CONTINUOUS ELECTRIFIED MINING

SYSTEMS

*R.S.J. Boshoff1, R.G. Martin2, J.A.S. De Sousa3

1 Vice President Hard Rock Mining, Komatsu Mining Corp., Wollongong, NSW, Australia
(*Presenting author: rudie.boshoff@global.komatsu)
2Business Improvement Manager, Komatsu Mining Corp., Wollongong, NSW, Australia
3Global Manager, Hard Rock Cutting CTE, Komatsu Mining Corp., Wollongong, NSW,

Australia

ABSTRACT
Komatsu Mining Corpora0on designs and manufactures heavy equipment for the mining industry including
energy, hard rock, and industrial minerals. A key research and development project at Komatsu is the
commercializa0on of an innova0ve technology for hard rock mechanical excava0on known as DynaCut. This
transforma0onal technology is the key enabler for Komatsu to introduce mechanical cuEng to the industry.
DynaCut breaks the rock using a disc-like rock engagement tool in a dynamic undercuEng method using
high frequency impact to ini0ate and propagate cracks. Depending on rock proper0es, a layer of material
between 30mm and 100mm is removed in large chips, genera0ng liJle dust and rela0vely low noise.
Following several years of developing and proving the DynaCut cuEng technology, Komatsu integrated this
technology into a mining machine, designated MC51, which is capable of excava0ng tunnels in hard rock.
The machine fractures, loads, and conveys the rock into haulage products. To support the excava0on
features, the machine is track mounted and can travel at speeds up to 30m per minute and stabilize whilst
cuEng. The machine is operated by a handheld remote control from a safe loca0on. The MC51 has the
poten0al of being a revolu0onary product: introducing mechanical excava0on to hard rock tunnelling and
provides an alterna0ve to drill and blast mining. Drill and blast has inefficiencies which could be significantly
minimized if replaced by mechanical excava0on. It is an0cipated that a mechanically excavated tunnel may
require less post-excava0on ground support, no roadway rehabilita0on, may improve ven0la0on by
reducing losses, and mining can be con0nuous, where currently, the mine is evacuated during the blast
cycle. Furthermore, the machine being fully electric supports a cleaner energy future, with immediate effect
of elimina0ng the emission of diesel fumes, currently a challenge in the mining environment. In 2017 field
trials commenced with a prototype machine placed underground at Newcrest’s Cadia mine cuEng volcanic
rock, this resulted in a successful demonstra0on with encouraging cuEng rates. A surface trial at Helidon
followed cuEng sedimentary rock. The soWer rock resulted in cuJer bit life and cuEng rate both exceeding
trial targets. Subsequently the MC51 con0nuous mining machine has been designed and two machines built
for the purpose of undertaking trials within the mine environment. Komatsu entered into agreements with
three mining companies who accommodated the machine and trial ac0vi0es within their opera0ons. These
three trial sites are: a return to Cadia Valley Opera0ons; Vale Inco, Garson mine; and Hillgrove recourses,
Kanmantoo mine. Komatsu made its debut into Tunnelling in 2022 with CGU in the M6 tunnel development
in Sydney Australia. Whilst early indica0ons were that the MC51 was likely to be successful in Sandstone
tunnelling, the overall performance, accuracy and reliability exceeded all expecta0ons. The MC51 has
con0nued in the tunnels and will remain there. There are several kilometres of tunnelling opportuni0es and
specialised tunnelling applica0ons for the MC51. With the con0nual development and the versa0lity of the
DynaCut technology, we expect the MC51 and other mining products bearing the DynaCut system to

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transform the industry.

KEYWORDS
Abrasive, automa0on, briJleness index, civil, cleaner energy, commercializa0on, compressive strength,
construc0on, con0nuous, conveys, crack propaga0on, cuEng element, diesel fumes, disc, drill and blast
mining, DynaCut, electrified, excava0ng tunnels, Force Vector Control, fracture frequency, fracture plane,
fracture toughness, ground support, handheld remote control, hard rock, high frequency impact, innova0ve
technology, instantaneous cuEng rate, large chips, loads, mechanical excava0on, mining industry, modular,
primary on-board bol0ng, prototype, rock engagement tool, safe loca0on, sandstone, sedimentary rock,
shaW entry, stabilize, sustainable, tensile proper0es, track mounted, transform, tunnelling, undercuEng,
volcanic rock.

1. PRODUCT BACKGROUND
Komatsu Mining Corpora0on designs and manufactures underground mining equipment as well as
equipment used in surface open-pit mining. Our integrated technology, services and solu0ons are a cri0cal
component of mining opera0ons in a variety of commodity markets including energy, hard rock, and
industrial minerals.

Within the business is a department based at the University of Wollongong and has been dedicated to the
research and development of the DynaCut hard rock cuEng technology. DynaCut is an enabling technology
which permits mechanized cuEng in hard rock applica0ons.

Following several years of developing and proving the DynaCut cuEng technology, Komatsu proceeded with
designing a Hard Rock Con0nuous Mining machine capable of excava0ng a tunnel and roadways in medium
and hard rock, designated MC51. The MC51 is operated with suppor0ng equipment (haulage and ground
support) to form a con0nuous, electrified, mining system.

Komatsu has a wealth of experience and knowledge in con0nuous mining systems through the Joy
Con0nuous miner pladorm, a product line where Komatsu has significant market share with highly
automated, electrified con0nuous mining systems successful in the coal and industrial minerals market (soW
rock). All this knowledge and experience has gone into the crea0on of the MC51 product.

The MC51 has the poten0al of being a revolu0onary product: introducing mechanical excava0on to hard
rock tunnelling. This product provides the industry with an alterna0ve to drill and blast mining. Drill and
blast mining has direct, and secondary inefficiencies which could be significantly minimized if replaced by
mechanical excava0on. There is no addi0onal mining, infrastructure or civil works required, in fact we
an0cipate that a mechanically excavated tunnel may require less post-excava0on ground support, no
roadway rehabilita0on, and may improve ven0la0on by reducing losses. Addi0onally, mining can be
con0nuous throughout a day, where currently, the mine is evacuated during the blast cycle. Furthermore,
the machine being fully electric eliminates the emission of diesel fumes, currently a challenge in the mining
environment where tradi0onal diesel vehicles are used. Fully electrifying the mining process supports a
cleaner energy future and provides the opportunity to use renewables as the energy source.

2. TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION
DynaCut is a Komatsu owned technology which enables rock to be mechanically excavated. DynaCut breaks
the rock using a disc-like rock engagement tool in a dynamic undercuEng technique (See Figure 1) u0lising
high blow frequency imparted to the rock to ini0ate cracks and propagate them to a free face, exploi0ng
the weaker tensile proper0es of rock, removing material in large chips, genera0ng liJle dust and rela0vely
low noise.

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Figure 1 - UndercuEng method exploi0ng the materials tensile proper0es.

DynaCut uses low specific energy to fracture the rock. The rock engagement tool (also referred to as “cuJer
disc”, or “disc”) removes a layer of material between 30 to 100mm – cut depth is determined by the rock
characteris0cs. The cuJer disc is manipulated by a cuJer boom, maintaining it at a shallow angle and
parallel to the rock face, The cuJer boom is controlled u0lising a constant predetermined force. The disc is
free to rotate but is not mechanically rotated for cuEng but rather used in a chiselling ac0on impac0ng the
rock at a high frequency The cut material size is dependent on rock proper0es, depth, and velocity of cut,
but generally generates large chips approximately 200mm to 300mm length and width and thickness
representa0ve of the cut depth (see Figure 2). LiJle dust is generated, and noise is rela0vely low during the
cuEng process.

Figure 2 – CuJer disc to rock engagement & Typical Cut Material

3. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
The MC51 (DynaCut Hard Rock Con0nuous Miner) is Komatsu’s first hard rock cuEng machine. This
machine is capable of excava0ng tunnels of up to 6.25m wide and 5.35m high. The minimum tunnel the
machine is able to excavate is 4.5m by 4.5m. With the tunnel profile being excavated, size of tunnel can be
accurately controlled as well as the possibility of altering the shape of a tunnel profile, for example: sloping
floor with a drainage channel or a culvert for services may be desired.

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The MC51 is an agile machine, that it is electrically powered by 1000V with low-power requirements
(330kW) allowing it to operate in environments where tradi0onal Face drill rigs (Jumbos) are used – no
special infrastructure is required. See Table 1, Figure 3 and Figure 4 for the general arrangement and
specifica0on of the machine.

Table 1 – MC51 General Specifica0on

General information Specification
Maximum cutting height and width [m] 5.35m Height and 6.25m Width
Minimum tunnel size [m] 4.5m by 4.5m
Minimum Tramming Height [m] 3.5 m
Total weight [kg] 127 Tonnes
Dimensions [mm] 4.0m x 12.2m x 3.4 (WxLxH)
Rated power [kW] 330kW
Supply voltage [V] 1000V
Frequency [Hz] 50 & 60 Hz Available
Maximum travel speed [km/h] 30m/min (1.8km/h)
Maximum tramming gradient [%] 22%
Approach and Departure Angles [Deg] 8°
Turning radius [m] 360° turn on machine axis. Turn cutting dependant to
tunnel size in a 6.25m tunnel a 6.25m inside radius is
achievable.
Material Handling [m³/h] 68 m³/h
Material Handling - Conveyor Throat [mm] 900 x 400
Number of operators 1 operator full time, 2 maintenance crew (mech & elec)
part-time.

Figure 3 – MC51 General Arrangement Plan View

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 Figure 4 – MC51 General Arrangement Side View

To enable the MC51 to excavate tunnels, it has the ability to fracture, load, and convey rock. To support the
rock excava0on features, the machine trams within the mine and stabilizes during cuEng. The rock is
discharged from the rear of the machine at an elevated height which enables the use of a variety of haulage
products in a place changing opera0on with suppor0ng equipment such as LHD, Mine trucks, dedicated
batch haulage, con0nuous haulage systems (applica0on dependent) enabling the machine to operate a
con0nuous cut and load cycle.

Figure 5 – Mining Cycle: Typical Drill and Blast vs. MC51

The system approach offers a step change to the cyclic drill and blast process as depicted in Figure 5 with
fewer steps in the process and less machinery movements. Advantages in addi0on to the reduced cycle
include:
• remote opera0on – keeping people out of harm’s way.
• less equipment and processes.
• lower ven0la0on costs (no diesel emissions & consistent tunnel surface).
• Reducing waste - less lost 0me between processes.
• poten0ally less ground support.
• excava0on where blas0ng is not possible.
• more consistent material size.
• beJer u0lisa0on with automa0on.

The machine is operated by a single operator with a handheld tele-remote control allowing the operator to
be posi0oned in a safe loca0on within proximity of the machine – line of sight is not required. With onboard
data logging opera0onal details can be downloaded or transmiJed via telecommunica0ons infrastructure.

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Applica0ons include mine development where Drill and Blast mining is employed, as well as tunnelling
where Tunnel Boring machines and Road Headers are used. The MC51 offers compe00ve advance rates as
well as mul0ple advantages over these prevailing methods.

Within mining, the machine is suitable for cut and fill within the ore body, footprint development for block
cave or sub-level cave mining, portal, decline and drawbell development, and is an enabler for safely
accessing small, remote, and previously unviable ore bodies.

The MC51 operates in the civil, construc0on, and tunnelling industry and has advantages over Road
Headers including higher rock hardness capabili0es, accuracy, tunnel quality, power consump0on, dust,
noise, and vibra0on genera0on. Significant advantages are seen when the MC51 is pitched against Tunnel
Boring machines: the MC51 does have capabili0es to cut within this range of rock condi0ons at good
advance rates, the significant advantages are in capital cost, agility as well as power consump0on.

The advance rate or Instantaneous CuEng Rate (ICR) of the MC51, whilst stated to be comparable to
tradi0onal methods is dependent on rock proper0es. Figure 6 below provides a guideline to expected
cuEng rates. The horizontal scale is provided in Ul0mate Compressive Strength (UCS) for indica0ve
purposes only, but Compressive strength is not a measure for viable cuEng - the next sec0on will delve into
rock cutability.

Figure 6 – Instantaneous CuEng Rates in Various Rock Condi0ons

**Rock Toughness - Derived from Tensile strength, fracture toughness, briJleness index, Energy to crack the
rock

4. MECHANICAL EXCAVATION OF HARD ROCK

Komatsu recognises, and indeed emphasises, that rock strength (i.e. UCS) is not the only rock property
relevant to the cuEng rate or cut performance, despite it being a widely used measure for general
characterisa0on of rock. Other factors are cri0cal to the performance of mechanical rock cuEng tools,
including rock hardness, briJleness, fracture toughness and tensile strength. Rock cuEng performance is
affected by the proper0es of the rock mass itself, including the existence of fractures and other mechanical
discon0nui0es, and the proper0es of these discon0nui0es (e.g., orienta0on, spacing, con0nuity, frequency,
healing, etc.), which play an increasing role in cuEng performance as the scale of the cuEng system/tool
increases.

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It should be stated that these rock aJributes do not necessarily all have to align favourably to sa0sfy
cutability, but understanding the proper0es enables Komatsu to match the machine consumable and
produc0on seEngs to the condi0ons. The variables include the rock engagement tool design, depth of cut,
clearance angle, impact frequency, cuEng force, cut profile, or cut direc0on.

Komatsu is compiling a database of rock proper0es and associated cuEng rates, based on extensive cuEng
of various rock types. Increasing exposure to more cuEng condi0ons and rock proper0es will further
improve knowledge to enable accurate performance predic0ons, add to the growing variety of consumables
available, and increase the opera0ng parameter library.

Understanding the rock type is fundamental to cuJability. The Petrographic analysis of the rock provides a
great deal of insight into how the rock could behave if struck by a rock engagement tool. The intact rock
proper0es (micro level) provide the worst-case scenario, it is the macro level proper0es that ul0mately
dictate cuEng performance.

Fracture toughness (KIC) quan0fies the ability of a rock to resist cracking when a tensile force is applied to
it. The fracture toughness tes0ng is undertaken in a laboratory and not in-situ. A lower fracture toughness
would intui0vely suggest a more suitable rock for the DynaCut technology.
.
The BriJleness index (BIM) is a measure of resistance to chipping and inden0ng and defines the nature of
fracturing (duc0le vs. briJle). The briJleness index is determined by applying a point load on the rock in a
laboratory environment. Looking at the briJleness number on its own would suggest that a low value is
favorable for depth of cut and indenta0on, but this may also mean the rock absorbs energy.

Abrasiveness (CAI and RAI) is also measured and recorded, whilst having liJle impact on rock cuJability, it
has a direct impact on cuJer life and the most appropriate rock engagement tool design can be selected to
suit the applica0on.

Figure 7- Rock proper0es we consider (preferences of each depicted in a colour form with green being the
preferred).

5. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND IN-FIELD TESTING

Komatsu’s journey towards commercialised mechanical rock cuEng has spanned many years. Ini0ated as
early as 2003, however in 2005 the licence was acquired for the technology from CRCMining (Coopera0ve

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Research Centre for Mining Technology and Equipment (CMTE) which at the 0me was an academic concept
proven to be prac0cal by the crea0on of a basic func0oning prototype by the CSIRO (Commonwealth
Scien0fic and Industrial Research Organisa0on). The company assessed the technology, and given its
posi0on being a leading Original Equipment Manufacturer, was in a posi0on to commercialise the
technology and develop the suppor0ng machinery and equipment. To this end, Komatsu created a
dedicated engineering team in 2006.

Komatsu, in partnership with PlatTech (consor0um of South African Pla0num Producers including: Implats,
Lonmin, and Angloplats), built a test rig where full-scale cuEng equipment was tested. During this 0me the
first genera0on of the Hard Rock Con0nuous Miner and suppor0ng equipment was designed and built to
support the cuEng technology. This machine was designated ‘HRCM10 Reef Mining System’ which was
commissioned underground in 2010 at Bathopele, a South African Pla0num mine. PlatTech’s objec0ve was
to transform the technology (which they had invested a great deal in its research) into a viable mechanical
cuEng system in narrow reef mining.

From 2011 to 2014 the trial was undertaken which included a full system including cuEng, crushing,
vacuum material handling, and delivery onto the mine belt. The machine was operated by a Komatsu team
for 4 years underground, resul0ng in significant learnings including progressive improvements, upgrades to
the cuEng system, remote cameras, introduc0on of online data and diagnos0cs including a fibre link to
surface for remote monitoring. The programme yielded valuable outcomes allowing con0nued technology
development – the exis0ng cuEng system was revealing limita0ons which needed redesign to be a viable
technology. The challenges of designing a compact mining machine to fit in a 1m stope including all the
challenges around designing the cuEng system proved to be significant in Komatsu changing its direc0on
and strategy. Larger entries were the key shiW in strategy as this allowed Komatsu to focus on the cuEng
system development

Figure 8 – Development Timeline 2005 to 2015

In parallel to the underground trial the cuEng technology was redesigned and upgraded. It was significantly
trialed on a new surface test rig referred to as SR1 which was a road header machine fiJed with a DynaCut
cuJer boom. The new cuEng concept yielded successful results with significant improvement in
performance and reliability. At this stage concepts were developed for Force Vector Control and in
combina0on with cuJer disc development indicated a much-improved cuEng rate.

In 2015 a partnership with Newcrest Mining Ltd. was formed. The DR1, our underground Development Rig
was built carrying a new prototype 5-axis boom, which required sophis0cated control systems and
hydraulics, but enabled the machine to cut a tunnel profile.

In 2016 field trials commenced. An Underground trial took place at Newcrest Mining, Cadia Valley
Opera0ons in Volcanic rock, this resulted in a successful demonstra0on of automated control of the cuJer
boom, as well as posi0oning and naviga0on trials. Significant learnings were gained and implemented into
the product development to achieve sustainable cuEng rates in hard rock. Further cuJer disc development

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took place, and these were tested in the surface bunker un0l consistent, acceptable cuJer life was
achieved.

The Helidon Surface Trial in sedimentary rock followed in 2017 aWer the Cadia underground trial. The
cuEng system parameters were adjusted to accommodate the rock type. Specific rock engagement tools
were also designed specific for the rock type. The rock type resulted in both the cuJer life and cuEng rate
to exceed the target, indica0ng that product commercialisa0on is achievable in the right cuEng condi0ons.

On the back of successful sedimentary rock cuEng and successful development of hard rock cuJer discs the
company had the confidence to design a new Hard Rock Con0nuous miner and a design specifica0on and
budget was agreed for the development of the MC51 in 2018.

Figure 9 – Development Timeline 2012 to 2018

Concurrently with the ongoing machine design, components were procured, and the manufacturing
commenced for two machines built for the purpose of undertaking trials within the mine environment.
Komatsu entered into agreements with two mining companies who were willing to accommodate the
machine and trial ac0vi0es within their opera0ons. These two trial sites are, once again Newcrest Mining
Cadia Valley Opera0ons; and Vale Inco, Garson Mine in Sudbury, Canada.

In September 2020, the first machine was transported to Cadia Valley Opera0ons where it has successfully
operated, mining a 5m x 5m tunnel, 50 meters long in volcanic rock achieving a best weekly cuEng rate of
0.56m/h and an average weekly cuEng rate of 0.32m/h. CuJer life was acceptable at 4m advance per disc
on average.

AWer successful opera0ons in Cadia the machine was relocated to Hillgrove Resources Limited (Kanmantoo),
South Australia in 2021. The applica0on at this site was to start a new entry portal as well as a ven0la0on
portal at the boJom of an open cut copper mine. These portals are the beginnings of underground
opera0ons where orebodies were no longer viable with con0nued open cut mining. Being able to
mechanically excavate the start of the mine entry with the MC51 has a significant advantage as the
surrounding rock on the highwall was able to remain intact and undisturbed as it would be if blasted. The
rock at Kanmantoo has low compressive strength but is very competent with minimal natural fracturing,
and duc0le in nature, and proved to not be easy to cut. Nonetheless, with some engineering adap0ons to
the cuJer discs and control system a rate of 0.3m – 0.5m per opera0ng hour was achieved, with 3m cut per
12 hour shiW. CuJer Disc life was only 1m on average, showing improvement near the end of the trial where
5m was achieved on the best disc life. A total of 50m was cut for both portals.

The Second MC51 Machine was transported to Canada, Garson Mine and commissioned underground in
2021. The machine mined a tunnel 5.2m x 5.2 m over 40m long in waste rock opening a linking tunnel to
the McConnell orebody. This Canadian shield rock is highly competent, almost void of natural fractures and
presented extremely tough cuEng condi0ons. Performance was marginal at an average rate of 0.2m/h.
cuJer disc life was also lower than an0cipated at less than 1m advance per disc. Despite the performance in

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the waste rock, there were many learnings, and both the customer and Komatsu could see the poten0al
and the benefits. The consistent rock presented opportunity to undertake mul0ple engineering trails where
various cuEng paJerns and parameters were trialled, compared, and perfected. Mul0ple styles of cuJer
discs were manufactured and trialled with some varia0ons showing significant improvement to cut rate and
life. Addi0onal tunnelling has been undertaken and s0ll ongoing, some in mineralised waste - par0al ore –
where immediate advance and cuEng rate improvements are evident. Since reloca0ng the machine,
another 37m has been cut to date. The machine will con0nue at Vale with a goal to cut within the orebody.
This will be ongoing well into 2023.

Komatsu made its debut into Tunnelling in 2022 with CGU (CPB Contractors and UGL, in a joint venture with
Ghella) in the M6 tunnel development in Sydney Australia. Whilst early indica0ons were that the MC51 was
likely to be successful in Sandstone tunnelling, the overall performance, accuracy and reliability exceeded all
expecta0ons. The first applica0on was to develop a 100m long cross tunnel, linking 2 main roadways in a
6.5m x 5.3m tunnel profile. The rate exceeded 1m/h hour easily achieving the 5m or advance permiJed of
unsupported tunnel in a shiW. CuJer Disc life has been excellent, consistently achieving 30 to 50m per disc.
This applica0on presented an opportunity to load directly into a Komatsu HM 300 Truck via transfer
conveyor which too has proven successful. The MC51 has con0nued in the tunnels and will remain there.
There are several kilometres of tunnelling opportuni0es along with specialised tunnelling applica0on in the
form of storm water sumps and benching (increasing the height of preciously cut tunnels by removing the
floor).

Figure 10 – Development Timeline 2019 to Current

6. PRODUCT ROADMAP
Komatsu DynaCut technology can be deployed in mul0ple poten0al configura0ons. Komatsu chose to build
the MC51 in a 5mx5m nominal configura0on. With sufficient market requirement, future machine
configura0ons may be considered. With the experience gained to date it is clear that the MC51 has
applica0ons in both tunnelling and mining industries. These industries have different requirements and
Komatsu has chosen to support the two paths to commercializa0on. Many an0cipated machine and feature
developments are mutual to both industries and some unique.

The main roadway tunnelling requires a larger profile which exceeds the MC51 cuEng width in a single
pass. With minor mechanical upgrades to the MC51 it can be made to cut a wider tunnel. Also tradi0onal in
tunnelling is to have operators on the machine within a cab, the MC51 supports an otoard, remote
operator, an otoard remote opera0ons sta0on is being developed. The control of the machine and its
current state of automa0on make remote opera0on possible; these developments are to provide a safe and
comfortable loca0on; the technology is in place.

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In order to pursue the underground market which only has shaW entry a modular frame machine is in
design; this will permit the machine to be lowered underground in mul0ple pieces and assembled
underground.

A significant product enhancement is under design and prototype manufacture – the second genera0on
(Gen 2) cuJer boom. This new boom development will simplify the control system and the mechanical
complexity and thus improve the reliability of the machine. The boom will be extensively tested on a
surface test rig, followed by underground trial prior to commercial release. This boom design, once proven
successful will mark yet another step-change to mechanical cuEng and DynaCut will become versa0le and
developed to enhance other rock excava0on products. One of the produc0on limita0ons is place-change
requirements of ground support. Further development is planned to provide primary on-board bol0ng
enabling suitable bol0ng to be done allowing further advance of the machine enabling uninterrupted
advance un0l shiW end or maintenance is required.

Figure 11 – Future product development concepts (Modular Chassis, Gen 2 Boom, on-board bol0ng)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS & REFERENCES

The informa0on contained in this paper is not exclusively based on the developments, discoveries, and data
of the listed authors, but is a summary and overview of developments and endeavours made to date on the
technology and product line. Contributors to date have been too many to list, several of whom are
recognised, registered patent holders on the mul0ple inven0ons and developments. The authors make no
claim with respect to the moral rights, intellectual property rights or other rights associated or referred to in
this paper. The technology was acquired several years ago by the current licence holder, Komatsu Mining
Corp. which is the parent company of the authors employer. All development is undertaken by employees
of the company and by remunerated advisors and vendors. In addi0on to the product and technology
development, it would not have been possible to progress without the support and assistance of many
organisa0ons in the mining, tunnelling, and civil industries who have supported opera0onal trials and
projects providing opera0onal loca0ons, services, and support.

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Peak Carbon Capital

VAM - Barriers to Deployment

PCC reference: Peak Carbon Capital VAM Barriers to Deployment V1

0 26/4/2023 VAM Abstract NAB DB NAB

Rev. Date Descrip-on Made by Checked by: Approved by:

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