PhiLawsophia: Philosophy and Theory of Philippine Law (Revised Edition) NICOLO F. BERNARDO ‘OSCAR B. BERNARDO BS. REX Book Store sete pn 9CONTENTS: “The Cas for Law Legal Wisdor and Couns Laws Likes ad Ualves ‘Should Lawyers Cast the Philosopher's Sond Chapter 1 Care Rea. ‘Legal and Philosophical Issues. The Four Hen Resso and the Common Gord. Promulatio and Auhorty Mader Stands fora Rule of Law Branches of Law Main usin La. Law and Trahan aga Tah Law, Athy and Fore ct Enforcing Law {aw and More. Religious Sectaran yr Scaaibbic Moai. wo, and Egy gains ‘The Binifolé of aie Law on Property and Ezonomic. ca Private Proper ae Pope ‘The Morality ofthe Fre Markt Fair Markt Esoneny. Law, Freedom, and Duty Freedom with Duy Law, Gul and Pasa! Lai (Cheper I Cate Readings Leg Theos. ‘Going Naural The Tlie Nawal ta They 8 Is » 2» 2% * io 7 3s 36 M 2Fis on Going Back to Basics ‘The Lim Says So The Poni Tomy. he Hat of te Law “Te Spit ofthe Law ~The nee or Consncivit Theory Get Real ~The Resist hea aw ofthe Stats Quo ~The Crcal Ther Sstooie of arepradene "he Histone Seboa The Fanctonal or Social School ‘The Foonmic Approach Format and Orginal Shoal. Chapter Cave Reade. 1 La, andthe Classe ‘The Nature of Mankind Prases of Natural Law Theory Westin fo eat La "The Republic and Pisnopbor ings. Laws ad Prembles Ariston Rational La Democracy at Best Fer of Goverment Slim aod Legal Reason ‘The ties on us Natale [Agim on Natural nlintions From Eira Law o Natal Law From Natal Law t Human Law Eigen Phlosepes on Natal Righs ‘Nal aw the Lam of Nations, Cheper 1Y Case Readings. (Coit Law: The Roman Just Roma Law: All Ces Lead to Rome Breaking the Code ‘On the Nate of Law The Law on Persone (Chien and Mariage The Law Prope. The Kins of Owner ‘The Owneship af Animas, igh of Accession. Usufactary Servite (Ocespation and Possession. ‘Wie and Sues Obligtons and Conc Special Cones. Lose, ay, Dep Pernership and Age. ascot Delt and Quis Delis Actions and Interits Chapter ¥ Case Reig. Vi Ceiminl Lave and Family Law: The Christian Avis on Crime and anise Reston ad Retrbaton, Condos of Criminal Lit ‘Wojyl’s Theology ofthe Boy ‘he Sexual Parner Peso Pes and Loe ‘The Meaning of Tot SleGiving Dovetling Chuch and Sn ‘Sepuation of Chrch and Sint, hep V Case Readings ‘Lee Meratre: Prom Costom t Law ‘Adam Sith ati of Beonomics a Captain, Mansel, he “Lad” of Commerc Law Philippine Conners! Lave, Copy and Pas. (Chapter V1 Case Readings VII. Remo Law: The Empirical Philosophers. Bacon's IndctiveJararadece Exhuming the Evience: Hare’ Presumpions ‘snd Probab, 13 1 6 i ist Ist 1s to to 1 m1 imProbably and Improbailiy. ‘Winget on the Game of Bout Chapter VIN Cave Renin... ‘VIX. Palit! Law: Reform, Revolt, "The Neo-Clascal Philosophers Machiavlis The reich ad the Pate of Polis Habs on Sovereign Imani. Jasiying Aubriariansm, af ‘Tomas More on Republi andthe Fai ithe Base Unt of Society ‘The Fama! Ste Tr ‘The Rule of Law = Unlocking Intense “The People's Ts. Rousing Man tobe Free "The Geral Wl, The “Mil” of Happiness and Liber Fredom of Aston and Though Unitrin a8 Being Use. Zi Civil isbedence a2 Duy "When Revoition Rah (and Rips). Chapter VX Case Reads X. Labor Law: Socio and Communi ‘The Red Revolision. Chapter X Case Reaings XL Everyone "In"? Post Modernism eminim and Gender La Fine Wave Fein Second. Wave Femina Think Wave Feminism Tigh of Mother apd Child Foucault onthe “Other Civiirtion Makes Mad Hats ‘The Peon Makes the Ceti. Engendering th Homosexual Chis. Going Green Piloophy of Eeaog. ‘Common tu iterated Responsibitis Per Pays Pine Imerpeneatinsl Eu a 213 m 2 ae m ne x0 m Fs a as 26 26 ar ae 2s ae 28 251 286 261 Precationary Principle ‘Tarsoundary Harm ‘Stshinable Developme “Tecnology Taster. Right of tdigenaur People. Se Was an Space Ls Legal Tendencies. (Chapter X1 Cae Regs ‘The “X" Factors of Philippine Legal Paradigm, Rizal on Understanding the Caco of Piipine Sosiy. Duty, niet, and Communi “The Flipio Family haptr XI Cae Readings m EY 2a 2s<2 CHAPTER! <= ‘THE CASE FOR LAW matinee bt the bn reson of rie men spied for een ai an of and Lune :AL WISDOM AND. ‘COUNSE! Layers ond pilospheet canbe cote en the moat minders pci Shakespear's King Loar witha all jer dead, ile the im The eis Advocate sexs them darned" a pyrarié ith San on 9") lawyers being the os despa incon convention” who “pee Many lawyers ate miscreants who supossly murder the i, who ‘wath lin ho defend the scm of wacky and who are good toting the English Inge. Se how sce judges lawyers ak morally eompromed, temper hare begs: fom the else To Kill « Mocking to Jn ‘Grisham ick, tothe sees The Pace an Sis, to The Eoin of Email owe Meanwhile, the philmopher i the rambling oubemaer, the sage wha ult he yer cant maka pony Joe Rial’ Pipe Tag ‘nse mold. The pisopher reasn or ow of son — iis le, He an ravage mankind by hs hoghtr and le were fen the eo of his In many ways, lawyers ad pibipbers can be good fellows tht one ca, sould he, ba In ace tht many Phony mane ‘ently take up wand many lawyers caf thrown philesoyies. While the psp gets aro hina by armen the wer pt ile of the oak by oedanith Bohr salace: th plop windy, he ler ir cone Mec frtaw U1When pilsophe lok into cour reports, he a she spot suposed osee dead texts, bt ess, mets comtext ad theo. othe fin Hannah “Arend, biopic of German ewish pilosphee who rept forth New Torker onthe 1961 ia of Naz ocr Adit Eckman, Arendt itedscs er aden oly the dams ofthe courrom, bt he ance of Banal ‘Evil Evil ascends when we refine o act wih ron, when we fll It -plsophy rom the Oreck pias a sophie) meas the “ove” of wid” then piowpy flaw” ithe ve ofthe wisdom af tea" A nw there fa lover He i ver ofthe wisdom ofthe aw Te awe slsophr lovee te lmao much tht he or he wants o know its mate, fener, ad det In eta fr this love he wer boty loved by hi lens. Wile some lyre may only ean the lack eter ‘ules, pilesoper-lawyer em te eson ofthe But, a hee are many law hte ae ao many tinker: Behind the law. tn his ook, we will focus on Phiipin lav. general thoi and fardmentl igus. The aw eli sbjc! o ents probing. sich Dovwe nc? Do we ted more 0; kas tes? Whales «pod lav? ‘god Sac? What juste? How did we ave ator ws? How ae ws las? When ca ey tha igh sight? What lesan make Ws ek? Make us oc Make aly ran? To anawer th and mars oe hast ape 10 an's beter wit and rion risen, an thi precy the rae of lel pion: ML LAW's: KES AND UNLIKES, dosh sofa id che mole sa orc a, Ph Prilsopersthemslies have no aways fen positive shout le Pilsophers, fom Piao to Mars, thot Ia nsitutonlizs the ils of soci suas the tts qua and compcats out ater simple ie Rules tree coco creat an esting. Maybe we can et by wit laws In the Gospels, Jesus Christ despised th etic and pps Levies and Parsee and sed up ter Hound aw in wo. Pose ess th he ajo el agpandizo const a eptates sl by ciation ar ctaon of maxims. ft ives y cation, woul he by mor cation tao th pro, Even if we ned olive by some erase lav lawyer oe bed vo be uncer. Jn Lene, cmos of he sng 1 Pate Peon Tro Pier magn” refse to compere mic about lye, He mst have thought ‘hem dispensable inthe el word In his The Idea af La, Dennis Lloyd summed up the thoughts of piloopers onthe questo ofthe necesito a rl tothe fe on ‘at's ue nate. 1ansbscly poo ax Ov ad Seneca bl, then be ould be et le without But i is atraly vickus, ate Chinese Legit argu, then be would oo the tempers ofthe law Ba ten, as intially god, be oul oly mae good Iw, Good men ake ood ins But ifthe bbe could aly mak bad Pehaps, man ean citherbe one orth aes ns hisaws canbe “Boo” x “hd.” “hersny” of “unnecsay” ot Friedrich Niece pti heyond god and evil” The Scolt vow dew ate: ma aus soo otal good ba ean perf rete Tins manna a an be good bt inperfc. The fact tht an eters define Certain ea Bd ape cin a ese rs nh Good ei ae mt ire wos coin, simpy the ance oak og ne rani that ech man as his wm wil and reason, he ss jr — Law amt hms He ea aloes by witht lI site, we can lve ly with no rls. But as man goes on dling With thers jar ike ims as o make concessions an agreement to lve us commen tle a sotalconrac. Ths al eit appro have some fon of awe, ‘oro ues, no mater bw element and then fr scone wh) an hep and lite these, e,some Kind of eshwyer™ Humane ee een aman vat oder We ek sma wy of desing with eters wth hings Laws sng socal lesen i toning Assoc Nien esi ec ow ate ally cope cafe and cepa vs eae hs fc offing 2 ino mater oad mater pu ede hinge pees “acorns edie opal Real een nieve isto enough orm ve reer a at pie ns fb ena a 1 pues a nce gh mange Fram he mos privet the most advanced of aman communis, thee thas eam the el Toe a elder or an expt th aw opr of wht is shanmic or posi nw Having laws, yer aan eventual ‘Social sytem seem tobe the pice of elation, These are the costa “rznizing people o ent the ation of common neds Pimps tad ‘tons have fe laid down to hamonie fa eatenshin economic nd fod ptering ctv, ight and tis, and relations within, ad ‘use communis. As soit global, hte lo develop the need at ‘easonl nd nent awen if we argue fo the viewpoint of He, such eam Jacques Rowsena who taught at mans atrly atonmous, stl, man — ast the exigencies of fe — may need to be “era oe fe,” and 50 thre 15 poe for laws to secure his exerise of fesom and resect fo others, betes, Ths gos fr Denberats aso known a Lives) who, witout irony advocate for mor ny, nc, sd repulations, The a sales ee ‘Or couse ws can sto bind us and make the wheel of justice grind slow, os pine by Gur mato tee Jot Rial eNotes on Merge Secor defo sar Filia on "ene hat Ist terity handed own fom aes to soos and grandsons” Even one i ht neha to speak the lanes ofthe cous nore ga tee eve As sociey dances, must lw abo become more complex and extensive? The anewer wil ped onthe oll tendencies fh av. The Demacrato Sent pattie "Stat: more St intercon sn elle systems o hae a egal and sable scety and economy The tate ‘deri carefully plan oe, gh aw speed is bold rom wor ‘oleh Ife expec on pins cae hen pect dines al wold ‘tre abot anos! everyting, Mean,» Repubian Conservative anda Iberian would argue foe deregulation at less and es aw. It no 1 Big Brother People and entities mat be empower nd let sone urih ‘hrvoh slf-terminain, nial nr an had werk ‘We should ake hoo fiom Sir Herbert Read: A soci without lw nd oder th ery negation of sce. Paap the ang at ew, Feasnable aod cating lav stciet summation of commandments aay ‘Hor ten aricics Inthe op, Se Thomas More aso wete out tora that ae to obnore to be ude. Laws shoul be nderstindble tosaketoles and nt ool to lawyer Henry Bald Thorea smiaty stare is lic On he Du 40 Cl Disobedince wih the age “goveent i es ich governs the leas” ‘The Replicas point his ot, "ig goverment make sal eizens” Too many relation cri intiniv, innovation, and ext More power ‘fom goverment eulatrs breed eppertanity fr bucaerat corption and hia tn servic. A goverment treed to preven am ad eee the Perhaps, oo, we only aod afew god lawyers If Plato wished, a ‘nreasonabe laws andthe esombiltyof things hen we could Well wish for "plop ayers ML SHOULD LAWYERS CAST THE PHILOSOPHER'S STONE: "the oh wil tl ora io nd when ou hr a te plop’ sn, so wl age snp oft a Beja Fl, or ihm Atthough neither lawyer oe a juris, Jose Ril in Chapter 53 of hi ‘ole Me Tange notes how inves sold in ne deel tir oe es ‘ilsophy to pease at change, "New lyers frm tees ‘ew mal ofthe peop of Law Some fein o shine arid the miss that Sround out cours and presage change in the macho ie," apsks Rial thro the character Plesopo Tayo. Indes. the practi flaw canand should ssf a prsit opis. “Jurisprudence,” ofe ssid wth case fw" in ft me the thy snd tay of nw From th Latin jurist pradent rth "pence of t= ‘rpc Knowle of then” jrprdeoce supped to expla the Practical nati, theory. development and objective of aw. Joa Aust i The Use and Stale of urapracenc cle jisradecs tthe aes flaw as cence combine with thea or racial abt or sil of pg Tete he study othe pricis, noon an ctncons common ovarous Aegean arming alg Hey ch ch ton te The study ojuisprdence makes knoe the wido bhi the romugation. An cams more credulity a one waranty the "hat ofthe aw but te hw and hy of ft he oly way to wera the aw isto plouh trough es law tat developed dating ot ‘plying th aw ‘The it American lawyer president, John Adan presse lay politi, lw plop, and lw as jrisdence” wots US Associate ose Santa Day O'Connor in Americas Lawyer-Prsdots From Lan (ffceo Ova Ofc. in Dean Rall Ais column “Too Many Lawyer, ‘Not Enough rts Rapper September 1! 2076), explained te oi of law and he sw system from the jrstpilosphes oad osinian' famed Corpus ris Ci id not nessa Aorist In teh century AD whet he ist promulgate after be had dred ‘he compton ofall ext las al eal ars. 1 was ae nthe Mile Ages, when he universes of Pai, Boog, Pris adhere ‘hat ded the intellectual countryide took it vp as stilton of ‘quinescnal Roman thinking onthe wR was rise wh mad he Corps flourish — sod the rest of tc dnptatos were eaten, ‘opus panes, and onesSlow the work of academies ~ of juts — foun ts way ito the word of cous and aw prion lowly ners gute te {irs nd leaned on tr auton. This the eason that inthe cv law yam, "docrne” more hl egatdd 5a sours of ato ‘rue and lawyers than recede 0 which we, who hie asaya ‘Tapes for things Ameena ~ no ene tht sometimes we speak ast ofthe presents ten to rely on, rater nodatl Isao {othe ogo frat thatthe Stat ofthe Ietational Cou of Sitios when pnts "he wring of publ ar scandy eure nth resin of ternational eal dsp. What dings an explanation of case an a exposition of ez silly thatthe le te expe the underying once, oe. devolution of gal dpe. The ne pionoperawyer eat the ‘isons, tte to make money Fort ant of law, legal pilosphy ‘Serafin foundation wo understand he pipes of lw Ferg bout tbe fact ofthe ese but the otal ofthe stry and estonia ste ‘ato decided, shoul be ecale dsp ile fats and eieunstnses nd tow thse wae fo penile of a, juin, pubic moray, and the US Suprome Court Juice Over Wendell Holmes an Philippine Supreme Cott Janice Reyne S. Pane vere among the Fpl aires ‘eho popolrized wings an decsons articulating phlsophy and legal thean: In his"Te Path of Law” (10 Harvard Law Reve, sce Holes vcd the dy of pent pilsopers sn jusspnts to undestnd how ompelng ica become a contaling fore inte development flaws. He lamented ow some members the enh td th br mechanically ped the uw and undervfue jarprodence, when elective lea order depends much ‘msg lg piosot: Meanie, tie Puno poured scholarship onthe leisy’ of avs ty tig lap atonal dscourer af West ization. anc wens sgpesred in selection by former Supe Cour spokesman Jose Mids “Marque tied The Contin Phbwphy of Pilppine riradence The rings of Senor Asoiate see Renato Pun, During the centenary of the Philippe Judiciary a 2001, he Supreme Curls relent leon ted Supreme Court Deen’ as Philosophy ‘ltl by Sopreme Court Assit aes Abraham Saniento called major ‘Supreme Cor deine ein om ep dots, especialy 0 poltial and human ibs Hom jrsraece — legal philosophy — wil be appreciate weak heavily on how ie ein aug in a scons, Generally nw cho have ie eguing Lee Pilosophy or Leal Theory arm cturse bjt am ae a lective, at asverstes abroad ler posgatute mass and dost? Sees in the Philnopy of Law. Many law stdets purse Philosophy or Polital Scene aa pre-e corm too, Conversely, Poop sents ake ‘egal and Pole! Philosophy sa major elt of sayin tie undue 1c snot intl hat some lawyer, tly, have Been get pro tits of seools of though In Eland thre was Lord Caer Frans Bacon te far of the inductive snc metho. Tere war alo the Bits [ewer a journalist Lord Jobn Campbell Edmund Burke, he founder of ‘modcn soar nd Jeremy Bentham, th oendr of moder tit ‘isn a Face, hte was Hugo Greta, the father of oar iterations tsa Chars Louis Seconda Baron de Montegulen, who conve the tice dyson of government ni thre wat Mohandas K- Gand, ‘own for popularizing non-violent estance Inthe Unied Sates, ome of the Found Fathers who happened tobe lawyers were aso politcal thers ‘tcoling Thomas Jfferon father of the Delarton of Independence: nt ‘ola Abraham Lino wh confessed n hi "Notes for Lave Lec tue” tote “an unaceompliel lawyer In the Pipes, we fa he yer Apolinrio Mabini, the Prine Minster ofthe fit Pippne Repblic, refered to atthe “Bras of the Revolution’ ant Marea H. el Pilar, the propaga er ofthe La Soiuiridad who work foe the Royal duonca de Mona he higher ‘wba nthe Philipines ding the Spanish per While he Sehot af Athens was known forts rink of Socrates, Pino, and vst, the Unversity of Oxford sos te 70's has revved tte on legal tory wi sown tui professors in law, namely HLA Hart (oft postin), Roald Dworkin (Cnstuctvsm), and Jobs Finns (20 Thomssn). Curly he Phlppine Juda Academy as dvotd aDepartment ‘on Jursprdence and Legal Philosophy hae bythe jot, Fe Rano ‘Aun, Bean of the San oth Grade Scho! of Law. Other advocates ‘fez philosophy in the Philpies inde Taste Cristo Patan and Enmant Fetand ofthe Univesity of the Pilippnes; sie Jorge Coma ‘ofthe Univesity of Sans Tomas, Dean Anion La Vita of the Alene ‘School of Goverment and Sen. Miriam Defensor Saniago who wrote on innate nd the Hsry of hosp. ‘White iis nce to pre the degree of Law to be eye, note tht on neo takes dese in Pils tobe a philonopher. A Fenetatng dion or arunetation, scared wih deep tls, reflection Sd reser Hl gm of plsophic intn. The later sais the {heston noth tei bt imately why the aw mst be 0. alia teexerci i # commit ot jut in tary, bt a maint Lie and purest patio ol, Suis the pilnoper sone hea tun te thc too ti jg. Wit wo Mii otitis Afr cer mes to sin hs ah wich have Ingo bu no iad rules Fh living dt, and goverane. A PUMLOSOPUER.IURIST-ON ie SERUGGLE FOR La {G.R.No 1-99, November 16,1945) etn poner ring wr me bok, The ‘ie on manag the st ra ante an thy oer of cos a ane Ths for wor nae Syncs cn t's guebe f e hw af Venice To eee creas hunise a riecronies ‘tenis hs and ew of Voce me nan he: hy wht tee ws he a Tsk whch ning ok wis he og isl el Thu nt est po hm Ee thse, dipel {0 son mt cas hn the et the espe mera {thik Hench on Distr rs ove 0 a ame Cay tke own y his ten neo he bows i ae onan gv ied has ee xe le a tf ‘diye Ten no nee pron oe ‘Sins mamer tht spends costes de ugh ‘Sun gl te eu i gt ne ce Sti th nds he we ig of se “ev cme stp ein of inn eae yg, any sina am a hf may eno nao nest vlad, and eels ie one pe lo hi tnt a a tei ae a ‘re pet fh lw an per! py oman ‘em im sn th fos f et ssc ‘ith, he wal on God he uy wd rey allows Feiss not sd on ied Wath ine fo sah S15 os ato, bse A ‘tena And how thse sa By he ey iT tony oh i hs ta th tn a get ‘hy perry and by sty ig ‘gpl ean ha hee deve the elo, whih ae eset, IYi vu al el and dy sete a ‘Ei gent od powell oly Oy the very ‘mow any an the ice foto an eso cin ot ay fhe aia ay wens. ero wong which anh oe, mater bow eves {costal compart anh eer fingenans mor ng ‘iat he sty eid y Cod ems when Tce we nal rth ely fee ‘he pura sos! fe ow cdi mes, ‘pcan range wl Ene Reece ‘rma made comin by bs wounded Teng tga rigkt Sewn ans Te vin four mata ose Sannin hap ering eh. ‘saith pay of his erne sary hissing ‘ch wa tn psi suing camp ow he ea whose etme of eo Faharongent onde my ossey when te psn ‘legato eos im ston, Ree rege Sect eg ia et ce ye [Evenementen a {not shanty, nw be al ing oe ah cin repeat ye wl pops deci rms ‘handing ot jet the mane nh ‘ole pope as ent cls tok wp them 7 than. thy bs comidered popu star and ses ii 2? CHAPTER SO LEGAL & PHILOSOPHICAL ISSUES snulh wii ark plese tour conscience, knowledge without charac, ‘mrs wnt mali sacs oi! ona weep ile sc od ‘acs wit rice Motus Gah i en a gh barter |THE FOUR ELEMENTS “Law connotes binding communal ules — the da andthe dons of Law bas ben clasited primarily nto jul and non jl Jura or human law flrs to saetond or erated a sch as Sates, ase a normative rls and preps. Meal, momjarl oe metlegal aw ae flge nt encore or premised on buman pomalzton, such as divine law, ‘atlas at physic nw Divine ta proesds fom sacred writings sich as the Bible o the (Qur'an, satin by elgos fh, Nara was wil be diced faker, Sethe aw fer buna ate based onthe demand of or humanity. Fall, iyi lw refr fo the mechanical avs of the universe. Examples ae the lw of ety fy Galileo, or he Newtonian mechani, of Eis lw ‘of reatiiy, Non el ls ae the cones of elon, cen, and physi ‘The conse of Iyer i ual aw, nd to the exten of ping the on jr atl i in thi prac ene hat ‘Philippine case dies "aw i its specif and concrete sense isa ‘ue of eons jst canto, foaled y Teste power or omamon eld Phe U1servanee and Bnei (Laptan Phipine Charo Swespstale Of, 60 (006 8841: 4 CA. [2] 700) This the standard Case deft fla, ‘he Sanches Roman defton ht echoes Thomas Aging jut In his Summa Theoagica 8.7") Ll, 90, A, Agus explained tat “aw isa eriiance of ream erred toward the eomion good promulgated by him who is charge of he commun.” The four elements bring: (1) reasonable ordnance (tons ordinator the common 00d (bonus communi); ) promulgated; snd () by legimate autor. In deciphering he vl of one has atk there: Desf make some? Didi take into contdraion everyone's intrest” With ube ried? Who made ie low? any ofthe lemons abn, “aw” not ely aw an est te observed Civili ate Hagar Pare smi’ deied pose law a: “a remonabe re of action xprely ordre promulgated by competent autor forthe commen god, tnd ul, tnt neces, mesing Sanction nea af obedience” Ci Cad of he Philipines Atel 5), Azther iviis, former Senator Arturo Tolentino ie Iw it “speci sense” (Spanish eon “ey a8“ rl of cond, js Blgaty, promulgated by lepine author, an of common okerance ad bene {Commer and risradene onthe Chl Code of the Phlppines 1) Max Weber's dtnion in Lwin Economy and Soke ienies law 1 lepimate order. “An oder wile called law ts externally gunned ty the probaly tha cron (physical or pyle), to Bing boat cone or avenge vito, nd wil be pid by af peopl aking Chemselen eps ey fat psn” For Weber, the bs etre law that tings i om customs and mentions (1) he dt comply: (2) deo extemal actos oe thet: (3) by indie take enforce the lw. ln contrat, thee seme of Ayo estomacy ues of conduct or Tages” Conventions, mean, Ine apc ht prior have dy f flow in god fat, but wiht 1 corollary peisment when daceyed These ue fen refered to a “sot laws” For Joe Rizal Artie 8 of his Rights of Mam sates that aw shoul be “ately and evidently necessary.” one that is “previwsly made and romalpnte rl corte ‘The clas elements ofthe prevailing inition of by js ar acu below ‘Pt: Pip ent Thy Pia Reason and the Common Good The Law. pert of ein Law i a ule of hua at, commanding man toast tft fam teting Sima Theologica [87]. 1 O90, 4.1). The essa of han ate ‘etuman ez, for its by reason th we perceive ood pt ode it things ‘reasonable ni noses, moral ful cern exposing and oopd toplaceand tine 7, 71,095 3) The poole sre ovedto alam he lo tenis reasonable Ith ium, would only vie dance td dist Principles of basic humanity ransomed ence purely ethical norms ino legal lass Tolentino rte that Iw Ine gone sess (Span ten “derecho” as nastier of morale, found onthe al rate of mt, which governs hs ee city forthe eto nial {nd social nds of mature bh demndable and recprocl” (Commentaries ‘an erspradnce onthe Cll Code ofthe Pines 1). ope {othe concen and morass of odinuy te ae morally og nd wl fii enforcement “his dos not sn tht al tal enable nme sl Become tes, bt oly thw es soning man nan Blew men ‘fal Toon gu he held of mort mt xt a iw ‘ans fn ave nw can ol gover xa mal can total pve molly, Teco ue iy soul etc aed [rome pe mot tht ncn it common we Tce ve Bye Ox conan sc bres invasive tence, coca ‘gece ost) thy nev sot psn, may tote sey “neoprene Thay ese a ie ines posto, ad adaery, maybe bjt fo pun fv fem famony ante ret att pices ines The common goed need at be the silaan cic of “he retest pits for the reset number” Rather, it ego of everyone owas cheving personal perfcton. 1 bears dhe corm apations oll not jst ‘he majority orth auto Is based on the peice qu dignity oll tohavea quality of The cmon god i relied trovgh a democratic tigation or consideton of ll members oct. It conidr all Stkeholen increase condon and integral development Stil, majoritarians argues ta ao the jeri opinion can be fail i i il the ost wy to ive a the mast reasonable ems oe heads are eter than on hat hres nliges, experience, and rsd is umber Furth es Aguas sggrtd eleva shuld me centantteiilian Wethe law according to hw the sje ter commonly cui he majority ‘sinaance I snot expctel tha the leginor sould sue every sigle se pou, bt sould at es eave om for exceptions when thew ned ‘otbe aly applied (8.7, 0.96.40 ‘We shold be asi thought detingish popular morality poplar 00d from he commen public god. lah ean be valid pubic onde ‘ewe and final although may be ungoplar to many Populist ‘oe majorarian moray i oly aor alas te polation forming i Promulgation and Authority Some ig a a eae tho tite Thea ep nthe leaking process is otc to he publi The blicshoul bale tke nice ofthe aw y some Kind faerie ‘iether by pobcaton cr in soe urine, by hear year Cope) of public crise Cope of the law ts be aces 1 the publi o avon ‘ibundstanding fs conten, In pretepanic Philipines, Rizal's anooations om More's Sucesos eta la Flips se a he eaoronet of lw by 4 confdenton ‘of cicans mee ot bas on printed or writen Iw Bot easomary In ‘aracterzd by taion,consrency and harmony "The forse ofa at ‘hatte weten on pace of apo battered ie memory of hase for whom ts mae ith kno since thr oder aps ts i arog ‘wiht casos nd above al ha a” Teds Tera, based om Arce 2 of he Civil Code, rains hat Pilipinas sould take fet ay afer competion a i pubiaton| inthe Oficial Geto na newspaper isin une tere ‘roid. Once dated, tis the ete ty 0 kop aes fhe a ahd I ignrane will at excuse hi fom non-compliance This Yulee i Spore to addres he justices ur Presiden Fernand Maes, hosed totus dares with short t,o that tao could be easly pa jal nthe ance timex Sustoni lo wrote ofthe fat Korman emperor Cig, wo was knew for prclaming ls and aes witb posting and itlawe were ever ond, notices would e pice nol paces or Would tehung up high, r writen in excesvly sal ets, otha no oe oak readthem ‘Duc promulgation mus coe compte aster at Fm 6 viva dia epublica unauthorized 0 esc la. Lae mst be “uc bye who kes charge ofthe communi, who wos the power to remot th common nee iad saihepapant tsi erbialibiie Modern Standards for Rule of Law 1 The Morality of Lav, Haracd Law profesor Lon Faller enumerated the “Fight Routes of Pallare oc ay egal sytem. Avon hee ple wil ens the internal of procedural morality aw 0h hes son Iniegl ordering The cig things o check ot wre 1. The lak of dfnive mls o a 0 ht apts have to be desided aoc 2. Fallueto publicize or ake known o he feted pay the res 3. Unter or obscure legisaton: 4. Retroactive eihton 5. Conraiins inthe as {6 Derma tht ae bead the power of aed parties tobe 7. Unstable egistiono eqn hang the lw; ad Discrepancies between adjeation administration dle In the 2004 Report ofthe Screta- Goer om the Ral of Law ond Trnsona Jatin Con and Pa ConflSecciethe UN Seca) ‘Genta Kol Anan dofined what consis “ul of lawn the moder Fo the United Nations, th ae of lw fest pil of soverance in which all poston, fattations and ents pubic and Private, inciding the Ste tel, are accountable to lows tha ae Publicly promulgated, equal enforces independently duis {nd which ae consistent With Iteration uma rights norms Std requis. as wel, measures tense adherence fo le rincpes of sremacy of equality before he I, accountability {theta tars in he application othe ia, parton of pers, Dartiptin in decision aking, legal certainty, avldance of Srtrarinen ad poser nd legal transpareny, BRANCHES OF | LAW Tot et Boe cnt ‘The law can get very tecnica Av understanding of aor ems a “visas of law fe ecestary 1 map oa the ills! Concer, al spect of aw pore ae-Asto who aight or procedie i given jr way be chased ino substan or remeda. Substentive lw extblabes hs, is and volar probibion, Remedial or procedural or adectve lw pests the mater of dining ener ppaling, ening, ting eal ‘As scope, can alo be ctgwied it public and priate las, and fre ino eiminal, cv and merconle Lav. Publ ox pola law ‘Sconemed wth the itr of goverment, the raonsip between the individual ad the State. Vila of ple onder through punishable ats tr omisions unr erminal a. Priate eo oe hand cones ‘id the ales povering the rclatonghip of ini If fo pate ends, ITs govemed by rls provided incl lwo th rales f ty i ems ‘of property, marige, sneenson, comets, and ons or private wrongs. I “folng wi aii personales cha orportons andthe rnagement SF bases, mercantile lew cr commercia) nw regulates commercial “The el ee tem fers to eal rystem based on coed avs Laws ae cold though patiamenary tates, flowing the tation of Compiling rules sch asthe Cs of Harari rhe Baboon Law Code {C177 BC) andthe nan Ce the Roman Law Code (6 etary 'ND). French, Geman, and Hipunic counties have lea codes tse on Roma awa thr onal customs Meanwhile, th common fw sytem based on as wo upesade uw at reli on precedent y dees in court case. Its characteristic ‘of English-speaking counts sucha Brita, United Stas, Canada, lang ‘Nv and India. The Philippine, which experienced both Hispanic and ‘American ccapation, has a med sytem. Las are enced by lexislaon, ‘ich re nee eloped and appli bythe cours, whose cisions ‘Me cased prt of the aw ofthe ad Islami ao Sharia aw (he wayt lo) based on the mera rose of eam. Mim counties sch as Sal Amb, anand Pakistan fre soneidere “Tslanic States” thy hase the lw purely of mostly on ‘Shore while moderate Masi cores, sch ati the Sou Eas and Turkey follow amore iberalmitd sytem of Wester and sami av Isami drive rm four sures (1 the Quran oth word of ‘God ven tothe prophet Maharmad(2) he Sa ote sayings an aes ‘of Matarmad according to tradition or at: (3) he ul conensas of Islamic jes allowing the ioral onsen, similar to omen law precedents, of ligioos scholars (ame) and (2) Alogi soning, teed in ccunsanoes not provid is he oer sources. An example would otal isa acai be the crime of samy which umishble with death by stoning, as mach {5 ade exes punt nthe Qur'an. Stones ae fis then by the witness, then bythe dg, then by the communi. Crimes are no unshbl by mul ses orbyappton fh rail fan ep for nye" (ello), or by amputaing the strum of rial, ech a the hand ia et ‘Under Shara cour the rtf evidence rate onl eimony of a east two witnesses, preferably by Muslin male. Thre i mo aed for 4 lawyer ora jay Pls and defendants represent themesver. The eta modes of discovery, ot cas examination of witnesses, Foren Shcumstanta evidence are ected ia favor a eyewitnesses slam aw sitios mich of Ml Essen arcuta ua an postales and pactics, akin oar Coristia cipous lea sions Suing the Testament pac nes down othe Meieval Peo. HL, MAIN ISSUES IN LAW The 1987 Conitwion stars with & Prambe tat inrodes the folowing endeared principles We, the sovereign Filipino peopl, imploring th i f Alig ‘Goin ede oblast nd aman sot an etblish «Gover ‘ment shal body our els nd apts rome common sro conse and develo oe ptrinon, and sete a cusels d ur posterity the bling of inependoce and democracy nde he ule of aw ata regime of tthe, edn, lve ey, and sce do edna promt his Conti, Based on these precept & therefore indispensable hen with 1 score nw in eaten Yo tat, ster edom. juice, uly, roperpavimony. te force of law, and ether moral aston Insp, det. nd sere the spi of eur carter a the rest of at is Law and Truth Ont rir ht rat?) ‘hea witnesses sand before the court they ae sked to ake an cath ‘otell tetrad noting ut th rth I they diel se falschood, ‘hey wile ible fr jury Ia ering witnesses to barib and sea the trues very ofthe teres the li presi tha (1) there a erath a etal tte of things and (3) wines ae lg ll