ADGE 2L- INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

SCIENCE
– is a systematized body of knowledge based from experimentation
--central; many branches and one of this is CHEMISTRY
--during the experiment, it is a trial and error
CHEMISTRY
- a branch of science concerned with the study of matter and the changes
matter undergoes.
- branch of science that deals with the study of matter and its properties.
--lahat ng bagay na nahahawakan natin
THINGS THAT CHEMISTRY IS CONCERNED:
ENVIRONMENT
ENERGY SOURCES
FOOD PRODUCTION AND
MEDICINES.
BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY
--area wherein lumalabas sa Board exam
1. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- is the study of all compounds of carbon.
--flammable substance such as butane, alcohol, gas
2. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- study of all elements and compounds other than organic compounds.
--is non-flammable
--all elements in periodic table except for carbon
3. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
- study of theoretical aspects of the structure and the changes of matter.
-higher Chemistry, thermodynamic
4. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
- study of the matter and the development of tools used to measure
properties of matter.
-more on laboratory subjects
-The study of qualitative and quantitative chemistry.
5. BIOCHEMISTRY
- study of chemistry of biologically important elements and compounds.
-study of living things (cells, amino acid)
-Bio means life
--- Our body is made up of matter
--- Chemistry applies in our daily lives (washing our clothes using washing
machine)
--- Chemistry is a central science from the materials that we use everyday
BRIEF HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY AND IMPORTANT NAMES IN
CHEMISTRY
ALCHEMY
- emerged as a science concerned with the transmutation (changing) of one
element into another.
- begins in China about 140 B.C.
--one form to another
-- Hindi pa chemist noon ang name, but yang name na yan
ALCHEMIST- person studying alchemy back then
ROBERT BOYLE
- did studies and found that when a metal is heated in air, the mass increases
(papasok ang kanyang Gas law or Boyle’s Law)
-he also discovered the relationship between volume and pressure of a gas
and was first to work with gases.
-he wrote the book “THE SKEPTICAL CHEMIST” in which he criticized
the basic ideas of alchemy considered As One of as “FATHER OF
MODERN CHEMISTRY” because of his publish book in 17th century
GEORGE ERNST STAHL- he proposed the Phlogiston theory.
PHLOGISTON- a substance in combustible material that is given off when
the material burns (nag kakaroon ng bagong subtance)
*During the last half of the 18th century, much work was done with gases,
especially by JOSEPH BLACK, HENRY CAVENDISH, and JOSEPH
PRIESTLY in England and CARL SCHEELE in Sweden.*
OXYGEN- was discovered by Carl Scheele, (sya ang nauna pero hindi na
pa na publish agad kasi di sya nakipag cooperate sa INTERNATIONAL
UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY) but his work was not
published until 1777, however, and for this reason Priestly is usually
credited with the discovery in 1774.
Joseph Priestly- a Unitarian minister who did much scientific research,
especially on gases (all about gases such as noble gases)
ANTOINE LAURANT LAVOISIER
- a French chemist, is often called the “FATHER OF MODERN
CHEMISTRY” because he is a chemist he made important things and
theory “THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS” (1789)
JOHN DALTON- he develop the atomic theory and develop the Periodic
Law and Periodic table.
THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY CAN BE CLASSIFIED
APPROXIMATELY INTO THE FOLLOWING AREAS:
1. PREHISTORIC MAN – used metals and made pottery and bricks.
2. 400 B.C. – beginning of chemistry as a science (umuusbong ang pag
aaral sa chemistry)
3. FIRST CENTURY
– combination of the arts of the Egyptians and the Greeks;
-first book of chemistry is written in Egypt;
-also the beginning of alchemy in China.
4. TWELFTH CENTURY – alchemy reached Europe, through Spain
(lumalagandap papuntang modern chemisty)
5. SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES
– chemistry applied to medicine (herbal plants)
-study of gases begun;
- quantitative experiments begun;
-first textbook of chemistry written in 1597;
-Boyle studied gases and criticized the basic ideas of alchemy in his book
“The Skeptical chemist”
6. EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
– Phlogiston Theory proposed;
- oxygen discovered 1774;
-careful quantitative work by Lavoisier generally described as the beginning
of modern chemistry.
7. NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES
– atomic theory (Dalton), periodic law and theories of the nature of matter;
-further development and applications of these theories is currently taking
place (Hanggang ngayon ay pinag aaralan parin now ang mga theory nila)
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
-It is set of procedure or step-by-step process designed to solve scientific
problems (lahat nag-aaral ng science ay gumagamit ng scientific method
especially for research)
HYPOTHESIS
– an intelligent guess derived from observations or an educated guess (mag
iisipi ka ng question na possible na maging positive ang result mo and that
hypothesis)
-answerable by “YES or NO”
STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1. IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM- The problem should be clearly and
concisely stated (HINDI NEED NG NAPAKAHABA NG PROBLEM
“SHORT BUT CLEAR” DAPAT NANDOON LAHAT NG NEED
MLAMAN SA STUDY NA I COCONDUCT)
2. GATHERING DATA OR INFORMATION
-An in-depth collection of facts or information to make the experiment
reliable (KAILANGAN YUNG HAHANAPIN INFO AY RELATED SA
GAGAWING NYONG STUDY PARA MAG KAROON NG RESULT AT
MAPATUNAYAN NA ANG INYONG EXPERIMENT AY RELIABLE OR
PWEDENG I COMPARE PARA MASABING RELIABLE)
3. FORMULATING A HYPOTHESIS
-The hypothesis should contain the problem or the subject being studied and
the two possible consequences or results (pag ng formalate it should ba
anwserrable should be yes or no)
4. TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS OR EXPERIMENTATION.
-This is the most important step of scientific study. When testing, observing,
and recording should take place (lahat ng maoobserve ninyo during the
actual study kailangan recorded lahat )
5. INTERPRETING DATA OR RESULTS
- The results of the experiment should be carefully interpreted and if
possible compare the result with that of similar experiments (sa pag gather
ng data kailangang yung pag kukuhanan ng refference ninyo ay related sa
study ninyo)
6. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS OR GENERALIZATION
-This the final step in solving problem which may lead to new studies (ibig
sabihin dito nakapaloob yung recommendation)
Ex. Gagamitin ang study nyo nakalagay don na pwedeng pag patuloy ng
studies nyo nakalagay doon
H202- hydrogen peroxide
H20- water
7. APPLICATION
-Certain actions must be made to prove how effective the study or
experiment may be (kailangan ma aaply at ma approved natin na ang study
natin ay effective)
BASIC LABORATORY SAFETY, HAZARDS AND TECHNIQUES
BEFORE YOU START:
1. Read the procedure carefully before coming to the laboratory.
2. Work in the laboratory only when the instructor is present or when you
have been given permission to do so.
3. Be sure that your working area is clean before beginning your laboratory
experiment.
4. Always know the precautions to be observed for each experiment.
5. Open sandals or bare feet are not permitted in the laboratory.
6. Fire is a special hazard in the laboratory since many chemicals are
flammable. Know the location of the fire extinguishers and the first aid
cabinets.
7. Do not follow instructions mechanically but know the reason for each
step.
WHILE PERFORMING AN EXPERIMENT:
1. Do not taste chemicals in the laboratory.
2. Never smell a chemical by placing your nose directly to the mouth of the
test tube or flask.
3. Never look down directly into a test tube or flask.
4. Read the label on a chemical bottle at least twice before taking out
sample. H2O2 is different from H2O.
5. While heating the contents of a test tube, do not point the open end of the
test tube toward your neighbor.
6. Never heat a test tube, flask bottle, etc when the stopper is tightly fitted.
7. Thermometers should be allowed to cool gradually.
8. Never attempt to extract the solutions with low boiling point solvent such
as Ether, Carbon disulfide, Benzene and etc.
9. Always extinguish the flame before disconnecting set of apparatus.
10. When working with volatile or fuming chemicals, work under the fume
hood.
Volatile/ fuming chemicals- transfer of chemicals to another (sulphuric
acid)
WATER to ACID is false
ACID to WATER is true
--- Acid ang mauuna dahil mas less concentrated
11. Carry all large bottles with both hands, one at the bottom and one at the
neck.
12. Never add water to concentrated acid solutions.
13. Any corrosive liquid, which may be poured into the sink should be
washed down immediately with running water.
14. Dispose off excess reagents into the water acid jars, never into the sink.
15. Use a spatula for solids. Do not handle them with bare hands.
16. Never return excess reagents into the reagent bottles to avoid
contamination.
17. Always label containers.
18. Return reagents to their proper places promptly.
19. Avoid waste of materials of any kind, especially gas and water.
20. Consult your instructor if there are items you do not understand.
21. Make your own observations.
10 MORE IMPORTANT LABORATORY SAFETY RULES
1. Follow the instructions!
2. Know the Location of Safety Equipment
 3. Dress for the Lab
4. Don't Eat or Drink in the Laboratory
5. Don't Taste or Sniff Chemicals
6. Don't Play Mad Scientist in the Laboratory
7. Dispose of Lab Waste Properly
8. Know What to Do With Lab Accidents
9. Leave Experiments at the Lab
10. Don't Experiment on Yourself
MANIPULATIVE TECHNIQUES
1. Handling and Transferring of Chemicals:
a) Solid reagents- use the spatula to spoon out the solid from the
reagent bottle. To transfer, place the solid reagent on a piece of
weighing paper. Roll the paper to form a cylinder, slide it into a test
tube in a vertical position, and gently tap the paper.
b) Liquid reagents- to pour liquids from a reagent bottle into a test
tube or flask, hold a glass rod against the mouth of the bottle and
then pour the liquid slowly down the rod.
2. Heating Chemicals:
a) Solids- heat gradually by moving the test tube with holder in and
out of the flame.
b) Liquids- the portion of the test tube containing the liquid should be
only partly placed in and above the flame.