CHAPTER

Basic
Mathematics
TRIGONOMETRY
It is one of the important branch of mathematics which deal with relations of
sides and angles of triangle and also with the relevant functions of any angle.
Consider a ray OA. If this ray revolves about its end point O in anti-clockwise
direction and takes position OB, then we say that the angle ∠AOB has been
generated as shown in the following figure.
B Initial line
ne O A
l li
ina Te
rm rm
Te ina
l li
ne
O A
Initial line B
(i) Positive angle (ii) Negative angle
Fig. 0.1

Or simply say that angle is a measure of an amount of revolution of a given ray

about its initial point.
The angle is positive (or negative), if the initial line revolves in anti-clockwise
Inside
(or clockwise) direction to get the terminal line. 1 Trigonometry
2 Calculus (Differentiation)
System of measurement of angles 3 Integration
(i) Sexagesimal system In this system, a right angle is divided into 90 equal 4 Graphs
parts, called degree.
Thus, 1 right angle = 90 ° (degrees)
1° = 60 ′ (minutes)
1′ = 60 ′′ (seconds)
2 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 1

(ii) Circular system In this system, the unit of

measurement is radian. Trigonometrical ratios (or T-ratios)
l Consider the two fixed lines X ′OX andYOY ′ intersecting
θ = radian or rad each other at right angle at point O as shown in the
r θ
l
π following figure
O
1 right angle = rad r
Y
2 A
1 straight angle = π rad
Fig. 0.2 Circular system θ
and 1 complete angle = 2π rad X′
O B
X
c
One radian (denoted by 1 ) is the measure of an
angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc of
Y′
length equal to the radius of the circle.
Fig. 0.3 Trigonometrical ratios
180 °
1 rad (1c ) = ≈ 57°17′ 45 ′′ ≈ 57.3 ° Then,
π
22 π (i) Intersection point O is called origin.
Note (i) π = = 314
. (ii) 360° = 2 π radian, radian = 90°
7 2 (ii) X ′ OX andYOY ′ are called X-axis andY-axis,
Example 0.1 Find the radian measures corresponding to the respectively.
following degree measures. (iii) The portion XOY,YOX′, X ′ OY ′ andY ′ OX are
(i) 75° (ii) − 37°30′ (iii) 5°37′30′′ known as I, II, III and IV quadrants, respectively.
c Now, consider that the revolving line OA has traced out an
180°  π 
Sol. We have, 1c = ⇒ 1° =   angle θ in anti-clockwise direction (in I quadrant).
π 180
c c
From point A, draw AB ⊥ OX which results a right angled
 π   5π  ∆ABO, where AB = perpendicular, OA = hypotenuse and
(i) 75° =  75 ×  = 
 180  12  OB = base.
1 °  75 °
c c
  75 π   5π  The three sides of right angled triangle are related to each
(ii) − 37°30′ = −  37  = −   =− ×  =− 
 2  2  2 180   24  other through side having different ratios, called
trigonometrical ratios or T-ratios, which are given as
 5 °  45 °  45
c c
π   π
(iii) 5°37′30′′ =  5  =   =  ×  =  Perpendicular AB
 8  8  8 180  32 (i) sinθ = = (From Fig. 0.3)
Hypotenuse OA
Example 0.2 Find the degree measures corresponding to the Base OB
following radian measures. (ii) cos θ = =
c c Hypotenuse OA
 2π   π
(i)   (ii)   (iii) (− 2)c Perpendicular AB
 15   8 (iii) tan θ = =
Base OB
Sol. We have,
Base OB
 2π 180 ° (iv) cot θ = =
c
 2π 
(i)   =  ×  = 24° Perpendicular AB
 15   15 π 
Hypotenuse OA
 π  π 180 °  45 °  1 °
c
1 
′ (v) sec θ = =
(ii)   =  ×  =   = 22  = 22°  × 60 Base OB
 8 8 π   2   2   2 
Hypotenuse OA
= 22°30′ (vi) cosec θ = =
Perpendicular AB
 180 °  180 °  6°
(iii) (− 2)c =  − 2 ×  = − 2 × × 7 = − 114 
 π   22   11 Fundamental of T-ratios or
′ ′
6 
= − 114°  × 60 = − 114°
 8
32 
trigonometric functions
11   11 For any acute angle say θ ( < 90 ° ), the functions are given as
8 ″ (i) cosec θ =
1
(ii) sec θ =
1
= − 114°32 ′  × 60 • − [114° 32 ′ 44′′]
11  sin θ cos θ
Basic Mathematics 3

1 T-ratios of allied angles

(iii) cot θ =
tan θ
In trigonometry two angles are said to be allied angles
(iv) sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 when their sum or difference is a multiple of 90°.
The T-ratios of the following allied angles are as
(v) 1 + tan 2 θ = sec 2 θ
(i) When angle (say) θ is negative, then
(vi) 1 + cot 2 θ = cosec 2 θ (a) sin (− θ ) = − sin θ (b) cos (− θ ) = cos θ
Signs of trigonometric ratios or T-ratios in (c) tan (− θ ) = − tan θ
various quadrants (ii) When angle θ is less than 90°
(i.e., lies in I quadrant), then
II
only sin and cosec
I
All + ve
(a) sin(90° − θ ) = cos θ (b) cos(90° − θ ) = sin θ
are + ve (c) tan(90° − θ ) = cot θ
III IV
(iii) When angle θ lies between 90° and 180°
only tan and only cos and (i.e., lies in II quadrant), then
cot are + ve sec are + ve (a) ● sin(90° + θ ) = cos θ
Fig. 0.4 Sign of T-ratios ● cos(90 ° + θ ) = − sin θ
(i) In I quadrant, all T-ratios are positive. ● tan(90° + θ ) = − cot θ
(ii) In II quadrant, sin θ is + ve, cos θ and tan θ are − ve . (b) ● sin(180° − θ ) = sin θ
● cos(180 ° − θ) = − cos θ
(iii) In III quadrant, tan θ is + ve, sin θ and cos θ are − ve .
● tan(180° − θ ) = − tan θ
(iv) In IV quadrant, cos θ is + ve, sin θ and tan θ are − ve.
(iv) When angle θ lies between 180° and 270°
4 (i.e., lies in III quadrant), then
Example 0.3 If sin θ = , where θ lies in the first quadrant,
5 (a) ● sin(180° + θ ) = − sin θ
then find all the other T-ratios. ● cos(180° + θ ) = − cos θ

Sol. Let ∆PQR be right angled triangle, right angled at Q. ● tan(180° + θ ) = tan θ

P
(b) ● sin(270° − θ ) = − cos θ
● cos(270° − θ ) = − sin θ
5 4
● tan(270° − θ ) = cot θ

θ (v) When angle θ lies between 270° and 360°

R Q
(i.e., lies in IV quadrant), then
4
sin θ = (Given) (a) ● sin(270° + θ ) = − cos θ
5
● cos(270° + θ ) = sin θ
∴ PR = 5 and PQ = 4
● tan(270° + θ ) = − cot θ
On applying Pythagoras theorem in ∆PQR, we have
(PR )2 = (PQ )2 + (QR )2 (b) ● sin(360° − θ ) = − sin θ
● cos(360° − θ ) = cos θ
⇒ (5)2 = (4)2 + (QR )2
● tan(360° − θ) = − tan θ
⇒ QR = 25 − 16 = 9 = 3
Values of T-ratios of some standard angles
[Taking positive value of square root]
QR 3 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 120° 135° 150° 180°
Now, cos θ = = , Angle (θ)  π   π   π   π   2π   = 3π   = 5π  (= π)
PR 5  =   =   =   =   =     
 6   4   3  2  3  4  6
PQ 4
tan θ = = ,
QR 3 0 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 0
sin θ
QR 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
cot θ = = ,
PQ 4 1 3 1 1 0 1 1 3 −1
cos θ − − −
PR 5 2 2 2 2 2 2
sec θ = =
QR 3
0 1 1 3 ∞ − 3 −1 1 0
tan θ −
PR 5
and cosec θ = = 3 3
PQ 4
4 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 1

Example 0.4 Find the value of 3 tan A − tan 3 A

● tan 3A =
(i) sin(− 45° ) (ii) tan 225° 1 − 3 tan 2 A
(iii) cos 300° (iv) sec 120°
● sin(A + B ) + sin(A − B ) = 2 sin A cos B
Sol. (i) sin(− 45° ) = − sin 45° [Q sin(− θ) = − sin θ] ● sin(A + B ) − sin (A − B ) = 2 cos A sin B
1 1
=− [Q sin 45° = ] ● cos(A + B ) + cos(A − B ) = 2 cos A cos B
2 2
● cos(A + B ) − cos(A − B ) = − 2 sin A sin B
(ii) tan 225° = tan(270° − 45° ) = cot 45°
[Q tan(270° − θ) = cot θ] C + D  C − D 
● sin C + sin D = 2 sin   ⋅ cos  
=1 [Q cot 45° = 1]  2   2 
(iii) cos 300° = cos(270° + 30° ) = sin 30°
C + D  C − D 
[Q cos(270° + θ) = sin θ] ● sin C − sin D = 2 cos   ⋅ sin  
 2   2 
1 1
= [Q sin 30° = ]
C + D  C − D 
2 2 ● cos C + cos D = 2 cos   ⋅ cos  
(iv) sec 120° = sec(180° − 60° ) = − sec 60°  2   2 
[Q sec(180° − θ) = − sec θ]
C + D  C − D 
= −2 ● cos C − cos D = − 2 sin   ⋅ sin  
 2   2 

Some important formulae of Example 0.5 Find the value of (i) sin 15° (ii) tan 75°

trigonometry Sol. (i) We have,

sin 15° = sin(45° − 30° )
● sin(A + B ) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
= sin 45° cos 30° − cos 45° sin 30°
● sin(A − B ) = sin A cos B − cos A sin B [Q sin(A − B ) = sin A cos B − cos A sin B]
● cos(A + B ) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B
1 3 1 1
● cos(A − B ) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B = ⋅ − ⋅
2 2 2 2
tan A + tan B 1 3
● tan(A + B ) = (Q sin 45° = cos 45° = , cos 30° =
1 − tan A tan B 2 2
tan A − tan B 1
● tan(A − B ) = and sin 30° = )
1 + tan A tan B 2
3 −1
2 tan A =
● sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A = 2 2
1 + tan 2 A (ii) We have, tan 75° = tan(45° + 30° )
● cos 2A = cos 2 A − sin 2 A = 2 cos 2 A − 1 tan 45° + tan 30°  tan A + tan B 
= Q tan (A + B ) = 
1 − tan A
2
1 − tan 45°⋅ tan 30°  1 − tan A ⋅ tan B 
= 1 − 2 sin 2 A =
1 + tan 2 A 1
1+
2 tan A 3  1 
● tan 2A = = Q tan 45° = 1 and tan 30° = 
1 − tan 2 A 1  3
1 − 1⋅
3
● sin 3A = 3 sin A − 4 sin A 3

3 +1
● cos 3A = 4 cos 3A − 3 cos A =
3 −1
CHECK POINT 0.1 5 5
1. Find the radian measures corresponding to the following Ans. sin θ = − and tan θ =
degree measures. 13 12
(i) 25° (ii) − 47° 30′ 3
(iii) 39° 22′30′′ 4. Find the values of other five T -ratios, if tan θ = − and θ
4
5π 19π 7π lies in II quadrant.
Ans. (i) (ii) − (iii)
36 72 32 3 4 5 5 4
Ans. sin θ = , cos θ = − , cosec θ = , sec θ = − and cot θ = −
5 5 3 4 3
2. Find the degree measures corresponding to the following
radian measures.
5. Find the values of the following T -ratios
c (i) cosec 315° (ii) cos 210°
18 π 
(i)   (ii) (− 3)c (iii) sin(− 330°)
 5 
3 1
5π 
c
9π 
c Ans. (i) − 2 (ii) − (iii)
(iii)  −  (iv)   2 2
 6  5
6. Find the value of
Ans. (i) 648° (ii) − 171° 49 ′5′′ (iii) − 150°
(i) sec165° (ii) cot 105°
(iv) 324°
1− 3
12 Ans. (i) ( 2 − 6) (ii)
3. Find sin θ and tan θ, if cos θ = − and θ lies in the third 1+ 3
13
quadrant.

CALCULUS (DIFFERENTIATION)
Differentiation in calculus, is the process of finding dy
the derivative. The derivative is the instantaneous
Physical meaning of
rate of change of a function with respect to one of its
dx
variable. This is equivalent to finding the slope of the (i) The ratio of small change in the function y and the
tangent line to the function at a point. variable x is called the average rate of change of y w.r.t.
x.
Variable e.g. If a body covers a small distance ∆s in small time ∆t,
∆s
A quantity, which can take different values, is called a then average velocity of the body, v av =
variable quantity. A variable is usually represented by ∆t
x, y, z etc. ∆y
(ii) The limiting value of , when ∆ x → 0, i.e.,
∆x
Constant lim
∆y dy
= , is called the instantaneous rate of
A quantity, whose value remains unchanged during ∆x → 0 ∆ x dx
mathematical operations, is called a constant quantity. change of y w.r.t. x.
The integers, fractions such as π, e, etc are all Thus, the differentiation of a function w.r.t. a variable
constant. implies the instantaneous rate of change of the function
w.r.t. that variable.
Function e.g., Instantaneous velocity of the body,
A quantity y is called a function of a variable x, if ∆s ds
corresponding to any given value of x, there exists a lim =
∆t → 0 ∆ t dt
single definite value of y. The phrase ‘y is function of
x’ is represented as y = f (x ).
Theorems of differentiation
e.g., Consider that y is a function of the variable x d
which is given by y = 4x 2 + 3 x + 7 and (i) If c is constant, then (c ) = 0
dx
y = sin x + e x .
(ii) If y = cv , where c is a constant and v is a function of x,
Here, we will treat x as independent variable and y as dy d dv
dependent variable, i.e., the value y depends on x. If then = (c ⋅ v ) = c
dx dx dx
we change the value of x, then y will change.
6 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 1

(iii) If y = x n , where n is a real number, then x3 + 4

(iv) We have, y =
dy d x +1
= (x n ) = nx n − 1
dx dx On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
(iv) If y = u ± v ± w , where u, v and w are functions of d 3 d
(x + 1) (x + 4) − (x 3 + 4) (x + 1)
dy dx dx
dy d du dv dw =
x, then = (u ± v ± w ) = ± ± dx (x + 1)2
dx dx dx dx dx
(By division rule)
(v) Product rule If y = u ⋅ v , where u and v are
dy d dv du dy (x + 1) (3x + 0) − (x + 4) (1 + 0)
2 3

functions of x, then = (u ⋅ v ) = u +v =
dx dx dx dx dx (x + 1)2
u 3x 2 (x + 1) − x 3 − 4 3x 3 + 3x 2 − x 3 − 4
(vi) Division rule If y = , where u and v are functions = =
v (x + 1)2 (x + 1)2
du dv 2x 3 + 3x 2 − 4
v −u =
dy d u dx dx (x + 1)2
of x, then =   =
dx dx  v  v2
Formulae for differential coefficient of
Example 0.6 Differentiate the following functions trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential function
(i) y = x − 3 (ii) 6x 5 + 4x 3 − 3x 2 + 2x − 7 d d
● (sin x ) = cos x ● (cos x ) = − sin x
(x + 4)
3
dx dx
(iii) y = (x + 2) (x 2 + 1) (iv) y =
(x + 1) ●
d
(tan x ) = sec 2 x ●
d
(cot x ) = − cosec 2 x
Sol. (i) We have, y = x −3 dx dx
d
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get ● (sec x ) = sec x ⋅ tan x
dx
dy  d n 
= − 3x − 3 − 1 Q x = nx n − 1 d
dx  dx  ● (cosec x ) = − cosec x ⋅ cot x
dx
− 3
= − 3x − 4 = 4 d 1 d x
x ● (log x ) = ● (e ) = e x
dx x dx
(ii) Let y = 6x 5 + 4x 3 − 3x 2 + 2x − 7
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get Example 0.7 Differentiate the following functions
dy d 5 d 3 d d d (i) y = sin x + e x (ii) y = 3x 2 + log x + 4 e x + 5
=6 x +4 x − 3 x2 + 2 x − 7
dx dx dx dx dx dx (iii) y = e x ⋅ tan x
 d dv  Sol. (i) We have, y = sin x + e x
Q (c ⋅ v ) = c ⋅ 
 dx dx 
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
dy dy d
⇒ = 6 ⋅ 5 x 5 − 1 + 4 ⋅ 3 x 3 − 1 − 3 ⋅ 2 x 2 − 1 + 2 ⋅ x1 − 1 − 0 = (sin x + e x ) = cos x + e x
dx dx dx
 d n n −1 d  (ii) We have, y = 3x 2 + log x + 4 e x + 5
Q x = nx and c = 0
 dx dx  On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
dy 1−1 dy d
⇒ = 30x 4 + 12x 2 − 6x + 2 × 1 (Q x = x = 1)
0
= (3x 2 + log x + 4 e x + 5)
dx dx dx
dy d d d d
⇒ = 30x 4 + 12x 2 − 6x + 2 = 3 x2 + (log x ) + 4 e x + 5
dx dx dx dx dx
(iii) We have, y = (x + 2) (x 2 + 1) 1 1
= 3 ⋅ 2x 2 − 1 + + 4e x + 0 = 6x + + 4e x
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get x x
dy d 2 d (iii) We have, y = e ⋅ tan x
x
= (x + 2) (x + 1) + (x 2 + 1) (x + 2)
dx dx dx On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
(By product rule) dy d d x
= ex ⋅ tan x + tan x e (By product rule)
= (x + 2) (2x + 0) + (x 2 + 1) (1 + 0) dx dx dx
= 2x (x + 2) + x 2 + 1 = 2x 2 + 4x + x 2 + 1 = 3x 2 + 4x + 1 = e x ⋅ sec 2 x + tan x ⋅ e x = e x (sec 2 x + tan x )
Basic Mathematics 7

Chain rule Applications of differentiation in physics

This rule is applied, when the given function is the (i) If the displacement is a function of time t, then to
function of function, i.e., a function is in the form of find the velocity, differentiate s w.r.t. t.
f [g (x )].
d ds
∴ f [g (x )] = f ′ [g (x )] ⋅ g ′ (x ) s = f (t ), v =
dx dt
Example 0.8 Differentiate sin(x 2 + 5) w.r.t. x. (ii) If the velocity is a function of time t, then to find
Sol. Let y = sin(x + 5)
2 acceleration, differentiate v w.r.t. t
dv
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. ‘x’, we get v = f (t ), a =
dy d d 2 dt
= sin(x 2 + 5) = cos(x 2 + 5) ⋅ (x + 5)
dx dx dx d  ds  d 2 s
= cos(x 2 + 5) ⋅ (2x + 0) = 2x cos(x 2 + 5) =   =
dt  dt  dt 2
Maxima and minima (iii) If the velocity is a function of displacement s, then
Let y = f (x ), where y is a function of x. to find the acceleration, differentiate v w.r.t. t and
dv
For y to be minimum or maximum, put
dy
= 0, then use the expression, a = v
dx ds
find x. (iv) Consider the motion along the X-axis
● If v > 0, s is increasing, then the particle is moving
d 2y d 2y
If < 0, y is maximum and if > 0, y is minimum. along the positive X-axis.
dx 2 dx 2
● If v < 0, s is decreasing, then the particle is moving
Note Most of time, it is known from physical situation whether the
quantity is a maximum or minimum; therefore, there is no need along the negative X-axis.
d 2y ● If a > 0, v > 0, then speed is increasing along the
to check maximum or minimum with the help of 2 .
dx positive X-axis.
Example 0.9 Divide a number 1000 in two parts such that ● If a > 0, v < 0, then speed is decreasing along the
there product is maximum. negative X-axis.
Sol. Let the two parts be x and (1000 − x ). ● If a < 0, v > 0, then the speed is decreasing along the

∴ Their product, P = x (1000 − x ) ⇒ P = 1000x − x 2 positive X-axis.

On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get ● If a < 0, v < 0, then the speed is increasing along the

dP negative X-axis.
= 1000 − 2x ...(i)
dx Note
For P to be maximum or minimum, (i) If v and a have same sign, then the speed is increasing.
dP (ii) If v and a have opposite sign, then the speed is decreasing.
= 0 ⇒ 1000 − 2x = 0 ⇒ x = 500
dx
Example 0.10 The displacement of a particle as a function of
On differentiating both sides of Eq. (i) w.r.t. x, we get time t is given by s = α + βt + γt 2 + δt 4 , where α, β, γ and
d 2P δ are constants. Find the ratio of the initial velocity to the
= − 2< 0
dx 2 initial acceleration.
∴ P is maximum at x = 500 Sol. First find the velocity and acceleration in terms of time t,
On dividing equally, the two parts are (500, 500). then use t = 0 to find the initial values.
s = α + βt + γt 2 + δt 4 (Given)
Remembering points On differentiating both sides w.r.t. t, we get
All the problems of maxima/minima cannot be solved by the above ds
= β + 2γ t + 4δt 3
●

methods e.g., y = x 2, y is maximum when x is maximum. dt

● If y = sin x, by simple observation, y is maximum if sin x is  ds 
maximum, i.e., sin x = 1. The value of sine or cosine functions lies ⇒ v = β + 2γ t + 4δt 3 Q = v  ...(i)
 dt 
between − 1 and + 1.
● The product of the two parts is the maximum when the parts are On differentiating both sides of Eq. (i), w.r.t. t, we get
equal. dv
= 2 γ + 4 ⋅ 3 δt 2
dt
8 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 1

dv  dv  Sol. Given, x = 6 t − t 2 + 4
⇒ a= = 2γ + 12 δt 2 Q = a
dt  dt  dx d
v= = (6t − t 2 + 4) = 6 − 2t + 0 = 2(3 − t )
At t = 0, v = β and a = 2γ dt dt
Initial velocity β At t < 3, v > 0, then the particle is moving along the positive
∴ =
Initial acceleration 2γ x-direction.
At t > 3, v < 0, then particle is moving along the negative
Example 0.11 The position of a particle moving along the x-direction.
X-axis varies with time t as x = 6 t − t 2 + 4. Find the time At t = 3, v = 0
interval during which the particle is moving along the positive For time-interval t = 0 to t = 3, the particle is moving along
x-direction. the positive x-direction.

CHECK POINT 0.2

1. Differentiate the following function 2x
(v) (2x + 3) sec2(x 2 + 3x + 1) (vi) − 3 sin x + 7e x +
1 x2 + 1
(i) y = 3 x 4 + 2 2 + log x (ii) y = (x 2 + 1) (x + 2)
x 2. A particle is moving with velocity v = t 3 − 6 t 2 + 4, where v is
3x2 in m/s and t is in seconds. At what time will the velocity be
(iii) y = (iv) y =sin x
x +1 maximum/minimum and what is it equal to?
(v) y = tan(x 2 + 3 x + 1) Ans. vmax = 4 m/s at t = 0 s and vmin = − 28 m/s at t = 4 s
(vi) y = 3 cos x + 7e x + log(x 2 + 1) 3. If the time and displacement of particle along the positive
1
1 1 X-axis are related as t = (x 2 − 1) 2, then find the acceleration
Ans. (i)12x 3 − 4 + (ii) 3x 2 + 4 x + 1
x3 x in terms of x.
3x 2 + 6 x 1
(iii) (iv) cos x Ans.
(x + 1)2 x3

INTEGRATION
It means summation. It is the process of finding the function, Q d (sin x ) = cos x
whose derivative is given. In other word, integration is the
●
∫ cos x dx = sin x + C 
 dx


reverse process of differentiation. It’s symbol is ∫ . 1 Q d log x = 1 
Consider a function f (x ), whose derivative w.r.t. x is equal to
●
∫ x dx = log e x + C 
 dx e
x


f ′ (x ), then f (x ) + C is called integration of f ′ (x ), where C is Q d e x = e x 

∫e dx = e x + C
x
called constant of integration. Symbolically, it is written as ●
 
 dx 
∫ f ′(x )dx = f (x ) + C Example 0.12 Evaluate the following integrals.
Here, f ′ (x ) dx is called element of integration and ∫ is called 1
(i) ∫ (e x + + 2x 2 + 3) dx
indefinite integral. x
 3 4
(ii) ∫  cos x + 3x1/ 2 + + 2  dx
Some basic formulae of integration  x x 
x n +1  d  x n +1  n
 1 
Sol. (i) Let I = ∫ e + + 2x 2 + 3 dx
x
∫ x dx = + C; n ≠ − 1 Q  =x 
n
●  x 
n +1  dx  n + 1 
1
Q d x = 1 = ∫ e x dx + ∫ x dx + 2∫ x
2
dx + 3 ∫ 1 dx
●
∫ 1 dx = x + C 
 dx


x 2+1
Q d − (cos x ) = sin x = e x + log e x + 2 ⋅ + 3x + C
●
∫ sin x dx = − cos x + C 
 dx


2 +1
Basic Mathematics 9

2 3 b
= e x + log e x + x + 3x + C d
3 If f (x ) = f ′ (x ), then ∫ f ′ (x ) dx is called definite integral,
dx a
 3 4
(ii) Let I = ∫  cos x + 3x +
+  dx
1/ 2
where a and b are called lower and upper limit,
x x2 
respectively of variable x.
1 1
= ∫ cos x dx + 3∫ x1/ 2dx + 3∫ dx + 4∫ 2 dx After carrying out integration, the result is evaluated
x x between upper and lower limits as shown below
x (1/ 2) + 1 x −2 + 1 b
= sin x + 3 ⋅ + 3 log e x + 4 +C
∫ f ′(x ) dx = | f (x )|a = f (b ) − f (a )
b
(1/2) + 1 −2 + 1
a
4
= sin x + 2x 3/ 2 + 3 log e x − + C
x Example 0.14 Evaluate the following
2

∫ (4x + 2x 2 + 2x + 1) dx
3
Other important formula of integration (i)
0
f (ax + b )
I = ∫ f ′ (ax + b ) dx = π /4
 d  (ii) ∫ (sin x + cos x ) dx
 dx (ax + b ) 
  4
0

dx
Example 0.13 Evaluate the following
(iii) ∫ x
2
 1 
∫ (2x + 1) dx (ii) ∫ 
3 2
(i)  dx
a − x I= ∫ (4x + 2x 2 + 2x + 1) dx
3
Sol. (i) Let

∫ (x (iv) ∫ sin (2x 2 ) dx

0
(iii) 2
+ 3x + 4)4dx 2 2 2 2
3 +1
(2x + 1) = 4 ∫ x 3dx + 2∫ x 2dx + 2 ∫ x dx + ∫ 1 dx
I= ∫ (2x + 1) dx = +C
3
Sol. (i) Let 0 0 0 0
d 
(3 + 1)  (2x + 1) 2 2 2
dx  x4 x3 x2
=4 +2 +2 + | x |20
(2x + 1) (2x + 1)
4 4 4 0
3 0
2 0
= +C = +C
4⋅2 8  24 − 04   23 − 03   22 − 02 
 1  =4  + 2  +2 
log (a − x )  4   3   2 
(ii) Let I = ∫   dx = +C
a − x d
(a − x ) + (2 − 0)
dx 2
log (a − x ) = 16 + × 8 + 4 + 2
= + C = − log (a − x ) + C 3
−1
16 66 + 16 82
I = 22 + = =
(iii) Let I = ∫ (x + 3x + 4)4dx
2
3 3 3
π /4
(x 2 + 3x + 4)4 + 1
=
d 2
+C (ii) Let I = ∫ (sin x + cos x ) dx
(4 + 1) (x + 3x + 4) 0
dx π /4 π /4

=
(x 2 + 3x + 4)5
+C
= ∫ sin x dx + ∫ cos x dx
0 0
5 (2x + 3)
= |− cos x |π0 / 4 + |sin x |0π / 4
− cos (2x 2 )
(iv) Let I = ∫ sin (2x ) dx = +C
2
π π
d
(2x 2 ) = − cos + cos 0 + sin − sin 0
dx 4 4
− cos (2x 2 ) 1 1
= +C =− +1+ − 0 =1
4x 2 2
4
dx
∫
4
Definite integral (iii) Let I = = log e x 2 = log e 4 − log e 2
2
x
When a function is integrated between a lower limit and
 4  a 
an upper limit, it is called a definite integral. = log e   = log e 2 Qlog e a − log e b = log e  b  
 2  
A definite integral has definite value.
10 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 1

Example 0.15 Evaluate the following = | x 3 + 2x 2 + 5x |40

2 π /4
= 43 + 2 × 42 + 5 × 4 − 0
∫e ∫ cos (2x
( x + 4)
(i) dx (ii) 2
+ x ) dx
1 0 = 64 + 32 + 20 = 64 + 52 = 116
2 4
dx
∫ (3x + 4) ∫ (3x + 4x + 5) dx
2
(iii) (iv) Application of integration in physics
1 0
ds dv dv
2 We know that, v = ,a = or v
dt dt ds
ex + 4
2
Sol. (i) Let I = ∫ e ( x + 4)dx = If the displacement is given and we have to find the
d
1 (x + 4) velocity and acceleration, then we use differentiation.
dx 1
2 But if the acceleration is given and we have to find the
ex + 4
= = e 2 + 4 − e1 + 4 = e 6 − e 5 = e 5 (e − 1) velocity and displacement, then we use integration.
1 1
Example 0.16 A particle is moving under constant
π /4
acceleration a = 3 t + 4 t 2 . If the position and velocity of the
(ii) Let I = ∫ cos (2x + x ) dx
2
particle at start, i.e., t = 0 are x 0 and v 0 , respectively, then
0
find the displacement and velocity as a function of time t.
π /4
π /4 Sol. O A
sin (2x + x )
2
sin (2x 2 + x )
= = t=0 t=t
d
(2x 2 + x ) 4x + 1 0 x = x0 x=x
v = v0 v=v
dx 0
 π2 π Given, a = 3t + 4t 2
sin2. +  dv  dv 
 16 4  sin(2 × 02 + 0) = 3t + 4t 2 Qa = 
= − dt  dt 
π 4 × 0 +1
4⋅ +1 v t
4 ⇒ ∫ dv = ∫ (3 t + 4 t
2
) dt (Integrating both sides)
 π 2 + 2π  v0 0
sin  t
 8  sin 0 t2 t3
= − ⇒ =3 +4
|v |vv 0
(π + 1) 1 2 30
 π + 2π 
2
3 2 4
sin  ⇒ (v − v 0 ) = (t − 0) + (t 3 − 0)
 8   1   π 2 + 2π  2 3
= − 0=   sin   3 4
π +1  π + 1  8  ⇒ v = v0 + t 2 + t 3 …(i)
2 3
2
dx 3 4  dx 
2 ⇒ = v0 + t 2 + t 3 Qv = 
dx log (3x + 4) dt 2 3  dt 
(iii) Let I = ∫ (3x + 4)
=
d x t
 3 2 4 3
(3x + 4)
1
dx 1
⇒ ∫ dx = ∫ v 0 + 2 t + 3 t  dt
x 0 0
2 t
log (3x + 4) 3 t3 4 t4 1 1
= ⇒ x − x 0 = v 0t + ⋅ + ⋅ = v 0t + ⋅ t 3 + t 4 − 0
3 1 2 3 3 40 2 3
log (3 × 2 + 4) − log (3 × 1 + 4) 1 1 1 1
= ⇒ x − x 0 = v 0t + ⋅ t 3 + t 4 ⇒ x = x 0 + v 0t + t 3 + t 4
3 2 3 2 3
1 1 10
= [log 10 − log 7] = log   Average value
3 3  7
4 If the velocity is variable and depends on time t, then find
(iv) Let I = ∫ (3x + 4x + 5) dx the average value of velocity (v ) for time interval t = t1 to
2

0 t = t 2.
4 t2
x 2 + 1 4x1 + 1
=3 +
2 +1 1+1
+ 5x
0
∫ v dt
t1
4 Let v = f (t ); v = t2
x3 x2
=3
3
+4
2
+ 5x
0
∫ dt
t1
Basic Mathematics 11

To find the average value of square of velocity Sol. We have, v = v 0 sin ω t

t2 t2 T /2 T /2
v 0 − cos (ωt ) 0
∫ v dt
2
∫ v dt
4
∫ v 0 sin (ωt ) dt
t1 t1 Average velocity, v = 0
= ω
v2 = ⇒v 4 = T /2
|t |T0 / 2
∫ dt
t2 t2

∫ dt ∫ dt 0
t1 t1 v0   T 
If velocity is a function of displacement, v = f (x ), for ω − cos ω 2  + cos 0
=  
average of v from x = x 1 to x = x 2 T 
 − 0
x2 2 
∫ v dt v0
x1
2π  2π T  
⇒ v = x2 − cos  T . 2  + 1 
T    2π 
∫ dt =
T
Qω =
 T

x1
2
The above procedure can be applied to find the average 2v 0T (1 − cos π ) v 0
= = [1 − (−1)]
value of any quantity; like acceleration, force, etc. 2π T π
(Q cos π = cos180° = − 1)
Example 0.17 The velocity of a particle is given by
v = v 0 sin ωt, where v 0 is constant and ω = 2π / T. Find the v0 2v 0
= (1 + 1) =
average velocity in time interval t = 0 to t = T / 2 . π π

CHECK POINT 0.3

1. Evaluate
 1
+ 2 2 + 3x 3  dx
1
(i) ∫  sin x +
x x 
4. Evaluate the following
2
dx
(ii) ∫ (3cos x + e x + 4 x 2 + x + 5) dx (i) ∫ (x 2 + 4 x + 1)
0
2 3 4
Ans. (i)− cos x + log x − + x + C 3
x 4 (ii) ∫ (4 x 3 + 3x 2 + 2x + 1) dx
4 3 x2 1
(ii) 3sin x + e x + x + + 5x + C
3 2 1
Ans. (i) log13 (ii) 116
8
2. Evaluate the following
1 5. A particle is moving in a straight line under acceleration
(i) ∫ (2x 2 + 4 x + 1)2 dx (ii) ∫ x 2 + 2 dx a = kt, where k is a constant. Find the velocity in term of t, if
(iii) ∫ cos (x + 2) dx the motion starts from rest.
kt 2
1 (2x 2 + 4 x + 1)3 1 Ans.
Ans. (i) + C (ii) log (x 2 + 2) + C 2
12 (x + 1) 2x
6. A particle is moving in a straight line such that its velocity
(iii) sin (x + 2) + C
varies as v = v 0 e − λt , where λ is a constant. Find the average
3. Evaluate
3 π/4 velocity during the time interval in which the velocity
 1 
(i) ∫  4 x + x + 1 dx (ii) ∫ (sin x − cos x) dx v
decrease from v 0 to 0 .
1 0 2
Ans. (i)18 + log 3 (ii)1 − 2 v0
Ans.
log e (2)
12 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 1

GRAPHS (b) If m is –ve, i.e., 90° < θ < 180°, then the lines will
It is defined as pictorial representation showing the be of the type,
relation between variable quantities, typically two
variables, each measured along one of a pair of axes at
θ
right angles.
90° < θ < 180°
(i) If a graph is concave up (curved upward), the slope
is increasing.
Y
Fig. 0.10

(c) If c is + ve, then the lines will cut theY-axis above

X the origin.
O Increasing slope
Y Y
Fig. 0.5
(ii) If a graph is concave downward or
c c
(curved downward), the slope is decreasing. X X
O O
Y
Fig. 0.11

(d) If c is –ve, then the lines will cut theY-axis below

X the origin.
O Decreasing slope
Y Y
Fig. 0.6

(iii) If the graph is a straight line, the slope is constant. O or O

X X
Y c c

Fig. 0.12
X
O Slope is constant (e) If c = 0, then the lines will pass through the origin.
Fig. 0.7 Y Y
(iv) The general equation of a straight line is of the form
y = mx + c where, m is the slope of line, m = tanθ O
X or O
X
and c is the intercept on theY-axis.
Y
y = mx + c

θ Fig. 0.13
X
c (v) Parabola Some standard forms of parabola are as
follows
Fig. 0.8 (a) y 2 = kx, a parabola passing through the origin and
(a) If m is + ve, i.e., 0° < θ < 90°, then lines will be of opens rightward.
the type,
Y

X
O
θ
0° < θ < 90°

Fig. 0.14

Fig. 0.9
Basic Mathematics 13

(b) y 2 = − kx, a parabola passing through the origin and (vii) Circle If equation of circle is x 2 + y 2 = a 2 , where
centre of circle ≡ (0, 0 ) and radius of circle = a
opens leftward.
Y
Y

X O (0,0)
O X

a a
Fig. 0.15

(c) x 2 = ky, a parabola passing through the origin and Fig. 0.20
opens upward. x2 y2
(viii) Ellipse Equation of ellipse is +
= 1 (a > b ),
Y a2 b 2
where, coefficient of x 2 ≠ coefficient of y 2 .
X Y
O

S′ S
Fig. 0.16 X 2b
(– ae,0) (ae,0)
(d) x = − ky, a parabola passing through the origin and
2
2a
opens downward.
Y
Fig. 0.21

O Here, 2a is major axis and 2b is minor axis.

X
b2
Eccentricity, e = 1 −
a2
Fig. 0.17 For ellipse, e < 1
(vi) Exponential graph The most popular graph based Focus, S ≡ (ae, 0 ), S ′ ≡ (−ae, 0 )
on exponential (e) are Area of ellipse = π ab
(a) y = e − x x2 y2
(ix) Hyperbola Equation of hyperbola is − = 1.
a2 b2
y Y

O x X
O (0,0)

Fig. 0.18 Fig. 0.22

−x
(b) y = 1 − e 1
(x) Rectangular Hyperbola If x ∝ or xy = constant,
then y
y Y

O x
X
Fig. 0.19 Fig. 0.23
14 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 1

Sketches of some standard curves

Equation of curve Diagram/Sketch Equation of curve Diagram/Sketch

1. (a) Straight lines Y 6. (a) Parabola y = 4 ax

2

x = a and x = − a, x=–a and y 2 = – 4 ax (– a, 2a)

(a, 2a)
y2=–4ax L¢ Y L y 2 = 4ax
where a > 0 x=a Vertex, O = (0, 0)
X′ X Focus, S = (a, 0)
(– a, 0) O (a, 0)
and ( – a, 0) X¢ X
(– a, 0) O S (a, 0)
Length of L1(a, –2a)
Y′ latusrectum = 4a L¢1 Y¢
(– a, – 2a)
(b) Straight lines Y
y = b and y = –b, (b) Parabola x 2 = 4 ay x2 = 4ay
y=b Y
where b > 0
(0, b) and x 2 = − 4 ay
(−2a, a) L1 L (2a, a)
X′ X (0, a) S
O Vertex, O = (0, 0)
(0, – b)
y = –b Focus, S = (0, a) O
X′ X
Y′ and (0, − a)
2. Straight lines Y Length of (0, −a)
(−2a, −a) L′1 L′(2a, −a)
latusrectum = 4 a
y = x and y = –x
x2= − 4ay
x
=

Y′
y

X′ X
x2 y 2
O 7. (a) Ellipse + = 1, Y
y = –x
a2 b 2
(0, b)
when a > b
Y′ (−a, 0)
Vertices = (± a, 0) (a, 0)
X′ X
3. Straight lines Y Centre, O = (0, 0) O (0, 0)
x y
+ =1, a ≠ b B (0, b)
a b x x (0, −b)
x + y = a, a = b b a + b =1 Y′
A(a, 0)
X′ X x2
y 2
O
a (b) Ellipse + = 1, Y
a2 b 2 (0, b)

when a < b
Y′
Vertices = (0, ± b ) (−a, 0) (a, 0)
X′ X
4. Modulus function Y O (0, 0)
Centre, O = (0, 0)
y =|x|
 x, for x ≥ 0
x
y

y =
=

y=

(0, −b)
-x

− x, for x < 0 X¢ X
O Y′
8. (a) Sine function Y
y = sin x
Y¢
π 2π
5. Circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 X′ X
Y O π/2
Centre = (0, 0) (0, a)
Radius = a Y′
(− a, 0) (a, 0)
X (b) Cosine function Y
X¢
O (0, 0) y = cos x
π
(0, −a) X′ X
O π/2 2π
Y¢
Y′
Basic Mathematics 15

Example 0.18 Find the area of the region in the first Example 0.19 Find the area of region bounded by the
quadrant enclosed by the X-axis, the line y = x and the curve y 2 = 4x and the line x = 4.
circle x 2 + y 2 = 32. Sol. Given curve is a parabola, y 2 = 4x ...(i)
Sol. We have, circle Which is of the form y = 4aX having vertex (0, 0)
2

x 2 + y 2 = 32 ...(i) and line, x=4 ...(ii)

and line y=x ...(ii) Then, the region for which we have to find area is OACBO.
It is clear from the figure that region for finding area is Also, region OACO is symmetrical about X-axis.
OABO. Y A(4,4)

Y x=4
x2 + y2 = 32 O C
y=x X′ X
(0,0) (4, 0)
B
B
O Y′
X′ X
D A
On putting the value of x from Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i), we get
y 2 = 4(4) = 16 ⇒ y = ± 4
∴ Area of bounded region OACBO = 2(Area of region OACO )
Y′ (Q Parabola is symmetrical about X-axis)
4 4
On putting the value of y from Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i), we get = 2∫ y (parabola) dx = 2∫ 2 ⋅ x1/ 2 dx [From Eq. (i)]
x 2 + x 2 = 32 0 0
4
⇒ 2x 2 = 32 ⇒ x 2 = 16 ⇒ x = ± 4 4
 x 3/ 2  2
= 4∫ x1/ 2dx= 4  = 4 ⋅ [x 3/ 2]40
From Eq. (ii), we get y = ± 4 0  3 / 2  0 3
Thus, line and circle intersect each other at two points (4, 4) 8 8 8 64
and (− 4, − 4). So, coordinates of A(4 2, 0), and B (4, 4) in = [43/ 2 − 0] = × 4 4 = × 4 × 2 = sq units
3 3 3 3
I quadrant. 64
Now, area of OABO = Area of ODBO + Area of DABD Hence, the required area is sq units.
3
4 4 2
= ∫ y dx + ∫ circle
y dx Example 0.20 Find the area of the region bounded by the
0 line 4 line y = 3x + 2, the X-axis and the ordinates x = − 1 and
4 4 2 x = 1.
= ∫ xdx + ∫ 32 − x 2 dx Sol. Given lines are y = 3x + 2 ...(i)
0 4
y = 0 [on X-axis] ...(ii)
[From Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii)]
4 x = −1 ...(iii)
x 2 4 2
and x =1 ...(iv)
=  + ∫ 32 − x 2 dx
Now, table for y = 3x + 2
 2 0 4
4 2 2
4 −02
x 2
32  x  0 −
= + 32 − x 2 + sin− 1  
x
 4 2   4
3
2 2 2
y 2 0
4 2 4 32 
32 − 32 − 32 − 16 +
16  2 2 2
 The given region bounded by y = 3x + 2, X-axis and the
= + 
2  −1 4 2 32 − 1 4  ordinates x = − 1 and x = 1 is represented by shaded region.
 sin − sin
 4 2 2 4 2  Y B
x +2
 1  =3
= 8 + 0 − 2 × 4 + 16 sin− 1(1) − 16 sin− 1   y
 2 C (0,2)

 π  π X′
E x=1
X
= 8 − 8 + 16   − 16    D O A
 2  4 x = –1 −2 , 0

 3 
= 8π − 4π = 4π sq unit F
Hence, the required area of region is 4π sq units. Y′
16 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 1

∴ Required area Example 0.21 Find the area of the region bounded by the
= Area of region EFDE + Area of region ABDA x2 y2
ellipse + = 1.
− 2/ 3 1 a2 b2
= ∫ −1 y1 dx + ∫ − 2/ 3 y 2 dx
x2 y2
− 2/ 3 1
Sol. We have, =1 + ...(i)
a 2 b2
= ∫ −1 (3x + 2) dx + ∫ − 2/ 3 (3x + 2) dx
Since, power of x and y both are even in the equation of the
− 2/ 3 1 curve. So, it is symmetrical about the axes as shown in figure.
3 x 2  3 x 2 
=  + 2x + + 2x Y
 2 −1  2  − 2/ 3 B (0, b)
P (x,y)
  3  4 4  3   3  3  4 4 
=     −  −  − 2  +  + 2 −    −  X′ X
      2  9 3   A′ ( – a,0) O dx
 2 9 3 2   2 A(a,0)

 2 4 1  7 2 4 B′(0,–b)
=  − +  + − +  Y′
 3 3 2 2 3 3 
Area enclosed by the ellipse = 4 [Area enclosed by the ellipse
 4 − 8 + 3 21 − 4 + 8
=   + 
and coordinate axes in 1st quadrant]
 6   6  a a
b
⇒ A = 4 ∫ y dx = 4∫ a 2 − x 2 dx [From Eq. (i)]
 1 25 1 25 26 a
= −  + = + = 0 0
 6 6 6 6 6 a
4b 1 1 x
= x a 2 − x 2 + a 2 sin− 1 
a 2
13
= sq units 2 a 0
3
4b  1 2 − 1  4b 1 2  π 
13 = 0 + a sin (1) = × a   = πab sq units
Hence, the required area is sq units. a  2  a 2  2
3

CHECK POINT 0.4

1. Find the area of region bounded by the curve y = x 3, x2 y 2
3. For the curve + = 1, evaluate the area of the region
y = x + 6 and x = 0. 4 9
Ans. 10 sq units under the curve and above the X-axis.
2. Find the area of the region included between the parabola Ans. 3π sq units
3x 2 4. Find the area of the region bounded by y = x and y = x.
y= and the line 3 x − 2 y + 12 = 0. 1
4 Ans. sq units
6
Ans. 27 sq units