1 Planning Criteria and Design Philosophy-2016

Planning Criteria & Design Philosophy
Table of Contents
1.1Introduction: ................................................................. 3
1.2 Planning Process: ......................................................... 5
1.2.2 Load Forecasting: .................................................. 8
1.2.3 Forecasting Methods: ............................................ 8
1.2.4 Approaches Adopted by ADDC: ............................ 12
1.3 Planning Criteria: ....................................................... 15
1.3.1 Supply Security Standard: .................................. 15
1.3.2 Power Quality Standards/Guidelines: .................. 18
1.3.3 Design Philosophy: ............................................... 20
1.4 System Improvement Works: ...................................... 55
1.5 Aged Asset Replacement: ............................................ 56
1.6 Risk Management: ...................................................... 59
1.6.1 Risk management strategy: ................................. 59
1.7 Safety Requirements:.................................................. 61
002
1.1 Introduction:
The framework adopted in the Planning criteria and Design philosophy
is to deliver one of the key Asset Management functions, which is a
‘Systematic and Co-ordinated activities and practices through which
ADDC optimally manages its assets, and their performance, risks and
expenditures over asset lifecycle for the purpose of achieving its
Organizational Strategic objective. Where the Organisational Strategic
Plan is defined as:
‘The overall long-term action plan for the organisation that is derived
from and embodies its vision, mission, values, business policies,
objectives and the management of its risks’
The objective is ‘to ensure and to be able to demonstrate that the assets
deliver the required function and a level of performance, in a
sustainable manner, at an optimum whole-life cost basis without
compromising health, safety, environmental performance, or the
organisation’s reputation.’
To pursue the above objective, a holistic approach in the overall

planning and development of the electrical distribution network, in line
with the adopted strategic framework of Asset Management function
and shall address the following;
 Planning Requirements and Development Process.

 Electricity Regulatory Requirements (Technical and
Performance Standards).
 Electricity Distribution System Planning Criteria.
 Distribution System Characteristics.
 Distribution System Design Philosophy(Urban/Rural system)
 Engineering and Good Utility Practices.
 Environment, Health & Safety Requirements.
The planning and development of electricity distribution network shall

essentially comply with the License obligations, Structural and
Regulatory requirements, in order to create an electricity
supply/distribution infrastructure that is secure, reliable and
economical with a specified level of continuity and quality in a
sustainable manner; relating to the existing Standards and Contractual
Agreements with the Customers and other stake holders.
003
As part of the planning process and new Price Control regime starting
January 2006 (and with appropriate modification to License), ADDC is
required by the Bureau to produce annually Five (5) Year Planning
Statement. The planning statement give a forward view on the
proposed expansion of infrastructure, new connections and the
associated capital expenditure requirements that will meet the forecast
demand growth and support the growth and development of Abu Dhabi
Emirate. Condition 29 of Distribution License requires ADDC to
develop and review Security Standards from time to time for the
distribution system. ADDC must plan and develop its distribution
system to a Standard not less than that set out in the Distribution
System Security Standard.
ADDC is obliged under Condition 3 of its license to maintain a

Distribution Code, detailing technical parameters and other
requirements relating to the connection and the use of the distribution
system. The Code is kept under review by the Distribution Code Review
Panel. All modifications to the Code have to be approved by the
Bureau in accordance with Article 55 (8) of Law No (2) of 1998.
The Company shall also comply with the “Code of Practice/Guaranteed

and Overall Service Standards” and required to report the performance
against these Service Standards established pursuant to Law No (2) of
1998, Article 54 and 55.
Technical and Performance Standards in particular the Engineering

Recommendations related to the Security of Supply Standards,
Electricity Distribution Code, Electricity Supply Regulations, Electricity
Wiring Regulations, Network Performance and Quality of Supply
Standards sets out the criteria and methodology, which ADDC shall
use in the planning, design, development, operation and maintenance.
ADDC is in the process of finalizing Standard Connection

Arrangements to demarcate the ownership boundary between ADDC
and its customers and also clearly define the operation and
maintenance responsibilities of both the parties.
This document will also finalize the specific terminologies (public/

private substations etc.) to be used by ADDC in future to be in line with
the Distribution Code.
004
1.2 Planning Process:
The planning process adopted by ADDC can be easily understood with
the help of the process flow chart (Figure-1.1) depicted below. The
process begins with the demand/load forecasting that determines the
future demand. A reality check will be done with forecasted
load/demand to evaluate the system capabilities. The system should be
capable of catering to the future demand without compromising the
supply security standards and the quality of power supply or any other
requirement that are defined by the regulator. The system evaluation
will be done with the help of simulation software by carrying out load
flow, short circuit and stability studies and requirement of
reinforcements for the existing system will be identified and finalized
based on the system performance reports available. All the risks
associated are clearly identified and if the risks cannot be managed
with the existing system, new proposals are recommended for
implementation.
Once the system design/plan meets the technical criteria, economic

feasibility analysis will be carried out. The feasibility analysis process
compares the investment and the economic benefit rising out of
implementation of the expansion/augmentation proposals in the
planning statement. Feasibility for a proposal is determined with the
help of standard cost evaluation methods.
The feasibility studies are carried out to conclude whether the

investment proposals are economically viable or not and would aid the
management decision making process on the investment related issues.
This will enable ADDC to reach a decision with relatively lesser time
involved and bring down the gestation period and helps to
implement/realize the infrastructure as planned/scheduled within the
planned time frame and without any cost overruns.
005
Total & Spatial Load
Load
Forecast
Forecast Supply Security
Total & Spatial
Standards
Evaluation
EvaluationofofSystem
SystemCapabilities
Capabilities
System Model/
Identifying System
Identifying Deficiencies
System Deficiencies System Model
Performance
Reports
Adequacy
Adequacy&&Security
Security NO
Concerns
Addressed.?
Addressed?
Evaluate Risks & Constraints
YES
YES
“Do
“DoNothing”
Nothing” Can
CanRisks
Risksbebe
Managed?
NO
Formulate New Proposals
Evaluate
Evaluate System
System
Implement Projects
Performance Implement Projects
Figure- 1.1
006
1.2.1Inputs/Factors for Planning:
The planning process is affected/influenced by so many diverse factors.

A sincere attempt is made to consider all the factors that affect the
planning. The list of inputs/factors that is being considered for the
planning in brief is presented below.Figure-1.2 depicts the pictorial
representation of the major inputs/factors that influence planning.
1. The future demand to be catered by the system
2. Supply and security Standards
3. Power Quality Standards/Guidelines
4. Operational flexibility
5. Environment Health & Safety
6. Best practices
7. Costs for feasibility studies (Economic feasibility)
8. Urban Structure Frame work Plan (Plan Abu Dhabi-2030)
9. System performance reports
Load
Load Forecast
Forecast
Total System& Spatial SupplyCSS Security
Load Forecast; How
much.., Std. S
Interruption
Interruption duration/
Where..& When.. Restoration
Duration/
Restoration timing/
Refurbishme
Refurbishment Power/Service
Power service quality
timing/
nt&&Under Quality.
Old
Old under performing
Assets.
performing
assets
Recommendatio
KEMA
n.
Operational
Operational Concern
System
System
Concern
Expansion Operational
Plan Abu
CostDhabi Plannin
Expansion
Planning &Operational flexibility,
Ease of Switching
Flexibility
Ease of switching &
Load
&
2030
s
LeastCost
g Load transfers
Transfer
Urban Structure
SolutionPlan
Framework
s.
Environment
Environment,&
Best Practices
Best Safety & Safety
Health
Environment,
Practices
International & Local
International Community
safety,
Environment, safety
Standards/
Advanced
Standards to& be
concerns
Community concerns
Advanced Utility Practices/ addressed.
Practice
Utility
s.
Figure- 1.2
All the inputs/factors and their consideration while planning, are

explained in the subsequent sections.
007
1.2.2 Load Forecasting:
The ability to forecast the demand for electricity is a fundamental

prerequisite for the development of a secure and economic power
distribution system. The demand forecast is used as a basis for system
development, and also for determining tariffs for the future.
Geographical information (Where) is very important in the distribution
system, in addition to the quantity (How much) and timing (When).
Over estimation of demand may lead to unnecessary investment in

distribution assets. Under estimation of demand may lead to shortages
of supply and infrastructure. In the competitive market such
bottlenecks in distribution infrastructure would slow down economic
growth and could turn away potential investors. These both extremes
are undesirable for the electricity industry and to the overall economy.
Even with the best available information, forecasting by nature is not

an exact science. It is open to the occurrence of the unpredictable
events that may vary the consumption pattern with time. Therefore, it
is prudent to consider a range of future possibilities that would depend
on different scenarios. It is essential to select an appropriate model
(with its associated inputs) that will produce as accurate, robust and
understandable forecast as possible.
The term forecast refers to projected load requirements determined

using a systematic process of defining future loads in sufficient
quantitative detail to permit important system expansion decisions to
be made. The demand for electricity depends on a number of socio-
economic factors such as economic growth, industrial production and
the new technological developments that influence the life styles, and
also on the Governmental policies. Prediction of future demand
requires an intuitive and wise judgment and calls for revising the
estimate at regular intervals (at least yearly) to take care of new
policies, changes in socio-economic trends. Thus, the projection may
have to consider these changes into account and possible scenario’s to
reflect the same.
1.2.3 Forecasting Methods:
For forecasting the demand for electricity many reliable statistical

methods have been developed which are very much effective and
efficient in projecting the future demand. The statistical models that
can be adopted are illustrated as below. These forecasting techniques
are widely used for a macro level forecasting by many utilities.
008
a. Trend analysis.
b. Multivariable regression (Econometric).
c. End use method.
d. Scenario approach.
(A) Trend analysis:
Trending methods are widely used as a tool for forecasting that works
with historical data, extrapolating past load growth patterns into
future. Trending techniques involve fitting trend curves to basic
historical data adjusted to reflect the growth trend itself. With the trend
curve the forecast is obtained by evaluating the trend curve function at
the desired future point. Although it is a very simple procedure, it
produces reasonable results. Such a technique is to be classified as a
deterministic extrapolation, since no attempt is made to account for
random errors in the data or in the analytical model. Some eight to ten
standard analytical functions are used in trend curve fitting.
If the uncertainty of extrapolated results is to be quantified using

statistical entities such as mean and variance, the basic technique
becomes probabilistic extrapolation. The uncertainty arises from two
sources i.e. uncertainty in the historical data and the uncertainty in
the analytical model chosen to describe the underlying growth in load.
The basic drawback of this model is that the projections are based on
past trends and do not take it account the policy decisions aimed at
changing these trends.
(B) Econometric Method:
The econometric method determines energy demand by considering the

influence of independent variables, such as population, income,
economic growth, cost, industrial & commercial activity and also other
socio economic variables. Econometric models are estimate equations
that relate electricity demand to external factors. Regression equation
modeling is considered as the starting point for econometric research.
The technique postulates the casual relationship between a dependent
variable and one or more independent variable. It attempts to explain
observed changes in a dependent variable caused by changes in the
independent variables.
An important problem to solve in econometric method is the selection
of the correct independent variables. Initially an extensive list of
possible combination exists, and the problems arise in choosing the
appropriate variables and in estimating how many of them should be
included in the final model. The final model should incorporate all the
009
important explanatory variables. In addition, it should be simple in
order to make it easier to use and interpret.
Multi-variable regression analysis can be used to establish the
correlation between selected socio-economic-energy variables and
energy consumption data using the past sample data. The relation
obtained will be then used to estimate the energy consumption data for
the future years using the trend/modified trend values for the
regression variables for the future years.
Input is subjected to many sources of uncertainty including errors of

measurement, absence of information and poor or partial
understanding of the driving forces and mechanisms. This uncertainty
imposes a limit on the confidence in the response or output of the
regression model. Further, regression models may have to cope with
the natural intrinsic variability of the system, hence a comprehensive
Sensitivity Analysis to be carried out to understand the variation in the
forecast results for changes in the regression variables.
Sensitivity analysis is a statistical technique for understanding and

analyzing the behavior of complex computerized mathematical models.
In particular, Sensitivity analysis is the study of how the variation in
the output of a model (can be apportioned, qualitatively or
quantitatively, to different sources of variation.
There are several possible procedures to perform sensitivity analysis

(SA). The most common sensitivity analysis adopted is sampling-based.
A sampling-based sensitivity is one in which the model is executed
repeatedly for combinations of values sampled from the distribution of
the input factors. Other methods are based on the decomposition of the
variance of the model output and are model independent. In general,
SA is performed by executing the model repeatedly for combination of
factor values sampled with some probability distribution. The following
outlines the process for SA.
 Specify the target function and select the input of interest

 Assign a distribution function to the selected factors
 Generate a matrix of inputs with that distribution through
an appropriate design
 Evaluate the model and compute the distribution of the
target function
 Select a method for assessing the influence or relative
importance of each input factor on the target function.
010
(C) End-use Technique:
The end-use method determines energy demand through total kWh use
from all of the electrical appliances used in the households. The
forecast is "built from the sum of end-using activities”. End-use
models must include kWh consumption data by type of equipment or
process.
This method is most readily applied to the residential sector, because

the data required for this forecast include: forecast year, number of
residential customers, residential housing stock or commercial
buildings, industrial process data, major appliances, and kWh use per
appliance. In the basic form, this model is simple accounting procedure
that enumerates the end uses and adds the electricity use for each end
use of its components.
(D) Scenario Based Approach:
A scenario is a time–ordered sequence of events bearing cause effect

relationship with one another and modeled to simulate a future
situation. Scenario approach captures the effect of policy changes and
other guidelines of the government to meet specific goal or an objective
to the energy consumption.
Scenario analysis is a means by which “decision makers understand

the uncertainty created by multiple combinations of input factor
values; as a result, they sometimes investigate the results of scenarios
in which combinations of variables are changed”. The scenario analysis
identifies combinations of inputs, which lead to output target values.
Scenario analysis uses groupings to determine which causes a
particular output value to change. While there are many different types
of scenarios, a common arrangement is to compare the base case or
the expected case, the optimistic case, and the pessimistic case. The
base or expected case is developed from the “best” estimates from the
forecast. The base or expected case is not a true expected value,
because “the expected case can only be determined through
probabilistic analysis as the distribution of the input factors has not
been considered in the determination of the base case”. The pessimistic
case shows the probable outcome when nothing goes as expected, while
the optimistic case shows the results when everything goes better than
expected. The three cases can be used to estimate the distribution of
the input values. The scenario approach emphasis is on the future that
is ultimately unknowable. Therefore, it is reasonable to select not only
the best guess about the future, but also for maximum and minimum
possible values so that some range of likely electricity consumption can
be forecast.
011
1.2.4 Approaches Adopted by ADDC:
The growth in demand is attributable mainly to two factors; one is from

the new load additions and the other is from the growth in the
consumption/demand by the existing consumers. To collect the data
pertaining to new load additions by prospective consumers, ADDC
requires the consumers to intimate the new load addition in advance
by way of (LDN) Load Demand Notification, as a prerequisite. The
process flow chart/Work Flow for power connection procedure along
with a drawing depicting ownership limits and operation responsibility
for Bulk and Non Bulk HV Consumers is attached for better
understanding of the process in (end of Chapter).The applications are
received by an ADDC representative at Municipality, registered and a
unique LDN number is issued. The application thereafter is forwarded
to Customer Service section wherein all the details are logged into the
LDN database. If the load is less than 500 kW then it will be directly
sent to customer services dept. for connection or else it will be
forwarded to Asset Management Directorate. AMD will prepare
feasibility report a copy of the approval/conditional approval to DMS
will be sent for information. This process enables ADDC to plan the
system to cater to these requirements as per LDN.
LDN Data received will be processed and a consolidated report

prepared to quantify the additional demand on each Primary
substation for the coming two years. It is apparent that all the
reported LDNs may not be realized as reported; hence a suitable
realization factor will be determined from the previous year data. The
realization factor determined based on the past history will be used to
quantify the approximate load that would be reflected on the primary
sub-station from the LDN database.
012
Load Forecast Methodology
Define Variables
Define Functional Relationship

between Variables and Load
Collect past Data of the Variables
Select Model (Best fitting Trend

equation)
Carry out Regression Analysis
Modify the
Trend to
reflect LDN
Data
Test and Validate Results
(Compare with Consolidated LDN
Report for short term forecast)
Are Results
O.K?
NO
YES
Perform Load Forecast for all the

areas
Prepare Load
Forecast Report
013
ADDC has adopted the trending technique to forecast the area wise
demand. The process flow chart given above explains the process in
brief.
Consolidated LDN report will be prepared to quantify the additional

demand on each Primary substation for the next two years. It is
apparent that all the reported LDNs may not be realized as reported;
hence a suitable realization factor will be determined from the previous
year data. The realization factor determined based on the past history
will be used to quantify the approximate load that would be reflected on
the system from the LDN data.
The additional demand determined from LDNs will be compared with

the demand computed from the best fit trend equation. The computed
peak demand computed by using realizable LDNs shall be used for the
coming two years and form basis for all future tending.
Due to the limited availability of data currently, it is not possible to

carry out the forecasting exercise by the other methods such as
econometric, simulation and end-use techniques. The prerequisite for
this kind of approach is the load research data, for all categories of
consumers. ADDC is in the process of collecting these relevant data
and use it to carry out more accurate forecasts in the future.
Sum of area/sub-station wise peak is to be used to compute regional

peak and in turn regional peaks are summed up to give overall system
peak, by applying appropriate Diversity Factors at area/substation
&regional levels. Such diversity factors are computed from historical
information on individual area/substation peak and their respective
coincident peak with the system peaks. Overall peak loads will also be
validated from the system energy and number of consumers forecasts.
All Mega projects demand will be added on actual to the areas
wise/overall load forecast after verifying their projections for specific
consumption, demand-cum-coincidence factor used and time line
proposed for expected occupancy/utilization.
As per the License Agreement it is mandatory to share the forecast

figures with TRANSCO and ADEWC and the draft load forecast report
will be sent to TRANSCO and ADWEC for their review and comments.
The forecast will be finalized and included in the Planning Statement
after incorporating the comments received by TRANSCO and ADWEC if
any.
014
1.3 Planning Criteria:
This section broadly outlines the criteria to be followed by the planning
section while planning the distribution system configuration. This
chapter considers and explains the significance of each and every
individual criteria/aspect that is to be taken into consideration while
developing the network. The planning criteria have been developed
based on Security of Supply Standard for the Electricity Distribution
Code approved by the Regulation and Supervision Bureau (RSB) and
the best utility practices that focus on developing and operating a
secured, reliable and economical power system.
1.3.1 Supply Security Standard:
The planning criterion is established based on the currently accepted

“Security of Supply Standard for the Electricity Distribution System”,
Ver. 2.0, issued February 2007 as per “Engineering Recommendation
No.4 of the Electricity Distribution Code, which is as follows.
Class
Range of Min Demand to be met after
of
Group Demand First Circuit Outages
Supply
Demand within repair time
A1 Up to 1.5 MVA
following first circuit outage
Demand within repair time
A2 Up to 3.0 MVA
50% of the Group Demand within
20 minutes (if Circuits are
B1 3.0 to 6 MVA equipped with remote/auto
switching capability)
Group Demand within 2 Hours
B2 3.0 to 6 MVA Group Demand within 2 Hours
No Supply Interruptions following

B3 6.0 to 12 MVA
first circuit outage
20 minutes (if Circuits are
B4 6.0 to 12 MVA equipped with remote/auto
switching capability)
015
Class
Range of Min Demand to be met after
of
Group Demand First Circuit Outages
Supply

C1 12 to 15 MVA

C2 12 to 15 MVA
20 minutes

D1 15 to 20 MVA first circuit outage or within 3
mins.
D2 20 to 40 MVA first circuit outage or within 3
mins.
Class A1:
Class A1 represents parts of networks supplied by 11/0.4 kV

distribution substations (ground mounted or pole mounted) with one or
more transformers of capacity up to 1500 kVA each, and where the
group demand is up to 3000 kVA, In such cases, for a First Circuit
Outage condition (transformer fault, switchgear fault, etc.), the supply
must be restored after the time to repair the fault and there is no
redundancy of supply.
Class A2:
Represents parts of networks supplied by 22/0.4 kV distribution

substations with single or double transformers where the Group
Demand is up to 3000 kVA. In such cases, for a First Circuit Outage
condition (transformer fault, switchgear fault, etc.), the supply must be
restored after the time to repair the fault and there is no redundancy of
supply
Class B1:
Represents a Group Demand of up to 6 MVA which may be fed by an

11kV feeder (open ring configuration). Following the outage of such a
Circuit in an urban or rural area, normally 50% of the demand shall be
restored within 20 minutes (assuming the Circuit is equipped with
remote/auto switching capability at the primary substation, half way on
the feeder, and at the normally open point) and the total demand shall
will be restored within 2 hours. If the outage is due to a fault at a
016
distribution substation the demand of that substation may be excluded
from the Group Demand and for which the restoration criteria of Class
A1 will apply
Class B2:
Represents the outage of an 11kV open ring Circuit in rural or urban

areas with a Group Demand of up to 6 MVA. In this case the demand
shall be restored within 2 hours, assuming partial use of remote
switching capability (i.e. at the primary substation and also at other
strategic locations). If the outage is due to a fault at a distribution
substation the demand of that substation may be excluded from the
Group Demand and for which the restoration criteria of Class A1 will
apply
Class B3:
Represents a Group Demand up to 12 MVA which may be fed by a

closed loop 22 kV Circuit. This Class may be used in the newly
developed networks in urban areas. There must not be any supply
interruption following the First Circuit Outage. Following the Second
Circuit Outage the power will be restored after the repair time. If the
outage is due to a fault at a distribution substation the demand of that
substation may be excluded from the Group Demand and for which the
restoration criteria of Class A2 will apply.
Class B4:
Represents a Group Demand up to 12 MVA which may be fed by an

open loop 22 kV Circuit. This Class may be used in the newly
developing networks in urban or rural areas. Following the outage of
any Circuit 50% of the demand shall be restored within 20 minutes
(assuming the Circuit is equipped with remote switching capability at
the primary substation, half way on the feeder, and at the normally
open point) and the total demand shall be restored within 2 hours. If
the outage is due to a fault at a distribution substation the demand of
that substation may be excluded from the Group Demand and for which
the restoration criteria of Class A2 will apply
Class C1:
Represents the outage of up to 15 MVA Group Demand in rural areas

where the demand is supplied by two or more 33/11 kV package unit
substations, which are interconnected through their 11 kV feeders.
Remote switching capability may not be installed or may be partially
installed. Following the First Circuit Outage (loss of one of the package
substation transformers or 33kV feeders) the Group Demand must be
017
restored within 3 hours, by closing the open points on the 11 kV
feeders. Following a Second Circuit Outage (at either package
substation) the power will be restored after the repair time or the time to
restore the planned first outage
Class C2:
Represents the outage of up to 15 MVA Group Demand in urban or

rural areas where the demand is supplied by two 33/11 kV package
unit substations, interconnected at the same site. Remote switching
capability will be installed to enable Group Demand to be restored in 20
minutes following a First Circuit Outage. Following a Second Circuit
Outage the supply will be restored after the repair time or the time to
restore the planned first outage
Class D1:
Represents rural or urban demand up to 20 MVA where the Group

Demand is supplied by a 33/11kV primary substation with two parallel
20 MVA transformers, controlled by remote switching capability. In this
Class there must not be any supply interruption following a First
Circuit Outage (33kV Circuit or transformer outage). The demand lost
as a result of the Second Circuit Outage shall be restored after repair
time or the time to restore the planned first outage.
Class D2:
Represents rural and urban demand up to 40 MVA where the Group

Demand is supplied by a 33/11kV primary substation with three
parallel 20 MVA transformers, controlled by remote switching
capability. In this Class there must not be any supply interruption
following a first 33kV Circuit or transformer outage. Following the
Second Circuit Outage 50% of the total demand must be restored in 20
minutes. In such case the third transformer may trip and should be
restored by DMS, together with closure of the bus section and some or
all of the 11kV feeders. The remainder of Group Demand must be
restored in repair time.
1.3.2 Power Quality Standards/Guidelines:
A: Voltage Levels:
Nominal Voltage Normal Operation Voltage Band

33 kV ±10%
22 kV +10%
11 kV +10%
018
Nominal Voltage Normal Operation Voltage Band
400 V +10%, -6%
*as per Supply Regulations 2007
B: THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) Maximum Planning Limit:
Voltage Level THD Limits

400 V 5%
6.6 kV, 11 kV & 20 kV 4%
22 kV to 400 kV 3%
(Note: As per Engineering Recommendation No.1 of Electricity
Distribution Code))
C: Voltage Unbalance, Fluctuation, Dip, over voltages & PF
Indicator Targeted Value

≤ 2% ( at PCC)
Max. Voltage ≤ 1.3 ( at individual loads)
Unbalance (As per Engineering Recommendation
No. 10 of Electricity Distribution)
≤ 3% (depending upon the rate of
occurrence. Some cases higher value
Max, Fluctuation could be accepted.
(As per Engineering Recommendation
Pst ≤0.5 and Plt ≤ 0.8
Max. Flickering (As per Engineering Recommendation
Amplitude <60% V_nom,
lasting < 1 Sec.
Max. Voltage Dip (Sag) (As per Engineering Recommendation
No. 10 & 7 of Electricity Distribution)
≤1.7 V_nom
Temp. Over voltages (As per Engineering Recommendation
No. 10 & 7 of Electricity Distribution)
≥0.9 at Consumer end
≥0.91 at TRANSCO interface
Power Factor (As per The Electricity Wiring
Regulations, Section 4.1.9)
019
1.3.3 Design Philosophy:
It is mandatory for any planner to know the geography of the planning

area and its load density. The planning exercise begins with
understanding the area, its geography, population, land usage and load
density etc. On the basis of geographical dispersion and also load
densities, total Abu Dhabi Emirates has been divided in to three
planning zones/regions:-
1. Central Region (CR).

2. Eastern Region (ER).
3. Western Region (WR).
Drawing 1.1 to 1.3 presents the detailed map of Central region, Eastern
region and Western Region. Drawing 1.4 presents the entire map of
Abu Dhabi Emirate. The total area of Central Region is 92 Sq. km
(excluding Islands) and 255 Sq.km (including neighboring Islands).
Central Region is densely populated area with skyscrapers and hub for
major commercial activities in the Emirates. The total area of Eastern
region is 12,522 Sq.km and Western region is 43,700 Sq.km. Eastern
Region and Western Region is comparatively less populated and
dispersed. Eastern Region is a mix of high density and low density load
whereas Western Region is predominantly a low density typical rural
load. Each area load characteristics depicts its own traits in terms of
peak load, load density, load characteristics and developmental/growth
avenues.
The design guidelines presented in this annex are based on well-

established load growth planning methodologies using load density as a
key criterion for system expansion and reinforcement design and the
available transmission/sub transmission voltage level. The guidelines
will help to meet the mandated security standards.
In urban areas, the load densities are very high with expected high
demand growth whereas in rural area the load growth is low and
dispersed over a very large area. Urban areas would require large
capacity substations and a number of distribution substations within a
very small reach. As the feeders are not very long, voltage regulation is
not a constraint in urban areas and invariably loading of an asset is a
limitation.
However, locating a suitable substation plot and the required route

corridor for cable circuits is challenge and therefore, influenced
planning in a big way.
020
The design is specified by the engineering design guidelines and
includes guidelines for the following areas of the electric distribution
network:
 Primary Substations
 Sub-transmission and Distribution Network
 Distribution Equipment
 Low-Voltage Network and Equipment
1.3.4 Primary Substations:
The configuration and size of the primary substation is based on the

load density, available transmission voltage and the least cost
configuration that satisfies the security standards.
The following are the recommended substation configurations based on

peak demand.
1. 132/11 kV, 4x40 MVA

2. 132/22 kV, 4x60 MVA (80 MVA transformers was used in some
primary substations, however, this rating is discontinued).
3. 33/11 kV, 2, 3 or 4 x 20 MVA.
A Quality Procedure (PR.AMD/PNDD.09) was issued 01/07/2009 for
“Initiation of Primary Substations” which explains the criteria in which
a new Primary substation shall be initiated.
1.3.4.1 132/11 kV Primary Substations:
132/11 kV primary substations are generally used in Central region as

well as some areas in Eastern region (Khalifa City A, North Mussafah
and Between the Bridges) being comprises of highly dense load.
Due to high load density, the 33 kV sub-transmission (low firm

capacity) is not an economical option and therefore, not recommended.
Hence, the planning for these regions is being done by adopting 132/11
kV system.
All existing 33/11kV substations in high density areas would be slowly

phased out and replaced with 132/11kV system.
021
The standard substation capacity/configuration of 132/11 kV
substation is as depicted in the Table below:
Standard 132/11 kV Substation Configuration

Equipment
SN Rating/specs Value
description
Voltage Ratio 132/11.5 kV
Rating 40 MVA
Total S/S Capacity 160 MVA (4 x 40 MVA)
FIRM Capacity 120 MVA

1 Transformer
Impedance % Z 25%
Number of Taps 24 for Step of 1.25%
Vector Group YNYNO
Type of Cooling ONAF
Rating 1500/1000 kVA

Station
2
Transformer
Impedance % Z 6%
Vector Group Dyn11

48 MVAR (4x12 MVAR), (1
MVAR Rating No. 12 MVAR Bank in each
Bus-Section
3 Capacitor bank
kV Rating 12 kV
YY (Double star
Unit Connection Type
ungrounded)
Type GIS
Continuous Current
2500 A
11 kV Bus Rating
4
couplers Rated Breaking
31.5 kA
Capacity (Icn)
S.C Withstanding
31.5 kA for 3 Sec
Capability
5 11 kV outgoing Type GIS
022
Equipment
SN Rating/specs Value
description
feeder Breakers Continuous Current
630/1250 A
Rating
Rated Breaking
31.5 kA
Capacity (Icn)
S.C Withstanding
31.5 kA for 3 Sec
Capability
Type GIS
Continuous Current
6 Bus Bar -11 kV 2500 A
Rating
S.C Withstanding
31.5 kA for 3 Sec
Capability
TRF Firefighting Automatic fixed water
7 --
equipment spray systems
Incoming Feeders 2500A- 4Nos.(1No.per Bus
Section)
630A-40 Nos. (10Nos. per
Outgoing Feeders
Bus Section, (CT: 600-
400/1A) – Note-1
1250A-8Nos. (2Nos. per
Outgoing Feeders
Bus Section, (CT: 1250/1A)
8 Feeder Details
– Note- 1 &2
Bus-Section Feeders
2500A-4Nos.
Capacitor Bank Feeders 1250A-4 Nos. (1 No. per
Bus-Section )– Note-3
Auxiliary Transformer 630A-2Nos.(1 No. per 2
Feeders Bus-Sections (CT: 100/1A)
The specific protection functions shall be as per latest ADDC/ADWEA

specifications and standards.
* Note:
1) The outgoing cable feeders shall be suitable for termination of two
cables
2) The 2 Nos. 1250A outgoing feeders in each bus-section shall be
located on either side of the bus-section breaker 1 & 3, which are
normally closed. While terminating the outgoing feeders with 2
Nos. of cables, the destination of the feeder shall be at the same
panel.
3) The 1250A capacitor bank circuit breaker identified for capacitor
bank shall be suitable for capacitor switching duty.
023
The operation philosophy of all new 132/11 kV substations are as
follows:
1. In normal operating conditions, 2 Nos. transformers will be

operated in parallel as represented in Drawing 1.5
2. In case of failure of one transformer, three transformers will be
operated in parallel for a duration, estimated by M/s EDF to be
30 minutes, and this is presented in Drawing 1.6.
3. Auto bus coupler closing facility to close the bus couplers in the
event of outage/failure of one transformer.
4. 11 kV system will be operated in open ring as represented in
Drawing 1.7.
The reactive power compensation is provided at the 11 kV bus of the

primary substations. The compensation at the 11 kV bus of the
primary substations will have the following advantage:
 Effective/Optimal usage of the transformation assets as the

transformers will carry less reactive power and can carry more
active power when compared.
 Better voltage regulation (reduced voltage drop) as the
transformer will carry less reactive power.
 Reduced system losses in the system.
 Maintains the power factor to the desired level (0.91).
The general practice adopted in reactive power compensation for the

primary substations is to provide the compensation up to 30% of the
transformer capacity. The Reactive power compensation to be provided
in the primary substation as standard is presented in the table given
above.
1.3.4.2 132/22 kV primary substation:
132/22 kV primary substations are generally used in mega projects

that have been planned in the Emirate. The mega development projects
are of self-contained developments that demand for a dedicated
substation for feeding the loads.
All the mega developments that are expected to have a very high load
density, have been planned with 132/22 kV substation configuration
only to cater to such development on standalone basis.

substation is as presented in the table given below.
024
Standard 132/22 kV substation configuration
Equipment
SN Rating/Specifications Value
description
Voltage Ratio 132/23kV
Rating 60 MVA
Total S/S Capacity 240 MVA
FIRM Capacity 180 MVA

1. Transformer
*Impedance % Z 25%
*Number of Taps 24 for Step of 1.25%
*Vector Group YNyno (d)

1/1.5 MVA (ONAN)-1No.
Rating
Station per 2 Bus-Sections
2.
Transformer
Impedance % Z 6%
Vector Group Dyn11

48 MVAR, 4 x 12 MVAR-
MVAR Rating (1 No. 12 MVAr Bank in
each Bus-Section
3. Capacitor bank
kV Rating 24
Y Y (Double star
Ungrounded)
Type GIS
Continuous Current
2500 A
22 kV Bus Rating
4.
coupler Rated Breaking Capacity
31.5 kA
(Icn)
S.C Withstanding
31.5 kA for 3 Sec
Capability
Type GIS
22 kV outgoing Continuous Current
5. 630/1250A
feeder Breaker Rating
Rated Breaking Capacity
31.5 kA
(Icn)
025
Standard 132/22 kV substation configuration
Equipment
description
S.C Withstanding
31.5 kA for 3 Sec
Capability
Type GIS
Continuous Current
2500 A
Rating
6. Bus Bar -22 kV
S.C Withstanding
31.5 kA
Capability
Single (4Nos.)-22kV Bus
Configuration
shall be a ring formation
TRF Firefighting
7. Deluge System --
equipment
Incoming Feeders 2500A- 4Nos.(1No.per Bus
Section)
630A-32Nos.(8Nos.per
Outgoing Feeders
Bus Section, (CT: 600-
400/1A) – Note-1
1250A-8Nos.(2Nos.per
Outgoing Feeders
Bus Section, (CT:
8. Feeder Details
1250/1A) – Note- 1 &2
Bus-Section Feeders 2500A-4Nos., CT:2500/1A
Capacitor Bank Feeders 1250A-4Nos. (1 No. per
Bus-Section )– Note-3
Auxiliary Transformer 630A-2Nos.( 1 No. per 2
Feeders Bus-Sections (CT: 100/1A)
* Parameters as per the tender document of TRANSCO
The specific protection functions shall be as per latest ADDC/ADWEA
specifications and standards.
* Notes:
1) The outgoing cable feeders shall be suitable for termination of two

cables
2) The 2 Nos. 1250A outgoing feeders in each bus-section shall be
located on either side of the bus-section breaker 1 & 3, which are
normally closed. While terminating the outgoing feeders with 2 Nos.
of cables, the destination of the feeder shall be at the same panel.
3) The 1250A capacitor bank circuit breaker identified for capacitor
bank shall be suitable for capacitor switching duty.
The operation philosophy of the 132/22 kV substation is as follows:
026
1. In normal operating conditions, 2 Nos. transformers will be
operated in parallel as presented in Drawing 1.8.
operated in parallel, for a duration, estimated by M/s EDF to be 30
minutes, as presented in Drawing 1.9.
3. Auto bus-coupler closing facility to close the bus couplers in the
event of outage one transformer.
4. 22 kV systems will operate in open loop and DMS controlled as
presented in Drawing 1.10.

primary substations will have the following advantage:
 Effective/Optimal usage of the transformation assets as the

transformers will carry less reactive power and can carry more
active power when compared.
 Better voltage regulation (reduced voltage drop) as the
transformer will carry less reactive power.
 Reduced system losses in the system.
 Maintains the power factor to the desired level (0.91).
The general practice adopted in reactive power compensation for the

primary substations is to provide the compensation up to 30% of the
transformer capacity. The Reactive power compensation to be provided
in the primary substation as standard is presented in the table given
above.
1.3.4.3 33/11 kV Primary Substations:
In most parts of Eastern and Western Region the loads are distributed
over large area. Due to the low load density, the load will be catered
through a conventional 33/11 kV system. The substation
transformation capacity will be decided based on the expected load.
The standard recommended practice is to use substations with 4, 3 or

2 numbers of 20 MVA transformers.
In some cases where the load is very small and located remotely,
suitably sized 33/11kV package units can be used initially and
replaced by permanent 33/11kV substation as the load grows.

substation is as presented in the table given below:
027
Equipment
Description
Rating 20 MVA
80/60/40 MVA,
Total S/S Capacity
4/3/2 x 20 MVA
FIRM Capacity 60/40/20 MVA
Transformer
1
33/11 kV
Impedance % Z 12.0 %
Number of Taps 20,step of 1.25%
Vector Group Dyn11
Rating 2 x 1.5/1.0 MVA

Station
2 Transformer Impedance % Z 6%
11/0.4 kV
Vector Group Dyn11
24/18/12 MVAR
MVAR Rating
for 4/3/2 x 6 MVAR
3 Capacitor bank kV Rating 12 kV
Y Y (Double star
Ungrounded)
Type Gas(SF6) or Air Insulated
Continuous Current Rating 2500 Amps

33 kV Breaker-
4
type Rated Breaking Capacity
31.5 kA
(Icn)
S.C Withstanding
31.5 kA for 3 Sec
Capability

33 kV Bus
5
couplers Rated Breaking Capacity
31.5 kA
(Icn)
S.C Withstanding
31.5 kA for 3 Sec
Capability
6 11 kV Bus Type Gas(SF6) or Air Insulated
028
Equipment
Description
couplers
Rated Breaking Capacity
31.5 kA
(Icn)
S.C Withstanding
31.5 kA for 3 Sec
Capability

11 kV outgoing
7
feeder Breakers Rated Breaking Capacity
31.5 kA
(Icn)
S.C Withstanding
31.5 kA for 3 Sec
Capability
Type Gas Insulated
8 Bus Bar-33 kV Continuous Current Rating 1600 Amps

S.C Withstanding
31.5 kA for 3 sec
Capability
Type Air Insulated
9 Bus Bar -11 kV Continuous Current Rating 2500 Amps

S.C Withstanding
31.5 kA for 3 sec
Capability
TRF Firefighting Automatic fixed water spray
10 --
equipment systems
1250A, 1 Nos. per Bus
Incoming Feeders
Section, (CT:1250/1A)
Outgoing Feeders
Section, (CT: 600-400/1A)
8 Feeder Details Bus-Section Feeders
Section, (CT: 1600/1A)
1250A, 1 Nos. per Bus-
Capacitor Bank Feeders
Section, (CT: 1250/1A)
Auxiliary Transformer 630A, 1 Nos. per 2 Bus-
Feeders Sections (CT: 100/1A)
The operation philosophy of the 33/11 kV substation is as follows:
4 x 20 MVA Primary Substations:
1. Two sets of two transformers will be operated in parallel refer

to Drawing 1.11.
029
operated in parallel refer to Drawing 1.12.
3. Auto bus-coupler closing facility to close the bus couplers in
the event of outage of one transformer as mentioned above.
4. 11 kV system will be operated in open ring, refer Drawing 1.13.
1. Three transformers will be operated in parallel provided that the

33 kV in-feeders are from the same source, if not, two
transformers can be operated in parallel and one in isolation,
refer to Drawing 1.14.
2. In case of failure of any one transformer two transformers will
continue to operate in parallel, refer to Drawing 1.15.
1. In case of 2x 20 MVA substations, the transformers will be will

be operated in parallel provided that the 33 kV in-feeders are
from the same source, if not, to be operated in isolation, refer to
Drawing 1.17.
2. In case of failure of one transformer, the other transformers will
take the entire load, refer to Drawings 1.18.

primary substations in the rural areas will have additional benefits
other than effective/optimal usage of the transformation assets:
 Helps the system to maintain the voltage stability especially in

the case of primary substations with auto tap changing facility
and fed by long radial lines in the system.
 Can contain the voltage drop and improves the voltage profile in
the rural distribution system.
030
1.3.5 Sub-transmission and Distribution Network:
The configuration and size of the network feeder is based on the peak
load served by the feeder and the least cost configuration that satisfies
the security standards.
1.3.5.1 33 kV Feeders:
The decision to determine the number of feeds at 33 kV for a 33/11 kV

substation is based on the N-1 security criteria; accordingly, in case of
failure of one of the feeds, the healthy feeders should be capable of
feeding the firm capacity of the substation without overloading.
33 kV Feeder Configuration:
SN Description Criteria
1 Substation with 4 transformers Four (4) feeders
2 Substation with 3 transformers Three (3) feeders
3 Substation with 2 or 1 transformer(s) Two (2) feeders
33 kV Feeder Size:
SN Description Size Rating

1 Underground cables 3Cx300 Sq. mm, Cu., XLPE 335A
2 Overhead Line 240 Sq. mm, ACSR 360A
3 Overhead Line 200 Sq. mm. AAAC, Poplar 267A
4 Overhead Line 250 Sq. mm , AAAC Sycamore 305A
The capacity of the above underground cable and the overhead line
conductor is around 20 MVA after considering possible de-rating.
In urban areas, all substations would be fed by underground cables

where the load are relatively concentrated over a limited geographical
area and designated roads and service reservation are easily available.
In rural areas, most of the substations would be fed by overhead lines

where the loads are spread out across wide geographical area.
The overhead lines are susceptible to frequent tripping due to transient

faults and performance/reliability can be greatly improved by giving a
due consideration to the design of the 33 kV OHL on the following:
031
1. The creepage distance for 33 kV line will be as per the standard
practice of 50mm/kV
2. Silicon rubber insulators to replace the conventional porcelain
insulators in coastal areas and where the insulators are
subjected to high level of pollution and humidity. Normally, it is
preferred that the entire length of 33 kV line would be of Silicon
rubber insulators as the incremental cost between the two
options has narrowed down due to the new manufacturing
techniques and wide spread use of polymer insulators.
3. Insulated conductors to be used in areas where the lines are
susceptible to corrosion, large vegetation, and high wind velocity
and in the middle of desert with likely formation of sand dunes
that can impact ground clearances.
4. Sectionalizers to be installed at every 5 km distance (as a
standard) to isolate the faulty portion of the line in the event of a
fault. However, the same needs to be studied with respect to each
line tap-offs.
5. Fault locators to be installed at regular intervals to avoid
extensive patrolling to identify the faults and for quick
restoration.
6. Auto re-closing facility to close (Charge) the line after a transient
fault from a remote end will also be part of the 33 kV line design.
A schematic diagram explaining the philosophy of fault detection
and sectionalizing process is attached in Drawing 1.20.
7. The poles that are normally used in 33 kV OHL design is iron
poles and the grounding of these poles is by running a separate
ground wire throughout the length of the line and grounding at
each and every pole to limit the resistance to 5 ohms as per the
standard practice. The same would be adopted for all the new
designs.
8. It is ADDC general policy to minimize to the most possible extent
the use of OHL T-offs in order to simplify the network and avoid
unnecessary load shedding.
9. The present standard and specifications for OHL is currently
under major review by ADDC to include full details for every
component and introduce new elements that would improve the
overall reliability and performance of the OHL systems.
33 kV Feeder protection:
1. 33 kV cable feeders feeding the primary substation from the grid

substations has to be adequately protected using the following
protection functions
(A) 33 kV Under Ground Cable Feeder:
032
Differential protection using Fiber Optic cable or Pilot wires is
used as a Primary or Main Protection function to protect the
cable feeder, while over current and earth fault functions will be
used as a backup protection for the primary or the main
protection function.
(B) 33 kV OHL Feeder:

Distance protection function will be used as a Primary or Main
Protection function to protect the OHL feeder, while over
current and earth fault functions will be used as a backup
protection for the primary or the main protection function.
2. 33 kV OHL Feeder with PMT’s & T-off’s:

Distance protection function will be used as a Primary or Main
Protection function to protect the OHL feeder, while over
current and earth fault functions will be used as a backup
protection for the primary or the main protection function.
33/11 kV pole mounted transformers (250/315 kVA) are mainly used

to feed the small loads that are typically found in the remote rural
areas and will be fed from a nearest 33 kV source by a tap off
arrangement.
However, some of the remotely located loads cannot be fed by 11 kV

feeders due to the distance involved and voltage drop problems. Such
loads would be fed by using transformers converting directly from 33
kV to a suitable lower voltage such as 6.6kV, 3.3 kV and 0.415 kV. The
choice of the transformer secondary voltage level depends on the size of
the load to be served as well the coverage area of the loads.
For example, 33/0.415 kV Package units/Ground based substations

(630, 1000 and 1500 kVA) are to be used to feed the loads that are very
remotely located with relatively better load concentration. Meanwhile,
33/6.6 kV or 33/3.3 kV transformers are used in dedicated water
pumping stations, Tabreed cooling plants as well as street lighting
feeding arrangements for highway cross emirates roads / union railway
project.
Voltage Drop:
Voltage drop calculations will be computed for all 33 kV proposals

made. This calculation will determine the percentage voltage regulation
to supply demand load to a given distance with particular conductor.
033
The voltage drop of 5% is acceptable for any proposals being prepared
and if the voltage regulation is more than that the proposal, it will be
revised to be restricted to 5% voltage regulation in 33 kV system.
The voltage drop in a distribution lines/cables will be reduced by using

the better size conductor and proposing the substations at an optimum
location. Voltage drop will not be an issue normally in an urban
network.
1.3.5.2 11 kV Feeders:
The decision to determine the number of feeders serving a specific load

is based on the N-1 security criteria, accordingly, in case of failure of
one of the feeds, the healthy feeders should be capable of feeding the
firm capacity without overloading.
The layout of 11 kV feeders should be designed to cover a specific

geographic area around the primary substation where the feeders
originates. The feeders in a geographic area, such as a city, should be
similar in length and impedance.
Open-loop Ring Configuration:
Primary feeders should be arranged as a two feeder open-loop ring

configuration interconnected from the same substation but from
different bus sections. It is proposed not to interconnect the 11 kV loop
between different primaries of different voltage levels to avoid high
short circuit levels in case of faults.
The maximum loading on each feeder will be limited to 50% of its rated
capacity. Refer to Drawings 1.7, 1.13, 1.16 and 1.19 for typical
arrangements.
Switching Station Configuration:
The existing distribution systems are mostly interconnected through

switching stations at 11 kV. These interconnections facilitate load
transfer during any contingency cases and also would result in optimal
utilization of the transformation asset/capacity.
Existing configuration in many areas are having switching station

where three or more feeders interconnected at switchgear with at least
one express feeder. The interconnected feeders should be from different
034
primary transformers and if possible, from different primary
substations.
The design goal is to have on average five non-express feeders backed

up by one express feeder when switching substations are used,
drawing 1.21 presents the typical arrangements of switching stations
with 2 Nos. express feeders feeding up to 10 Nos. of feeders (5 Nos. per
section). The express feeder can back up a maximum of seven
interconnected feeders, drawing 1.22 presents the typical arrangements
of switching stations with 1 Nos. express feeder feeding up to 7 Nos. of
feeders.
This architecture though is efficient in terms of cable utilization, poses

operational challenges and may not cater to some extreme
contingencies.
Exceptional Feeder Configuration:
In a limited number of cases, 4-feeder QRM and 3-feeder TRM

arrangements (Tie Connections) can be used instead of switching
stations as an interim stage provided that there are a few number of
feeders to be interconnected and the initial loads does not economically
justify the construction of a full-fledged switching station.
Also, this arrangements is restricted to the cases where no spare

panels are available at nearby primary substations/switching stations
or the connection to the nearest spare panel would be
economically/technically not justified. These exceptional configuration
are being phased out gradually under load transfer schemes (running
or newly planned).
ADDC approach would be to continue with exiting circuits and replace

with a ring configuration as and when a new primary substation is
commissioned in the area.
11 kV Feeder size:
The underground cable of 3Cx300 Sq.mm, Cu. XLPE will be used as

the main cable, which can carry up to 335 Amps (5.7 MW/6.4 MVA), in
order to utilize the full primary substation firm capacity.
SN Description Size Rating

1 All new networks 3Cx300 Sq. mm, CU, XLPE 335A*
2 Existing networks 3Cx240 Sq. mm ,CU, XLPE 300A*
* Site Ratings.
035
11 kV OHL
The choice of whether to use overhead line (OHL) or underground cable
(UGC) must be consistent with safety, reliability and operational
constraints to ensure that the capacity of the sending end efficiently
matches the supply and demand of electrical energy. The choice
between OHL and UGC is driven by technical, environmental and
economic considerations; for instance:
1. Inhabited areas i.e. residential/industrial areas where the right of
way is already established and well defined it would be brodant
for ADDC to establish UG services.
2. OHL may cause hazardous Risks that impact the
surrounding environment
3. Performance improvement initiative to the existing network that
technically/commercially justify the underground system
investment.
An exception to the above; ADDC may go directly to convert the OHL

into UGC in the situation where the line is
affecting/obstructing/bypassing third party property though official
relocation request..
.
OHL distribution system is mainly used in rural and coastal areas,
where the design philosophy will be similar to the guidelines presented
in the previous section. The auto-reclose facility will be provided for
long 11 kV overhead lines in the rural areas to close the line after a
transient/temporary fault.
The following conductors will be used as a standard for 11 kV feeders

in rural areas.
Rating
SN Description Size
(Amp)
1 Overhead Line - Main 200 Sq. mm AAAC Poplar 267
2 Over Head Line - Spur 150 Sq. mm. AAAC Ash 230
In rural areas, most of the substations would be fed by overhead lines

where the loads are spread out across wide geographical area. The
overhead lines are susceptible to frequent tripping due to transient
faults and performance/reliability can be greatly improved by giving a
due consideration to the design of the 11 kV OHL on the following:
1. The creepage distance for 11 kV line will be as per the standard

practice of 50mm/kV
036
2. Silicon rubber insulators to replace the conventional porcelain
insulators in coastal areas and where the insulators are
subjected to high level of pollution and humidity. Normally, it is
preferred that the entire length of 11 kV line would be of Silicon
rubber insulators as the incremental cost between the two
options has narrowed down due to the new manufacturing
techniques and wide spread use of polymer insulators.
3. Insulated conductors to be used in areas where the lines are
susceptible to corrosion, large vegetation, and high wind velocity
and in the middle of desert with likely formation of sand dunes
that can impact ground clearances.
4. Sectionalizers to be installed at every 5 km distance (as a
standard) to isolate the faulty portion of the line in the event of a
fault. However, the same needs to be studied with respect to each
line tap-offs.
5. Fault locators to be installed at regular intervals to avoid
extensive patrolling to identify the faults and for quick
restoration.
6. Auto re-closing facility to close (Charge) the line after a transient
fault from a remote end will also be part of the 11 kV line design.
Similar to 33 kV OHL, the schematic diagram explaining the
philosophy of fault detection and sectionalizing process typical to
the attached in Drawing 1.20.
7. Copper Clad steel wire to be used as pole earth wire for remote
areas to avoid thefts
8. On load vertical mounted switch fuse installation for PMT and
GMT HV protection to be used.
9. It is ADDC general policy to minimize to the most possible extent
the use of OHL T-offs in order to simplify the network and avoid
unnecessary load shedding.
10. The present standard and specifications for OHL is currently
under major review by ADDC to include full details for every
component and introduce new elements that would improve the
overall reliability and performance of the OHL systems.
11 kV cable feeders originating from the primary substation is being

adequately protected using the over current and earth fault functions
as the main protection function.
Voltage Drop:

037
and if the voltage regulation is more than that the proposal, then it will
be restricted to 5% voltage regulation in 11 kV system.

a better size conductor and proposing the substations at an optimum
network.
1.3.5.3 22 kV Feeders
The design philosophy for the 22 kV distribution networks will be

similar to what has been presented in the previous section for 11kV
networks. However, each 22kV ring will be able to carry a load up to13
MVA. Larger sized transformer up to 3000kVA, with appropriate
%impedance to contain fault level of 50kA at LV switchgear, would be
used.
Open-ring configuration with two feeders interconnected from the

different bus section (adjacent bus sections) of same primary substation
and maximum loading on each loop will be restricted to 13 MVA.
This configuration is used based on prudent practice of keeping the

design simple, as complex designs are expensive and also poses other
challenges in maintenance and operations.
However any specific requirements (as a special case) from the

customers, requesting for provision for closed loop operation can be
considered. This arrangement can be agreed if the consumer is fed from
a dedicated 22 kV loop and from the same/paralleled 22 kV source (s).
22kV power cables shall be associated with dedicated FOC loop and the
number of fibers shall be specified on case to case basis in accordance
with DMS requirement.
Compared to the existing 11kV feeder, 22kV feeder will have double the
loading capacity, accordingly it will solve the space constraints to some
extent since the number of feeders will be less.
For 22/0.4kV public substations installing of transformers rating up to

2000kVA will be considered in areas where higher load demand is
expected and is concentrated within the limit of LV distribution, this
will enhance the LV distribution network.
038
22 kV Feeder Size:
The underground cable of 3Cx300 Sq. mm, Cu. XLPE will be used as
the main cable, which can carry up to 335 Amps (13 MVA), in order to
utilize the full feeder capacity. 300 Sq. mm cable is optimally selected
for distribution based on various constraints including cables bending
radius, spacing between cables for heat dissipation and service
reservations availability.
22 kV cable feeders originating from the primary substation is being

adequately protected using the over current and earth fault functions
as the main protection function.
Voltage Drop:


and if the voltage regulation is more than that, the proposal will be
revised to be restricted to 5% voltage regulation in 22 kV systems.

the better size conductor and proposing the substations at an optimum
network.
1.3.6 Distribution Equipment
This section of the report provides the details pertaining to philosophy

adopted by ADDC for development of distribution substations in
various areas to cater to the demand at Low Voltage.
Criteria for Distribution Substation Loading During Planning:

The percentage loading that is considered during the planning stage to
arrive at number of substations required to meet the requested demand
is 80%. This percentage loading considered for all the substation types
mentioned above.
Following Demand-cum-Coincidence Factor (DF) may normally be used

in absence of actual factors to compute expected peak demand for a
Distribution Substation. ADDC is carrying out a load research study to
039
validate/revise the demand factors and diversity factors to be used for
sizing of the distribution equipment.
The below DF’s are adopted to estimate the Demand Load at the LV
side of the Distribution Transformer. However, additional Coincidence
factors should be applied to estimate the Demand load at upstream
levels to reach feeder level and primary substation level.
Type of Load Factor*

Non-AC loads:
Farm/Izba 0.2
Villa 0.3
Residential &Commercial Bldg 0.3-0.4
Industrial Load 0.4-0.6
AC –Loads:
Split Units (Villa/Farm/Izba) 0.8
Central A/C & District Cooling
0.9
(Commercial Bldg/Industrial)
NOTE: These factors can be used in absence of actual factors and the factors will be
revised based on the result of proposed study currently in progress.
The number of transformers/substations in a feeder/ring is determined

on the basis of the expected maximum loading on each transformer,
irrespective of the size of the transformer.
1.3.6.1 11/0.4 kV Distribution Substations:
The following provides information on the selection criteria and

application of distribution substations. The type of substations covered
includes indoor substations, package units and RMU’s (QRM, TRM).
RMU’s are generally preferred over Metal enclosed switchgear in ADDC

public installations (up to 2 Nos. of transformers) considering their
technical performance, reduced cost and suitability to fit most of the
network requirements over the disadvantage of their relatively lower
short circuit capacities.
However, metal enclosed switchgear arrangement shall be used in non-

typical configurations especially for bulk connections where 3 Nos. or
more transformers are used and presence of other requirements such
as backup generators and interlocking schemes.
040
1. Permanent Distribution Substation with Two Transformers:
Permanent substations with two transformers (2x1500kVA) are
recommended in both urban and rural areas to serve multiple
customers where the load requirement exceeds 1.5MVA and to be
located in the load center.
Permanent Distribution Substation with Single Transformer:
Permanent substations with single transformer (1x1500kVA) are
recommended in areas planned for low load density type of
development and defined load is less than 1.5MVA. Also for areas
where additional capacity in the existing substation cannot be
utilized due to geographic conditions, plot locations, service
corridor facilities etc.
Single transformer permanent substations are also recommended

in completely developed urban areas where constraints in
obtaining proper substation plots and also constraints in service
corridor for the LV distribution.
2. Package Units (P/U):

11/ 0.4 kV P/Us are installed in the distribution system when the
permanent load is not likely to exceed 1.5MVA or installed to meet
the demand for a shorter duration (temporary load). In such cases
package type substations are economical, quick and easy to
install.
The following are the constraints that have to be validated before

considering the using of package units:-
 Space Constraints- For the completely developed and existing

urban areas, package units will be kept as a permanent
solution, if there is no possibility to obtain plot for a permanent
substation with single or double transformer as defined earlier.
P/U plot size required is 4mx4m.
 Overload Relieving – Temporary package units are recommended
if other LV load reinforcements not feasible.
 Time Constraints - Temporary package units are recommended
to facilitate customer connections due to the delay in obtaining
substation plot approvals.
 Low density Rural areas & Remote areas –package units are
recommended if the load requirement is less than 500kW and
not likely to exceed within short period and to be replaced by
Ring Main substations when full development has taken place.
041
 Street Lighting – Package units are recommended in long
highways through rural and remote areas. But for any new
developments in rural or urban areas, the street lighting
network to be fed from the Ring Main substations.
3. 11/0.4 kV RMU:
A typical RMU based substation located in a typical 11 kV loop will
comprise of the following:
i) Ring Main Unit (TRM/QRM).

ii) Distribution Transformer(s).
iii) LV distribution Board.
Drawing 1.23 presents the standard electrical substation

configuration of typical Distribution Substation.
The loading of each bus-section will be restricted to a demand of

1.5 MVA and sectionalizing arrangement shall be provided for any
load demand exceeding 3.0 MVA.
It’s recommended to have substation with TRM configuration only

for public distribution system, closer to the load point, unless high
load density justifies installation of QRM. All distribution
substations should be accessible to ADDC O&M staff on 24 Hrs.
bases and connected to the main road.
Ring Main Unit (RMU) Configuration:
The RMUs shall be of Vacuum/SF6 type. The RMUs shall have a

standard switch for incomer and outgoing feeders and circuit
breaker (vacuum) for the transformer feeder.
The RMU shall be fitted with 2 Nos. Earth Fault Indicator with
remote indication at both incomer/ring outgoing feeder.
The RMU with HV circuit breakers are used for transformer

outgoings based on the standard design practice adopted by
ADDC. The reason behind using the breaker is to have O/C and
E\F protection for the transformer and for remote operation as
well
The RMUs will have the facility to monitor and control from
remote. The Feeder rating would be 630 Amps and the
Transformer Circuit Breaker rating would be 200 Amps. The
042
RMUs will be fitted with Self powered numerical O/C and E/F
Relay.
The RTU for remote operation will be powered by auxiliary supply

of 24 V DC, which will be part of the RTU panel. The RMU and
RTU shall be interfaced through a standalone marshaling panel.
New generation RMUs available in the market that can be
programmed for automatic open close operation to reduce the
interruption duration are recommended for use in VIP areas and
other essential loads.
Distribution Transformer Sizing:
In order to have an optimum inventory and spares, it is proposed

to use the following Distribution Transformer sizes, as a Standard,
in the network:
Distribution Transformer Details

S Transformer Vector %
Ratio Tap Range
N Capacity Group Impedance
1 1500 kVA 6% +5%, No. of
11/0.415
2 1000 kVA Dyn11 5% Taps 2 with
kV
3 500 kVA 4% step of 2.5%
The distribution transformers shall be hermetically sealed

corrugated fully filled with oil rather than the conventional
transformers with the conservators.
LV Distribution Boards (LVDB):
Following standard capacities will be utilized in the network:

O/G
No. of
Bus Fuse
Distribution Incomer 400A
S Bar TR to LVDB- Base
TR Capacity Rating fused
N Rating Connection /fuse
(kVA) (Amps) switch
(Amps) Rating
outgoings
(Amps)
1Cx630sqmm
8+1(Spare)
1 1500 2700 2700 -11Runs (3 x 630/400
+1(Space)
3ph + 2 N)
1Cx630sqmm
6+1(Spare)
2 1000 1800 1800 -7Runs (2 x 630/400
+1(Space)
3ph + 1 N)
1Cx630sqmm
4+1(Spare)
3 500 900 900 -4Runs (1 x 630/400
+1(Space
3ph + 1 N)
043
The incomers will be off-load isolator and the outgoing will be Fuse
based. In case of two transformer substations, a combined LVDB
will be installed with two (2) bus-sections with bus-section
isolator.
This interconnection facility at the LV level will result in additional

security of supply, in case of a failure of one of the transformers
and also during periodic maintenance. Drawing 1.24 presents the
standard arrangement along with the downstream LV system.
1.3.6.2 22/0.4 kV Distribution Substations:
RMU’s are generally preferred over Metal enclosed switchgear in ADDC

public installations (up to 2 Nos. of transformers) considering their
technical performance, reduced cost and suitability to fit most of the
network requirements over the disadvantage of their relatively lower
short circuit capacities.
However, metal enclosed switchgear arrangement shall be used in non-

typical configurations specially for bulk connections where 3 Nos. or
more transformers are used and presence of other requirements such
as backup generators and interlocking schemes.
Typical 22/0.4 kV distribution substation in a typical 22kV feeder loop

shall comprise the following:
i) Ring Main Unit (TRM/QRM) or Metal enclosed Switchgear **

ii) Distribution Transformer(s)
iii) LV distribution Board
** The specified short circuit level at 22kV for distribution system emanating from
132/22 kV Primary substation with 4x80 MVA transformers is 25kA for 1second
and distribution system emanating from 132/22 kV Primary substation with 4x60
MVA transformers is 20kA for 1 second. This specified level of short circuit is
irrespective of its location in the loop.
Ring Main Unit Configuration:
These RMUs shall be of Metal enclosed type. The RMUs shall have
circuit breaker rated 630A for both Ring feeders (incomer and
outgoing feeders) and transformer feeders. The Ring feeders will
have the facility to monitor and control from DMS.
The RMU shall be fitted with 2 Nos. Earth Fault Indicator with
remote indication at both incomer/ring outgoing feeder.
044
The transformer feeder will be fitted with Self powered numerical
O/C and E/F Relay. The RTU for remote operation will be powered
by auxiliary supply of 24V DC, which will be part of the RTU panel.
Distribution Transformers:
In order to have a minimum inventory and spares, it is proposed to

use the following Distribution Transformer sizes as a standard in
the network:
22/0.4 kV Distribution Transformer Details

S Transformer Vector %
Ratio Tap Range
N Capacity Group Impedance
1 2000 kVA 7% +5%, No. of
22/0.415
2 1500 kVA Dyn11 6% Taps 2 with
kV
3 1000 kVA 5% step of 2.5%
The distribution transformers shall be hermetically sealed,

corrugated and fully filled with oil rather than the conventional
transformers with the conservators. Dry type transformers are
mainly used where ever the transformers are situated inside the
buildings and used primarily for safety purpose to avoid any fire
hazards.
LV Distribution Boards:
Following standard capacities will be utilized in the network:

O/G
Bus Fuse No. of
Distribution Incomer
S Bar TR to LVDB- Base/ 400A fused
TR Capacity Rating
N Rating Connection fuse switch
(kVA) (Amps)
(Amps) Rating outgoings
(Amps)
1Cx630sqmm
12+1(Spare)
1 2000 3600 3600 -14Runs (4 x 630/400
+1(Space)
3ph + 2 N)
1Cx630sqmm
8+1(Spare)+
2 1500 2700 2700 -11Runs (3 x 630/400
1(Space)
3ph + 2 N)
1Cx630sqmm 6+1(Spare)+
3 1000 1800 1800 630/400
-7Runs (2 x 1(Space)
3ph + 1 N)
The incomers will be having off-load isolator and the outgoing will be
Fuse based. In case of two transformer substation, a combined LVDB
045
will be installed with two (2) bus-sections with bus-section isolator. This
interconnection facility at the LV level will result in additional security
of supply, in case of a failure of one of the transformers and also during
periodical maintenance.
Mega Development Demand Calculation
Based on the UPC approved master plan, the developer’s consultants

would calculate the demand at the Primary Level to ascertain the total
demand requirement for the complete development. During the
preparation of the infrastructure report, only the following data are
made available:
 Gross Floor Area (GFA) for each plot

 Category of consumption (Land use pattern)
Hence, in order to have a standard philosophy for all developments,

ADDC has established interim criteria to calculate the total
development load which is listed hereunder:
Total Demand
Diversity Factor
Connected Factor
Overall
load incl.
Demand-cum-
Among SSs
S Cooling
Land use Diversity
Among
Among
FP/ST
Loops
N Specific within Factor
Consumption the Plot (@ PRY Level)
(W/Sqm)
1 Residential 135 0.57 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.4
2 Commercial 150 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.5
3 Public 180 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.5
Low Voltage Distribution Network Planning & Design Guidelines:
There are various factors to be considered when choosing the secondary

distribution system configuration. Based on the infrastructure
development plan of each area and type of development the load
requirement shall be varied.
The following assumptions are primarily considered for new areas

without an existing network. For an area that is defined for residential
development, the following factors are considered during planning:
046
1. Maximum number of villas/buildings can be constructed in each
plot based on plot size and GFA as permitted by DMA/Town
Planning Department or UPC.
2. New customers with peak demands up to 250 kW and connected

load less than 500 kW shall be considered as LV consumer and
shall be fed from ADDC public substation.
3. Buildings with peak demand exceeding 250 kW or connected load

exceeding 500 kW, customer shall be considered as HV consumer
and should have a private substation to serve the load within the
customer’s premises or plot.
4. Buildings with numerous ADDC customers, the building owner’s

internal electrical installation will be used to connect the customer’s
installation to the ADDC assets.
LV Planning Procedure for Areas with Existing Network:
The receipt of Load Demand Notification (LDN) initiates the process of

LV Planning. LDN is submitted along with all other relevant
information for further processing by the customer to Customer Service
Directorate. The nearest feeding point would be identified from which
the new load can be fed.
Loading of all the associated elements along with upstream elements

would be verified and possible impact of addition of new load on to the
network would be determined.
The recorded peak load of the distribution transformer and associated

feeder pillar would be extracted from the database (Reflection/GIS
Information System), if available, where the phase wise peak load
details are recorded. Loading will further be revalidated with the help of
field staff, if required.
It is to be ensured that the new added load is not going to over load any
of the upstream elements. The feeding scheme prepared to supply
electricity to new consumer would consider the following:
1. Selection of LV equipment (feeder pillar type, fuse ratings, cable

sizes) shall be based on the demand load calculated as per the LV
load type.
2. The maximum cable distance from the substation to feeder pillar

(FP) to be restricted to 250 meters and 200 meters from feeder pillar
047
to service turret (ST). Service cable to consumer’s metering panel
from the FP or ST to be restricted to 100m.
3. In few cases where there are no sources nearby and the load has to
be fed from a farthest sources then the cable will be upgraded to the
next size to increase the load transfer capability, reduce voltage drop
and loses to an extent.
4. If there is no space or spare capacity available in the nearby feeder

pillar then a new feeder pillar will be proposed. The proposed feeder
pillar box would be proposed/designed in such a way that the LV
system would be reconfigured and rearranged to avoid future
overloading on the system and also to facilitate additional new
connections in future from these feeder pillars.
5. In case if there is no spare facility in the nearby distribution S/S or

P/U, where the proposed FP to be connected, or the existing S/S or
P/U are very far, then reinforcement proposal including new S/S or
P/U shall be processed to arrange source of supply.
Low-Voltage Cable Selection:
The low voltage (LV) cable size is based on the load on the cable, voltage
drop and voltage flicker caused by the starting of larger loads such as
an air-conditioner.
The maximum low voltage (LV) cable length is limited by the voltage
drop and voltage flicker. The maximum voltage drop that is accepted to
meet the voltage standards is 6% for the LVDB including LV cable and
service cable.
The maximum total circuit length of LV cable from the LV panel of the
S/S to the building service entrance should be less than 450 meters
(from LVDB to FP & to Consumer metering point) in order to maintain
the voltage drop minimum.
In some situations the LV cable may need to be longer because it will be

less expensive to install the LV cable that is greater than 300 meters
than it is to install a separate substation, especially if the new load is
less than 300 kW and doesn’t justify the installation of a new
substation.
These cases will require a separate evaluation using the cost of

alternative designs and the voltage drop data in order to select the
optimum design. The solution for these loads that are more than 300
048
meters from the substation will require a bigger cable size than normal
to be installed in order to provide adequate voltage to the consumer.
The normal practice is to use four-core copper underground LV cables.

The existing cable sizes used are: 16, 25, 50, 70, 95,120, 150, 185 and
240 mm². The 630 mm² cable, single core, is used to connect between
the low voltage terminals of the distribution transformers and the low
voltage board or the customer switchgear.
The LV cable should be sized based on the peak load and not the
connected load for the distribution network and the selection of service
cables to individual plots are based on respective demand load. The
voltage drop is required to be calculated to ensure the service will
supply the proper voltage.
Voltage Drop:
Voltage drop calculations will be computed for all the LV proposals. This
calculation will determine the percentage voltage regulation to supply
demand load to a given distance with particular conductor.
Minimum permissible voltage at a consumer connection point is 400V
less 6 % (376 V).
The voltage drop in a distribution lines/cables can be limited within the

permissible level by using higher sized conductor, proposing the
substations on the load center and locating LV distribution equipment
at an optimum location in order to maintain the distance as minimum
as possible and follow standard installation methods to achieve
minimum voltage drop.
LV Cable Selection- Summary Tables
The following tables provides the information about permissible LV

cable loading, cable de-rating factors, voltage drop, cable route length
etc. required for the sizing of LV cables and its protection fuse rating.
Table -1
DERATING FACTOR- PARAMETERS
SN Factors Considered Rating factors
1 Soil Thermal Resistivity (1.2°C/m/W) 0.99
2 Depth of Laying (80 cm) Multiple cables 0.96
3 Ground Temp 45°C 0.76
4 Grouping Factor (4 Cables –Horizontal) 0.81
049
DERATING FACTOR- PARAMETERS
SN Factors Considered Rating factors
With 30 cm spacing between cables
Final De-rating Factor 0.59
Table -2
MAXIMU LV CABLE ROUTE LENGTH
SN Description Max.Length
From Distribution Substation LVDB to the
1 250 m
Feeder Pillar
2 Direct from LVDB to the consumer panel 350 m
3 Feeder Pillar to the Service Turret 200 m
Consumer Connection from Feeder Pillar or

4 100 m
Service Turret (Service Cable)
Table – 3
PERMISSIBLE VOLTAGE DROP
SN Description %Vd
From Distribution Substation LVDB to the
1 3%
Feeder Pillar
2 Feeder Pillar to the Service Turret 2.5%
3 Service Turret to consumer kWH Meter 0.5%
From Consumer Main DB to the final light/

4 4%**
socket outlet
** As per the Electricity Wiring Regulations 2007 -Revision 1, 2009

Table -4
LV CABLE CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY
Current Carrying Capacity Recommended Loading of
S Cable Type/Size
(A) (as per manufacturer’s Cable (A) (after applying de-
N (Sq. mm)
catalogue) rating factors)
1 4Cx16 115 68
2 4Cx25 150 89
3 4Cx35 180 107
050
LV CABLE CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY
Current Carrying Capacity Recommended Loading of
S Cable Type/Size
(A) (as per manufacturer’s Cable (A) (after applying de-
N (Sq. mm)
catalogue) rating factors)
4 4Cx50 215 127
5 4Cx70 265 157
6 4Cx95 315 187
7 4Cx120 360 213
8 4Cx150 405 240
9 4Cx185 460 273
10 4Cx240 530 314
Table -5
LV FUSE RATING & CABLE SIZE CORRESPONDING TO LOAD
Max Load
Sl Demand Load Recommended Recommended
Current range (A)
No. Range (kW) Cable Size mm 2 Nearest Fuse Rating
@0.9pf
1 0-40 64 16 80A
2 40-55 88 25 100A
3 55-70 112 50 125A
4 70-90 144 70 160A
5 90-115 184 95 200A
6 115-125 200 120 224A
7 125-140 244 150 250A
8 140-170 272 185 300A
9 170-200 320 240 355A
400A-Direct from
LV Panel/separate
10 200-250 400 2x120/2x185
fuse O/G with
lower capacity
Low-Voltage Distribution Equipment:
LV load to individual consumer is fed from substation LVDB through

feeder pillars, service turrets, or service cable directly to the building.
The following provides information about commonly used equipment in
LV distribution network.
051
LV Feeder Pillars:
Feeder Pillars shall be outdoor type consist of fully enclosed (including

incoming and outgoing cables) vandal, weather proof housing installed
on a suitable concrete foundation in public areas such as sidewalks,
pavements etc.
Services with total peak demand less than 250 kW shall be fed from
feeder pillars. The feeder pillar bus bar shall be rated for 800A, it has
two in-coming cables of 4Cx240 Sq. mm size from two different outgoing
fuses of LVDB and connected through 630A solid link and all the
outgoings are fuses.
There are two types of feeder pillars based on the number of outgoings
(Type-A and Type-B). Following standard types are utilized in the
network.
LV FEEDER PILLAR DATA

Max
O/G O/G
I/C- Incoming O/G
B/B I/C O/G Fuse Fuse
Item (Solid Cable size cable
Rating (No.) (No.) Base Rating
Link) (Sq.mm) sizes
Rating (Max)
(Sq.mm)
250A- Up to
Type 2Nos 4cx150
630A 2x4Cx240
A 800A 2 4+1Space 400A
(6Way) 300/35 Up to
0A-2Nos 4cx185
160A- Up to
Type 3Nos 4cx70
630A 2x4Cx240
B 800A 2 6+1Space 250A Up to
(8Way) 200A-
4cx120
3Nos
The selection of feeder pillar type is based on the load demand of

individual consumer and total number of consumers to be connected. If
the load demand of individual consumer is high, type-A feeder pillar will
be used and if the individual load demand is less and number of
consumer is more, type-B will be preferred.
Since the maximum demand that can be met by a Feeder Pillar is up to

630 amps and by considering the factors of existing network component
ratings (Outgoing fuse rating of Substation LV Panel 400 Amps,
Maximum size of LV cable used is 240 Sq.mm).
052
It is proposed to have two cables (240 Sq.mm) from different outgoings
of Substation LV panels to each feeder pillar for the optimal utilization
as the feeder pillar is rated for 800A.
Note: For planned areas with defined residential load of very low density,
Feeder pillars with single incoming cable of 4Cx240 mm2 cable can be
considered under the following conditions together:
 Individual demand load less than 60kW

 No future load expected
 The substation transformer is lightly loaded
 Voltage drop within the limit.
LV Service Turret:
Service Turrets shall be outdoor types consist of fully enclosed

(including incoming and outgoing cables) vandal, weather proof housing
installed on a suitable concrete foundation in public areas such as
crowded sidewalks, pavements etc.
Power supply for small shops, farms, street lighting control cabinets etc.
is fed directly from the service turret. The service turrets bus bar shall
be rated for 400A; it has one incoming connected through 630A solid
link with provision for terminating XLPE cables up to 4x240 mm² sizes
and four outgoing fuses.
The outgoing services are usually fused with 125 or 160 amps fuses.
SERVICE TURRET DATA

O/G F O/G O/G
I/C- I/C Cable
B/B I/C O/G use Fuse cable
Item Conne size
Rating (No.) (No.) Base Rating sizes
ction (Sq.mm)
Rating (Max) (Sq.mm)
125A- Up to
250A
4Cx70/120 4Nos 4cx70
ST
400A 1 4 630A /185/240
(4 Way) 300A- Up to
400A 1No(Loop 4cx185
out)
LV Distribution Cubicle for 11/0.4 kV Pole-Mounted Transformer

Substation:
The free standing LV Distribution Cubicles which is to be utilized at

Pole-Mounted 250 kVA 11/0.4 kV Transformer Substations to
053
distribute LV power, shall be installed on a suitable concrete foundation
or fixed at metallic structures below Pole-Mounted 11/0.4 kV
Transformer.
The housing shall consist of only one compartment with two doors and
shall be of heavy- duty hot molded glass reinforced plastic (GRP) with a
reinforced lockable door.
LV Distribution Cubicles are equipped with MCCB for incoming

transformer feeder and various Fuses for outgoing feeders with
provision for terminating XLPE cables up to 4x240mm² sizes.
LV DISTRIBUTION CUBICLE
Pole Mounted Outgoing Fuse

Bus Bar Rating Incomer MCCB
SN Transformer Ways / Rating
(Amps) Rating (Amps)
Capacity (kVA) (No. /Amps)
1 250 500 400 6/125
1.3.7 Earthing System in ADDC:
The earthing system is installed as an integral part of electricity

distribution system to minimize the potential rise of earthed metallic
parts that may become energized due to fault currents and also to
provide return paths for fault current and to allow these fault currents
to be sensed and rapidly disconnected from the system.
The criteria in the design of the earthing/grounding system shall be the

safety of personnel and the proper operation of the electrical equipment
during normal operation and during transient disturbances such as
short circuits in the electric power system and during lightning
discharges.
Design calculations shall be carried out according to IEEE Std.80,

(latest version). The earthing scheme for Distribution Substation based
on the prevailing ADDC practice is as per the drawing attached
(Drawing 1.25, end of Chapter.).
Minimum 2 (two) Nos. safety earthing shall be provided for each

electrical equipment installed within the substation. The earth
resistance value of 1 Ohm shall be achieved for all distribution
substations. Suitable number of pits, depth of the electrode shall be
designed to achieve 1 Ohm value. The earth pits that are being
constructed should be suitable for future maintenance to improve the
earth resistance values, in case of any deterioration.
054
The earthing scheme as per the prevailing practices shall have three
separate earthing grid / pits for System earthing (Transformer Neutral),
Safety earthing (HV), Safety earthing (LV).
ADDC has initiated a comprehensive study to review the existing

earthing practices adopted in the distribution system and would change
these practices if required based on the outcome of the study and this
section of the document would be updated accordingly. The study has
already been completed and results are integrated with ADDC Earthing
specification.
Following materials sized shall be used for the earthing system:
1) Grounding Grid: 240 Sq.mm. (min.)

2) Earth Bars: 50 x 6 mm Cu.
3) Trf. Neutral Grounding cable: 240 Sq.mm (min.)
The earthing practice adopted for the overhead lines is presented here:
Steel work in wood poles shall be earthed at all sections, "H"poles and
other "H"poles which are fitted with transformers, cable boxes or other
apparatus. At such "H"poles all steel work will be bonded and earthed.
Earthing and bonding wire of 70/35mm2 will be stapled to poles at
intervals < 30cm. At Pole mounted transformer location, two
Earthing points are to be provided. One Earthing point for LV System
LV Cut out and LV Cables, The other point should be for HV system
separated by a distance of not less than 5 meters. Transformer body
and all Steel Works, Lightning Arrester on the pole should be connected
to main HV Earthing point. It is being taken care that no connection
between these two points exists.
Earthing will be done by boring and installing earth rods to reach the
required resistance value (less than 10 Ω). It will be ensured to add only
approved suitable environmental friendly material to enhance
the resistance value. If required more earthing points will be created
and connect them together by suitable Conductor to achieve the
minimum acceptable earth resistance.
1.4 System Improvement Works:

Apart from planning the system to cater to the future demand, it is
necessary to identify the requirements of the system for
improvement/augmentation to enhance the system performance.
055
The system performance reports with the reliability indices published
regularly, would give the information about such bottle necks in the
system affecting the reliability/security of supply. Although the system
is already designed to meet such criteria/guide lines in the beginning,
it may deviate from those criteria during the actual operation due to
some other factor or changes in reference conditions. The reliability
indices along with the other parameters would be monitored
continuously by the planning team to identify the reasons for outage or
deviation in the supply standards. Based on such inputs, system
augmentation/expansion would be proposed to improve the system
performance.
1.5 Asset Replacement:

The scheduled asset replacement shall be part of the plan and all the
assets that have surpassed their useful life and based on condition
have to be replaced in time. When the asset is not replaced right in
time, this may pose threat to the system integrity and may fail
catastrophically in the future due to increased demand on the
equipment. The schedule replacements for the future (5 years) will be
identified in advance and incorporated in the 5 Year Planning
Statement, so that the equipment, if possible, may be upgraded to
higher capacity instead of replacing it, depending upon the area plan. A
well-structured asset replacement plan integrated with expansion plan
would optimize overall costs increases and the reliability and
availability of the equipments.
The asset replacement policy is underpinned by asset age, performance

and criticality. Ultimately, the assets condition and efficacy is used as
the main driver for our decision on whether or not to replace an asset
Other considerations in our asset replacement plan include:
 Personnel safety.
 Condition monitoring results.
 Performance statistics such as failure frequency, outage duration
and number of occurrences.
 Criticality of Assets (based on type of customers).
 Network criticality (such as N-1 compliance)
 Life cycle cost
 Age of assets.
 Obsolescence.
 Feedback from field staff.
 Environmental hazard if any
056
Assets will be replaced considering above mentioned points and a
standard table is attached for reference.
After performing the analysis based on procedure template the

prioritization of replacement projects will be carried out as per below
table.
Less than
*ARRC (%) 60% 70% 80% 80-100%
50%
Include in the
Include in the Include Urgent
Replacement No plan in 5 5 year plan
5 year plan next year Execution
Plan year with least
higher priority CAPEX required
priority
*ARRC-Asset risk report code created as per replacement template.
Asset replacement is therefore in general condition-based rather than

age-based. Optimisation of capital investment and maintenance costs is
an important part of ADDC’s capital investment efficiency requirement
(mandated under our Licence conditions). This requires comprehensive
evaluation of the condition, performance and risk associated with the
assets, to provide a clear indication of the optimal time for assets’
renewal. Often it may be more efficient to extend the life of asset to
beyond normal predicted asset life, by servicing or refurbishing the
assets. Asset life cycle costing is an important factor for this process.
The following approved Life cycle costing procedure is adopted .
Purpose of procedure:
 To achieve better outcomes from Assets by considering ongoing

operating and maintenance costs along with capital costs, since
they consume more resources over the asset’s service life.
 To enable accurate and timely decision making to reduce cost of

asset creation, operation and disposal.
 Steps for computation of Life Cycle Cost
057
Step 1: Determine useful life cycle of an asset based on estimated
length of time during which the asset is able to deliver a
given level of service.
Step 2: Estimate value of each cost element that will be incurred in

every year.
Step 3: Calculate Net Present Value of each element, for every year
(over its time period)
Step 4: Summation of Present Values (PV)
Step 5: Analysis
Asset Life cost analysis can be completed to help determine whether the
asset should be maintained or replaced, taking into various factors
contributing to Asset efficiency.Asset condition evaluation is based on:
 Condition monitoring based on asset condition of each

equipment,
 Criticality of assets, Life cycle cost, Obsolescence etc...
The asset performance evaluation is also based on asset fault records

and reactive maintenance records. Once an asset is identified for
replacement, ADDC’s prioritisation methodology is applied to determine
the ranking of replacement projects as per above mentioned points. This
methodology is based on assessing the criteria giving rise to the need for
replacement, the importance of the asset in question; the impact should
the asset fail and the likelihood (probability) of such failure.
The factors considered also involves the health and safety risk, risk to
assets, risk to the company’s reputation, financial impacts and
potential effects on the environment. The final project prioritisation list
(that incorporates scoring based on conditions and performance as well
as risk assessment), along with budgetary estimates and optioneering
form the basis of the annual replacement budgets for each fiscal year. It
is essential to capture and maintain adequate information on the
performance of assets in the field in order to undertake accurate
assessments.
058
1.6 Risk Management:
ADDC aims to increase awareness of the need of risk management and
provide a common risk management framework to manage all business
risks across the enterprise. ADDC Risk Management policy forms part
of ADDC’s internal control and corporate governance structure and is
an integral part of good practice asset management.
The policy aims to:-
1. Ensure that risks are identified, analysed and prioritised so that

appropriate proactive response planning is developed and
implemented.
2. Manage risk in a proportionate and timely manner in compliance
with all legal, regulatory , statutory and business obligations.
3. Identify and reporting major emerging or escalating risks that
may be outside the business’s control to permit timely
development of appropriate response strategies.
4. Make informed and risk- based decisions to create, operate,
maintain and dispose assets across the business.
5. Maintain a sound system of internal control and escalation by
considering all risks to safeguard shareholder investment,
customer service and the company's assets.
1.6.1 Risk management strategy:
Risk management strategy is required to facilitate a consistent trade-off

between performance, cost and risks by following best international
practices and standards and to obtain credible results that can be relied
upon by ADDC management to make robust business decisions.
The plan is to implement risk management system is to minimize
uncertainties and informed risk-based decisions, the main risk process
include:-
1. Identifying , recording and assessing risks;

2. Qualifying those risks in terms of the effects they have on the
company objectives;
3. Assigning a risk owner with the appropriate span of control to
each risk;
4. Ensuring that an appropriate risk response plan is in place;
5. Monitoring and controlling identified risks in terms of risk
treatment and changing circumstances.
059
6. Ensuring there is continuous improvement of the risk
management system to the benefit of ADDC.
The ADDC risk management framework is shown in the diagram below.

It shows how each level of management, including the Board receives
appropriate and regular assurance about the management of risk
within their span of control. This framework ensures that the
appropriate management teams are provided with sufficient information
to allow them to plan actions with respect to risks where:
 The risk is not acceptable;

 There is assurance about risks which are considered to be
acceptable or under control;
 Important risks/ issues develop suddenly or emerge and
need to be escalated.
Figure 1 - ADDC Risk Management Framework
060
1.7 Safety Requirements:
Safety is of Paramount importance in electricity distribution. Safety
requirements are to be met without any exception to safeguard human
life, property and environment. The prerequisites for safe operation and
maintenance of the electricity distribution system are enumerated in
ADDC System Safety Rules document. All the aspects/requirements of
the General safety adopted by ADDC are enumerated in brief below.
1. Electrical and mechanical items of equipment are inter-connected

to form electromechanical systems. These systems contain some
inherent dangers, but are carefully designed so that when
operated normally they are safe and all hazards are under
control. All Electrical Apparatus shall be constructed, installed
and maintained so as to prevent danger.
2. ADDC shall safeguard its staff, other workers, and the general
public, from its Electrical Apparatus when in normal use and
under all other reasonably foreseeable circumstances.
3. All Electrical Apparatus shall be sufficiently sized and rated to

safely carry out the function for which it is required and all
Electrical Apparatus shall be insulated appropriate to the
function it serves, in consideration of the expected operating
environment, so as to prevent danger.
4. All Electrical Apparatus that are constructed of metallic or

conducting material, or comprises significant metallic or
conducting parts, which may come into contact with persons,
shall be earthed so as to prevent the occurrence of a sustained
voltage on such parts.
5. All Electrical Apparatus shall be protected against damage due to

excess current (caused by a fault or overload) by suitable
protective devices.
6. Any electric cable buried in the public road, footway or other

public area shall be installed at a minimum depth of 0.6 m for LV
and 0.8 m for HV. Such cables are buried marked and/ or
protective tile installed 0.1 m above the cable position. All buried
cables shall be constructed to include a metallic screen which
shall serve the function of an electromagnetic shield and which
may also be used for the purpose of earthing.
061
7. Overhead lines shall be installed at an adequate height so as to
prevent Danger. As a minimum, the height of overhead lines for
LV will be 6 m and for HV will be 7.5 m. Poles, towers and
supports for overhead lines will be marked with a warning label.
8. All Electrical Apparatus are suitably labeled so as to give

information on its basic operating parameters, its source of
supply, location in relation to other Apparatus, and any
precautions that should be taken. Where Apparatus is accessible
or visible to the general public it is labeled with a warning:
“DANGER 400 VOLTS” or similar wording in prominent letters.
This warning is displayed in English and Arabic.
9. All Electrical Apparatus must be suitably located so as to provide

safe access for operation, maintenance and repair and must be
protected against accidental or deliberate interference or damage.
10. Electrical Apparatus must be adequately maintained and

inspected at appropriate intervals. Relevant procedures are
defined in ADDC System Safety Rules document.
11. All the equipment are operated according to approved System

Safety Rules.
062
063

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1 Planning Criteria and Design Philosophy-2016

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Planning Criteria & Design Philosophy

1.2 Planning Process: ......................................................... 5

1.2.2 Load Forecasting: .................................................. 8

1.2.3 Forecasting Methods: ............................................ 8

1.2.4 Approaches Adopted by ADDC: ............................ 12

1.3 Planning Criteria: ....................................................... 15

1.3.1 Supply Security Standard: .................................. 15

1.3.2 Power Quality Standards/Guidelines: .................. 18

1.3.3 Design Philosophy: ............................................... 20

1.4 System Improvement Works: ...................................... 55

1.5 Aged Asset Replacement: ............................................ 56

1.6 Risk Management: ...................................................... 59

1.6.1 Risk management strategy: ................................. 59

1.7 Safety Requirements:.................................................. 61

To pursue the above objective, a holistic approach in the overall

 Planning Requirements and Development Process.

The planning and development of electricity distribution network shall

ADDC is obliged under Condition 3 of its license to maintain a

The Company shall also comply with the “Code of Practice/Guaranteed

Technical and Performance Standards in particular the Engineering

ADDC is in the process of finalizing Standard Connection

This document will also finalize the specific terminologies (public/

Once the system design/plan meets the technical criteria, economic

The feasibility studies are carried out to conclude whether the

Formulate New Proposals

The planning process is affected/influenced by so many diverse factors.

All the inputs/factors and their consideration while planning, are

The ability to forecast the demand for electricity is a fundamental

Over estimation of demand may lead to unnecessary investment in

Even with the best available information, forecasting by nature is not

The term forecast refers to projected load requirements determined

1.2.3 Forecasting Methods:

For forecasting the demand for electricity many reliable statistical

(A) Trend analysis:

If the uncertainty of extrapolated results is to be quantified using

(B) Econometric Method:

The econometric method determines energy demand by considering the

Input is subjected to many sources of uncertainty including errors of

Sensitivity analysis is a statistical technique for understanding and

There are several possible procedures to perform sensitivity analysis

 Specify the target function and select the input of interest

This method is most readily applied to the residential sector, because

(D) Scenario Based Approach:

A scenario is a time–ordered sequence of events bearing cause effect

Scenario analysis is a means by which “decision makers understand

The growth in demand is attributable mainly to two factors; one is from

LDN Data received will be processed and a consolidated report

Define Functional Relationship

Collect past Data of the Variables

Select Model (Best fitting Trend

Carry out Regression Analysis

Perform Load Forecast for all the

Consolidated LDN report will be prepared to quantify the additional

The additional demand determined from LDNs will be compared with

Due to the limited availability of data currently, it is not possible to

Sum of area/sub-station wise peak is to be used to compute regional

As per the License Agreement it is mandatory to share the forecast

1.3.1 Supply Security Standard:

The planning criterion is established based on the currently accepted

No Supply Interruptions following

Group Demand within 3 Hours

50% of the Group Demand within

No Supply Interruptions following