Electrical & Electronics Engineering Workshop

SREE VENKATESWARA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Autonomous
N.RAJUPALEM, NELLORE (DIST)

AFFILIATED TO JNTU, ANANTAPUR.

BASI ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

LAB MANUAL
(R 23 REGULATION)

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Name of the
Student
Roll Number
Branch
Year & Sem
Academic year

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Sree Venkateswara College of Engineering
 Electrical & Electronics Engineering Workshop

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

ANANTAPUR
B.Tech I – I Sem
() Electrical & Electronics Engineering Workshop
(Common to All branches of Engineering)

Part A: Electrical Engineering Lab

Course Objectives:
To impart knowledge on the fundamental laws & theorems of electrical circuits, functions of electrical
machines and energy calculations.

List of experiments: -
1. Verification of KCL and KVL
2. Verification of Superposition theorem
3. Measurement of Resistance using Wheat stone bridge
4. Magnetization Characteristics of DC shunt Generator
5. Measurement of Power and Power factor using Single-phase wattmeter
6. Measurement of Earth Resistance using Megger.
7. Calculation of Electrical Energy for Domestic Premises
Course Outcomes:
CO1: Understand the Electrical circuit design concept; measurement of resistance, power, power factor;
concept of wiring and operation of Electrical Machines and Transformer.
CO2: Apply the theoretical concepts and operating principles to derive mathematical models for circuits,
Electrical machines and measuring instruments; calculations for the measurement of resistance, power
and power factor.
CO3: Apply the theoretical concepts to obtain calculations for the measurement of resistance, power and
power factor.
CO4: Analyse various characteristics of electrical circuits, electrical machines and measuring
instruments.
CO5: Design suitable circuits and methodologies for the measurement of various electrical parameters;
Household and commercial wiring.

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 Electrical & Electronics Engineering Workshop

DO’S AND DON’TS IN THE LAB

DO’S:-
1. Proper dress has to be maintained while entering in the Lab. (Boys Tuck in and shoes, girls with
apron)
2. All students should come to the Lab with necessary tools. (Cutting Pliers 6”, Insulation remover and
phase tester)
3. Students should carry observation notes and record completed in all aspects.
4. Correct specifications of the equipment have to be mentioned in the circuit diagram.
5. Student should be aware of operating equipment.
6. Students should be at their concerned experiment table, unnecessary moment is restricted.
7. Student should follow the indent procedure to receive and deposit the equipment from the Lab Store
Room.
8. After completing the connections Students should verify the circuits by the Lab Instructor.
9. The reading must be shown to the Lecturer In-Charge for verification.
10. Students must ensure that all switches are in the OFF position, all the connections are removed.
11. All patch cords and stools should be placed at their original positions.

DON’Ts:-
1. Don’t come late to the Lab.
2. Don’t make or remove the connections with power ON.
3. Don’t switch ON the supply without verifying by the Staff Member.
4. Don’t switch OFF the machine with load.
5. Don’t leave the lab without the permission of the Lecturer In-Charge.

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 Electrical & Electronics Engineering Workshop

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Expt Mark Sign

. Name of the experiment s with
No. date

1 Verification of Kirchhoff laws.

2 Verification of superposition theorem.

Measurement of Resistance using Wheat stone
3
bridge.
Magnetization Characteristics of DC shunt
4
Generator.

Measurement of Power and Power factor using

5
Single-phase wattmeter.

6 Measurement of Earth Resistance using Megger.

Calculation of Electrical Energy for Domestic

7 Premises

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 Electrical & Electronics Engineering Workshop

1. VERIFICATION OF KIRCHHOFF’S LAW

Aim:- To verify the Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law and Kirchhoff’s Current law both theoretically
and practically for the given circuit.

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Statement(s):-

Kirchoff Voltage Law: In a circuit the algebraic sum of voltages around a closed path is equal to zero.

Kirchoff Current Law: In a Circuit the algebraic sum of currents at a node is zero
(or) the algebraic sum of currents entering at a node is equal to algebraic sum of currents leaving that
node.

Apparatus:-

S.No Name of apparatus Range Type Qty

1 Voltmeter (0-30)V MC/Digital 3No
2 Ammeter (0-100) mA MC/Digital 3No
3 Resistors 100Ω,2.2KΩ,470Ω Carbon 1 Each
Composition
4 R.P.S (0-30)V 1No
5 Connecting wires --- Required
Number
6. Bread Board --- --- 1No

Precautions:
1. Initially keep the RPS voltage knob in zero volt position.
2. Keep the ammeter & voltmeter readings at zero position.
3. Take the readings without parallax error.
4. Avoid loose connections.

Procedure:
For KCL:
1. Connect the Circuit as per the circuit diagram(Fig.1.1)
2. Set the output voltage of the RPS to 10 V.
3. Measure the current in each branch by using ammeter which is connected in series to each
branch
4. Verify the obtained practical values with theoretical values.

Theoretical Practical

a) Circuit diagram for KCL: a) Circuit diagram for KCL:

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Fig 1.1

Applied
Branch Branch Branch
voltage
S. No Current Current Current
VS
I1(mA) I2(mA) I3(mA)
( volt)

b)Circuit diagram for KVL:

b) Circuit diagram for KVL:

Fig 1.2

Applied Voltage Voltage Voltage

voltage across across across
S. No
VS 100Ω 2.2KΩ 470Ω
( volt) V1(V) V2(V) V3(V)

For KVL:
1. Connect the Circuit as per the circuit diagram(Fig 1.2)
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2. Set the output voltage of the RPS to 10 V.

3. Measure the voltage drop across each resistor by using voltmeter which is connected in parallel
to each resistor.
4. Verify the obtained practical values with theoretical values.

Result:

Conclusion:

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Given circuit

Theoretical Practical

When both the sources are acting: When both the sources are acting:

Fig 2.1

Tabular Column:

Applied Voltage Current

S.No V1 V2 IL
(Volts) (Volts) (mA)

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2. VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

Aim: To verify and analyze superposition theorem for the given circuit.

Statement:

Super position theorem

In any linear, bilateral, multi source network the response in any element is equal to the algebraic
sum of the responses obtained by each source acting separately while all other sources are set equal to
zero.

Apparatus:

S. No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity

Dual channel regulated
1 (0 – 30V) - 1No
power supply
2 Ammeter (0 – 10) mA MC 1No

4.7 K 1No
Carbon
3 Resistors 1.8 K 1No
Composition
1 K 1No

4 Bread board - - 1No

5 Connecting wires - - Required number

Precautions:

1. Initially keep the RPS output voltage knob in zero volt position.
2. Set the ammeter pointer at zero position.
3. Take the readings without parallax error.
4. Avoid loose connections.
5. Avoid short circuit of RPS output terminals.

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Theoretical Practical
When 20V source is acting When 20V source is acting

Fig (2.2)
Tabular Column:

Current
Applied voltage
S. No IL1
(V1) Volt
(mA)

When 5V source is acting;

When 5V source is acting

Fig (2.3)

Current
Applied voltage
S. No IL11
(V2) Volt
(mA)

Verify IL*= ILl+ ILl1

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Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram Fig(2.1).

2. Adjust the output voltage of sources X and Y to 20V and 5V respectively.(RPS output).
3. Note down the response (current, IL) through the branch of interest (AB) (ammeter reading).
4. Now set the source X to 5V and source (Y) to 0V as per the circuit fig(2.2).
5. Note down the current through the branch AB (ILl) (ammeter reading).
6. Now set the source (X) to 0V and source Y to 5V as per the circuit fig(2.3).
7. Note down the response (current, ILll) through the branch AB (ammeter reading).
8. Disconnect the circuit

Result:
1. Since IL =ILl +ILl l superposition theorem is verified on the given circuit and practical values are
compared with theoretical values.

S.No Load current Theoretical Values Practical Values

1 When Both sources are acting, IL

2 When only source X is acting, ILl

11
3 When only source Y is acting, I L

Conclusion:

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Circuit Diagram of Wh ea t ston e‘ s B rid g e :-

R 1 =1 R 3 = 10
K K

R
2

A B C DE F M
10E 100 1K 10K100K 500K

R
X

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3. MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE USING WHEAT STONE BRIDGE

Aim: To study and perform an experiment to measure the unknown Resistance by

Wheatstone’s bridge.

Requirements :

Light Spot DC Galvanometer, Various Medium Resistors,

Multimeter, Portable Wheatstone bridge
Procedure: -
1) Take The Trainer kit. Measure resistors A, B, C, D, E, F, R 1 and the
variable pot R3 by adjusting “ADJ R3”. Note down the values of each
resistors.
2) Now insert its mains cord in mains 230V supply plug and switch it 'ON‟.
Measure the DC supply voltage. ( It should be 12V DC)
3) Select the unknown resistor and measure its resistance Rx and note it
down.
4) Connect the resistor to the terminal (Rx), and connect the power supply
into the circuit. Connect the galvanometer to M of the bridge with the
help o f jumper.
5) Connect the S 1 terminal to any resistor A, B,C, D, E, F. Adjust pot
“R 3‟ to get a null reading on the galvanometer.
6) Once the „ Null, reading is found, remove all the jumpers and measure
the value of R3 . Put the value of R3 in the formula given be low and
calculate Rx practically.

Rx=R 2 *R 3 /R 1 (R 2 =A or B or C….. or F)
7) Match the practical “Rx‟ with that of the Rx directly# measured on
multimeter.
8) Take four to five reading to find the unknown resistance i.e. Rx with
different resistors.

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Theoretical Calculations :

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Note: Use unknown resistors of values between 10 Ω to 10 KΩ for the better

sensitivity.
Resistor R 2 Rx Range which can be measured
A- 10 Ω 10 Ω to 100 Ω
B- 100 Ω 100 Ω to 1 KΩ
C- 1 KΩ 1 KΩ to 10 KΩ
D- 10 KΩ 10 KΩ to 100 KΩ
E- 100 KΩ 100 KΩ to 500 KΩ
F- 500 KΩ 500 KΩ to 1 MΩ

Conclusion:

Result:

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Fig 3.1 Circuit diagram for open circuit characteristics of DC shunt generator

Fig 3.2 Circuit diagram for field resistance

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4. OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF A DC SHUNT

GENERATOR

Aim: To plot the open circuit characteristics (or) magnetization characteristics of the given dc shunt
generator and to determine its critical field resistance and critical speed.

Name Plate Details:

Specifications Motor Generator

Power 2.2 KW 2.0 KW
Voltage 220V 220V
Current 12.0A 9A
Speed 1500 rpm 1500 rpm
0.6A,220
Excitation 0.7A,220V
V
Winding Shunt Shunt

Apparatus:

S. Name of the
Range Type Quantity
No apparatus
(0-300 )V MC 1
1 Voltmeters
(0-75)V MC 1
2 Ammeter (0-1/2)A MC 1
Wire
3 Rheostats 360W/1.2A 2
Wound
4 SPST switch 1
5 Tachometer (0-9999) Rpm Digital 1
6 Connecting probes Required number

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Model Graph:

N = rated speed of
generator

Tabular Column:

Average
Increasing Decreasing Generated
S.N Generated Generated
Field current S.No Field current emf
o emf (Eg1) emf
IF IF (Eg2)
(Eg1 + Eg2)/2
1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

6 6

7 7

8 8

9 9

10 10

11 11

12 12

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Precautions:
1. Avoid loose connections.
2. Avoid parallax error while taking the readings.

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram (Fig.3.1).
2. Keep the SPST switch in open position; keep the motor field rheostat at minimum resistance
position and the generator field rheostat at maximum resistance position.
3. Close the DPST switch and start the motor using 3-point starter.
4. Adjust the motor field rheostat till the rated speed of the generator is achieved.
5. Note down the residual voltage (voltmeter reading).
6. Close the SPST switch, decrease the resistance of generator field rheostat in steps till the
generator builds up to 125% of its rated voltage and note down the corresponding values of
generated e.m.f and the shunt field current.
7. Now increase the resistance of generator field rheostat in steps and note down the generated emf
for the same field currents as taken in the step 6.
8. Calculate the average of the generated emf for corresponding field currents obtained in step 6 &
7.
9. Open the DPST switch and disconnect the circuit.

To calculate field resistance:

10. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram (Fig.3.2).

11. Keep the static exciter knob at zero voltage position and switch on the single-phase AC supply
by closing the DPST switch.

12. Vary the static exciter in steps and note down the corresponding readings of voltage and current
at each step.(Don’t exceed the current rating of the static exciter i.e. 5A)

13. Reduce the static exciter output voltage to zero value and disconnect the circuit.

14. Calculate the field resistance in each step and take the average value of it.

To determine critical field resistance:

15. After plotting the magnetization characteristics draw a tangent line to its initial portion, which
passes through the origin.

16. Calculate the slope of this tangent line, which gives the critical field resistance (R c) at the rated
speed of the generator.
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To calculate field winding resistance:

Applied Field winding resistance

Current I V
S.No Voltage
(Amp)
V(volt) Rf(cold)= I 
1
2
3
Average value of Rf (cold)=

Rf(Hot) = 1.2 X Average value of Rf (cold)=

Graph:

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To determine critical speed:

17. Draw the designed field resistance line (Rf)

18. Draw a line parallel to y-axis, which cuts the R f line and Rc line with in the linear portion of the
magnetization characteristics.

19. Take the generated emf values corresponding to points of intersection of the line.

E1
N C= ×N rated
20. Calculate the critical speed using the formula. E2

Sample Calculations:

From Graph
E2
Rc = =
1) Critical field resistance, If

E1
N c =N Rated =
2) Critical speed E2

Result:

The critical field resistance of the generator at its rated speed is found to be __________ and the
critical speed of the generator for the designed field winding resistance is found to be __________

Conclusions:

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Circuit Diagram:

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5. MEASUREMENT OF POWER AND POWER FACTOR USING

SINGLE-PHASE WATTMETER

Aim: Measurement of power and power factor in a single phase ac series inductive circuit and study of
improvement of power factor using capacitor

Apparatus:

S. Name of the
Range Type Quantity
No apparatus
1 Single-phase auto transformer 5KVA, (0-270)V 1
2 Voltmeter (0-300)V MI 1
3 Watt-meter (0-1500)W 1
4 Ammeter (0-5)A MI 1
5 Rheostat (0-80)Ω, 5A 1
6 Inductor 1
7 Capacitor 1
8 Connecting Wires PVC Insulated Copper Required number

Precautions:
1. Don’t switch on power supply without concerning teacher.
2. Single phase autotransformer must be kept at minimum potential point before switch on the
experiment.

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Tabular Column:

S.N Voltage Current Power Power Factor

o (v) (A) (W) P.F = Cosɸ= {P/(V*I)}
1

Power consumed by the Inductive load is given by

P=V*I*Cosɸ watts =

Power Factor (pf) = {P/(V*I)} =

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Procedure:
1. Connect all the instruments as per circuit diagram given above.
2. Before switch on the main power supply make sure that single-phase auto transformer knobe is
at zero position.
3. Now slowly increase the supply voltage to the circuit after giving supply to the single-phase
auto-transformer.
4. Take all the corresponding readings of the connected instruments in the circuit as per observation
table.
5. Now power factor Cosɸ and % error as per formula given in observation table.
6. Now connect the capacitor in the circuit and take two readings as per observation table and
analyze the power factor.

Result:

Conclusions:

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Graph:

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6. MEASUREMENT OF EARTH RESISTANCE USING MEGGER

AIM: To measure the earth resistance

Apparatus Required:

S. Name of the
Range Quantity
No apparatus
1 Earth tester - 1
2 Spikes - 3
3 Connecting wires - Required number

Precautions:
1. Earth electrode should be disconnect from electrical panel or equipment.
2. Testing iron electrode distance should be 10 mtrs between testing electrode and earth electrode.
3. Testing meter battery should be fully charged because due ot low battery the testing value can be
hampered.

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4. Earth electrode thimble should be clean properly with emery paper

Procedure:
1. Connect the earth
S. No Distance Resistance tester as shown in
Circuit Diagram
1
2. Switch ON the
2 earth tester.
3. 3 Adjust the
resistance range
4
button between
5 10Ω to 1000Ω and
set to 10Ω.
6
4.
Change the position of electrode B by 1m on the either side and observe the earth
resistance by pressing the test button.
5. Draw the graph and find Earth Resistance.

Tabular Column:

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Result:

Conclusions:

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