revisional Order No.6 of 1991

18
b) Shabani Mugabi V Uganda (1995) III KALR 87 Uganda V Kilama Kennedy (1995) III
KALR 82
c) Deo Bakyenga V Uganda (1995) III KALR 77
d) Leonard Muyingo V Uganda (1995) II KALR 63
e) Uganda V Omach Richard (1995) II KALR 133
f) Mukasa Deogratius V Uganda (1995) II KALR 52
g) Leo Byaruhanga V Uganda (1995) II KALR 7
h) Gwasa Daniel V Uganda (1995) 1 KALR 17
i) Bwimbi Peter V Uganda (1995) 1 KALR 34
j) Mohammed Kasoma V Uganda (1995) 1 KALR 37
k) Sam Buteera V Uganda (1995) 1 KALR 43
l) John Baptist Kibuka V Uganda (1995) 1 KALR 162
m) Stephen Batumbia V Uganda (1995) V1 KALR 49
n) Eriya Ngambeki V Uganda (1995) V1 KALR 84
o) Moses Ganya V Uganda (1995) V1 KALR 65

Consecutive & Concurrent sentences

Ayume pg. 161-162
1. Godfrey Peter Jeils vs. R[1971]HCB 468
2. Robert s/o Nyangan vs. R[1967]HCB 20
3. Kisherile Dhamirani Agganwal vs R[1968]HCB 281
4. R vs Oyunya [1970]EA 78
5. Muinin vs R[1973]HCB 86
6. Shikowaya vs R[1970]HCB 399
7. Uganda v C.Aguti w/o Olipa & Another, Criminal Revision No.91 of 1991
8. Kagube Mohammed V Uganda (1995) VI KALR 1 Theft of cattle C/S 255 PCA

E. FINES
MCA: Section 192(2), 199 and 197
Ayume: Ch 14 pg. 166-168
TIA: Sections 110 and 128

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The English Sentencing System by Rupert Cross
1. R vs. Lewis [1965] Cr. L.R 21
2. Kango vs. R (1947)22 (2) KLR 49
3. R vs. Ali Suleiman [1961] EA 538
4. Seth vs R[1962] EA 523
5. R vs Retilale Lakhani [1958]EA 140
6. Uganda v Batulumayo Kawesa [1979]HCB 171
7. Uganda v Rumanyika, Criminal Revision No.4 of 1993
8. Uganda v Abdu Sendawula, Criminal Revision Order No.3 of 1993
9. Tom bwete V Uganda (1995) V KALR 1 Uttering a false document C/S 330 PCA
10. Yakubu Nabala V Uganda (1995) II KALR 124 Sentencing to imprisonment and fine in
default
11. Uganda V Obita Christopher (1995) VI KALR 11

G. ORDERS RELATED TO SENTENCING

Costs
Ayume: Ch 15
MCA: Section 195, 198
TIA: Section 125, 127
1. Uganda vs. Kezironi Bushaija [1973] ULR 40
2. Uganda vs. Mathorny Celestine Rumanyika, Crim. Rev. No.676 of 1971
3. Uganda vs. Benard Ketarama Katarikawe Crim. App. No.676 of 1970(unreported)
4. Municipal Council of Dar-es-Salaam vs. Almeida and others [1975]EA 244; 2 TLR 53

Compensation
Ayume pp. 178 – 183
MCA: Section 196, 197 & 198
TIA: Section 126 & 128
Penal Code: Sections 123, 154, 259 & 273
1. Uganda vs. Silvano Okanytho, Crim. Rev. 239 of 1975 (unreported)
2. Harning & others vs. Republic [1972]EA 133
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3. Uganda vs. Isaya Wabwire Crim. Rev. No.558 of 1970 (unreported)
4. R vs. Dunn [1965] EA 56
5. Uganda vs John Olwenyi (1971)2 ULR 39
6. Elia Tabu V Uganda, Criminal Revisional Order No.13 of 1991
7. John Mayengo V Uganda (1995) V KALR 131
8. Kassim Mpanga V Uganda (1995) IV KALR 1
9. John Mayengo V Uganda (1995) IV KALR 165
10. Sula Kasiira V Uganda (1994) V KALR 115

Restitution
Odoki: ch.29 pg. 168-169
Ayume: pg. 183- 185
MCA: Section 202
TID: Section 13
Reconciliation
Ayume: pg. 185- 188
MCA: Section 160

1. R vs. Olworo Benjamin Crim.Rev. No.661 of 1976(unreported)

2. R vs. Saide Ibrahim [1960] EA 1058
3. Uganda vs. Zadoki Olowo Crim. Rev.No.745 of 1969 (unreported)
4. Ug. Vs. Kapere [1978] HCB 10
5. Uganda V Swaibu Mukidadi & Anor (1995)II KALR 135

Forfeiture
Ayume: pg. 188
Odoki: ch.9, pg. 173
MCA: Section 202
TIA: Section 131
1. Michola K.Musoke vs Uganda Crim. Rev. No. 216 of 1967

21
2. Shadrack Kibai vs. R (1954) 21 EACA 604
3. Charles Eweku V Uganda S.C.C.A No. 13/90
Binding over Order
MCA: Section 202 & 203
TIA: Section 119 & 121
Joseph Nsubuga vs. Uganda vs. Uganda M.B 133/67; Misc. Crim. App. No.147-149 of
1967(unreported)

Probation Order
Children Act cap 59
Probation Act (Cap.122)
Ayume: pp. 168-204
Odoki: ch.9, pg. 173
CASES
1. Uganda vs. Debu s/o Albino Andura Crim. Rev. No.275 of 1971(unreported)
2. Uganda vs. Henry Kayondo [195]EA 269
3. R. vs. Patrick Matata (1967) HCB 413
4. Amarali Rashid Raswani vs. R (1967)HCB 205
5. Reventinate Tomimati Magisto vs. R(1968)HCB 154
6. R vs. Hasham [1971] EA 348
7. R V Bukuku (1995-1998) 1 EA 286 What to consider in imposing sentence on juvenile
offenders.
Conditional Discharge
MCA: S.202 and TIA S.118
1. R vs. Alli s/o Saidi (1967) HCB 364
2. R vs. John Charles Haule (1969) HCB 210

H. APPEALS AND REVISION

Appellate Jurisdiction of Courts in Uganda

22
Resistance Committee (Judicial Powers) Statue 1988
MCA Section 204
The Constitution of 1995, Article 130-145
Trial on Indictment Act S.132

CASES
1. SGT. Kalemera Frank V R.S.C.C.A No.18/1994
2. Kassim Mpanga V Uganda S.C.C.A No.30/1994
3. Shaban Birumbi & Anor V Uganda S.C.C.A No.32/1989
4. Ndungu V R (2003)1 EA 17 (CAK)
5. Omiat V Uganda (2003) 1 EA 226 (SCU)
6. Elirema & Anor V R (203)1 EA 105 (CAK)
7. Kerekona V Uganda (2000) 1 EA 105 (SCU)
8. Semande V Uganda (1999) 1 EA 321 (SCU)
9. R V Kenya Post AND Telecommunications (1999) 1 EA 250
10. Mkurya V R (1995-1998) 1EA 194 (CAT)
11. Kamori Johnson V Uganda (1995) V KALR 57
12. Shaban Mugabi V Uganda (1995) III KALR 87
13. Uganda V Kilama Kennedy (1995) III KALR 83
14. Steven Mugume & Fred Mutumba V Uganda (1995) II KALR 8
15. Yakubu Nabala V Uganda (1995)II KALR 124
16. Kassim Mpanga V Uganda (1995) IV KALR 1
17. Karim Bagenda & Ors V Uganda (1994) V KALR 43

RIGHT OF APPEAL
“Appeal is the creation of statute. Even the state has no right of appeal unless such right is
clearly given by law”
1. Republic vs. Dunn [1965]EA 567
2. Uganda v Hon.P.K.Semwogerere & 2 Others [1985] HCB 4
3. Uganda v Inansio Lule [1975] EA 362 : (1973)1 ULR 8
4. Uganda v Thomas Baguma Criminal Revision No.371 of 1969
5. Francis Mbazira v Uganda Criminal Revision No.42 of 1992

23
6. Charles Harry Twagirw V Uganda S.C.C.A No.27 of 2003

Appeals from Magistrates’ Courts –S.204 MCA

a) From Grades II and III to CM’s Court on a matter of law as well as of fact by ANY
PERSON Convicted. But where convicted on a plea of guilty appeal lies only against
sentence.
b) From CM’s court and that of Grade 1 to the High Court on a matter of fact as well as
of law by any person convicted.

But i) Where convicted on plea of guilty appeal lies only against sentence
ii) Even then no appeal against sentence if the sentence it is one of the month’s
imprisonment or a FINE not exceeding shs.100/-.

Where an accused has been acquitted.

 May appeal on the grounds that it is erroneous in law S.216 (5) MCA. This means a
complainant, however, aggrieved, and cannot appeal on his own.

 Also NOTE that the DPP has

i) A right of appeal in a case where costs have been awarded under section 207
MCA- See subsection (5).

ii) If aggrieved by an order of compensation made under S.209 MCA has a right of
appeal-See sub-section (4).

U vs. AC. Rumanyika Crim.Rev. NC 773/71

From verdict of High Court of Appeal Section 131 of TIA

a) Where a person is convicted and sentenced to death or convicted and sentenced to

imprisonment for more than 12 months; or convicted and fined more than
shs.2,000/- an appeal lies against convicted on question of law or fact or of mixed
law and fact. But as against sentence an appeal lies only with leave of the Court of
Appeal.

b) Where a person is convicted and sentenced to 12 months or less or convicted and

sentenced to a fine exceeding shs.2,000 an appeal lies against conviction only with

24
 leave of the Court of Appeal or upon a certificate of the trial that it is a fit case for
appeal.

NOTE: That even if the sentence is a fine not exceeding shs.200 the Court of Appeal or the
trial judge may grant leave or certificate as the case may be, if, in their own opinion the case
involves a question of law of great importance.

c) Until recently, the DPP and no right of appeal on acquittal. This means he could not
appeal against the decision of a High Court Judge acquitting an accused. But now by
virtue of an amendment effected by Act No.5 of 1985 under section 133A of the TID,
the DPP may appeal against such finding on the ground that the appeal involves a
point of law of public importance. But this does not deter an order of trial of trial
cause.

Appeal in case referred to a Chief Magistrate for sentence S.160 MCA

a) Remember that Magistrate Grade I, II and III have power in appropriate case to
commit a person convicted by them to the appropriate Chief Magistrate for
sentencing.

But the MCA the CPC and TIA say nothing about the right
of appeal of an accused whose case has been committed
to Chief Magistrate for sentencing see

Appeal against special finding of the High Court

Section 133, 48(1) TIA

a) A person in whose case a special finding is made has a right of appeal to the Court of
Appeal on a question of law and fact.

b) Court of Appeal shall allow the appeal if it thinks that the special finding should be
set aside on the following grounds:

i) If it is unreasonable or could not be supported having regard to the evidence

ii) Or that the decision is wrong on a question it has in fact caused a miscarriage
of justice
25
 iii) Or on any other ground if the court is satisfied that there has been
miscarriage of justice.

NOTICE that special funding means a finding that the accused is not guilty of an offence by
reason of insanity or that he is guilty of murder but with diminished responsibility
subsection (5).

COMMENCEMENT OF APPEALS

1. Appeal to commence by NOTICE in writing signed by the appellant or his advocate

and shall be lodged with the registrar within 14 days of delivery of judgment section
326(1) CPC.

Uganda V M.S Sebagala [1984]HCB 8

2. Notice of appeal to state briefly the effect of the judgment or order appealed against
and must contain:

a) Full and sufficient address at which relevant documents should be served on

appellant or his advocate;

b) Should state the general grounds of appeal unless appellant first wishes to peruse
judgment before formulating the grounds subsection(2).

c) Where judgment required first, grounds must be lodged with registrar within 14
days of service of judgment represented by counsel or appeal is by the DPP include
particulars of the matters of law or of fact decided upon by the lower court.
NOTE- A ground of appeal that the judgment was nullity against the weight of evidence is
not a good ground of appeal.

See 1. Alesure v R (1956) AC 49

2. P. Osiya vs. R, High Court Cr. App. No.3 of 1985 (unreported)

Extension of time for appealing:

a) For good cause shown period within which to appeal may be extended- subsection (6).

26
 b) Application for extension – to be made to the registrar of the appellate court in
writing supported by as affidavit specifying grounds for the application S.326A(1)
CPC.
c) “ Good Cause” – 1. DPP vs. Haji Zedi Semogoya & Another Misc. Cr.App. No.172 of 1973
2. Andrew Gitau Kimani v Uganda (1992-93)HCB 1
3. P.Nyehangane & Another v Uganda [1977]HCB

 Appeal may be ABANDONED by notice in writing to the registrar before hearing and
on receipt of such notice appeal will be deemed to have been dismissed by the
appellant court- S.328(A) (3).

DETERMINATION OF APPEAL
1) Number of Judges
Ayume: ch. 16-21

 On appeal to the High Court, it will be one or more judges and the CJ directs a
decision by majority. If equally divided appeal stands dismissed – S.335 CPC.

NB: - Note withstanding the amendment in the Criminal procedure Code (Amendment)
Act- No.23/69 criminal appeals are still to be heard by one judge.

 On appeal to Court of Appeal – Judicature Act 1996

 Court of appeal shall be duly constituted consists of an uneven number, not being
less than three of Judges of the Court.” Decision of the court is by the majority
opinion.
2) Powers of appellate court
Odoki: pf. 184 -185 Ayume pg.213

Mitoto S.Oketch v Uganda, Criminal Appeal No. 2 of 1995

1) Summary dismissal of appeal – S.329 CPC
2) From Conviction – S.331(1) & (2) CPC
3) From Acquittals – S.331A CPC
4) Any others - S.331B CPC

3. Procedure and Principles

Ayume: pg. 214
27
a) A first appeal is by way of re-hearing
Evidence to be subjected to a fresh and exhaustive scrutiny and appellate court to
draw its own inference and conclusion- appellant entitled to this treatment of the
evidence.

1. Selle v Associated Motor Boat co. [1968]EA 123, at pg.126

2. Abbasi Ssali & Kasendwa v R S.C.C.A No. 7/98
3. Kifamunte Henry V Uganda S.C.C.A No.10/1997
4. Onzima Yunus V Uganda S.C.C.A No. 35/1994
5. Omusa V Republic (2003) 1 EA 202 (CAK)
6. Wavamuno V Uganda (2001)EA 608(SCU)
7. Mulewa and Another V Republic (2002) 2 EA 487(CAK)
8. Mukungu V R (2002) 2 EA 482 (CAK)
9. Mwaniki V R (2001) 1 EA 158(CAK)
10. Kisembo V Uganda (1999) 1 EA 158 (SCU)
11. Mudasi V Uganda (1999) 1 EA 193(SCU)
12. Nyanzi V Uganda (1999) 1 EA 228 (SCU)
13. Dhalay V R (1995-1998) 1 EA 29 ( CAK)

b) Trial court’s findings as to Credibility based largely on the demeanor of a witness

not to be reserved unless trial court has drawn a wrong inference from the facts.

Additional Evidence on Appeal

Odoki: pg 183

Ayume: pg 215

a) Appellate court has power to receive additional evidence, which it considers

necessary for determination of the appeal.

BUT NOTE that the power is discretionary. Should be exercising to elucidate evidence
already given or on record.

1. R vs Yakobo (1954) 12 EACA 20

2. R vs Sarasi (1936) 3 EACA 40
3. Abdalla Nassur v Uganda (1992-93) HCB 4

28