DEMODULATION Demodulation of DSB-SC AM Signals ro Balanced Lowpass |_™( modulator filter Phase-locked loop Demodulator for DSB-SC AM signal. Demodulation of DSB-SC AM Signal + In the absence of noise, and with the assumption ofan ideal channel, the received signal can be expressed as r(t) =u(t) = A(t) cos(27f,t + 9.) + Demodulation of DSB-SC AM signal = Multiply r( bya locally generated sinusoid cos(2af.t + 9) — Passthe product signal through an ideal lowpass filter havinga bandwidth W. * Multiplication r(t) cos(2af,t + 9) = A,m(t)cos(22f,t + ¢,) cos(2af,t+ 9) = 5 Aantheos(d, —6)+ 7 Aum(t)cos( at +4-+ 4.) ef lowirequencycomponent high frequencycomponentDemodulatorof DSB-SC AM signal 1(Q) = Aam() cos(2.77,t +9.) £ asmincost. -#) cos(2aft + 9) + The lowpass filter rejects the high frequency components and pass only the low frequency component. Hence, the output of the filter is n= 5 Asm t)e03(4, 6) * Note that m/z) is multiplied by cos(¢, — 9). Thus the desired signal is scaled by a factor that depends on the phase difference between the phase ¢ of the carrier and the phase ¢ of the locally generated sinusoid. * If ¢-¢=45° the amplitude of the desired signal is teduced by 2 + If ¢-=90° the desired signal component vanishes. « Forperfect demodulation, ¢.=¢ (Phase coherent)Demodulation of conventional AM — Envelope detector ‘output AM wove ste) DEMODULATION SSB To recover the message signal from SSB AM signal. we require a phase coherent or synchronous demodulator. First multiply the received signal with the local generated cairier cos(27f,t+ 9) , we have r()cosQaf.t +) =u(icosaf.t + $) = ; Am(t)cosé 4 A n() sing + double frequency terms By passing the above signal through an ideal lowpass filter, we have the output PD = 5 Am(t}008 6+ Assn gd esiedsienal rte For perfect demodulation, we must havePilot Tone for Carrier Recovery in DSB AM + Adda pilottone to a DSB AM signal- additional power requirement “6 Qu Addition ofa pilet wre to2 DSB AM signal * Carrier recovery by a narrow band filter oo +O—| ne" Naurowbind ‘ler ured ‘of. Use of a pilot tone to demodulate 2 DSB AM signal. Demodulation of SSB Signals with pilottone rit) t © Balanced Lowpass mi) modulator | “filter ~ Estimate carrier component Demodulation of SSB AM signal with a carrier component.Receivers Receiver Parameters Important performance measures for receivers + Frequency stability + Selectivity + Bandwidth * Sensitivity + Dynamic range * Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) Frequency Stability Frequency stability is the same as for transmitters — Accuracy of tuning to an entered or displayed frequency — Ability to remain on frequency without drifting off — Often given in ppm — parts-per-million — 1pm error at 28MHz is 28Hz. Selectivity + Selectivity is the ability to separate the wanted signal from nearby unwanted signals (other stations) Unwanted signal) _gilter response (strong) fanted signal (weak) Amplitude Frequency MHzBandwidth + Band of frequencies which the receiver should accept — Eg. CW (A1A) morse typically 300Hz — SSB uses 2.5 to 3kHz — VHF FM typically 7.5 or 15kHz — Usually 3dB BW specified, but not always! Filter response OdB 3dB 3dB bandwidth ° 8 z 2 & & Frequency MHz Sensitivity Sensitivity defines the limit of detection of weak signals. Receivers must have enough gain to bring weakest signals to comfortable level. the gain does not define sensitivity Sensitivity is determined by 2 factors: — Bandwidth of the receiver the wider the bandwidth, the more noise power it lets in — Noise figure of the receiver front-end a noisy receiver needs more signal to overcome the noise Receivers bandwidth should match the transmitted bandwidth. 0 as not to exciude any signal or accept unnecessary noise.Sensitivity Definitions + Sensitivity is defined as the receiver input signal level for a given SINAD at the output = eg. 0.2uV for 12dB SINAD - SNR is Signal-to-noise ratio — SINADis Signal + Noise + Distortion — Intelligible speech needs about 12dB SINAD Dynamic Range + Dynamic range is the range of signal levels between the smallest and greatest a receiver can handle — Lower limit set by sensitivity — Upper limit set by distortion or AGC control range + Inpractice, we are more concerned about dynamic range to handle unwanted out-of-band signals (AGC doesn’t apply). — How large an unwanted signal will it reject without affecting sensitivity to wanted signals - Overload level may be specified for receiver front-end (RF amplifier, mixer) as the 1dB compression pointNoise Figures + Thereis a limit of physics to receiver sensitivity — Even for perfect receivers that add no noise (0dB NF) — Realreceivers can get within a few dB of the limit + Typical noise figures — HF receiver: 12 to 20dB - not as critical as atmospherics dominate — VHF receiver; 6 dB — Microwave receiver; 2dB + Rawsensitivity is traded for dynamic range and selectivity in environments where these are more important + Adjusting RF gain can optimise sensitivity vs. dynamic range