Scenarios: GOLDEN RULE IN EMERGENCY:

A. You and several friends are walking after a ball game. While stopped a store, a. Do’s
you see a tricycle and a hit a car head on. To your horror, one of the driver • Obtain consent;
crashes against the windshield. The other driver was thrown several meters • Think worst;
away. Glass is everywhere and the injured drivers slump over the steering • Call for help;
wheel and on the street, motionless. • Identify yourself;
B. On a Tuesday morning, you enter the faculty room and find a man lying on • Provide comfort/ emotional support;
the floor. He barely seems conscious and is clutching his chest. • Be calm and direct as possible; and
• Care for the most serious injuries first
WHAT IS FIRST AID? b. Dont’s
 It refers to an immediate care given to a person who has been INJURED • Arouse unconscious patient;
or suddenly TAKEN ILL. It may include self-help when medical services • Administer fluids;
or assistance is delayed or not available. • Let the victim see his injury;
• Leave the victim alone;
OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID: • Assume the patient’s obvious injuries are only one;
• To alleviate suffering; • Make unrealistic promises; and
• To prevent added injury; and • Require the patient make decision.
• To prolong life and save limbs. •
PULSE LOCATIONS:
CHARACTERISTICS OF FIRST AIDERS:  Pulse is the PRESSURE WAVE that occurs as each heartbeat causes a
• Observant; surge in the blood circulating in the arteries.
• Resourceful;
• Tactful;
• Sympathetic; and
• Respectable.

NEEDS AND VALUES OF FIRST AID:

• To minimize if not totally prevent accident; and
• To prevent added injury or danger.

WHAT IS EMERGENCY?
It refers to a situation requiring IMMEDIATE action.
TWO (2) TYPES OF EMERGENCY:
a. MEDICAL Emergency
Sudden illness that requires immediate action or attention.
Ex. Heart attack, diabetic emergency and epileptic seizure.
b. TRAUMA Emergency
It refers to an injury or damage to the body.
Ex. Broken arm and cuts that results from violent force.
BASIC LIFE SUPPORT C. Mouth to Mouth to Nose;
 It is an emergency procedure that consist of the recognition of
Respiratory Arrest/ Cardiac Arrest or both and the proper application
of Rescue Breathing/ Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation to maintain life
until patient revives, or advance life support is available.

Basic ABC STEPS

• Airway opened;
• Breathing restored; and
• Circulation restored.
D. Mouth to face shield;
Rescue Breathing
E. Mouth to stoma; and
 It is a procedure of breathing air to flow into and out of the lungs of a
F. Bag to Bag-valve.
person, when his natural breathing ceases or inadequate to support
life.

Methods of rescue breathing:

A. Mouth to Mouth;

BLEEDING
 External Bleeding
 Occurs when a blood vessel is opened externally. Such as a
through a tear in the skin.
 Internal Bleeding
 It is the escape of blood from arteries, veins or capillaries into the
B. Mouth to Nose;
spaces in the body. It has no break in the continuity of a tissue.

Emergency care for Open wound (4C’s)

C-ontrol bleeding
C-over with dressing
C-are for shock
C-onsult a physician

Emergency care for severe bleeding

D-irect pressure
E-levate
P-ressure on supplying arteries
T-orniquete HEAD AND SPINE INJURIES, BONES, EYE ILLNESS POISON AND FOREIGN BODY
S-plint OBSTRUCTION
Head and spine injuries
Simple Home Care • Head Injury -is any sort of injury to your brain, skull, or scalp. This can
 clean with soap and water; range from a mild bump or bruise to a traumatic brain injury. Common
 apply mild antiseptic; head injuries include concussions, skull fractures, and scalp wounds.
 may or may not cover with dressing; and The consequences and treatments vary greatly, depending on what
 may or may not consult a physician. caused your head injury and how severe it is.
• Spinal Cord Injury - damage to any part of the spinal cord or nerves at
WOUND the end of the spinal canal (cauda equina) — often causes permanent
 Wound is a break in the continuity of a tissue of the body.14 It is either changes in strength, sensation and other body functions below the site
open or closed wound. of the injury.
Two types of wound • Concussion - is a type of traumatic brain injury—or TBI (Traumatic
 Closed wound 15 Brain Injury)—caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or by a hit
o It is the escape of blood from arteries, veins, capillaries into spaces in to the body that causes the head and brain to move rapidly back and
the body. It has no break in the continuity of a tissue forth. This sudden movement can cause the brain to bounce around
 Open wound 16 or twist in the skull, creating chemical changes in the brain and
o It is the escape of blood from arteries, veins, capillaries into spaces in sometimes stretching and damaging brain cells.
the body. It has no break in the continuity of a tissue • Bone fracture - is a medical condition in which there is a partial or
TYPES OF OPEN WOUND complete break in the continuity of the bone. In more severe cases,
1. ABRASION the bone may be broken into several pieces.
o Caused by scraping or rubbing against rough surfaces. Its wound
is shallow and wide. There is oozing of blood. This type of wound The most common Eye injuries
is prone to infection. 1. SCRATCHED (CORNEAL ABRASION)
2. INCISION o Most commonly, an eye becomes scratched when a foreign
o It has a deep clean-cut wound with severe bleeding. Caused by body enters it and the individual then rubs the eye in an
sharp instrument or objects. It is susceptible to hemorrhage, attempt to remove the irritation.
infection and shock. 2. FOREIGN objects
3. LACERATION o An object in the eye can be anything from an eyelash and dust
o Are caused by blunt instrument or objects. It is dirty with torn skin to wood splinters and food. Time and eye flushing can remove
and has serious bleeding. It is very susceptible to hemorrhage, these objects.
infection and shock. 3. CHEMICAL BURN
4. AVULSION o This type of injury often happens when a chemical is splashed
o It is a forceful separation of tissue from the body, it is due to into the eye or transferred from an individual’s hands. Fumes
explosion, animal bite or mishandling of tools. It is highly and vapors can also cause chemical burns. Finding out the
susceptible to shock, infection and hemorrhage. type of chemical, acid or alkali, is crucial since acid can be
5. AMPUTATION washed out more easily than alkali. If eyes become red or
o It is a total separation of tissue from the body due to explosion blurry or do not improve after 24 hours, visit a doctor.
and mishandling of tools or instruments.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 4.Flash burn
o Burns to the eyes come from sources such as sunlight,
welding, tanning booths, and sunlamps. Protecting eyes
against sunburn, Yes, Your Eyes Can Get a Sunburn, and
taking precaution in welding and other situations is essential
to preventing flash burns.
5. Impacts/ Blunt Trauma
o These types of injuries often happen in sports, and the result
is usually a swollen, black and blue eye. It’s important to check
for additional injuries, such as a broken eye socket or internal
damage. When a blow to the eye occurs, see your doctor right
away.
DOs and don’ts” While Awaiting Medical Assistance
1. SCRATCHED (CORNEAL ABRASION)
• DO NOT wash out the eye with water or any other liquid.
• DO NOT apply pressure.
• DO NOT try to remove any object that may be stuck in the eye
• DO cover the eye with a rigid shield. The bottom half of a paper cup
may be used.
• DO seek emergency medical care as quickly as possible
2. CHEMICAL BURN
• In all cases of eye contact with chemicals:
• DO NOT use an eyecup.
• DO NOT bandage, touch, or rub the eye.
• DO flush the eye immediately with water or any other drinkable
liquid for at least 15 minutes. Keep the eye wide open and hold under
a faucet or shower, or pour liquid into the eye using a clean
container. If a contact lens is in the eye, flush over the lens even if this
washes the lens away.
• DO protect the uninjured eye from the contaminated water.
• DO seek immediate medical treatment while continuing the 15-
minute flushing.
3. FOREIGN objects
• DO NOT rub the eye or apply pressure.
• DO NOT try to remove the debris by touching the eye in any manner.
• DO try lifting the upper eyelid outward and down over the lower lid.
• DO try to let tears wash specks away or try to flush them out with an
eyewash.
4. Blunt Trauma/ Impact
• DO NOT put any heavy pressure on the eye.
• DO apply a cold, light compress. A small amount of crushed ice in a
plastic bag can be tapped to the forehead to rest gently on the injured
eye.
• DO seek immediate medical care if there is pain, reduced vision, or a
black eye. These symptoms could indicate internal eye damage.
• If the debris cannot be washed away, DO keep the eye closed,
bandage it loosely with gauze or a cloth patch, and seek prompt
medical attention.
 Treatment for flash burns may include:
• Dilating drops – these are sometimes used to relax the eye
muscles, which in turn eases pain and allows your eyes to rest and
heal. Your pupils (the black part of the eye) will look bigger than
normal. This effect lasts several hours to a few days.
• Dressing – your eyes may be covered with a padded dressing to
rest them and allow them to heal.
• Do not drive with an eye patch on.
• Antibiotics – you may be advised to use antibiotic drops or
ointment at home to stop infection. Follow your doctor’s advice
as to how often to use the prescribed eye drops or ointment. You
may also be given a mild steroid-based anti-inflammatory drop
• Review – you will be reviewed in 24 to 48 hours to make sure that
your eyes are healing. Some problems, such as infection, don’t
show up right away. If there are any serious problems, you will be
sent to an ophthalmologist (specialist eye doctor).
5. Poison
• 1.A substance that capable of causing the illness or death of a living
organism when introduced or absorbed:“ “synonyms
toxin, venom, archaic: bane, rare,toxicant
• These refers to any substance that can cause injury, illness or death
when introduced into the body. Poisons include solids, liquids, gases
and vapors. A poison can enter into the body through four ways-
Ingestion, Inhalation, injection, and absorption.
A. Poisoning by Ingestion
 Food Poison
 Caustics
 Hydrocarbons
 Drug Overdose
First aid management of ingested poison
• If the person is in toxic area, remove the person from the scene. Check
the person’s level of consciousness and breathing.
• Check for any life-threatening conditions. Ask question to get more
information if the person is conscious.
• Look for any containers and take them with you to the telephone area.
• Call the National Poison Management & Control Center (NPMCC) or
the local/regional poison control center and follow the directions of
the NPMCC or local/regional poison control center.
• If unable to contact the NPMCC or local/regional poison center, bring
the patient immediately to the nearest hospital.
• DO NOT give the person anything to eat or drink. Do not induce
vomiting unless instructed by a medical professional.
• Save some samples of the person’s vomit if you do not know to classify
the poison.
• A person who has swallowed a caustics substance should not be made
to vomit.
• DO NOT dilute acids with water, especially sulfuric acid.
• The DOH recommends giving 6-8psc. eggs white to child and 8-12pcs.
Egg white to an adult who has ingested a Watusi.
B. Inhaled Poison
Poisoning by Inhalation
 Carbon Monoxide- gasoline fumes
 Cyanide- metal cleaners
 Chlorine- multi-purpose cleaners
 Tear gas
First Aid Management
• Remove the victims from the toxic environment.
• Open all doors and windows.
• Maintain a patient’s airway if the victims is unconscious.
• Seek medical attention.
C. Injected poison
 enter the body through the bites or stings of insects, spiders, ticks,
snakes and some marine life. It could also enter the body through the
insertion of a hypodermic needle.
I. First Aid Management for Snakebites
 Reassure the patient who may very anxious.
 Avoid any interference with the bite wound such as incising,
rubbing, vigorous cleaning, massaging or applying herbs or
chemicals to it.
 Immobilize the patient’s body by laying him/her down in a
comfortable and safe position.
 A broad elastic roller bandage should be used to cover the bitten
limb.
 Do not remove the trousers as the movement of doing so will only
assist the venom into entering the blood stream.
 Do not attempt to kill the snake as the may be dangerous.
II. First aid management for bee sting
 Remove any visible stinger.
 Wash the site with soap and water.
 Cover the site with a dressing.
 Apply a cold pack to the area to reduce pain and swelling.
 Call the local emergency number if the person has any trouble
breathing or shows any other signals of anaphylaxis.
III. First aid management for marine life with poisonous spines
 Immerse the wound 45°c water, or as can be tolerated, for 30- 90
minutes.
 Soak the affected area in vinegar.
 Leave an inaccessible spine alone and only if hasn’t penetrated a
joint, nerve or blood vessel.
 Cleanse the wound with an antiseptic solution.
 Washing out remaining venom and pieces of spine will help
minimize damage, speed healing and prevent infection.
D. Absorbed poison
I. First Aid Management for Jellyfish Stings
 Limit further discharge by minimizing patient movement.
 Wash out wound or injury with vinegar.
 Remove any remnant of allergen such as jellyfish tentacles and
other foreign materials by scraping them off.
 Keep the patient warm.
II. First Aid Management in contact with Poisonous plant
 Remove contaminated clothing and jewelries which may constrict
circulation when swelling occurs.
  Rinse the affected area immediately. Foreign body obstruction/chocking
 Seek medical advice if a rash or sweeping lesion (oozing sore) Adult Child and infant
develop.
 Soothe the area with medical lotions.
 Stop or reduce itching with antihistamines that will dry up the
lesions.
 Advice the victim to see a physician if the condition worsens and
large areas of the body or the face are affected.
 Give care for severe allergic reactions if it does develop.

Ring pad/donut bandage and splinting technique

Treatment of Impaled object? ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 Do not remove the impaled object. Emergency Action Principles
 Expose the wound area. Scene Size-up
 Use direct pressure to control profuse bleeding. 1. Scene Safety
 Manually stabilize the impaled object. 2. Knowing what happened
 Stabilize the object with bulky dressings. a. Cause of injury
 Secure the dressing in place. b. Nature of illness
 Administer high concentration oxygen. 3. Role of bystanders
4. Number of casualties
 Care for shock.
5. Always asking permission or consent
Splinting techniques Take Note: To obtain consent, do the following:
Improvised splint  Identify yourself to the victim
 State your level of training
 Ask the victim whether you may help
 Explain what you observe and,
 Explain what you plan to do.

Primary Assessment
Anatomy and sandwich
1. Assessing responsiveness
 Just don’t forget the AVPU mnemonic as follows:
A_ Alert
V_ Responsive to voice
P_ Responsive to pain
U_ Unresponsive/ Unconscious

2. Activate Medical Help

 Ask someone to call for local emergency number and get an
Automated External Defibrillator (AED) if available on site.
  Call first or Care first chance of survival and recovery. The five links used in the adult in-
 If you are alone, it is important to know when to call during hospital Chain of Survival are:
emergencies. Call first situations are likely to be cardiac critical factor. o Recognition
In Care first situations, the conditions are often are related to o Activation of the emergency response system
breathing emergencies. o Immediate high-quality CPR
Information to be remember in activating medical help. o Rapid defibrillation
 What happened? o Advanced live support and post-arrest care
 Location of emergency?
 Number of injured or ill? Out-of-hospital Chain of Survival:
 Cause and extent of injury and nature of illness and first. A. You don't need to be a trained medical professional to help save a life.
 Contact number from where call is made? As a layperson, having an awareness of SCA and knowing how to
 Name of person who called medical help (person must identify respond can make all the difference between life and death. If a
him/herself and hang-up the phone last). layperson witnesses sudden cardiac arrest, they should adhere to
these five links of the Chain of Survival:
3. .Airway o Activation of the emergency response system
 An open airway allows air to enter the lungs for the person to breath. o Immediate high-quality CPR
If the airways is blocked, the person cannot breath. o Rapid defibrillation
o Basic and advanced emergency medical services
4. Breathing o Advanced life support and post-arrest care.
 While maintaining an open airway, quickly check an unconscious
person for breathing by doing the Look, Listen and Feel technique for Heart Attack /Myocardial infraction (MI)
not more than 10 seconds.  occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart,
causing damage to the heart muscle.
5. Circulation
 Pulse, Bleeding, Shock, Skin color, temperature and moisture. WHAT You See
 Chest discomfort (pressure, squeezing,
Secondary Assessment  fullness, or pain)
If you determine that an injured or ill person is not in an immediately life-  Shortness of breath
threatening condition, you can begin to check for other conditions that  Sweating, nausea, headache
may need care.  Palpitations (feeling like your heart is beating
 Interviewing the person and bystanders  too fast or irregularly
 Checking the person from head to toe  Fainting
 Checking for vital signs  Light
 Dizziness
Cardiac Emergencies
I. Since medical professionals are properly trained and have access to What to Do
specialized technology for treating cardiac patients, they follow a  Call EMS (first Aid box and AED)
certain set of guidelines when responding to sudden cardiac arrest.  Rest and calm
Following this Chain of Survival gives victims of cardiac arrest a better  Give Aspirin (1 or 2 low dose) if not allergic to aspirin
  Stay with Types and Causes Signs and Symptoms
 Be prepared to do CPR
Too much sugar in the blood 1. Changes in level of
(hyperglycemia): The person may not consciousness, including
Stroke
have taken enough insulin or may be dizziness, drowsiness and
 is a disruption of blood flow to a part of the brain which may cause
reacting adversely to a large meal that is confusion.
permanent damage to the brain tissue. This is also called
high in carbohydrates. Irregular breathing.
cerebrovascular accident ( CVA ).
Too little sugar in the body 2. Abnormal pulse (rapid or
(hypoglycemia): The person may have weak).
taken too much insulin, eaten too little, 3. Feeling or looking ill.
Assessment Signs and Symptoms
or has suffered from overexertion.
For stroke 1. Sudden numbness or weakness in the face, arm
assessment think or leg, especially on one side of the body.
F.A.S.T, which 2. Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or
First Aid Management for Diabetic
stands for the understanding.
 First, check and determine if there are any life-threatening conditions.
following: 3. Sudden trouble seeing with one or both eyes.
 A person with diabetes who is experiencing a diabetic emergency must
* F- Face 4. Sudden trouble walking dizziness, loss of
be instructed to test his or her blood glucose level.
* A- Arm balance or coordination.
 A victim experiencing a diabetic emergency due to hypoglycemia must
* S- Speech 5. Sudden severe headache with no known cause.
be encouraged to test himself/herself with food or drink that contains
* T- Time
sugar. The same action is advised if the condition still to be determined
or still remains unknown (Are they hypoglycaemic or hyperglycaemic?)
 If the victim diabetic person is conscious and is able to swallow and
then states that they need sugar.
First Aid Management for Stroke
 If the person is unconsciousness or is about to lose consciousness, call
1*Recognize the “signal” and take action:
the local emergency number. Maintain an open airway and do not give
2* Call the local emergency number immediately. Minutes count!
anything by mouth.
3* Have the person stop what he/she is doing and have them rest comfortably
by sitting or lying down.
Seizures
4* Give the victim supportive care and reassurance.
 is when the normal functions of the brain are disrupted by injury,
5* Be prepared to perform CPR if the victim becomes unresponsive.
disease, fever, poisoning or infection, and the electrical activity of the
brain becomes irregular
Cardiac Arrest
Types and Causes Signs and Symptoms
 It occurs when the heart stops contracting and no blood circulates
through the blood vessels and vital organs deprived of oxygen Chronic - This condition occurs Unusual sensations or feelings
suddenly without warning. such as visual hallucination
Febrile - This condition brings Irregular breathing patterns.
Diabetic Emergencies
about a rapid increase in body Drooling
Diabetic
temperature. Upward rolling of the eyes.
 is the inability of the body to change sugar (glucose) from food to
Rigid body.
energy.
 Sudden, uncontrollable, rhythmic First Aid Management for Anaphylaxis
muscle contractions and  Call the local emergency number.
convulsion.  Calm and reassure the person.
Decreased level of responsiveness.  Help the person to rest in the most comfortable position for
Loss of bladder or bowel control. breathing.
 Monitor the person’s breathing. Look for any changes in his/her
condition.
First Aid Management for Seizures  Assist the person with the use of a prescribed epinephrine auto-
 Reassure the victim that you are going to help. injector, if available.
 Remove nearby objects that might cause injury.  Give care for life threatening emergencies.
 Protect the victim’s head by placing thinly folded towel or piece of  Document any changes in the person’s condition over time.
clothing beneath it.
 Do not hold or restrain the patient when a seizure is in progress. Fainting
 Do not place anything between the victim’s teeth or put anything  is a partial or complete loss of consciousness resulting for a temporary
in the victim’s mouth. reduction of blood flow to the brain.
 Loosen clothing and fan the victim if the seizure was cause by a Causes
sudden rise in body temperature.  An emotionally stressful event.
 Ensure that the victim’s airway is open and check for breathing and  Pain
other injuries once the seizure is over.  Specific medical conditions such as heart disease.
 Stay and watch over the victim until the latter is fully conscious  Standing for long periods of time or overexertion.
 Pregnant and the elderly are more likely than others to faint
Anaphylaxis when suddenly changing positions.
 An allergy is caused by the over-activity of the immune system against Signs and First Aid Management
specific antigens. Symptoms
Light-headedness or *Position the victim on his/her back.
Cause Signs and Symptoms dizziness. *Keep the victim in a lying position.
* Bee or insect venom * Skin becomes swollen and turns Signs of shock, such Loosen any restrictive clothing, such as a tie
* Pollen red. as pale, color or moist or a buttoned-up collar.
* Animal lander * Difficulty in breathing , skin. Check for any life-threatening and non-life-
* Latex wheezing or shortness of breath. Nausea and threatening conditions.
* Certain antibiotics and drugs * Tight feeling in the chest and numbness or tingling Do not give the victim anything to eat or
* Certain foods like nuts, peanuts, throat. in the fingers and drink.
shellfish and dairy products. * Swelling of the face, throat or toes.
tongue.
* Weakness, dizziness or First Aid Management
confusion. Component Adults Children Infants
* Rashes or hives
Unresponsive (for all ages)
* Low blood pressure.
* Shock Recognition No breathing or No breathing or only
no normal gasping
 breathing (ie, Automated External Defibrillator (AED)
only gasping)  is a portable electronic device that automatically diagnoses the life-
threatening cardiac arrhythmias of ventricular fibrillation (VF)
No pulse palpated within 10 seconds for all ages
and pulseless ventricular tachycardia,
(HCP only Health Care Provider)
 and is able to treat them through defibrillation, the application of
CPR sequence C-A-B (Circulation-Airway-Breathing) electricity which stops the arrhythmia, allowing the heart to re-
Compression At least 100/min establish an effective rhythm.
rate
At least ¹⁄³ At least ¹⁄³
AP AP
Compression At least 2 inches diameter diameter
depth (5 cm) About 2 About 1½
inches (5 inches (4
cm) cm)
Allow complete recoil between compressions
Chest wall recoil
HCPs rotate compressors every 2 minutes
Compression Minimize interruptions in chest compressions
interruptions Attempt to limit interruptions to <10 seconds
Airway Head tilt–chin lift (HCP suspected trauma: jaw
thrust)
Compression- 30:2
to-ventilation Single rescuer What does COVID-19 stand for?
30:2
ratio (until 15:2  'CO' stands for corona, 'VI' for virus, and 'D' for disease. Formerly, this
1 or 2 rescuers
advanced 2 HCP rescuers disease was referred to as '2019 novel coronavirus' or '2019-nCoV.' The
airway placed) COVID-19 virus is a new virus linked to the same family of viruses as
Ventilations: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and some types of
when rescuer common cold.
untrained or Compressions only ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
trained and not Lifting and Moving and Simple knots
proficient 1. ONE RESCUER
A. ANKLE PULL
Ventilations 1 breath every 6-8 seconds (8-10 breaths/min)
 The ankle pull is the fastest method for moving a victim a short
with advanced Asynchronous with chest compressions
distance over a smooth surface. This is not a preferred method of
airway (HCP) About 1 second per breath Visible chest rise
patient movement.
Attach and use AED as soon as available.  Grasp the victim by both ankles or pant cuffs.
Minimize interruptions in chest compressions  Pull with your legs, not your back.
Defibrillation before and after shock; resume CPR beginning  Keep your back as straight as possible.
with compressions immediately after each  Try to keep the pull as straight and in-line as possible.
shock.
 Keep aware that the head is unsupported and may bounce over bumps 2.Cross the victim’s arms, grasping the victim’s opposite wrist.
and surface imperfections. 3.Pull the arms close to your chest.
4.Squat slightly and drive your hips into the victim while bending
B. Shoulder Pull slightly at the waist.
 The shoulder pull is preferred to the ankle pull. It supports the head of 5. Balance the load on your hips and support the victim with your legs.
the victim. The negative is that it requires the rescuer to bend over at
the waist while pulling. HUMAN CRUTCH/TWO-PERSON DRAG
 Grasp the victim by the clothing under the shoulders. For the conscious victim, this carry allows the victim to swing their leg
 Keep your arms on both sides of the head. using the rescuers as a pair of crutches. For the unconscious victim, it is a
 Support the head. quick and easy way to move a victim out of immediate danger.
 Try to keep the pull as straight and in-line as possible. 1. Start with the victim on the ground.
2. Both rescuers stand on either side of the victim’s chest.
C. Blanket Pull 3. The rescuer’s hand nearest the feet grabs the victim’s wrist on
This is the preferred method for dragging a victim. their side of the victim.
 Place the victim on the blanket by using the “logroll” or the three- 4. The rescuer’s other hand grasps the clothing of the shoulder
person lift. nearest them.
 The victim is placed with the head approx. 2 ft. from one corner of the 5. Pulling and lifting the victim’s arms, the rescuers bring the
blanket. victim into a sitting position.
 Wrap the blanket corners around the victim. 6. The conscious victim will then stand with rescuer assistance.
 Keep your back as straight as possible. 7. The rescuers place their hands around the victim’s waist
 Use your legs, not your back. 8. For the unconscious victim, the rescuers will grasp the belt or
 Try to keep the pull as straight and in-line as possible. waistband of the victim’s clothing.
9. The rescuers will then squat down.
2. ONE-PERSON LIFT 10. Place the victim’s arms over their shoulders so that they end
A. Lovers Cary up facing the same direction as the victim.
 This only works with a child or a very light person. 11. Then, using their legs, they stand with the victim.
 Place your arms under the victim’s knees and around their back. 12. The rescuers then move out, dragging the victim’s legs behind

B. Firefighters Cary
 This technique is for carrying a victim longer distances. It is very
difficult to get the person up to this position from the ground. Getting
the victim into position requires a very strong rescuer or an assistant.
A victim is carried over one shoulder.
 The rescuer’s arm, on the side that the victim is being carried, is
wrapped across the victim’s legs and grasps the victim’s opposite arm.
D. PACK-STRAP CARRY
When injuries make the firefighter carry unsafe, this method is better for
longer distances than the one-person lift.
1.Place both the victim’s arms over your shoulders.
TWO-HANDED SEAT This technique is for carrying a victim longer distances. This
technique can support an unconscious victim.
1. Pick up the victim by having both rescuers squat
down on either side of the victim.
2. Reach under the victim’s shoulders and under their
knees.
3. Grasp the other rescuer’s wrists.
4. From the squat, with good lifting technique, stand.
5. Walk in the direction that the victim is facing.
 FOUR-HANDED SEAT This technique is for carrying conscious and alert victim
moderate distances. The victim must be able to stand
unsupported and hold themselves upright during transport.
1. Position the hands as indicated in the graphic.
2. Lower the seat and allow the victim to sit.
3. Lower the seat using your legs, not your back.
4. When the victim is in place, stand using your legs,
keeping your back straight.
HAMMOCK CARRY
CHAIR CARRY This is a good method for carrying victims up and down
stairs or through narrow or uneven areas.
NOTE: The chair used should be a sturdy one. Don’t use
aluminum beach chairs, resin patio chairs, swivel
chairs, or lightweight folding chairs.
REMEMBER: Chairs with wheels can be used to roll the
victim, but should not be used for a carry.
1. Pick the victim up and place them or have them sit in
a chair.
2. The rescuer at the head grasps the chair from the
sides of the back, palms in.
3. The rescuer at the head then tilts the chair back onto
its rear legs.
4. For short distances or stairwells, the second rescuer
should face in and grasp the chair legs.
5. For longer distances, the second rescuer should
separate the victim’s legs, back into the chair and, on
the command of the rescuer at the head, both
rescuers stand using their legs.
THREE-PERSON CARRY OR
STRETCHER LIFT
IMPROVISED STRETCHER This technique requires two poles/pipes strong enough to
support the victim’s weight and at least two shirts.
REMEMBER: Rescuers should not give up clothing if, for
any reason, this might affect their health, welfare, or
reduce their effectiveness.
1. While the first rescuer is grasping the litter poles, the
second rescuer pulls the shirt off the head of rescuer
one.
2. All buttons should be buttoned with the possible
exception of the collar and cuffs.
3. The rescuers then reverse the procedure and switch
sides.
BLANKET STRETCHER This technique requires two poles and a blanket.
1. Place the blanket down on the ground.
2. Place one pole approx. 1 foot from the middle of the
blanket.
3. Fold the short end of the blanket over the first pole.
4. Place the second pole approx. 2 feet from the first
(this distance may vary with victim or blanket size).
5. Fold both halves of the blanket over the second pole.
THREE OR MORE RESCUERS
Three or more rescuers get on both sides of the victim. The
strongest member is on the side with the fewest rescuers.
1. Reach under the victim and grasp one wrist on the
opposite rescuer.
2. The rescuers on the ends will only be able to grasp
one wrist on the opposite rescuer.
3. The rescuers with only one wrist grasped will use
their free hands to support the victim’s head and
feet/legs.
4. The rescuers will then squat and lift the victim on the
command of the person nearest the head,
remembering to use proper lifting techniques.
This technique is for lifting a patient into a bed or stretcher,
or for transporting them short distances.
o Each person kneels on the knee nearest the
victim’s feet.
o On the command of the person at the head, the
rescuers lift the victim up and rest the victim
on their knees.
If the patient is being placed on a low stretcher or litter
basket:
On the command of the person at the head, the patient is
placed down on the litter/stretcher.
If the victim is to be placed on a high gurney/bed or to
be carried:
At this point, the rescuers will rotate the victim so that the
victim is facing the rescuers, resting against the rescuers’
chests.
o On the command of the person at the head, all
the rescuers will stand.
o To walk, all rescuers will start out on the same
foot, walking in a line abre