ASHRAE - Fundamentals of Psychrometrics

Fundamentals of
Psychrometrics
Second Edition
Don Brandt
si
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A Course Book for

Self-Directed or Group Learning
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Learning Institute
Includes Skill Development Exercises

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Fundamentals of
Psychrometrics
Second Edition
Don Brandt
A C o u rse B o o k fo r Self-D irected o r G ro u p Learning
/—v
ASHRAEy
Atlanta
Fundamentals o f Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
A Course Book for Self-Directed or Group Learning
ISBN 978-1-939200-32-7 (paperback)
ISBN 978-1-939200-33-4 (PDF) ASHRA^
SDL Number: 00327
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Dear Student,
Welcome to this ASHRAE Learning Institute (ALL) self-directed or group learning course. We look forward
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Continuing Education Opportunities
from the ASHRAE Learning Institute ASHRA^
Self-Directed or Group Learning Learning Institute
ASHRAE offers texts for self-study or group training with instructor materials. Texts cover
the basics o f what practicing engineer needs, and skill development exercises are included to eval
uate progress. ASHRAE offers the following course books:
Fundamentals o f Air System Design Fundamentals o f Psychrometrics
Fundamentals o f Building Operation, Mainte Fundamentals o f Refrigeration
nance, and Management Fundamentals o f Steam System Design
Fundamentals o f Heating and Cooling Loads Fundamentals o f Thermodynamics
Fundamentals o f Heating Systems Fundamentals o f Water System Design
Each course book includes the following:

• Clear and concise discussion o f the technical topic covered
• Examples that show how to apply the lesson’s principles
• Skill development exercises that test students’ ability to apply the newly acquired knowledge
and answer sheets to assess progress in learning the material
Those who complete a course receive a certificate designating continuing education (CE)
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mine whether an activity qualifies for that body's continuing education credits.
ASHRAE eLearning
ASHRAE is a continuing education provider o f the American Institute o f Architects (AIA)
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U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). Continuing Education (CE) hours earned from ASHRAE
courses may be applied toward maintenance o f state-licensed professionals (Architects and Pro
fessional Engineers) and Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design® (LEED®) Green
Building Rating System credentials.
ASHRAE offers over 130 eLearning courses focusing on specific topics and 18 course pack
ages that cover a topical area and include several related courses. ASHRAE offers the following
course packages:
AC Design Electrical System Design
HVAC Systems Standard 62.1
HVAC Control Systems Standard 90.1
DDC Controls Standard 90.1 for Architects
Small Office Buildings Standard 189.1 for High-Performance
Small Retail Buildings Green Buildings
Sustainable Buildings Data Center Equipment Load Trends
AC and Refrigeration Principles and Planning
AC and Refrigeration Equipment Data Center Thermal Guidelines
Fundamentals: Electricity Data Center Liquid Cooling
Don Brandt is an ASHRAE member from Phoenix, Arizona, who
spent 39 years (4 o f them part time) with Trane Co., mostly as a Com
mercial Sales Engineer and Sales Manager. He was involved in thou
sands o f projects over that time period, including many with large
industrial customers that had special HVAC and process applications.
Brandt also taught the Trane A/C Clinic series many times to young
engineers starting out in the industry.
Brandt has also been active in ASHRAE at all three levels o f orga
nization— Chapter, Regional, and Society— during this same period.
He is a charter member and past president o f the Anthracite Chapter in
Northeast Pennsylvania. He was the Technical, Energy and Govern
ment Activities Committee (TEGA) Regional Vice Chair for Region X,
the TEGA Vice Chair and Chair in 2002, Region X Director and
Regional Chair from 2002-2005, on the Board o f Directors from 2002-
2005, and a member o f Standards Committee from 2005-2009 as a
Standards Project Liaison Subcommittee (SPLS) Liaison. In 2001 he
became a member o f Professional Development Committee, moving up
to Chair in 2013. He is currently a member o f the Energy Targets Mul
tidisciplinary Task Group, a Nominating Member for Region X, and
Member o f the Appeals Board for Standards.
Brandt is a 1974 graduate o f Penn State with a BS in Electrical
Engineering and an active member o f the Alumni Association. In retire
ment, he is an instructor for the successful ASHRAE HVAC Essentials
Course, both Levels 1 and 2, that is held both in the United States and
internationally. He also teaches a portion o f the Association o f Energy
Engineers (AEE), Arizona Chapter, Certified Energy Manager (CEM)
preparation class held on an annual basis.
Contents
Preface....................................................................................................................... . xi
Acknow ledgm ents............................................................................................. xiii
Chapter I: Introduction to Psychrom etrics........................................ . I
Introduction...................................................................................................... . I
Enthalp y........................................................................................................... . 2
Air D e n s ity ...................................................................................................... . 2
Volumetric Airflow versus Mass Flow Calculations.................... . 2
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter I ..................................... . 4
Chapter 2: Properties of Moist A i r ......................................................... . 5
Introduction...................................................................................................... . 5
Tem perature................................................................................................... . 5
Humidity........................................................................................................... . 6
Enthalp y........................................................................................................... . 6
Specific Volum e............................................................................................. . 6
Using Appendix A ........................................................................................ . 6
Terminology and Symbols for Psychrom etrics............................ .7
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 2 ..................................... . 8
Chapter 3: Introducing the Psychrom etric C h a r t .......................... II
Th e Modern Age of Psychrometrics................................................... II
Creating the Psychrometric C h a r t ...................................................... II
Finding Seven Psychrometric Quantities.......................................... 14
Climatic Design Information.................................................................... 16
Psychrometric Chart for Extended Temperature and Altitude 17
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 3 ..................................... 19
Chapter 4: Air-Conditioning Processes
on the Psychrom etric C h a r t ....................................................................... 21
Th e Power of the Psychrometric C h art............................................. 21
Sensible C o o lin g .......................................................................................... 22
Sensible H e atin g .......................................................................................... 22
Latent Heat A d d ition.................................................................................. 23
Latent Heat Rem oval.................................................................................. 23
Total Heat C o ntent..................................................................................... 25
Cooling and Humidifying......................................................................... 26
Heating and Hum idifying......................................................................... 28
Dehumidification and Heating................................................................. 30
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 4 ..................................... 32
viii C o n te n ts
Chapter 5: H V A C Design and the Psychrom etric C h a rt.............................35

Schematic of an Air-Conditioning System.........................................................35
Mixing Airstreams— Cooling Systems................................................................. 35
Mixing Airstreams— Heating System s................................................................. 37
Sensible Heat Ratio— C ooling ............................................................................... 38
Sensible Heat Ratio— Cooling with Outdoor A i r ........................................40
Psychrometric Process— Heating..........................................................................41
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 5 ...................................................... 44
Chapter 6: Psychrom etrics in H V A C E q u ip m e n t...........................................47
Th e Ar-Handling Unit:
Heart of the Commercial Air-Conditioning System.....................................47
Psychrometrics of a Cooling C o il..........................................................................47
Psychrometrics of Fan H e a t.....................................................................................49
Psychrometrics of a Heating C o il..........................................................................50
Humidification Equipm ent........................................................................................50
Chapter 7: Psychrom etrics in Zoned H V A C System s.................................. 57
Constant-Volume and Variable-Air-Volume Systems.................................. 57
Constant-Volume, Single-Zone System ............................................................58
Constant-Volume, Single-Zone System with Reheat.................................. 59
Constant-Volume, Single-Zone System
with Face and Bypass Dampers on the Cooling C o il.................................. 60
Constant-Volume System with Terminal R e h e a t........................................62
Constant-Volume Multizone and Dual-Duct System s............................... 63
Variable-Air-Volume Systems for Multiple Z o n e s ........................................65
Variable-Air-Volume Systems with Heating VAV Boxes.............................66
Chapter 8: Energy Conservation and Psychrom etrics.................................. 73
Introduction.................................................................................................................... 73
Heat Recovery D evices............................................................................................. 73
Energy Recovery D e v ic e s ........................................................................................78
Air-Side Econom izer................................................................................................... 81
Water-Side E co n o m ize r...........................................................................................81
Supply Air Temperature Reset............................................................................... 83
Chapter 9: Special Applications and Psychrometric Considerations . . .87
Introduction.................................................................................................................... 87
Cooling T o w e r s ........................................................................................................... 87
Indoor Swimming Pools............................................................................................. 89
C le a n ro o m s.................................................................................................................... 90
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (SI), Second Edition ix
Direct Evaporative C o o lin g .....................................................................................93

Indirect Evaporative C o o lin g ..................................................................................96
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 9 ......................................................98
Appendix A : Therm odynam ic Properties of Moist A i r ............................. 101
Appendix B: Dimensions, Units, and Unit Conversion Factors. . . . 105
Appendix C : Climatic Design Inform ation..........................................................107
Appendix D : Therm odynam ic Properties of W ater at Saturation . . 1 3 7
Skill Development E x e rc is e s ......................................................................................141
Preface
Psychrometrics is a tool HVAC designers use to determine the

amount o f moisture in the air and to provide solutions to designers for
the ultimate comfort o f building occupants. It can be used to size air
handling units; optimize energy performance; identify control sensors
for building automation; describe the performance o f cooling coils,
cooling towers, and humidification equipment; and evaluate heat recov
ery strategies.
Yet the use o f psychrometrics and the psychrometric chart is differ
ent from designer to designer. Some do not use the psychrometric chart,
relying instead on simplified formulas or complex computer simula
tions. Others use the chart only for special situations, such as indoor
swimming pool applications. And some use it as their primary system
evaluation tool.
This course is meant to cover all o f these uses o f the psychrometric
chart, to have som ething for all these different backgrounds, and to be
an introduction for the young designer who has yet to pick an approach.
The course addresses the use o f psychrometrics and the psychrometric
chart for typical applications and systems and includes some theory.
This theory not only sets the basics but also gives students an apprecia
tion o f the simplification that the psychrometric chart provides. The
psychrometric chart gives a visual description o f HVAC design, one
that could never be appreciated from formulas alone.
This second edition o f the psychrometrics self-directed learning
(SDL) course was rewritten in an attempt to teach the fundamentals o f
psychrometrics in about half the time as the previous version. The
author has used his 42 years o f experience in the HVAC industry as the
expertise for the format and content.
Acknowledgments
I need to acknowledge a few folks who helped me out on this first

publishing adventure o f my life. My wife JoAnn was the person who
put my scribble into a nice Word document. John Duren, Sales Engi
neer for MPSW in Phoenix, did various equipment selections that are
used in the course. Mick Schwedler and John Murphy from Trane
Applications Engineering Department in La Crosse, Wisconsin, were
there when I need some technical help and review. And I would like to
thank ASHRAE staff for their understanding and help to make this a
finished publication.
Introduction to
Psychrometrics
Study Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to
□ understand the basic processes o f psychrometrics,

□ understand enthalpy and volumetric airflow, and
□ understand the basic formulas o f HVAC design.
Instructions
Read the material in Chapter 1. At the end o f the chapter, complete the skill
development exercises without referring to the text.
Introduction
Psychrometrics is an analysis tool that HVAC engineers use to provide
solutions to comfort issues. These issues can be related to human comfort or
process comfort depending on the applications.
If the air surrounding us were totally dry, our job as HVAC engineers
would be very easy and probably boring. But, because all air we work with
contains some amount o f moisture in the form o f water vapor, our jobs get
more complex.
The four basic processes that an HVAC system can perform on moist air
are as follows:
• Cooling— Lowering the air temperature

• Heating— Raising the air temperature
• Humidification— Raising the moisture content in the air
• Dehumidification— Lowering the moisture content in the air
Note that HVAC processes can also be a combination o f the above four
basic actions. These combinations include the following:
• Heating and humidification— Increasing the temperature and moisture con

tent o f the air at the same time
2 C h a p te r I Introduction to Psychrometrics
• Heating and dehumidification— Increasing the temperature and decreasing

the moisture content o f the air at the same time
• Cooling and humidification— Decreasing the temperature and increasing
the moisture content o f the air at the same time
• Cooling and dehumidification— Decreasing the temperature and moisture
content o f the air at the same time
These combination processes provide an infinite number o f potential

actions. For example, consider the cooling and dehumidification combination
process. We have a solution that drops the temperature 12 degrees and only
drops the dew point (defined later) 1 degree Another solution drops the tem
perature 5 degrees and the dew point 5 degrees. So, there are thousands o f solu
tions with too many temperature and dew-point combinations to list.
Enthalpy
We will use the property o f the enthalpy o f air throughout this course.
Enthalpy is the sum o f the internal energy or the total heat content o f the air. In
other words, warm and hum id air can have the same heat content as hot and dry
air. So the energy required to cool warm/humid air in the G ulf Region o f North
America might be close to the energy required to cool hot/dry air in the South
west deserts. Enthalpy h is subdivided into the following:
• hda = enthalpy o f dry air at 0% relative humidity

• hs = enthalpy o f saturated air or 100% relative humidity
• has = enthalpy differences between hda and hs
Air Density
Elevation has an effect on psychrometric analyses. As elevation changes, so
does the air density. This means the constants used in equations will change
and different psychrometric charts (Chapter 3) are required for proper calcula
tion.
For this course we will use sea level as atmospheric pressure for all calcula
tions unless otherwise noted.
Volumetric Airflow versus Mass Flow Calculations

For easier understanding, we will use volumetric airflow in cubic meters
per second (m /s) rather than mass flow for our calculations throughout this
course.
Standard air is defined as air at sea level or 101.325 kPa o f barometric pres-
sure and 20.8°C tdb. The density o f air at sea level is 1.20 kg/m .
The three equations we will use in our calculations are for sensible heat
(qs), the total heat required (qt), and latent heat (qj):
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (S I), Second Edition 3
qs (W) = 12 1 0 x airflow in m3/s x (/, - 12) in °C ( I • I)
where the constant 1210 is derived from the following:
1.20 kg/m3 x 1.006 kJ/(kg-K) x 1000 J/kJ =1 2 1 0 J/(m3-K)
where 1.006 kJ/(kg-K) is the specific heat o f air.
qt (kW) = 1.20 kg/m3 x airflow in m3/s x {Jix - h2) in kJ/kg (1-2)
qt (kW) = 3010 x airflow in m3/s x (»vj - w2) in kg/kg of dry air (1-3)
where the constant 3010 W is derived from the following:
2500 kJ/kg x 1.2 kg/m3 x 1.006 kJ/(kg-K) = 3010 W
where 2500 kJ/kg is the latent heat o f water vapor and 1.006 kJ/(kg-K) is the
specific heat o f air.
4 C h a p te r I Introduction to Psychrometrics
S k ill D e v e l o p m e n t E x e r c i s e s f o r C h a p t e r I
Complete these questions by writing yo u r answers on the worksheets at the back o f this book.
1-1 How many basic processes o f air conditioning can be performed on moist air?
a) Two
b) Three
c) Four
1-2 Which combination process will increase both the temperature and the mois
ture content?
a) Cooling and dehumidification
b) Heating and dehumidification
c) Heating and humidification
1-3 Enthalpy is the total heat content o f the air.

a) True
b) False
1-4 Change in elevation has no effect on the air density.

a) True
b) False
Properties of
Moist Air
Study Objectives
□ define some fundamental properties used in psychrometrics and

□ understand how to use Appendix A.
Instructions
Introduction
This chapter defines the properties that an HVAC engineer uses to do psy-
chrometric analysis. The properties are temperature, humidity, enthalpy, and
specific volume.
Temperature
The temperatures we are concerned about in HVAC systems are the follow
ing:
• Drv-bulb temperature: The measure o f the surrounding air temperature

with a standard thermometer in degrees Celsius (°C) without influence on
the thermometer by heat sources or solar heat gain.
• Wet-bulb temperature: The measure o f the moist effect on the evapora
tion process in the air. Using a standard dry-bulb thermometer, place a cot
ton sock on the sensing portion. Next, soak the sock in ambient-
temperature water and, by rotation, move surrounding air across the sock.
The temperature will drop below ambient because o f the evaporative or
cooling effect on the sensing bulb. It will continue to drop until most o f the
water is evaporated into the surrounding air. This is the wet-bulb tempera
ture and may also be called wet-bulb depression. Any further drying o f the
sock will result in the temperature going back up to the ambient dry-bulb
temperature.
6 C h a p te r 2 Properties of Moist Air
• Dew-point temperature: The measure o f the dry-bulb temperature at the

point where water vapor starts to condense to liquid or be removed from
the air. This is also referred to as the condensation point, because it is the
temperature at which the water turns to liquid from vapor in the airstream.
• Saturation temperature: The temperature at which the air cannot hold
any additional water vapor. At the saturation temperature, the dry-bulb,
wet-bulb, and dew-point temperatures are identical.
Humidity
Humidity is the moisture in the air. We can talk about it in two ways:
• Humidity ratio: The mass in grams o f water vapor per kilogram o f dry air
• Relative humidity: The actual amount o f moisture in the air at a given dry-
bulb temperature versus the maximum amount o f moisture in the air at the
same dry-bulb temperature. It is expressed in percentage because it is a par
tial moisture/maximum moisture ratio. At constant moisture content, as
soon as the dry-bulb temperature changes, so does the relative humidity.
Enthalpy
The energy content o f air is defined as the enthalpy o f the air or the total
heat content o f the air. It is expressed in kilojoules (kJ) per kilogram o f dry air
(kJ/kgâ). Again, warm/humid air can have the same enthalpy as hot/dry air, so
it takes the same amount o f energy to cool either airstream to a comfortable
condition.
Specific Volume
Specific volume is the cubic metres per kilogram o f dry air (nr /kgda). It is
the inverse o f air density (kg/m3).
Note that specific volume changes as the dry-bulb temperature changes, but
not nearly as much as it changes with the effect o f higher altitude.
Using Appendix A
The table in Appendix A lists thermodynamic properties o f moist air at
101.325 kPa. For each dry-bulb temperature in °C, we have values for the fol
lowing:
• Humidity ratio at saturation

• Specific volume at dry, saturated, and differential conditions
• Specific enthalpy at dry, saturated, and differential conditions
• Specific entropy at dry, saturated, and differential conditions (not used in
this text)
We will use this table as we go through the text.
Terminology and Symbols for Psychrometrics

h = enthalpy o f moist air, kJ/kg o f dry air
ha = specific enthalpy o f dry air, kJ/kg o f dry air
hw = specific enthalpy o f water vapor, kJ/kg o f dry air
p = total pressure, usually barometric, kPa
pw = partial pressure o f water vapor, kPa
pa = partial pressure o f dry air, kPa
q = rate at which heat is transferred to a process, W
tdb = dry-bulb temperature o f moist air, °C
t\vb = wet-bulb temperature o f moist air, °C
tdp = dew-point temperature o f moist air, °C
v = specific volume o f moist air, m /kg o f dry air
va = specific volume o f dry air, m3/kg o f dry air
w = specific volume o f water vapor, m /kg o f dry air

v„vg = specific volume o f saturated water vapor, m3/kg o f dry air
W = humidity ratio o f moist air, kg (water)/kg (dry air)
Ws = humidity ratio o f moist air at saturation, kg (water)/kg (dry air)
<j> = relative humidity the ratio o f actual moisture amountto maximum
moisture amount, % rh
For dimensions and units used in air-conditioning applications and a table

o f unit conversion factors for converting between Inch-Pound (I-P) and Sys-
teme International (SI) measurement units, see Appendix B.
8 C h a p te r 2 Properties of Moist Air
S k ill D e v e l o p m e n t E x e r c i s e s f o r C h a p t e r 2
Complete these questions by writing your answers on the worksheets at the back o f this book.
2-1 Dry-bulb temperature is measured with a wet sock around the sensing bulb.
a) True
b) False
2-2 Saturation temperature o f air is the point at which the dry-bulb, wet-bulb, and
dew-point temperatures are equal.
a) True
b) False
2-3 Relative humidity does not change as the dry-bulb temperature changes.
a) True
b) False
2-4 The dry-bulb temperature can be above the dew-point temperature.

a) True
b) False
2-5 According to Appendix A, what is the specific enthalpy hs o f saturated air at

5°C?
a) 15.231863
b) 18.63
c) 5.02
d) None o f the above
2-6 According to Appendix A, under the same condition cited in Exercise 2-5,
what is the specific volume v?
a) 0.811
b) 0.794
c) 0.006
2-7 According to Appendix A, what is the specific enthalpy o f dry air hâ at 50°C?
a) 52.33
b) 225.03
c) 50.31
a) 0.915
b) 1.24
c) 0.012
Introducing the
Psychrometric Chart
Study Objectives
□ describe how the psychrometric chart was developed,

□ understand how to read the psychrometric chart, and
□ use climatic design information from tables published by ASHRAE.
Instructions
The Modern Age of Psychrometrics

In this chapter, you will leam about the psychrometric chart and how to use
it in HVAC problems. You will see how to construct and then use the psychro
metric chart.
The psychrometric chart was developed by Willis Carrier in the early
1900s. It has been refined over time for more accuracy to provide better results.
The chart contains seven important psychrometric variables, represented on the
chart by the following symbols:
h th = dry-bulb temperature
{wb = wet-bulb temperature
ldp = dew-point temperature
4> = relative humidity
h = enthalpy
W = humidity ratio
V = specific volume
Creating the Psychrometric Chart

We will now discuss how to construct the psychrometric chart and plot the
seven important properties on the chart. Using Figure 3-1, start with the x-axis
(the horizontal line across the bottom) and plot dry-bulb temperatures on a lin
ear scale from low on the right to high on the left.
12 C h a p te r 3 Introducing the Psychrometric Chart
Next we go to Appendix A and get the saturated humidity ratio Ws values

from 0°C to 50°C. Note the Ws values are in kilograms and need to be multi
plied by 1000 to derive grams. Then, put the y-axis (the vertical line on the
right side) on a linear scale from low on the bottom to high on the top.
We develop the saturation line (the heavy dark curve shown in Figure 3-1)
by the intersection o f the Ws value and the vertical dry-bulb line. Remember,
the dry-bulb, wet-bulb, and dew-point temperatures are equal on the saturation
line. Lines o f constant humidity ratio are all horizontal.
Figure 3-2 shows that the dew-point temperature is where the dry-bulb tem
perature intersects the saturation line. A line o f constant dew point goes hori
zontally on the psychrometric chart.
Going to Figure 3-3, we can get the value o f the enthalpy at saturation (hs)
and again plot that value on the saturation line for that dry-bulb temperature.
To find the other end o f the enthalpy line, we simply take the hs value and
go to Appendix A and look for a very close value in the hda column. Once we
find it, that dry-bulb temperature is the intersection point for that enthalpy line
with the x-axis.
For example, 15°C db has a value o f 42.11 kJ/kg, so wc plot this value at
the 15°C saturation temperature. We go to Appendix A and search for a value
o f 42.11 kJ/kg in the hda column and find it at 42.1°C db. Those two points
Figure 3-1 Beginning the psychrometric chart.

Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (S I), Second Edition I3
Fig ure 3-2 Plotting intersection of dew-point tem perature on the psychrom etric chart.
Figure 3-3 Plotting enthalpy on the psychrometric chart.

establish the 42.11 ki!kgda enthalpy line. Lines o f constant enthalpy are sloped
and are solid dark.
Figure 3-3 also shows that lines o f constant wet-bulb temperature are
almost parallel to lines o f constant enthalpy. Lines o f constant wet-bulb tem
perature are sloped and dotted, as shown in Figure 3-4.
Figure 3-4 shows specific volume lines. We plot them by going to Appen
dix A and, at a given saturation temperature, getting the vs value and inserting
it on the saturation line. Then we look at the table for the same value at a higher
temperature, and that is the x-axis intersection point for the other end o f the
specific volume line.
Finding Seven Psychrometric Quantities

The psychrometric chart shown in Figure 3-4 is sufficient to provide imme
diate and complete characteristics o f a moist air parcel, even if only a small
amount o f information is known about that parcel. More specifically, if any two
o f the seven important psychrometric variables (tdb, tdp, twf), <|), A, v, W) o f a
moist air sample are given (for a specific barometric pressure), then all o f the
remaining ones can be determined immediately from the chart.
E x a m p le 3 -1
P ro b le m Given a sample o f air where tdb = 21°C and (j) = 60% rh, determine its dew
point.
So lu tio n Using Figure 3-4, the location point is at the intersection o f the conditions
stated in the problem. Moving to the left in a straight line indicates that the sat
uration curve is crossed at a temperature o f 13°C. This is the dew-point tem
perature.
E x a m p le 3-2
P ro b le m What is the enthalpy o f the 21°C and 60% rh parcel o f air from Example 3-1?
So lu tio n Again using Figure 3-4, the location point is the same. Following the line o f
constant enthalpy up the enthalpy scale reveals that the enthalpy o f this point is
45 kJ/kgrfa.
E x a m p le 3-3
P ro b le m Find the wet-bulb temperature for the point in Example 3-1.

0> *0
DRY B U LB TE M P ER ATU FE °C
i
o
l
-
s
§
Figure 3-4 A SH RAE Psychrometric Chart No. I.

So lu tio n Again using Figure 3-4, follow the constant wet-bulb line to the saturation line,
then drop straight down to read a temperature o f 16°C, the wet-bulb tempera
ture.
E x a m p le 3-4
P ro b le m Use Figure 3-4 to find the specific volume o f tdb = 21°C and <j) = 60% rh.
So lu tio n Finding this point on Figure 3-4 reveals that it is located between the values o f
0.84 and 0.85 m'Vkg for specific volume. Further inspection o f the figure indi
cates that there are more lines o f constant specific volume that are unmarked. It
appears that each o f these represents an increase o f 0.01 x\?/kgda. Therefore, it
can be determined that the intersection is a specific volume o f 0.846 m3/k g ^ .
E x a m p le 3-5
P ro b le m Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, find the tdb, tdp, twb, 6, and humid
ity ratio I f o f a parcel o f air that has a specific volume o f 0.88 m 3/kgda and an
enthalpy o f 60 kJ/kgda.
So lu tio n tdb = 32.3°C, tdp = 15.2°C, twh = 20.9°C, $ = 36% rh, ^ = 1 0 .8 g/kgda
Notice that the dew point and relative humidity both needed interpolation.
There are many methods o f interpolation. Most engineers simply “eyeball”
interpolate by doing a visual scaling between the lines o f the chart. There is an
art to this that is learned by practice, but results in error by less than =El% can
be achieved.
Climatic Design Information

Outdoor weather conditions have a lot to do with the air conditioning and
heating processes described in this book. Climatic design information for the
United States, Canada, and other countries is provided in Appendix C.
For our examples, we will use the “2%” column under the “Cooling DB
MCWB” heading in Appendix C as our design conditions. This means that
only 2% o f the total hours, in an average year, are above the listed dry-bulb
temperature. Note that columns for 0.4% and 1% o f the time are also shown.
Using a blank psychrometric chart and Appendix C, plot the outdoor
design conditions (tdb and mean coincident wet-bulb temperature [0.4%]) for
summer in the following cities (label them). You will use these outdoor design
points as we go further into this course.
• Miami, Florida, USA

• Phoenix, Arizona, USA
• Denver, Colorado, USA

• Sydney, Australia
• Montreal, Quebec, Canada
• Dubai, UAE
• London, England
The plotted points are shown in Figure 3-5.
Psychrometric Chart for

Extended Temperature and Altitude
The psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4 is for sea level and normal tempera
tures (0°C db to 50°C db). It is available from ASHRAE as Psychrometric
Chart No. 1.
Psychrometric charts are available at 750, 1500, and 2250 m elevations
(Charts No. 4 and No. 5), at low temperatures o f -40°C to 10°C (sea level,
Chart No. 2), and at high temperatures o f 10°C to 120°C (sea level. Chart No.
3).
Figure 3-5 Climatic design information plotted on the psychrometric chart (detail).
If you do work at these elevations and temperature ranges, please use the
appropriate charts. Also, do not forget to correct the sensible heat formula,
enthalpy formula, and humidity ratio formula constants for air density changes
using the equations included at the end o f Chapter 1.
S k ill D e v e l o p m e n t E x e r c i s e s f o r C h a p t e r 3
3-1 On a psychrometric chart, the y-axis is humidity ratio and the x-axis is:
a) Relative humidity
b) Dew-point temperature
c) Dry-bulb temperature
d) Wet-bulb temperature
3-2 Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the relative humidity o f
an air parcel with W = 6.4 and tdb = 15°C.
a) 60% rh
b) 70% rh
c) 80% rh
d) 90% rh
3-3 Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the dew-point tempera
ture o f an air parcel with tdb = 21°C and (j) = 50% rh.
a) 10°C
b) 12°C
c) 15°C
d) 19°C
3-4 Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the humidity ratio W o f
an air parcel with a saturation temperature o f tdb = 10°C.
a) 6.5
b) 7.6
c) 30%
d) 10°C
3-5 Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the specific volume v
o f an air parcel with tdb = 21 °C and W = 10.
a) 0.82
b) 0.846
c) 0.86
d) none o f the above
20 C h ap ter 3 Introducing the Psychrometric Chart
3-6 According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is the enthalpy o f
tdb = 25°C dry air?
a) 22
b) 35
c) 76
d) 25
3-7 According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is the wet-bulb tem
perature o f a moist air parcel with tdb = 21°C and <|) = 50% rh air?
a) 21°C
b) 14°C
c) 10°C
d) 13°C
3-8 According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is the dew point o f
tdb = 10°C saturated air?
a) 10°C
b) 4°C
c) 0°C
d) -5°C
perature o f tdb = 21 °C dry air?
a) 0°C
b) -4°C
c) 4°C
d) 6.5°C
3-10 Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, plot the points tdb = 21°C, h = 24,
and tdb = 21°C, twb = 14°C, then connect the points with a line. Upon investiga
tion o f the line, which o f the following is the best description?
a) The line is almost vertical.
b) The line has a slope o f about 45° (angle).
c) The line almost horizontal.
Air-Conditioning
Processes on the
Psychrometric Chart
Study Objectives
□ understand the air-conditioning processes shown on the psychrometric

chart and
□ understand the use o f the HVAC equations provided.
Instructions
The Power of the Psychrometric Chart

This chapter applies the processes discussed in Chapter 2 and the proper
ties o f moist air discussed in Chapter 3 to the psychrometric chart. But before
we start, we must first define two processes, sensible heat transfer and latent
heat transfer.
Sensible heat transfer (qs) is changing only the dry-bulb temperature o f the
air and can be sensible cooling (lowering the temperature) or sensible heating
(raising the temperature). On the psychrometric chart, it is pure horizontal
movement, right to left or left to right only. We can use the following equation
for sensible heat change at sea level:
qs (W) = 1210 x airflow x (tx - t2) in °C (4 -1)
where airflow in cubic metres per second, t\ is the initial temperature, and t2 is
the final temperature.
Latent heat transfer (<q/) is changing only the moisture content o f the air or
changing only the humidity ratio o f the air. It is vertical-only movement on the
psychrometric chart, top to bottom or bottom to top only. We can use the fol
lowing equation for latent heat change at sea level:
<7/ (W) = 3010 x airflow x (Wx - W2) in g/kg o f dry air (4-2)
22 C h a p te r 4 Air-Conditioning Processes on the Ps/chrometric Chart
where airflow in cubic metres per second, W\ is the initial humidity ratio, and
W2 is the final humidity ratio.
Sensible Cooling
We will first show the air conditioning process o f sensible cooling. It is a
horizontal process on the psychrometric chart, moving from the right to left.
For example, our entering temperature (71 is at 38°C db, = 10% rh, and we cool
the air to 16°C db as shown in Figure 4-1. The leaving t2 is at 16°C db and (f) =
37% rh. Note the humidity ratio o f ^ = 4 .1 did not change.
If we apply our example airflow o f 2.35 m3/s to the problem, then
qs = 1210 x airflow x - t2)

= 1210 x 2.35 m3/s * (3 8 ° C - 16°C)
= 1 2 1 0 x 2.35 x (22) = 62 550 W cooling
Sensible Heating
Next we will review the air-conditioning process o f sensible heating. It is
also a horizontal process on the psychrometric chart, but from left to right. In
this example, our entering temperature (7) is 21°C db, <() = 51% rh, and we heat
the air to 43°C db as shown in Figure 4-2. The leaving t2 is 43°C db and <j) =
14% rh. Note the humidity ratio o f W= 7.9 did not change.
Figure 4-1 Sensible cooling shown on the psychrometric chart.

If we apply our example airflow o f 2.35 m3/s to our sensible heat equation,
then
qs = 1210 x airflow x (tj - t2)

= 1 2 1 0 x 2.35 m3/s x (2 1 °C -4 3 °C )
= 1 2 1 0 x 2.35 x (22) = 62 550 W heating
Latent Heat Addition

The addition o f latent heat, or the addition o f moisture content to air, is the
next area o f focus. It is a vertical movement, from bottom to top o f the psy-
chrometric chart. For example, the entering conditions o f tdb = 27°C and <|>=
18% rh have a W = 4.5 humidity ratio. The leaving conditions o f tdb = 27°C
and <j) = 55% rh have a humidity ratio o f W = 13, and the dry-bulb temperature
did not change, as shown in Figure 4-3. The latent heat required with our
example o f 2.35 nr /s can be calculated as follows:
qt = 3010 x airflow x (W x - W2)

= 3010 x 2.35 m3/s x (4.5 - 13)
- 3010 x 2.35 x (8.5) - 60 120 W
Latent Heat Removal

The removal o f latent heat, or the lowering o f moisture content to air, is the
process shown in Figure 4-4. The entering conditions o f tdb = 24°C and (j) =
Figure 4-2 Sensible heating shown on the psychrometric chart.

Fig ure 4-3 Latent heat addition shown on the psychrom etric ch art.
Figure 4-4 Latent heat removal shown on the psychrometric chart.

70% rh have a W = 13 humidity ratio. We remove moisture to the leaving con

ditions o f tdb = 24°C and <j) = 17% rh, which have a humidity ratio o f W = 3.5.
The latent heat removed with our example o f 2.35 m 3/s is as follows:
q{ = 3010 x airflow x (W x - W2)

= 3010 x 2.35 m3/s x (1 3 - 3 .5 )
= 3010 x 2.35 x (9.5) = 67 200 W
It should be noted at this time that the processes shown in both Figures 4-3
and 4-4 are nearly impossible to do in the real world o f HVAC as stand-alone
processes. When we humidify the air, we generally have to add heat to the air,
even if not desired (steam humidifier). When we dehumidify the air, we need
to cool the air dry-bulb temperature below the entering dew-point temperature
to start the moisture removal process, so we end up with cooled and dehumidi
fied air.
Total Heat Content

We will now discuss the four air-conditioning processes that are combina
tions o f two simple processes. For these combination processes, we use the
enthalpy equation to get the total heat required (qt) at sea level:
^ = 1 . 2 x airflow * (h j —h2) in kJ/kg o f dry air (4-3)
where airflow in cubic metres per second, h\ is the initial enthalpy, and h2 is
the final enthalpy.
Let us start with the cooling and dehumidifying process, because it is the
most common in the HVAC industry. Movement on the psychrometric chart is
to the left (sensible) and down (latent) from the initial condition. See Figure 4-5
for the actual movement o f the air.
Also, note that a gradual slope indicates a more sensible than latent load,
but a steeper slope shows a more latent than sensible load. The following
example will explain this combination process.
The entering conditions to our cooling coil are 27°C db and 18°C wb, with
/*! = 50.7. The air is cooled and dehumidified all the way down to 12°C db and
11.5°C wb with h2 = 33. We can find the lolal heal required by using our new
equation with our example o f 2.35 m3/s:
qt = 1 . 2 x airflow x (h x - h2)
= 1.2 x 2.35 m3/s x (5 0 .7 -3 3 )
= 1.2 x 2.35 x (17.7) = 49.91 kW or 49 910 W
We can get the same answer by using the individual sensible and latent heat
equations:
qs = 1210 x airflow x - 12)

= 1210 x 2.35 m3/s x (27°C - 12°C)
= 1210 x 2.35 x (15) = 42 650 W
Fig ure 4-5 Psychrom etric ch art showing movement of a ir in the cooling and dehumidifying
process.
and
qi = 3010 x airflow x (W x - W2)

= 3 0 1 0 x 2.35 m3/s x (9.3 - 8.3)
= 3010 x 2.35 x (1) = 7075 W
<ls + <Jl= <7 /

= 42 650 + 7075
= 49 725 W
Almost the same answer, but done in one less step by using the combina
tion equation. Because we are “eyeballing” the values on our psychrometric
chart, it is not uncommon that these two answers are not exact and can be off
by a few percent. See Figure 4-6 for the breakdown o f the sensible and latent
components.
Cooling and Humidifying

Cooling and humidifying is most easily explained with the process o f evap
orative cooling. Because evaporative cooling is a constant wet-bulb or adia
batic cooling process, the total heat or enthalpy equation does not work. The
cooling o f the air at dry-bulb temperature is done by the fact that the water in
the liquid form is evaporated to water vapor. See Figure 4-7 for an example,
Fig ure 4-6 Sensible and latent components of determining total heat content using the psy-
chrom etric ch art.
and note that the movement on the psychrometric chart is to the left (sensible)
and upward (latent) to complete the process.
Our inlet conditions to the evaporative cooler are 38°C db and <j) =10% rh,
resulting in a 17.5°C wb. We move upward and left on the 17.5°C wet-bulb line
the distance our evaporative media will provide. Our outlet conditions will be
18.5°C db, 17.5°C wb, and (j) =85% rh. Note that we have dropped the dry-bulb
temperature from 38°C to 18.5°C by using only water. At our 2.35 m3/s exam
ple, we are able to obtain a sensible cooling o f
qs = 1210 x airflow x (t\ - t2)

= 1210 x 2.35 m3/s x (38°C - 18.5°C)
= 1210 x 2.35 x (19.5) = 55 450 W
So, how much water do we use in the evaporative process? We can use a
new equation to calculate the water usage in grams o f water per hour:
gw/h = airflow x 1/v x (W ] - W2) x 3600

= 2.35 m3/s x 1/0.84 m3/kgrfa
x (4.5 - 12.5) %w!kgda x 3600 s/h
= 2.35 x 1/0.84 x (8) x 3600
= 80 570 g o f water/h or 80.57 kg/h
Evaporative cooling should always be an option if you are doing a project

in the hot/dry climates o f the world.
Heating and Humidifying

Heating and humidifying is a combination process that is frequently seen in
the HVAC industry when it is desirable to attempt to maintain a space at or
above a minimum relative humidity setpoint. The movement on the psychro-
metric chart is to the right and towards the top, as shown in Figure 4-8.
In our example, we have an airstream at 18°C db and d>= 20% rh, with 2.35
m /s at sea level. We want to maintain a room at 24°C db and § = 50% rh. We
can use our equation from the evaporative cooling example to solve for the
pounds o f water per hour needed to increase the relative humidity o f this air-
stream.
gw/h = airflow x 1/v x (W x - W2) x 3600

= 2.35 m3/s x 1/0.85 m3/kgâ
x ( 2 .5 - 9 .5 ) g ^ /k g * x 3600 s/h
= 2.35 x 1/0.85 x (7) x 3600
= 69 670 g/h
So, we can select a steam humidifier to provide a minimum output o f 69.7

kg w/h to keep our space at up to 50% relative humidity.
We can also calculate the energy required to complete this process with the
total heat equation and the enthalpy at the entering and room conditions:
Figure 4-7 Cooling and humidifying shown on the psychrometric chart.

Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (SI), Second Edition 29
Fig ure 4-8 Heating and humidifying shown on the psychrom etric chart.
18°C db, <|>= 20% rh, h = 25 ki/kg da

24°C db, <|>= 50% rh, h = 48 k J/k g ^
^ = 1 . 2 x airflow x (/jj - h2)

= 1 . 2 x 2.35 m3/s x (25 - 48)
= 1 .2 x 2.35 x (23) = 64.86 kW or 64 860 W
Another way to get this answer is to break the problem into the sensible
portion and the latent portion. The sensible portion is easy, 18°C db to
24°C db, or:
qs = 1210 x airflow x (tj - t2)

= 1210 x 2.35 m3/s x (1 8 °C -2 4 °C )
= 17 060 W
For the latent portion, we need to go to Appendix D and look at the thermo
dynamic properties o f water at saturation, or steam, tables. In the left-hand col
umn, find 18°C temperature and follow that to the right until you get to the
column labeled “Evap. under the “ Specific Enthalpy” heading and get 2533
kJ/kgw. The steam will reach equilibrium at 18°C db soon after injection into
the airstream. Because we know the grams o f water per hour o f the humidifier,
the latent portion is
30 C h ap ter 4 Air-Conditioning Processes on the Psychrometric Chart
qi = 69,670 gw/h x 2533 kJ/kg^

= 69.67 kg/h x 2533 kJ/kg = 176 470 kJ/h
176,470 kJ/h x 0.275 W/kJ = 48 530 W
Now we add the sensible and latent portions together:
qs + qi = qt
= 17 060 + 48 530
= 65 590 W
which is close to 64 860 W.

Remember, we are eyeballing all these values from the psychrometric
chart, so the actual values may be off ±1 or 2%.
Dehumidification and Heating

The last combination process is dehumidification and heating, or dehumid
ification by desiccant moisture absorption. The desiccant material (contained
in a wheel) is either rotated through the airstream or sprayed into the airstream
and collected in a pan at the bottom.
The other portion o f the desiccant cycle is the regeneration process that
heats up the desiccant to drive o ff the moisture to the atmosphere and start the
cycle over again. The process is shown in Figure 4-9 and has movement to the
right and the bottom o f the psychrometric chart.
For our example, we have our inlet conditions o f 27°C db and (f) = 27% rh,
which gives a dew-point temperature o f 6°C and which a mechanical vapor
compression refrigeration can easily reach.
However, our leaving conditions require a dew-point temperature o f-3 °C ,
less than freezing (0°C), so mechanical cooling will not work.
Our leaving conditions with desiccant dehumidification are 35°C db and
<j) = 8% rh, for a dew-point temperature o f-3 °C .
Note that these conditions are something you may not see in normal human
comfort cooling, but they may be used in an industrial process or candy manu
facturing facility. You will also have to contact a manufacturer for an exact
selection and the regeneration method they use.
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (S I), Second Edition 3I
Humidity Ratio
Fig ure 4-9 Dehumidification and heating shown on the psychrom etric ch art.
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 4
4-1 Moist air that is heated without humidification has the following change in relative
humidity:
a) Increase
b) Decrease
c) Stays the same
d) Depends on the type o f humidifier
4-2 What is the equation that converts enthalpy changes into capacity (kW)?
a) 1210 x airflow x (tx - 12)
b) 1.2 x airflow x (h x - h2)
c) 3300 x airflow x (W x - W2)
4-3 Which o f the following is true concerning humidification by steam versus by

(cold water) atomization?
a) Atomization always maintains a constant relative humidity.
b) Steam humidification adds no net energy to the airstream.
c) Heat to make steam in the steam humidifier comes from the air
entering the humidifier.
d) Heat to evaporate water in the atomizer comes from the air
4-4 A heating coil can provide for both heating and humidification.
a) True
b) False
4-5 A cooling coil can provide for both cooling and dehumidification.
a) True
b) False
4-6 What is the change in enthalpy when dry air is heated from 10°C to 23°C?
a) 10
b) 13
c) 16
d) 18
4-7 What is the enthalpy change when saturated air at 10°C is conditioned to be
saturated air at 23°C?
a) 39
b) 35
c) 13
d) 45
4-8 One day in Phoenix, Arizona, the temperature reaches 40.5°C with 20% rh.
W ater is sprayed into the air to cool it. What will the temperature o f the air be
when the relative humidity increases to 50% rh?
a) 30°C
b) 35°C
c) 40°C
d) 22°C
4-9 If the air entering a heating coil is dry and 21°C db and the leaving air is 43°C,
how many watts o f cooling are supplied by the coil at 2.35 m3/s if the fan is
located at the coil inlet?
a) 58 000 W
b) 65 000 W
c) 61 000 W
d) 62 550 W
4-10 Air enters a cooling coil at 38°C and 40% rh and leaves saturated at a tempera-
ture o f 7°C. What is the total watts o f cooling required if a 2.35 nr Is fan is
located at the inlet o f the cooling coil?
a) 190 200 W
b) 174 840 W
c) 160 000 W
d) 158 960 W
HVAC Design
and the
Psychrometric Chart
Study Objectives
□ apply HVAC systems to the psychrometric chart,

□ define and use sensible heat ratio for cooling, and
□ show the heating and humidification process on the psychrometric chart.
Instructions
Schematic of an Air-Conditioning System

To understand what an air-conditioning system is or what components it
has, it is best to look first at the room, or space, that it is to serve. This space is
to be occupied and maintained at some psychrometric condition (tdb and <j>).
This state is called the room design condition. This condition o f temperature
and humidity is being constantly defeated by heat flowing through the building
envelope, coming in or going out. Furthermore, it is being changed by the
activities happening inside. Occupants are providing heat and moisture to the
space. There are machines and lights that transfer heat to the space as a byprod
uct o f their operation. There may be things that are cooling the room, and there
are things that are adding humidity to the room. These tend to change the inte
rior room conditions. It is the purpose o f the air-conditioning system to offset
these changes by conditioning the room air to maintain the room at the desired
condition.
To do this, some air is taken out o f the room, conditioned, and returned
back to the space. This is done as depicted in the layout o f a typical air-condi
tioning system shown in Figure 5-1.
Mixing Airstreams—Cooling Systems

The mixing o f two airstreams is common in HVAC systems to ensure the
proper ventilation amount in the occupied space. This involves mixing an
36 C h a p te r 5 HVAC Design and the Psychrometric Chart
Fig ure 5-1 Schem atic of a general air-conditioning system.
c
3
Q.
*<
I
Fig ure 5-2 Sum m er design conditions shown on the psychrom etric chart.
amount (fixed or variable) o f outdoor air with a different amount o f return or

room air to meet the ventilation code in your local area.
First, we will look at summer design conditions for a cooling application.
Assume our room design is tdb = 24°C and <j) = 50% rh, with an air outdoor
design temperature o f tdb = 35°C and twb = 18°C. See the psychrometric chart
in Figure 5-2 for the plotted conditions.
Next, we draw a straight line between these two plotted points on the psy-
chrometric chart. Our mixed condition will always be on this straight line. We
can locate the exact location by using the following formula:
*ma = [airflow ^ (toa) + airflow*, (tra)]lairflow ^ (5 - 1)
where
tma = dry-bulb temperature o f mixed air
airflowoa = volume o f outdoor air
toa = temperature o f outdoor air
airflow*. = volume o f return air
^ra = temperature o f return air
airflow ^ = volume o f supply air
Assume our HVAC system has a supply air volume (m3/s5a) o f 11 m3/s and
a ventilation or outdoor air volume (m?/soa) o f 2.2 m3/s. This means the return
or room air volume (m3/sra) is the difference between the supply air volume
and the return air volume, or
m 3/ssa = m3/soa + m3/sra (5-2)
In our example, then,
11 m 3/ssa = 2.2 m 3/soa + 8.8 m 3/sra
Then, our mixed-air dry bulb temperature is
tma = [2.2 m3/soa (35°C) + 8.8 m3/sra (24°C)]/11 m3/sJtJ

= [77 + 2 1 1.2]/11
= 26.2°C tdb
Now go back to the psychrometric chart in Figure 5-2 and plot the mixed-
air condition on this straight line at the intersection with the 26.2°C dry-bulb
line marked MA. So our mixed-air conditions for these two airstreams are tdb =
26.2°C and twb = 18°C. This is an important item to know because the cooling
coil will be sized using this condition as the entering air to this heat exchanger.
Mixing Airstreams— Heating Systems

Now we will look at the same example in the winter heating mode. Assume
a room design o f tdb = 21°C and <|>= 40% rh with air outdoor design tempera
ture o f tdb = 0°C and <j) = 50% rh. See Figure 5-2 for the plotted conditions.
We will again plot both points on our psychrometric chart, as shown in Fig
ure 5-3, and connect these points with a new straight line. Using the same for
mula from the Mixing Airstreams— Cooling Systems section with different
temperatures and the same volume, we get:
tma [ m /sQq (t0a) + m /sra ( ^ ) ] / m ‘ /ssa

= [2.2 m3/s (0°C) + 8.8 nrVs (21°C)]/11 nrVs
= [0.22+ 184.8]/11
= 16.8°C
Go back to the psychrometric chart in Figure 5-3 and plot this heating
mixed-air condition on the straight line at the intersection with the 16.8°C dry-
bulb temperature line. This results in a mixing o f these two airstreams at tdb =
16.8°C and twb = 10.5°C. This will be the entering air condition for the heating
coil used in our system.
One special note on heating mixed airstreams is that we need only the dry-
bulb temperature to select our heating coil or heat exchanger. The wet-bulb
temperature becomes important only if humidification is needed in the HVAC
system serving this area.
Sensible Heat Ratio—Cooling

Sensible heat ratio (SHR) is a very important concept in HVAC psychro
metric analysis. With the proper use o f SHR, we will ensure that both the room
dry-bulb temperature and room relative humidity are met in our design. It will
ensure our room supply air dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity are cold
and dry enough to achieve the room design conditions. Failure to do a proper
SHR analysis could result in not meeting one or both o f the room design
parameters. H ere's an example to explain the concept.
Fig ure 5-3 W inter design conditions shown on the psychrom etric ch art.
For our example, we will use a space with a sensible heat gain o f 80 000 W
and a latent heat gain o f 20 000 W, for a total load o f 100 000 W. Our room
SHR is
80 000
SHR
100 000
We plot the room conditions o f = 24°C and (j) = 50% rh on a psychro-

metric chart as shown in Figure 5-4. Then we draw a line from the center score
mark to the value o f 0.8 on the left side o f the half circle. This is now our SHR
slope line. Next we transfer it from the upper left corner to the room conditions
on the chart. Please make sure the slope o f this line is exactly the same as you
plotted it.
Note that any air condition along the SHR line will meet our room design
conditions o f tdb = 24°C and <|>= 50% rh. These air conditions are the leaving
air temperature off the cooling coil in the air handler. The only thing that
changes on these varying leaving air temperatures is the volume. To solve the
problem, we go to the sensible heat equation discussed in Chapter 4:
qs = 1210 x airflow x (tx - 12)
We plot the intersection o f the SHR line and a condition around 90% rh to
the left o f the room condition in Figure 5-4. We have selected a leaving air tem
perature o f tjfj = 12°C and <j) = 87% rh as the desired cooling coil leaving air
temperature. It is best practice to contact a cooling coil manufacturer (or run
Fig ure 5-4 Drawing the S H R slope line on the psychrom etric ch art.
their cooling coil selection software) and confirm that they can provide a coil
that would perform to these conditions with a volume o f
qs = 1210 x airflow x - t2)

80 0 0 0 = 1 2 1 0 x airflow x (24°C - 12°C)
• r, 80 000 , , 3/
airtlow = ------------ = 5.5 m /s
1210 x 12
So, our cooling coil needs to provide a leaving air temperature o f tdb =
12°C and (f) = 87% rh at our entering air temperature o f tdb = 24°C and (j) = 50%
rh, with 5.5 m3/s o f airflow through the coil.
We could also have picked a leaving air temperature o f tdb = 15°C and § =
76% rh, resulting in an volume o f

80 000 = 1210 x airflow x (24°C - 15°C)
• 80 0 0 0 - n ~ 3/
airtlow = ------------- = 7.3 m /s
1210 x 15
We may or may not have been able to find a cooling coil to perform this
duty, because the leaving relative humidity is not close to 90%. Coils that
dehumidify typically have a leaving relative humidity close to 90%.
By providing this supply air quantity (airflow), supply air dry-bulb tem
perature, and relative humidity, we will ensure that our room design conditions
are satisfied.
Sensible Heat Ratio—Cooling with Outdoor Air

This section covers the psychrometric process that is added to the SHR pro
cess to account for the outdoor air (ventilation air) in our HVAC system.
We will use the same outdoor air design conditions o f tdb = 35°C and twb =
24°C and 20% outdoor air from our example o f the Mixing Airstreams— Cool
ing Systems section. We plot all the conditions on our psychrometric chart as
shown in Figure 5-5. The mixed-air conditions are tdb = 26.2°C and twb = 18°C
from our calculation o f supply air as 5.5 m3/s with the values from the previous
example o f outdoor air as 1.1 m3/s and return air as 4.4 m3/s.
tma = [airflow ^ (toa) + airflow (tra)\/airflow

= [1.1 trr/s (35°C) + 4.4 nvVs (24°C)]/5.5 m3/s
= [38.5 + 105.61/5.5 m3/s
= [ 144.1 ]/5.5 n r /s
= 26.2°C tdb
Again, go to the tdb = 26.2°C scale on the psychrometric chart and go up

until you intersect the mixed-air line. That is our entering air condition to the
cooling coil, tdb = 26.2°C and twb = 18°C. We still need to cool the air down to
Dry-Bulb Temperature
Fig ure 5-5 S H R for cooling w ith outdoor a ir shown on the psychrom etric chart.
twb = 12°C and § = 87% rh to meet our room conditions. To calculate the total
cooling coil load, use the follow total heat equation:
qt = 1 . 2 x airflow * (h j - h2)
= 1.2 x 5.5 m3/s x (53 kJ/kg - 32 kJ/kg)
= 138.6 kW or 138 600 W
Note the increased cooling requirement due to the addition o f outdoor air
into the HVAC system. The room total load was 100,000 W and the outdoor air
is an additional 38 600 W total. We can also calculate the room-only coil load
with the same total heat equation:
qt = 1 . 2 x airflow * (h j - h2)
= 1.2 x 5.5 m3/s x (47 kJ/kg - 32 kJ/kg)
= 1 . 2 x 5.5 m3/s x (15 kJ/kg)
= 99 kW or 99 000 W
Notice that this is not exactly the same as the 100 000 W total heat gain, but
it is very close and within acceptable tolerance for HVAC calculations.
Psychrometric Process— Heating

This section uses the same HVAC system w e’ve been discussing to show
how to handle the heating requirements o f our space. The air handler has the
same 5.5 m3/s. Assume our space has a heat loss o f 90 000 W and all this load
is sensible load. Our sensible heat is as follows:
Fig ure 5-6 Th e heating process shown on the psychrom etric ch art.
qs = 1210 x airflow x ( t x - t2)

= 1210 x 5 . 5 m3/s x ( t x - 12)
= 90 000 W
The heating room design tdb = 21 °C and <j) = 40% rh. So, our t x = 21 °C and
qs = 90 000 W
90 0 0 0 = 1210 x 5.5 m3/s x (21 - t 2)
90 000 = 6655 x (21 - t 2)
90 000
(21 - t 2)
6655
13.5°C = (21 - t 2)
t2 = 34.5°C db
So, if we supply 34.5°C warm air to our space on the coldest winter day, we
will keep the space at tdb = 21°C. See Figure 5-6 for how to show the heating
process on a psychrometric chart.
Now we add the need for humidification in the winter to our space. Assume,
for example, that we need to add 15 000 W o f latent heating in the form o f
moisture or water vapor. Our outdoor design is tdh = 0°C and <j) = 50% rh. We
add 20% outdoor air into our HVAC system and our new entering air conditions
are = 16.8°C and (J) = 44% rh. The new total heating required is
qt = 1.2 x airflow x (h x - h2)

= 1.2 x 5.5 m3/s x (52 kJ/kg - 29 kJ/kg)
Fig ure 5-7 Hum idification need shown on the psychrom ctric ch art.
= 1 . 2 x 5.5 m3/s x (23 kJ/kg)

= 151.8 kW or 151 800 W
An interesting part o f this analysis is that the leaving air temperature from
the heating coil has been increased to approximately tdb = 35.3°C to account
for the temperature drop the humidified air will cause, as shown in Figure 5-7.
The amount o f water vapor that must be added to the airstream is calculated
based on an entering air o f tdb = 16.8°C and <|>= 44% rh with a humidity ratio
o f W\ = 6.5 gwfkgda and leaving conditions o f tdb = 34.5°C and (j) = 20% rh
with a humidity ratio o f W2 = 7.5 gw/kgda. Use the following formula:
g/h = airflow x 1/Sv x ( W] - W2) x 3600 s/h

= 5.5 m3/s x 1/0.88 m3/kg x (6.5 g/kg - 7.5 g/kg) x 3600 s/h
= 22 500 g/h o f water
We will discuss humidification more in the next chapter as we differentiate

between steam and water spray humidification.
5-1 The definition o f sensible heat ratio (SHR) is the:

a) Ratio o f sensible to latent load
b) Ratio o f latent to sensible load
c) Ratio o f total load to sensible load
d) Ratio o f sensible load to total load
5-2 If the sensible load on a building is equal to the latent load, the value o f SHR is:
a) 2
b) 1
c) 0.5
d) -2
5-3 The psychrometric condition for supply air that will satisfy the requirements o f
a room depends on:
a) The amount o f outdoor air needed
b) The desired room condition
c) Room SHR
d) All o f the above
e) Answers b and c only
5-4 Why is it possible to satisfy a room with a variety o f ‘'assumptions” about the
temperature change across a coil (heating or cooling)?
a) Because there is a corresponding airflow with every /St.
b) Because the heat/cool load calculation is never accurate.
c) Because the comfort zone is large.
d) Because there is a wide variety o f methods for heating and
cooling.
5-5 Which condition below is not possible to show on a psychrometric chart?

a) tdb = 24°C, h = 54 kJ/kg
b) tdb = 32°C, twb = 25°C
c) twb = 25°C, /? = 84
d) tdb = 24°C,<t> = 50%
5-6 In a system, 1 m3/s o f air at 153C and 30% rh is mixed with 4 m3/s air at 27°C
and 80% rh. Find the mixed-air temperature using the mixing equation.
a) 18°C
b) 17.5°C
c) 16°C
d) 25°C
5-7 In Exercise 5-6, what is the mixed-air relative humidity?

a) 51% rh
b) 40% rh
c) 60% rh
d) None o f these
5-8 In a system, I n r /s o f air at 4°C and 90% rh is adiabatically mixed with moist
air at 26°C but unknown relative humidity. The final mixture is at 22°C and
50% rh. What is the relative humidity and airflow rate o f the second airstream?
a) 42% rh, 5 m3/s
b) 42% rh, 3 m3/s
c) 60% rh, 5 m3/s
d) 35% rh, 6 m3/s
5-9 If the sensible load is 600 000 W and the latent load is 300 000 W, what is the
SHR?
a) 2.0
b) 1.0
c) 0.66
d) 0.76
5-10 If the room design is = 24°C and <}>= 50% rh and we mix in 25% outdoor air
at trfb = 48°C and 4>= 10% rh, what is the mixed-air dry-bulb temperature?
a) 45°C
b) 42°C
c) 30°C
d) Not possible
5-11 From Exercise 5-10, what is the mixed-air relative humidity?

a) 33% rh
b) 15% rh
c) 21% rh
d) 28% rh
Psychrometrics
in HVAC Equipment
Study Objectives
□ show the components o f an air-handling unit and their psychrometric pro

cesses and
□ explain two types o f humidification.
Instructions
The Air-Handling Unit:

Heart of the Commercial Air-Conditioning System
In Chapter 5, psychrometrics was used to determine the technical charac
teristics o f the air-conditioning system required to perform a specific function.
Psychrometrics was used to convert this information into the necessary volume
and supply air conditions for both heating and cooling. These conditions not
only determined the capacity o f the unit in watts but also specified the amount
o f dehumidification and humidification by determining the entering and leav
ing dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures for both the heating and cooling coils.
A manufacturer will usually package all (or most) o f the components o f an
HVAC system into one large enclosure called an air-handling unit (AHU).
AHUs (Figure 6-1) are almost custom-made for every design because the com
ponents are selected from an extensive list o f available sizes and capabilities to
match the specific application. So that the AHU manufacturer can deliver the
proper unit for the application, the design engineer must provide all o f the nec
essary information.
Psychrometrics of a Cooling Coil

Let’s start this discussion on what actually happens in a dehumidifying
cooling coil as the air goes through it. The entering side o f the coil is warmer
than the leaving side o f the coil. Therefore, the first few rows o f the cooling
48 C h a p te r 6 Psychrometrics in HVAC Equipment
Fig ure 6-1 Flow path through a sim ple A H U .
3
o!
o'
Fig ure 6-2 Cooling coil line shown on the psychrom etric ch art.
coil are doing sensible cooling only, as can be seen in Figure 6-2, the cooling
coil line. Note, it is horizontal and moving to the left side o f the psychrometric
chart.
As the air moves further into the coil, the dehumidification process is start
ing as the cooling coil starts curving downward and to the left. The maximum
dehumidification occurs just before the air exits the coil and generally leaves
the coil around (j) = 90% rh. Again, refer to Figure 6-2 to see the final curve
showing the completed dehumidification and cooling process.
Assume a fan has an airflow o f 2.0 nrVs, entering conditions o f tdb = 28°C
and twb = 20°C (with outdoor air mixed), and desired leaving conditions o f tdb
= 11°C and approximately (j) = 90% rh. Now we can calculate the total cooling
capacity o f the cooing coil with the total heat equation discussed in Chapter 4:
qt = 1.2 x airflow x (/q - h2)

= 1.2 x 2.0 m3/s x (58 - 32 kJ/kg)
= 1 . 2 x 2.0 m3/s x (26 kJ/kg)
= 62.4 kW or 62 400 W
We can now plot the cooling coil performance on the psychrometric chart
as shown in Figure 6-2. We can see the total heat is broken down into a sensible
component and a latent component, as also shown in Figure 6-2.
Again, the HVAC engineer must provide the above information to the man
ufacturer o f the cooling coils so they can provide an actual selection o f either a
chilled-water coil or a direct expansion (DX) refrigerant coil. Their output
would include the size, height, width, number o f coil rows, pressure drop (air
pressure and water pressure, if a chilled-water coil), chilled-water temperature
rise (you must supply the entering chilled-water temperature), and the actual
leaving air conditions.
Psychrometrics of Fan Heat

As a fan moves air through an F1VAC system, the fan input energy is con
verted to heat as a result o f the heat o f compression. All the fan input energy
ends up as heat as the fan increases the air pressure to provide air motion.
Say, for example, a fan requires 7.46 kW to move 4.72 m /s against o f
750 Pa total pressure.
7.46 kW x 1000 = 7460 W

'X
Because the fan is moving 4.72 m /s, we can use the sensible heat equation
discussed in Chapter 4 to calculate the actual temperatures:
qs = 1210 x airflow x (tx - t2)

7460 W = 1210 x 4.72 m3/s x (f, - r2)
(t\ - 12) = 1.3°C temperature rise
So, we have the addition o f 1.3°C fan heat to account for in our psychro
metric analysis.
Fan heat is the addition o f sensible heat, horizontal moving to the right on
the psychrometric chart, either before the cooling coil (blow-through fan) or
after the cooling coil (draw-through fan). Be careful with draw-through fans,
because with these fans the fan leaving air temperature is higher than the cool
ing coil leaving air temperature. It is an additional load that must be accounted
for in cooling heat gain calculations.
ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Systems and Equipment (2012) gives a gen

eral estimate o f fan heat as approximately 0.8°C per 750 Pa o f total fan pres
sure. In this example we calculated a little over 1°C, while this general estimate
would have given us 0.8°C. Therefore, it is better to perform the calculations.
Psychrometrics of a Heating Coil

The process o f heating air is a sensible-heating-only psychrometric prob
lem, which means that the point moves from left to right horizontally across
the psychrometric chart.
This example again uses 2.0 m3/s airflow and the entering conditions to the
hot water coil o f tdb = 15°C and approximately (f) = 30% rh (with outdoor air
mixed) and a leaving condition o f tdb = 34°C. See Figure 6-3 for the process o f
heating and use the following equation:

= 1210 x 2.0 m3/s x (15°C - 34°C)
= 1210 x 2.0 x (19°C)
= 45 980 W
Even if you forget that the process is sensible heating only, using the total
heat equation discussed in Chapter 4 will give you almost the same result as
shown below:
qt = 1.2 x airflow x (/q - h2)

= 1.2 x 2.0 m3/s x (43 - 24 kJ/kg)
= 1 . 2 x 2.0 m3/s x (19 kJ/kg)
= 45.6 kW or 45 600 W
Humidification Equipment
Humidification equipment can be divided into two groups: 1) isothermal or
constant temperature and 2) adiabatic or moisture evaporating (see Figure 6-4).
Isothermal humidification generally involves steam humidifiers, with many
ways o f steam generation, and addition o f moisture to an airstream at a con
stant temperature.
Adiabatic humidification is moisture evaporating and involves sprayed,
atomized, media, or ultrasonic humidifiers. These humidifiers lower the air
temperature as they add moisture to the airstream and are the same as evapora
tive coolers.
In all methods o f humidification, the following formula can be used to cal
culate the amount o f water that must be added to the airstream in pounds o f
water per hour:
g/h = airflow in m3/s x — x (wq - w 2) x 3600 s/h

Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (S I), Second Edition 5I
Humidity Ratio
Fig ure 6-3 Heating coil line shown on the psychrom etric chart.
Isothermal or constant temperature Adiabatic or moisture evaporating
Constant Temperature or Adiabatic Depends on where Evaporative Heat is Added
Figure 6-4 Steam (constant-temperature) and spray (adiabatic) humidifiers.

Fig ure 6-5 Isotherm al humidification shown on the psychrom etric ch art.
Isothermal humidification is shown in Figure 6-5 and has entering air con
ditions o f tdb = 32°C and § = 20% rh and leaving air conditions o f tdb = 32°C
and (j) = 40% rh. The humidity ratio increases from 7 to 13. Note that the dry-
bulb temperature stays the same even though we have added moisture to the
airstream.
Adiabatic humidification is shown in Figure 6-6 and has entering air condi
tions o f tdb = 32°C and (j) = 20% rh and leaving air conditions o f tdb = 28°C and
<j>= 36% rh. The humidity ratio is increased from 7 to 8.5. Note that the dry-
bulb temperature decreases in the process o f adding moisture to the air.
Be careful to not humidify the airstream at greater than (j) = 90% rh. The
dew-point temperature o f the interior surface o f the ductwork is very import
ant, and failure to observe this rule will result in condensation in the ductwork
that will eventually leak out and cause a problem in the building. Please work
closely with a humidifier supplier to make sure you are following all the appli
cation rules o f that product and system.
Reference
ASHRAE. 2013. Chapter 1. In ASHRAE handbook—Fundamentals. Atlanta:
ASHRAE.
120
■110
Humidity Ratio
>100
90
80
70
60
Fig ure 6-6 Adiabatic humidification shown on the psychrom etric chart.
6-1 Which type o f humidification requires the change to not exceed the tempera
ture rise capacity o f a heating coil?
a) W ater spray
b) Steam
c) Both the same
d) Neither has an impact
6-2 From the discussion o f the psychrometrics o f cooling coils, which “rule o f
thumb'' will best select the cooling coil conditions?
a) Temperature drop across a cooling coil should be about 10°C.
b) Relative humidity off the coil should be 90%.
c) Volume o f air across a cooling coil should be kept to a minimum.
d) Coil temperatures should be selected to be as low as possible.
6-3 Which o f the following statements best describe why cooling coils cannot
accommodate large latent loads with small sensible loads?
a) Cooling coils rust if too much condensate forms.
b) Cooling coils will freeze up if the coil temperature gets too low.
c) Cooling coils tend to dehumidify first, then drop the air
temperature.
d) Condensation requires a drop in air temperature to the dew point.
6-4 Consider a room heating load with a 200 000 W sensible loss and 40 000 W
latent loss, with room design conditions o f tdb = 22°C and approximately <J>=
40% rh. The air handler has an adiabatic humidifier downstream from a heating
coil without any outdoor air. If the leaving air temperature is tdb = 38°C after
the humidifier, what is the airflow required to satisfy the load?
a) 12
b) 10.3
c) 8
d) None o f these
6-5 What is the leaving air temperature from the heating coil for the conditions
listed in Exercise 6-4?
a) 37°C
b) 40°C
c) 38°C
d) None o f these
6-6 What is the leaving relative humidity tj>from the heating coil for the conditions
a) 15% rh
b) 12% rh
c) 20% rh
d) 24% rh
6-7 What is the leaving relative humidity <J> from the adiabatic humidifier for the
conditions listed in Exercise 6-4?
a) 15% rh
b) 25% rh
c) 19% rh
d) 28% rh
6-8 Using the air handler in Exercise 6-4 and 10.3 m /s, adding a cooling coil to
satisfy a room sensible heat gain o f 146 kW and a room latent heat gain o f
15 000 W, and room conditions o f tdb = 24°C and <|>= 40% rh and without out
door air, what is the required leaving air temperature tdb and (f) from the cooling
coil?
a) 12°C tdf), <|) = 90% rh
b) 13°C tdb, (f) = 80% rh
c) 12°C tdf), <|) = 75% rh
6-9 What is the room sensible heat ratio for the conditions listed in Exercise 6-8?
a) 0.89
b) 0.95
c) 0.91
d) 1.0
6-10 Would you attempt to add humidity to the leaving airstream for the conditions
listed in Exercise 6-8 in the cooling mode with an adiabatic humidifier?
a) Yes
b) No
c) Not sure
Psychrometrics in
Zoned HVAC Systems
Study Objectives
□ understand the most commonly used HVAC systems,

□ understand the psychrometric analysis o f these HVAC systems, and
□ explain why we use zoned systems for HVAC.
Instructions
Constant-Volume and Variable-Air-Volume Systems

This chapter covers the major types o f HVAC air systems. They can be
divided into two major types: 1) constant-volume, variable air temperature and
2) variable-air-volume, constant air temperature.
Constant-volume systems deliver the same volume, or airflow, at all load
conditions and change the supply air dry-bulb temperature as the load changes.
The load changes as the time o f day changes, as the time o f year changes, as
the occupancy changes, as the internal loads change, and as the solar load
changes. The room thermostat senses these changes in load and adjusts the
supply air temperature accordingly to maintain the room at a constant tempera
ture.
In a chilled-water cooling, constant-volume air handler, the chilled-water
coil has a control valve, controlled by the room thermostat to vary the supply
air temperature. This type o f system can provide acceptable comfort because
there is an infinite number o f chilled-water valve positions to match the large
number o f load conditions.
In a direct expansion (DX) system, which has refrigerant in direct contact
with the cooling coil tubes, there are typically steps or stages o f cooling capac
ity. This causes the supply air temperature to be delivered at a set temperature
between the design temperature and a few part-load temperatures. The room
thermostat must have multiple stages so it can bring on additional capacity if
the room temperature rises or remove capacity if the room temperature drops.
58 C h a p te r 7 Psychrometrics in Zoned HVAC Systems
This causes a compromise in room temperature control, as the setpoint is

almost never met; the room temperature actually fluctuates around the setpoint,
approximately ±0.5°C or ±1°C. In most cases, this fluctuation in room tem
peratures can still provide an acceptable comfort level, but not one as good as a
chilled-water system.
Note that some newer styles o f DX systems have variable-refrigerant-flow
capacity, which can provide a greater level o f comfort in the room. These sys
tems can better match the refrigerant flow required to handle the room 's load
variations, thus providing better comfort than stepped DX systems.
Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems deliver a variable amount o f volume,
or airflow, at all load conditions at a constant supply air dry-bulb temperature.
Again, the load changes with the five variables mentioned above. The room
thermostat senses these load changes and adjusts the quantity o f air delivered
to the space so the room air temperature remains constant. Note that all VAV
systems do a very good job o f part-load room humidity control, as the main air
handler cools and dehumidifies the air at all load conditions to a constant dew
point temperature.
In most cases, with modern air-handling systems, the air volume (airflow)
is changed with a variable-frequency drive (VFD) wired to the electric fan
motor. Because input frequency determines the speed o f rotation in induction
electric motors as the load changes, the VFD frequency output matches the air
flow required by adjusting the fan speed.
VAV air handlers can have chilled-water or DX cooling coils installed in
them. With chilled water, the chilled-water control valve is infinitely variable
and can be controlled to maintain a constant supply air temperature as the air
volume goes up and down in response to load changes. With DX cooling coils,
the supply air temperature changes in stages, up and down, as the load changes
and the airflow increases or decreases. Again, even with stages, you can still
obtain acceptable room comfort.
One final point: you can use many small fan-coils to provide a lot o f zone
control in a large building, but each fan-coil is a constant-volume, single-zone
subsystem.
Constant-Volume, Single-Zone System

Constant-volume, single-zone systems are the most commonly used in
HVAC and come in many forms. They include single-zone air-handling room
fan-coils, packaged DX single-zone rooftop systems, and residential split sys
tems, to name a few. They have one common trait: the unit is controlled by one
room thermostat only. Therefore, they can be applied to only one zone and pro
vide room comfort to only one zone.
A zone, by definition, has like occupancy and like thermal characteristics
but does not have a defined size. For example, a large interior cubical office
area could be a zone as large as 185 m2 if the density and usage are uniform
throughout. It could also be a zone as small as 6 m2 with a row o f exterior, indi
vidual offices lining an outside wall.
Fig ure 7-1 Psychrom etrics of single-zone system at full load.
The psychrometric chart o f a single-zone system is determined by the

room 's sensible and latent loads, the room’s sensible heat ratio (SHR), and
either the quantity o f outdoor air needed or the code-required ventilation rate.
It is shown at full load in Figure 7-1. In all examples in this chapter, we will
use room design conditions o f tdb = 24°C and (f) = 50% rh and 20% outdoor air
for ventilation.
Next, look at the psychrometric chart in Figure 7-2 for part-load operation.
The part-load supply air temperature is higher than the design temperature
because the room thermostat is calling for less cooling. Depending on the part
load SHR, the room relative humidity may not be met at this part-load condi
tion. So you must determine if this deviation above the design <|>= 50% rh is
acceptable. Also note that the mixed-air condition will usually change to a
lower value, as the outdoor air will typically be lower at part-load conditions.
Constant-Volume, Single-Zone System with Reheat

Constant-volume, single-zone systems with reheat are used when we need to
control the room relative humidity at all load conditions. The control is simple;
the cooling coil supply air dry-bulb temperature is set to a constant leaving tem
perature. Therefore, the supply air is dehumidified regardless o f the room part
load conditions. The supply air is reheated purely to satisfy the room thermostat.
It should be noted that this type o f system is an expensive one to operate, as
we pay to cool and dehumidify the supply air and then pay again to warm up,
or reheat, the same airstream. If you are forced to provide this design in a sys-
Fig ure 7-2 Psychrom etrics of single-zone system at part load.
tem, you should look for ways to use recovered energy to provide the reheat.
Recovered energy sources could be condenser heat from the cooling system,
such as a heat recovery chiller or condenser reheat plus sensible heat recovery
from exhaust or return airstreams, among others.
The psychrometric chart for this system is shown in Figure 7-3 at part-load
conditions. Note that even with a SHR of less than the design SHR, we can
meet the room relative humidity condition. The psychrometrics o f this system
at full load are exactly the same as shown in Figure 7-1 because, at full load,
we are not doing any reheat.
Constant-Volume, Single-Zone System with

Face and Bypass Dampers on the Cooling Coil
Constant-volume, single-zone systems with face and bypass dampers on
the cooling coil are not as common as they were in the past, but we will ana
lyze this type in our psychrometric training process nonetheless. This system is
basically a single-zone air handler with a cooling coil plus an extra damper sec
tion; see Figure 7-4 for all the components. The dampers are used to adjust the
amount o f supply air that goes through the cooling coil or the amount o f mixed
air that bypasses the cooling coil, thus the name fa ce and bypass.
The damper is controlled by the room thermostat as it maintains a constant
room dry-bulb temperature. As the room temperature drops, the dampers are
adjusted to open the bypass section and close down on the face section, raising
the air handler supply dry-bulb temperature. The opposite is true if the room
Fig ure 7-3 Psychrom etrics of constant-volume, single-zone system w ith reheat at part load.
Fig ure 7-4 Components of constant-volume, single-zone system w ith face and bypass
dampers on the cooling coil.
temperature rises: the damper adjusts for less bypass air and more cooling coil
air to lower the air handler supply temperature.
The psychrometrics o f this system at part load are show in Figure 7-5. Note
that the cooling coil supply air temperature decreases as we decrease the air
flow through the cooling coil at part load. Therefore, this system does a much
better job o f maintaining the room relative humidity at part load than a con
stant-volume, variable-temperature, single-zone system.
The psychrometrics o f the face and bypass system at full load are the same
as shown in Figure 7-1 because no air is being bypassed at full load. The room
thermostat is calling for full cooling, so 100% o f the supply air is being cooled
in the cooling coil.
Fig ure 7-5 Psychrom etrics of constant-volume, single-zone system w ith face and bypass
dampers on the cooling coil at part load.
Constant-Volume System with Terminal Reheat

Now we shift our focus to HVAC air systems that are designed to serve
many zones from one air handler. The constant-volume with terminal reheat
system was the primary commercial office space system from the 1940s to the
mid-1970s. The system is fairly simple: a single-zone air handler supplies air
ducted throughout the building, and then reheat coils are put in each duct
runout to serve any individual zones.
The air handler ensures a constant leaving supply air temperature all year
round, and each reheat coil tempers the air to meet the room temperature
desired in each zone. A few things to note: zones can have different tempera
ture setpoints, zone reheats can be at different stages o f tempering as zone
loads change, and part-load humidity control by zone is very good because the
main supply air is constantly being dehumidified. However, this system is very
expensive to operate because it is both cooling and reheating throughout the
day, month, and year. Also, most energy codes, such as ANSI/ASHRAE/IES
Standard 90.1 (ASHRAE 2013) and California’s Title 24 (CBSC 2013), restrict
the use o f this system for obvious reasons. It was a popular way to get zone
control in buildings when energy was cheap and before VAV was invented.
The psychrometrics o f this system at full load are the same as those shown
in Figure 7-1.
The psychrometrics o f this system at part load are the same as those shown
in Figure 7-2, with the exception that each zone has a separate psychrometric
Fig ure 7-6 Components of constant-volume, m ultizone system (A S H R A E 2 0 16, Figure 12).
chart, because the amount o f the reheat will vary by zone and the SHR can be
slightly different by zone. However, a word o f caution: the worst zone, from a
lowest-SHR standpoint, sets the air handler supply air dry-bulb temperature for
the entire system.
Constant-Volume Multizone and Dual-Duct Systems

Constant-volume multizone and dual-duct systems are designed to provide
comfort to multiple zones by mixing cool air with warm air so that the dis
charge supply air temperature is satisfied by the zone thermostat. The only dif
ference between these two systems is where the mixing o f the hot and cool air
occurs.
In a multizone system, the blow-through air handler has the mixing damp
ers mounted on the front or top o f the air-handling unit (AHU). The dampers
are on a common shaft, but offset by 90°, so when the hot deck is full open, the
cold deck is full closed and vice versa. Control o f the air handler is simply a
constant deck temperature for each, say tdb = 12°C for the cold deck and tdb =
40°C for the hot deck. A single damper activator is then controlled by a room
thermostat to position the dampers to meet the room temperature setpoint. If
the zone is too cool, this actuator opens more to the hot deck to warm the air
and increase the supply air temperature, thus warming the room. If the zone is
too warm, this actuator repositions to open to the cold deck (closes down on the
hot deck) to cool the air and lower the supply air temperature. Supply ductwork
is run out from this central air handler to each zone. Small units may have as
few as three zones and large units as many as 18 to 20 zones. Figure 7-6 shows
a constant-volume, multizone system.
In the dual-duct system, the blow-through air handler again has a hot deck
and a cold deck on the discharge side o f the supply fan, but no mixing dampers.
Two sets o f supply ductwork are run around the building in parallel with each
other. At any location that a zone is required, a dual-duct mixing box is
installed and dual taps are run to the cool deck duct and the hot deck duct. The
mixing box has two dampers on a common shaft offset by 90° rotation with a
single actuator. The room thermostat is connected to this actuator to provide
zone comfort. The air handler again has controls to maintain constant leaving
cold-deck and hot-deck temperatures. The operation o f this system is identical

to that o f the multizone system. Figure 7-7 shows a constant-volume, dual-duct
system.
Both o f these systems are very expensive to operate because both decks are
kept at a constant leaving air temperature and achieve comfort by mixing both
airstreams. Their use is restricted by most energy codes due to the high energy
usage required for proper operation.
The psychrometrics o f the multizone and dual-duct systems are shown in
Figure 7-8. Note the mixing line from the cold-deck discharge at tdb = 12°C
Fig ure 7-7 Components of constant-volume, dual-duct system (A S H R A E 2 0 16, Figure 13).
Fig ure 7-8 Psychrom etrics of constant-volume multizone and dual-duct systems.
and <j) = 87% rh to the hot-deck discharge at tdb = 40°C and (f) = 22% rh. The
actual discharge temperature can be any one o f an infinite number o f points
along this line, and each zone can be at a different discharge point. Also note
that we can heat and cool with this mixing o f airstreams at each zone.
Exercise caution to make sure that the cold-deck dry-bulb temperature is
low enough to satisfy the SHR for the worst zone and that the hot-deck tem
perature is warm enough to satisfy the heat loss o f the worst zone.
Figure 7-9 shows the psychrometrics o f multizone and dual-duct systems in
winter heating mode. In this example, the room is at tdb = 21°C and <j) = 40%
rh, with an outdoor design o f tdb = 0°C and <j) = 50% rh. The mixed condition is
tdb = 16°C and <j) = 45% rh. The cooling coil line is sensible cooling only, or
horizontal, and ends at tdb = 12°C and (J) = 57% rh. The heating coil line is sen
sible heating only and ends at tdb = 41°C and (J) = 12% rh. Note that because
both the cooling and heating are sensible only (no latent), the hot-deck and
cold-deck mixing line is the sum o f the cooling coil line and the heating coil
line. Any zone will require supply air that is mixed along this line.
Variable-Air-Volume Systems for Multiple Zones

In the early 1970s, the high energy usage o f most o f the constant-volume
systems forced designs and owners to look for systems with lower operational
costs. Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems made their debut and are still very
popular today, as they provide great fan horsepower savings for most o f the
year.
Fig ure 7-9 Psychrom etrics of constant-volume multizone and dual-duct systems in w inter
heating mode.
An air handler with a single supply duct and a VFD on the supply fan pro
vides a constant discharge air temperature o f = 12°C to the building. As
zones are required, a VAV box is tapped into this main supply trunk.
The VAV box is a single-damper device that modulates the airflow to the
zone in response to the room thermostat. Said another way, it is an air-throt
tling device that provides comfort to the zone. At full load in the zone, the VAV
box is wide open in response to the room thermostat. At all part-load condi
tions, the VAV box has its damper closed some amount in response to lower
demand for cooling in the zone.
The psychrometrics for VAV systems are the same as shown in Figure 7-1
for each zone on the AHU. Again, make sure the air handler leaving supply air
dry-bulb temperature is low enough to satisfy the worst zone's SHR. Now at
part load we simply go to the sensible heat equation, qs = 1210 x airflow x (t\ -
/2), to determine how we handle the VAV operation.
Because the supply air temperature is constant year round, we reduce the
sensible heat by simply reducing the airflow delivered to the zone. If we want
h alf o f the sensible load, we only supply h alf the airflow to the zone. The
room thermostat controls the actuator on the damper shaft to keep the zone
comfortable.
So, at most part-load conditions, the psychrometrics do not change— only
the airflow changes to satisfy the reduced load, and Figure 7-1 is still valid.
This assumes the room SHR stays close to the full- load SHR at part load.
This style o f VAV box is a cooling-only box and can typically only be used
for the building interior or zones that are in cooling year round.
Variable-Air-Volume Systems with Heating VAV Boxes

Most exterior zones require heating for a portion o f the year. This section
covers two different styles o f heating VAV boxes: VAV reheat boxes and fan-
powered VAV boxes that can have reheat as needed. Note that the central air
handler does not change with this design— we have cooling-only boxes on the
interior and heating boxes on the exterior.
To build a VAV reheat box, we simply take a cooling-only box and put a
reheat coil on the discharge o f it. The coil can be hot water, steam, or electric
duct heater in design.
The psychrometrics o f a VAV reheat box at full load are the same as shown
in Figure 7-1. As the demand for cooling drops, we use the same part-load psy-
chrometric chart as shown in Figure 7-1 but at lower airflow. But at some pre
set minimum airflow, say 35% o f full airflow, we energize the reheat coil. The
controls modulate the amount o f reheat or temperature rise in response to the
room thermostat. The psychrometrics are shown in Figure 7-10, with the maxi
mum reheat to a dry-bulb temperature of 35°C. Remember, only reheat to a
discharge air temperature into the zone that will satisfy the room thermostat.
Fig ure 7-10 Psychrom etrics of a V A V reheat box at part load.
To construct a fan-powered VAV box that can also have reheat as needed,
add a sheet metal plenum on the side o f a cooling-only box with a small direct-
drive centrifugal fan. The fan can draw plenum air through an air filter and dis
charge it into the cooling box downstream o f the cooling control damper. A
back-draft damper is required on the discharge o f the centrifugal fan. This is
considered a parallel fan-powered box.
The control is similar to that o f a VAV reheat box. At full cooling, we have
100% o f the cooling air going to the zone (no fan operation). At part load, we
throttle down the supply air to a lower amount (no fan operation). At a preset
minimum airflow, say 35% o f the full-load airflow, we fix the cooling damper
to that position and start the centrifugal fan. It draws air from the ceiling ple
num and mixes it with the reduced flow tdh = 12°C to discharge warmer air into
the zone and meet the room thermostat setpoint. This ceiling plenum air can be
1.5°C to 3°C higher than the room temperature as long as the building is occu
pied, because it has the heat o f the lights added to it.
The psychrometrics o f a fan-powered VAV box that can have reheat as
needed are shown in Figure 7-11. Note that you are mixing supply air at tdb =
12°C and § = 87% rh with plenum air at tdb = 26°C and <j>= 42% rh along the
mixing line. The location will be determined by the airflow o f supply air and
the airflow o f the plenum air provided by the small centrifugal fan.
If needed, another reheat coil could be mounted on the box discharge sec
tion to provide additional heating capacity for wintertime zone heat losses. The
coil is shown as additional reheat (“ Reheat if Needed”) in Figure 7-11.
Fig ure 7-1 I Psychrom etrics of a fan-powered V A V box with reheat at part load.
References
ASHRAE. 2013. ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1, Energy standard fo r
building except low-rise residential buildings. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
ASHRAE. 2016. Chapter 4, Air handling and distribution. In ASHRAE hand
book—HVAC systems and equipment. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
CBSC. 2013. California building standards code. Title 24 o f California Code
o f Regulations. Sacramento, CA: California Building Standards Commis
sion.
For all o f the Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 7, consider three zones
in a small office building that we are going to heat and cool. The cooling and
heating loads are as follows:
Zone Sensible Cooling, W Latent Cooling, W Heating Sensible, W

1 12 000 1700 6000
2 16 000 2000 8000
3 20 000 3300 10 000
Assume room design conditions o f the following:

C o o lin g ^ = 24°C and <j) = 50% rh
Heating tdb = 2 \°C and (f) = 40% rh
Use a sea-level psychrometric chart.
7-1 What is the sensible heat ratio for all three zones in order 1,2, 3? (Round to
two decimal places.)
a) 0.87,0.89,0.86
b) 0.88,0.9,0.91
c) 0.87,0.89,0.88
7-2 If we provide 25% outdoor air for code-required ventilation to all three zones,
what is the mixed air condition in the summer if the outdoor air is tdb = 38°C
and (j) = 25% rh?
a ) fdb = 34.5°C and <|>= 30% rh
b) tdb = 29°C and <() = 36% rh
c) tdb = 27.5°C and <|>= 42% rh
7-3 For Zone 1 only, if we use individual fan-coils for each zone, what is the
required supply airflow?
a) airflow = 0.9 m3/s
b) airflow = 0.99 m3/s
c) airflow = 1.03 m3/s
7-4 For Zone 1 only, what are the leaving air conditions from the cooling coil
assuming we use 25% outdoor air from Exercise 7-2 and the correct supply air
flow?
a) tdh= 12oCand(|> = 90% rh
b) tdb = 14°C and <|>= 88% rh
c) tdb= 16oCand(|> = 80% rh
7-5 For Zone 1 only, what is the total cooling capacity, qt , o f the cooling coil with
the correct airflow and leaving air conditions?
a) 18 000 W
b) 22 000 W
c) 19 008 W
7-6 If all three zones were put on a central air handler with a constant-volume ter
minal reheat system, what would the airflow o f all three zones be, in order 1,2,
3? (Same outdoor design and percent outdoor air.)
a) 0.99,1.3,1.6
b) 0.9, 1.4, 1.7
c) 0.99, 1.32, 1.65
7-7 If all three zones were put on a central air handler with a variable-air-volume
reheat VAV box and 25% outdoor air, what are the required leaving air condi
tions from this air handler?
a) tdb= 13.5°Cand<() = 91% rh
b) tdb = 14.5°C and c|>= 88% rh
c) tdb= 160Cand(|> = 82% rh
7-8 With the system in Exercise 7-7, what are the new required airflows by zone in
order 1 , 2, 3 with the new leaving conditions?
a) 0.94, 1.26, 1.57 m3/s
b) 0.99, 1.26, 1.6 m3/s
c) 1.03, 1.3, 1.55 m3/s
7-9 What is the reheat required by zone in order 1, 2, 3 to meet the total reheat load
plus the winter heat loss load? (Use tdb = 21°C for room condition and 25%
outdoor air.)
a) 14 000, 18 000,25 000 W
b) 14 530, 19 930,24 240 W
c) 16 000,21 000,26 000 W
7-10 F r o m E x e r c i s e 7 - 7 , w i t h t h e c o r r e c t l e a v i n g c o n d i t i o n s a n d a i r f l o w , w h a t is th e
to ta l c o o lin g c a p a c ity o f th e c e n tra l a ir - h a n d le r c o o lin g c o il?
a) 73 2 8 0 W
b) 70 120 W
c) 76 910 W
7-11 I f th e s y s te m in E x e rc is e 7 -7 w e re a c o n s ta n t- v o lu m e , d u a l- d u c t s y s te m , w h a t
w o u l d b e th e h e a t c a p a c i t y o f t h e h o t - d e c k c o i l u s e d i n t h e c e n t r a l a i r h a n d l e r ?
(R o o m a t = 2 4 ° C .)
a) 75 0 0 0 W
b) 65 000 W
c) 55 100 W
d) 60 500 W
Energy Conservation
and Psychrometrics
Study Objectives
□ understand energy saving systems and strategies and their effects on the
psychrometric analysis and
□ understand why lower energy costs result from the use o f these systems and
strategies.
Instructions
Introduction
This chapter covers energy conservation principles and strategies and how
they affect the HVAC system design. There are many devices and strategies
that can conserve energy, but this text focuses on only the most commonly used
in HVAC: heat recovery devices, energy recovery devices, air-side economiz
ers, water-side economizers, and supply air temperature reset. We will examine
the psychrometric processes and the energy-saving effects o f these five sys
tems.
Heat Recovery Devices

Heat recovery is the exchange o f dry-bulb air temperature only between
two airstreams. In an HVAC system, this is typically between the outdoor air
used for ventilation and the common building exhaust airstream. The greater
the temperature difference that exists between the two airstreams, the more we
can affect the HVAC performance. This is also called sensible heat recovery,
because we only change the dry-bulb temperature.
The four most common types o f heat recovery devices are heat wheels, air-
to-air heat exchangers, heat pipes, and glycol run-around loops. Figure 8-1
shows three o f these devices, and Figure 8-2 shows a schematic o f a coil run
around loop.
74 C h a p te r 8 Energy Conservation and Psychrometrics
Heat Wheel Air-toAir Heat Pipe
Fig ure 8-1 H eat and energy recovery devices.
OUTDOOR
A IR
TO
OUTSIDE
Fig ure 8-2 Run-around loop (A S H R A E 2012, Figure 14).
A heat wheel is a large-diameter, deep wheel consisting o f a honeycomb

styling o f metal pockets. H alf o f the wheel is located in the exhaust airstream
and the other h alf is located in the incoming outdoor airstream. In the winter, as
the wheel rotates slowly, the cold outdoor air is preheated by the warmer
exhaust airstream that is being dumped outdoors. The individual pockets
change temperature rapidly as the wheel rotates from one airstream to the other
and back again.
In the summer, the wheel also precools the hot outdoor air with indoor
room-temperature exhaust air from the building. Note that this device must be
ducted and positioned in such a way that the airstreams are next to each other
somewhere in the system. Also, a small amount o f cross-contamination occurs
between the airstreams, so care must be taken depending on the application.
For example, exhaust air from an office building (toilet, break room, janitorial
closets, etc.) is generally acceptable to use, but exhaust from hospital isolation
rooms is never acceptable.
One final note on rotary heat wheels is that the loss o f air from the supply
side (outdoor air) to the exhaust air side can be as high as 10% o f the total air
flow. This is the cause o f the cross-contamination, but you must also increase
the airflow higher than the design required amount to cover this loss or leak
age.
An air-to-air heat exchanger uses parallel plates o f metal (or other material)
to separate the exhaust air from the outdoor air. The plates are packed tightly
next to each other in the heat exchanger, and the heat transfer goes across each
plate. So every other plate has indoor or outdoor air flowing through it in oppo
site directions. This heat exchanger design does not have any cross-contamina
tion between the two airstreams, and both airstreams must be side by side
somewhere in the system.
Heat pipes look like one big chilled-water coil or heat exchanger. The dif
ference is that each tube going across the coil is a separate chamber filled with
a very small refrigerant charge. Each half o f the coil, split side to side, sits in
one o f the airstreams. In winter, the outdoor air side o f the heat pipe condenses
the refrigerant in the tube and rejects the heat to the outdoor air, warming it.
The other side sits in the warm exhaust air, which vaporizes the refrigerant,
absorbing the heat from the warm airstream. By natural pressure difference, the
warm refrigerant vapor migrates to the colder side, where it condenses. The
coil is tilted slightly so the liquid refrigerant flows back to the warm side on the
bottom o f each small tube. When the season changes to summer, the tilt must
be reversed so the heat pipe can work in the reverse and cool the warm entering
outdoor air.
A glycol run-around loop is two large coils or heat exchangers placed in the
two airstreams that are connected by two pipes and one pump to move the gly
col-water solution from one coil to the other. They transfer heat from the
exhaust airstream to the outdoor airstream by warming up and then cooling
down the pumped glycol-water solution. The advantage o f this system is that
the airstreams can be located great distances from each other. There is no
cross-contamination with this device.
P s y c h ro m e tric E ffe c ts and Savin g s o f H e a t R e c o v e ry
Figure 8-3 shows winter temperature-change-only heat recovery. The

exhaust airstream is at tdb = 21°C and (J) = 40% rh and 0.7 m3/s. The outdoor
airstream is at tdb = 0°C and (|) = 50% rh and 0.94 m3/s. Note: Typically more
outdoor air is brought in than exhausted to positively pressurize the building to
keep the indoor environment clean and dust free.
However, we must first introduce the concept o f heat exchanger effective
ness. Counterflow air-to-air heat exchangers can achieve close to 100% effec
tiveness. But, the range o f 50% to 70% effectiveness for cost and air pressure
drop considerations is generally selected. For this example, we will use 60%
effectiveness.
Humidity Ratio
Fig ure 8 -3 H eat recovery in the w in te r.
If the exhaust airstream were cooled from tdb = 21°C to tdb = 0°C the max
imum amount o f sensible heat transfer would be
Is = ^max = 1210 X airflow * ( t x - t 2)

= 1210 x 0.7 m3/s x (21 - 0 )
Qmax = 17 780 W
Because the effectiveness is 60%, the transferred heat is
< W x effectiveness = qlransferrai

17 780 W x (0 .6 )= 10 668 W
Then the outdoor air is warmed to
qs = 10 668 W = 1210 x 0.94 m3/s x (0 - t2) difference

10 668
= 9.4°C = (0 - t 2)
1137
t2 = 8.4°C
Likewise, the exhaust air is cooled to
qs = 10 668 W = 1210 x 0.7 m3/sx ( 2 1 - 12)
1° 668 = 12.6°C = (21 - 12)

847
t2 = 8.4°C
Fig ure 8-4 H eat recovery in the sum m er.
So 10 668 W o f energy has been conserved by preheating the outdoor air

by 9.4°C and therefore lowering the operating cost in the process.
Next, we will look at the process in the summer with outdoor design condi
tions o f tdb = 35°C and § = 40% rh and room conditions o f tdb = 24°C and <j) =
50% rh, as shown in Figure 8-4.
qs = qmax = 1210 x 0.7 m3/s x (35 - 24)

= 1210 x 0.7 m3/s x (11)
Qmax = 9317 W
Using the same effectiveness o f 60%,
Qs Qmax x (0.60) Qtransferral

Qtransferral = 9317 W x (0.60)
= 5590 W
So we cool the outdoor air sensibly by
qs = 5590 W = 1210 x 0.94 m3/s x ( 3 5 - ;2)

x>90 = 4 9oC
(35 - t 2)
1137
t2 = 30.1°C
And we warm the exhaust air by
qs = 5590 W = 1210 x 0.7 m3/s x (24 - t2)

5590
= 6.5°C = (24 - t 2)
8471
t2 = 30.5°C
An air-to-air heat exchanger was used in this example, but the same proce
dure applies to the other three heat recovery devices— only the effectiveness
will change.
C o n d e n s a tio n and F ro s t F o rm a tio n
We must consider two other items in the use o f heat recovery devices, con
densation and frost formation. Condensation can occur on a heat exchanger if
the exhaust air dew-point temperature is reached. For example, in Figure 8-3, if
the exhaust air temperature were lowered below tdb = 7°C, then condensation
would occur on a small portion o f the heat transfer surface. Be sure to specify
these devices with a condensate drain to properly collect this water.
Frost can form on the leaving side o f the exhaust air in the heat recovery
device when the outdoor air gets to temperatures o f —12°C or less. In the win
ter, because the exhaust air dew-point temperature is almost always above 2°C,
this is a design consideration in Climate Zones 4 to 8 (ASHRAE 2013). Frost
formation in the heat recovery device decreases the exhaust airflow and
reduces the device’s effectiveness.
The methods used to prevent frost formation on heat recovery devices are
as follows:
• Preheat the outdoor airstream to some preset temperature entering the

device (e.g., —12°C) (all types o f heat recovery devices).
• Install a set o f bypass dampers around the device to bypass a portion o f the
outdoor airstream so the heat exchanger does not get so cold (heat wheel,
air-to-air heat exchanger, heat pipe).
• Install a three-way control valve in the glycol piping to control the glycol
solution inlet temperature on the exhaust coil to somewhere around —1°C,
thus preventing frost formation (run-around loop).
• Increase the rotational speed o f the heat wheel so the outdoor air does not
cool the heat transfer part o f the wheel to below around —1°C (heat wheel).
Energy Recovery Devices

Energy recovery is the transfer o f sensible heat and latent heat from the
exhaust airstream to the outdoor airstream. At first glance, the wheel looks
identical to a heat recovery wheel that transfers temperature only. However, the
heat transfer material in an energy recovery device is coated with a desiccant
material that absorbs water vapor and then rejects the water vapor to the other
airstream. So in winter, the moisture in the warmer building air is transferred to

the very dry outdoor air, thus helping maintain the indoor relative humidity.
And in the summer, the cool and dryer indoor air that is exhausted absorbs
some o f the moisture in the hot, humid outdoor air.
Energy recovery devices come in two types: 1) rotary energy wheels and
2) plate air-to-air heat exchangers with moisture transfer plates that are not
solid metal in construction. Following are performance examples o f an energy
recovery rotary wheel. Summer performance with a total energy effectiveness
o f 0.87 is shown in Figure 8-5 and is as follows:
Outdoor air conditions: tdb = 35°C, twb = 24°C, outdoor air = 1.08 m 3/s
Supply air conditions: tdb = 28°C, twb = 20°C, supply air = 0.94 m3/s
Return air conditions: tdb = 24°C, twb = 16°C, return air = 0.7 m3/s
Exhaust air conditions: tdb = 33°C, twb = 24°C, exhaust air = 0.84 m3/s
'X
Note the leakage airflow is 0.14 nr /s and the outdoor air total cooling load
reduction is
qt = 1 .2 x airflow x ( /jj - h2)

= 1.2 x 0.94 m3/s x (69 - 54)
= 1 . 2 x 0.94 m3/s x (15)
= 16.92 kW or 16 920 W
Figure 8-5 Energy recovery rotary wheel summer performance example.

The cooling system only needs to cool the outdoor air from tdb = 28°C and
twb = 20°C to tdb = 24°C and <j) = 50% rh instead o f from tdb = 35°C and twb =
24°C, which reduces the cooling energy costs.
Winter performance with the same effectiveness is shown in Figure 8-6 and
is as follows:
Outdoor air conditions: tdb = 0°C, twb = -3°C , outdoor air = 1.08 m3/s
Supply air conditions: tdb = 13°C, twb = 9°C, supply air = 0.94 m3/s
Return air conditions: tdb = 21°C, twb = 13°C, return air = 0.94 m3/s
Exhaust air conditions: tdb = 3°C, twb = 0°C, exhaust air = 0.84 m3/s
The outdoor air heating load is reduced by
qt = 1.2 x airflow x (hx - h2)

= 1.2 x 0.94 m3/s x ( 4 1 - 6)
= 1.2 x 0.94 m3/s x (35)
= 39.48 kW or 39 480 W
The outdoor air now has only to be heated from tdb = 13°C to tdb = 21°C
instead o f from tdb = 0°C, which reduces the cooling energy costs, as with the
winter operation.
Fig ure 8-6 Energy recovery rotary w heel w in te r performance example.

Note that in both cases o f heating and cooling to the outdoor air, the humid
ity ratio changes so you are not only transferring sensible heat, but also latent
heat. This latent heat helps maintain the indoor room relative humidity at the
design condition.
Air-Side Economizer
An air-side economizer is an HVAC system option that allows cooling
without the use o f mechanical refrigeration, thus making the cooling energy
equal to zero. For instance, to satisfy the cooling load, we need the supply air
tdb = 12°C. Then, any time o f the year that the outdoor air temperature is tdb =
12°C or less, we can shut the mechanized refrigeration off and open our out
door air dampers to 100%, pulling in 12°C air. Now this 12°C outdoor air pro
vides all the cooling to the building. This is called fu ll economizer mode and
should be considered any place where there is a cooling need in the fall, winter,
and spring.
You can also implement partial air-side economizing in your HVAC sys
tem. For example, the outdoor air temperature is tdb = 18°C and your room is at
tdb = 24°C. Instead o f cooling the air from 24°C down to 12°C for the supply
air, you only have to cool the air from 18°C to 12°C with mechanical refrigera
tion. In this example, the refrigeration load is reduced approximately 50%. So
partial economizing can be used any time the outdoor air is less than the room
cooling condition.
A word o f caution when using partial air-side economizing on constant-
volume, variable-temperature systems and it is very humid or raining outdoors
is that the humid outdoor air will cause the room relative humidity to go above
the room design condition o f <|>= 50% rh. In this instance, use the outdoor air
enthalpy instead o f the dry-bulb temperature to initiate partial economizing.
The outdoor enthalpy should be at least 8 kJ/kgâ less than the room enthalpy
condition before you allow partial economizing. This is less o f a concern on
VAV systems since they control to a constant leaving cooling air temperature at
all load conditions.
Note that with the air-side economizer option the air-handling system must
be capable o f bringing in up to 100% outdoor air. This means the outdoor air
weather louvers, outdoor air duct, and outdoor air dampers must all be sized
and selected for the full airflow o f the air handler.
Also, because you are bringing up to 100% outdoor air into the building,
you must provide a way to relieve, or exhaust, this additional air and provide
building pressure control to prevent overpressurization o f the building. Fail
ure to do this will result in the exterior doors staying partially open, not fully
closing.
Water-Side Economizer
The water-side economizer system was developed to provide cooling via
the chilled-water system to air-handling systems that do not have any outdoor
air connection or have minimum outdoor air capability. For this energy-saving
option, you must have a chilled-water cooling delivery system, a cooling tower,
and a heat exchanger piped between the chilled- and condenser-water systems.
Let’s look at the performance o f a cooling tower from the psychrometric
side. A cooling tower produces cool water dependent on the ambient wet-bulb
temperature only. For example, the ambient is tdb = 35°C and twb = 24°C, as in
our previous examples. The cooling tower has a 3°C approach temperature at
full load or heat rejection. This means the cooling tower can produce 27°C
leaving cooling tower water, or twb = 24°C + 3°C = 27°C. In the process o f
cooling the water down to 27°C, a portion o f the recirculating water is evapo
rated by slightly cooling the air (lower tdb) and greatly adding moisture to the
air. It is not uncommon that the air leaving a cooling tower is between 90% and
95% relative humidity.
As the outdoor air cools in the fall, winter, and spring, so does the outdoor
wet-bulb temperature. Also, the building sensible load decreases in these non
peak cooling seasons. For example, the ambient temperature is tdb = 4°C and
twb = 1°C. We also have the same approach temperature at part load o f 3°C (if
the tower is at full load and the same ambient conditions, the approach would
be around 6°C).
So this tower will make 7°C leaving condenser water. If our heat exchanger
has a 1°C approach temperature, then we can make 8°C chilled water to be dis
tributed throughout the building to provide cooling where needed. See Figure
8-7 for a system schematic o f a water-side economizer.
This water-side economizer is most commonly used on systems that have
chilled-water fan-coils or small air handler type systems. Typically, these sys-
H Load
Fig ure 8-7 W ater-side econom izer schem atic.

terns have no outdoor air or a small amount o f outdoor air, and it could be diffi
cult or impossible to duct 100% outdoor air capability to them.
The heat exchanger between the condenser water system and the chilled-
water system must be cleanable. So, because both can have the condenser
water debris easily removed, plate-and-frame and shell-and-tube (tube-side
condenser water) are the two heat exchangers most commonly used.
Supply Air Temperature Reset

Supply air temperature reset works because in almost all comfort cooling
system applications, the sensible heat gain decreases in the fall, winter, and
spring. So, if the sensible heat gain to a zone is half the summer peak gain by
the sensible heat equation discussed in Chapter 4, qs = 1210 x airflow x (tj -
/2), and if our airflow is constant, then the & can be half to produce h alf the
sensible cooling. Consider: if we have airflow = 2000, a summer peak supply
air temperature o f tdb = 12°C, and a room condition o f tdb = 24°C, then
Full sensible cooling: qs full = 1210 x 0.94 m3/s x (24°C - 12°C)

= 13 650 W
H alf sensible cooling: qs half = 1210 x 0.94 m3/s x (24°C - 12°C) x 0.5
= 6825 W
Simply by having the air handler supply tdb = 18°C, we can provide the
cooling necessary. See Figure 8-8 for the psychrometric analysis o f this con
cept. Also note that the sensible heat ratio will change as the heat gain
decreases in the off-peak load times o f the year.
A few words o f caution are in order before you apply this strategy:
• Data centers, IT rooms, and telecom rooms may have only slight decreases
in the sensible load throughout the year and, therefore, cannot use supply
air temperature reset.
• Process or industrial applications may never change in sensible load and so
cannot use supply air temperature reset.
• VAV systems arc very economical to run because the airflow varies as the
sensible load goes down. But if you reset the supply air temperature
upward too much, you will eat into or eliminate the fan horsepower savings
derived from this system. Granted, you can probably reset the supply air
tdb = 12°C to 13°C or 14°C, but not up to 19°C to 21°C. This is a great
case for energy modeling o f the VAV system to see how high in reset tem
perature you can go at the expense o f fan energy usage. Remember, the
higher the supply air temperature, the more refrigeration or cooling energy
you can save.
• Be very careful about how much supply air temperature reset you do in
very humid areas o f the world. Remember, the supply air temperature from
the cooling coil sets the required dew point to maintain the room relative
Fig ure 8-8 Supply a ir tem perature reset exam ple.
humidity via the sensible heat ratio calculation. Many times in the off-peak
cooling season you could reset the supply air temperature, but the outdoor
humidity conditions force the cooling coil to always be in dehumidification
mode. And be careful o f rainy days in the off-peak cooling season, as the
outdoor moisture content may take precedent over supply air temperature
reset. All modem HVAC control systems should do some indoor relative
humidity sensing as a standard benefit, so the building manager/operator
has the ability to make the right decision in this event.
Many other energy-conserving measures can be used on a building that do

not involve the psychrometric process in the HVAC system and, therefore, are
not discussed in this course.
References
ASHRAE. 2013. Figure B 1-1, Normative Appendix B, Building envelope cli
mate criteria. In ANS1/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2013, Energy stan
dardfor buildings except low-rise residential buildings. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
ASHRAE. 2012. Chapter 26, Air-to-air energy recovery equipment. In
ASHRAE Handbook— HVAC Systems and Equipment.
8-1 A heat wheel with a desiccant coating is a:

a) Sensible heat recovery device
b) Total enthalpy heat recovery device
c) Sensible-to-total heat recovery device
d) Total-to-sensible heat recovery device
8-2 When is preheating o f the outdoor airstream necessary on a heat recovery

device?
a) When the outdoor air temperature is below - 1 6°C.
b) When the outdoor air dew point is below 0°C.
c) When the exhaust airstream has a dew point above 0°C and the
leaving air temperature is below 0°C.
d) All o f the above.
8-3 Heat recovery effectiveness is the actual amount o f heat transferred versus the
maximum amount that could be transferred.
a) True
b) False
8-4 Energy recovery involves the transfer o f sensible heat from one airstream to the
other airstream.
a) True
b) False
8-5 An air-side economizer should be considered on any/all air systems that have
100% outdoor air capability and high operation hours with an ambient air tem
perature below 16°C and a demand for cooling.
a) True
b) False
8-6 Water-side economizers can be used on a chilled-water system with all termi
nal fan-coils and an air-cooled water chiller.
a) True
b) False
8-7 There is a sensible heat recovery system between equal outdoor air and exhaust
airstreams in Phoenix, Arizona, and the summer design outside is tdb = 48°C
and (j) = 10% rh. If the effectiveness is 75% o f the heat recovery device and the
exhaust airstream is tdb = 24°C and <j) = 40% rh, what are the dry-bulb tempera
ture and relative humidity o f the outdoor airstream leaving the recovery
device?
a) tdb = 32°C and <|>= 25% rh
b) tdb = 35°C and (f>= 20% rh
c) tdb = 38°C and (f>= 18% rh
d) tdb = 30°C and § = 28% rh
8-8 From Exercise 8-7, what are the leaving air conditions o f the exhaust airstream
with everything else being the same?
a) tdb = 30°C and (f) = 30% rh
b) tdb = 35°C and (f) = 25% rh
c) tdb = 40°C and (f) = 20% rh
d) tdb = 42°C and 4>= 16% rh
8-9 If the entering air conditions to a cooling tower are tdb = 48°C and twb = 19°C
and the cooling tower has a full-load approach temperature o f 4°C, what is the
leaving water from cooling tower (at full load)?
a) 40°C
b) 35°C
c) 23°C
d) 29°C
8-10 Supply air temperature reset can be used on all air-conditioning systems, any
time o f the year in all parts o f the world, regardless o f the ambient air condi
tions.
a) True
b) False
Special Applications and
Psychrometric Considerations
Study Objectives
□ understand the five special cases o f psychrometric applications in the

HVAC industry and the psychrometric analysis o f each,
□ select equipment for each o f these systems, and
□ understand the effect o f indirect and direct evaporative cooling in series.
Instructions
Introduction
This chapter discusses five special cases o f psychrometric applications in
the HVAC industry: cooling towers, cleanrooms, indoor swimming pools,
direct evaporative cooling, and indirect evaporative cooling.
Cooling Towers
Starting with cooling towers may seem strange because the function o f a
cooling tower is to cool water. However, it cools the water by rejecting the
heat, through an evaporative/sensible process cooling, to the ambient or out
door air.
The cooling tower approach temperature is the difference between the leav
ing water temperature and the ambient air wet-bulb temperature.
An example shows what happens to the ambient air and the entering water
as they pass through the cooling tower. Consider a 1055 kW cooling tower that
can cool 0.056 m3/s o f water from 35°C to 30°C. The heat being rejected by
the water is
q in kW = 4710 kW/m3/s °C x water flow in m3/s At in °C

= 4710 x 0.056 m3/s x 5°C
= 1319 kW
88 C h a p te r 9 Special Applications and Psychrometric Considerations
The entering ambient air to the cooling tower is tdb = 40°C and twb = 25°C.
This tower moves 28.45 m3/s o f air, which leaves the tower almost at the satu
ration line on the psychrometric chart. Therefore, the air must pick up 1319
kW, as shown by the total heat required equation discussed in Chapter 4:
qt = 1.2 x airflow x (h x - h2)
where h\ is the enthalpy at tdb = 40°C and twh = 25°C, or h = 76 kJ/kg^. There
fore,
1319 k W = 1.2 x 28.45 m3/s x (A, - A 2)

1319 kW = 1.2 x 28.45 m3/s x (76 - h2)
therefore h2 = 114 k J/k g ^
This matches the Figure 9-1 psychrometric chart.
So, the leaving air temperature is tdb = 33°C and twb = 32.8°C, or almost
saturated air. Note that the cooling tower approach is the difference between
the leaving water temperature (28°C) and the 25°C entering wet-bulb ambient
temperature, or 3°C.
See Figure 9-1 for the details o f the air condition as it flows through the
cooling tower. Note that part o f the process is sensible cooling, but the majority
is latent heat being added to the ambient air as the tower water is cooled.
Also note that the entering ambient air can be anywhere on the twb = 25°C
wet-bulb line and we will get the same results. The only difference is the
Fig ure 9-1 Psychrom etrics of a ir through a cooling tower.

amount o f latent heat and the amount o f sensible heating or cooling that takes
place as the air moves through the cooling tower.
Indoor Swimming Pools

From a design prospective, the indoor air dry-bulb temperature for indoor
swimming pools or natatoriums used for recreational purposes should be the
same temperature as the pool water temperature. That way, the amount o f pool
water lost to evaporation into the pool enclosure is reduced. However, if this is not
possible, do not allow to be greater than +2°C above the water temperature.
The range for recreational pool water temperature is 24°C to 19°C, with a
recommended ()> = 50% rh to 60% rh. As an example in this section, we will
design around tdb = 26°C and ()> = 55% rh. A specially designed unit called a
pool dehumidifier is used to provide dehumidification, reheat, and the proper
amount o f outdoor ventilation air as shown in Figure 9-2. The unit also has the
capability to provide auxiliary heat (of wintertime outdoor air), pool water heat
(energy saver), an external refrigerant condenser (reject heat outdoors), and
energy or heat recovery devices as explained in Chapter 8. It is also acceptable to
return the water condensed by the dehumidifying coil back to the swimming
pool.
The amount o f outdoor ventilation air required is 2.4 L/s-m2 o f total area,
which comes from ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1 (ASHRAE 2013). Total area
is defined as the pool surface plus the deck area around the pool if it gets wet
during normal operation. If this indoor pool area is connected to or is part o f a
larger building, then it should be at a slightly negative pressure to the rest o f the
building (-12 Pa o f water). This will ensure that the chlorine odor and the high-
moisture-content air do not get into the rest o f the building.
OUTDOOR AIR
Fig ure 9-2 Single-blower pool dehumidifier.

Figure 9-3 Indoor pool dchumidification and reheat process.
Take care to ensure that the building envelope is designed to handle the
high-dew-point indoor air. Exterior windows are discouraged in cold winter
design areas, as they will sweat excessively and cause damage.
For our example, the indoor pool is at tdb = 26°C and (j) = 55% rh. Note that
the indoor dew point is tdp = 17°C. The pool dehumidification unit cools and
dehumidifies the air first and then reheats the air to meet the psychrometric
needs. From a load calculation, the room sensible heat ratio (SHR) for this
example is 0.5. So the air is cooled from tdb = 26°C down to tdb = 12°C and
room moisture is removed in the process. Then the air is reheated from tdb =
12°C up to tdb = 19°C to intersect the SHR line on the psychrometric chart and
balance the sensible and latent cooling processes. See Figure 9-3 for the actual
pool dehumidification and reheat process.
Also note that to provide for the full heating load at winter design, both the
refrigeration reheat coil and the auxiliary heat will be used to warm the air to
the design supply air temperature. Conversely, for the summer design, dehu
midification will be needed. So the supply air temperature o f tdb = 19°C will
cover the cooling design load without any reheat. This then requires a second
refrigerant condenser to reject the heat to the ambient air.
Cleanrooms
The need for cleanrooms has expanded greatly over time. They are used in
manufacturing facilities for microprocessors, pharmaceuticals, medical prod
ucts, and various electronic devices. The common requirement o f these facili-
HEPA Reheat Glycol Cartridge

Air Coil Cooling Precooling Air
Filter Coil Coil Filter
i 1 1 4 4
Discharge ^
Fig ure 9-4 Makeup a ir handler.
ties is a clean area using high-efficiency particle arrestor air filtration with
precise dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity control.
A cleanroom HVAC system is divided into two subsystems with different
functions. First is the makeup air system, which provides preconditioned out
door air to the cleanroom area because a large amount o f exhaust air is typi
cally removed in the manufacturing process. The second subsystem is the
recirculating room air handlers that slightly cool and filter the room air, at the
same time maintaining an airflow rate in the room.
As an example, a cleanroom is designed at summer conditions o f tdb =
21 °C and <\>= 45% rh, which is means a tdr) o f 9°C. The design outdoor air is tdb
= 40°C and twb = 25°C. Therefore, the makeup air handler must cool this hot/
humid summer design air to something less than tdb = 9°C, because the recircu
lation air handlers perform only sensible cooling. Or, said another way, the
makeup air has to remove all the outdoor air latent load plus any room latent
load prior to the air being mixed into the cleanroom.
Because most cleanrooms have very few people working in them at any
given time and the manufacturing tool load is mostly a sensible load, the latent
load from the cleanroom is typically small. For this example, by cooling the air
down to tdb = 8°C, we can handle the cleanroom latent load from our latent
load calculations.
The makeup air handler must also be able to add humidity to the air when
the outdoor air is dry, as well as heat the air to near room condition in the win
ter. These are typically very large and long air handlers, because they perform
many functions on the outdoor airstream. Note in Figure 9-4 all the compo
nents necessary to provide preconditioned outdoor air.
Let’s look at the psychrometrics o f this make-up air handler at the summer
design conditions. The psychrometric chart for this unit is shown in Figure 9-5.
Fig ure 9-5 Makeup a ir handler psychrom etrics at sum m er design conditions.
All three cooling coils and the reheat coil are used to precondition the air
before mixing it with the cleanroom recirculation air. A summary o f the four
coils follows:
1. Precool coil takes the 100% outdoor air from tdb = 40°C down to tdb =
34°C with a process cooling loop water supply at 30°C.
2. Chilled-water coil then takes the air from tdb = 34°C down to tdb = 11°C
with the chilled-water loop at 5°C.
3. Glycol (antifreeze) cooling coil then takes the air from tdb = 11°C down to
tdb = 8°C with a water/glycol solution at 2°C.
4. Reheat coil then heats the air from tdb = 8°C up to tdb = 19°C with the
return water from the process cooling loop that is at about 35°C. This is a
huge energy-saving feature to use the return water as a heating source and
thus cool the return water in the process.
This preconditioned outdoor air is then mixed with the cleanroom return air
that is at tdb = 21°C and (j) = 45% rh at the inlet o f the recirculation air-handling
units. If the relative humidity gets to below 45%, then the glycol coil raises its
supply air temperature a degree or two to bring the cleanroom back up to (J) =
45% rh.
At any outdoor condition, this makeup air handler has the components to
bring the outdoor air to the desired mixed condition before it is introduced into
the cleanroom.
The cleanroom recirculation units are very simple: they consist o f a fan, a
small chilled-water coil, and a set o f air prefilters. The actual cleanroom high-
Fig ure 9-6 Recirculation cleanroom a ir handler psychrom etrics.
efficiency particle arrestor filters are in the ceiling o f the cleanroom and pro
vide airflow at a high velocity through the room. Because they are sensible-
cooling-only units and have a very small temperature drop, tdb = 21°C to tdb =
19°C, or only 2°C o f cooling, there is no temperature deviation in the clean
room. The psychrometrics o f the recirculation cleanroom air handler are shown
in Figure 9-6.
The mixing o f the preconditioned makeup air and the return air from the
cleanroom is interesting in that the ratio of the room/makeup air is typically 20/1
to 50/1, depending on the process in the cleanroom. Therefore, the mixed condi
tion is only reduced a few tenths o f a degree in the dry bulb temperature. The
room temperature sensor controls the chilled-water valve in the recirculation air
handler to change the leaving air temperature slightly if needed.
Direct Evaporative Cooling

Direct evaporative cooling can be used very effectively in the hot and dry
climates o f the world to provide for human comfort. In direct evaporative cool
ing, the airstream is 100% outdoor air and in contact with water. As some water
evaporates, it lowers the dry-bulb temperature o f the airstream, cooling the air.
The process o f direct evaporative cooling is a constant-wet-bulb-temperature
process, as shown in Figure 9-7.
For example, consider outdoor air conditions o f tdb = 38°C and <j) = 5% rh,
in which the process goes up and to the left on the 15°C wet-bulb line. If the
direct evaporative cooling has a 95% efficiency, then the leaving air tempera-
Fig ure 9-7 Psychrom etrics of d irect evaporative cooling.
ture will be tdb = 16°C and (j) = 90% rh. We can also calculate the condition as
follows:
Evaporative effect = (E A Tdh - E A T wh) x Efficiency

22°C = (38°C - 15°C) x 0.95
LAT = E A T dh - Evaporative effect

= 38°C - 22°C
= 16°C
where
EAT = entering air temperature
LAT = leaving air temperature
So, if the room has a high sensible load and a very low latent load, we can
keep the room conditions at tdb = 24°C and <|>= 60% rh with a fairly flat SHR line.
Indirect Evaporative Cooling

Indirect evaporative cooling is simply cooling the air with a cooling coil and
then using the evaporative process to cool the water that goes through the cool
ing coil. By definition, then, indirect evaporative cooling is not as efficient as
direct evaporative cooling because two heat transfers take place in the process.
Take the direct evaporative cooling example: we can make 16°C water in this
process and we waste the cool air back to ambient. We take this 16°C water to a
Fig ure 9-8 Psychrom etrics of indirect evaporative cooling.
cooling coil and we can make tdb = 20°C air with tdb = 24°C air entering the
coil. Again, if our cooling load is mostly/all sensible and our airflow is high
enough, we can maintain the room at tdb = 24°C and § = 50% rh. See Figure 9-
8 for the psychrometrics o f the indirect evaporative cooling process.
However, when used together with 100% outdoor air, the leaving air tem
perature can be lowered by 5°C. We use the same outdoor conditions o f tdb =
38°C and § = 5% rh, but our efficiency is only 45% at best.
We can use the same formula as before so our indirect section can deliver
Evaporative effect = (EATdb - EATM,/,) x Efficiency

10°C = (38°C - 16°C) x 0.45
LAT = E A T db - Evaporative effect

= 38°C —10°C
= 28°C
Indirect evaporative cooling can be used in series with direct evaporative

cooling. Air from the indirect section can now enter the direct evaporative sec
tion at tdb = 28°C and <j) = 10% rh and move up the wet-bulb line o f 11.5°C
with a leaving air condition o f tdb = 12°C and (j) = 90% rh. This is now a much
better leaving air condition, as we can easily maintain room conditions o f tdb =
24°C and (j) = 50% rh.
Evaporative effect = (EATdb - EATM,/,) x Efficiency

16°C = (28°C - 11.5°C) x 0.95
Fig ure 9-9 Psychrom etrics of indirect and direct evaporative cooling in series.
Waste Air
t
Supply Air
------►
Fig ure 9-10 A ir handler w ith indirect and d irect evaporative cooling sections.
LAT = E A T ^ - Evaporative effect

= 28°C - 16°C
= 12°C
So, as you can see, the combination o f both indirect and direct evaporative
cooling in series can deliver air that can provide for a comfortable room with
out mechanical refrigeration.
See Figure 9-9 for a plot o f indirect and direct evaporative cooling in series.
Figure 9-10 shows the component arrangement for an air handler with both
indirect and direct evaporative cooling. The waste air is the air that provides
cooling to the one side o f the indirect heat exchanger.
Reference
ASHRAE. 2013. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013, Ventilation fo r accept-
able indoor air quality. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
Complete these questions by writing your answers on the worksheets at the back o f this book.
9-1 A cooling tower needs to reject heat from 0.075 cu m/s o f water entering at
35°C and leaving at 30°C. What is the total heat required to be rejected?
a) 1766 kW
b) 184 kW
c) 1610 kW
d) 1495 kW
From Exercise 9-1, if the cooling tower has an airflow o f 47.2 m3/s and ambi
ent air conditions o f tdb = 30°C and twb = 24°C, what are the leaving air condi
tions o f the tower?
a) tdh = 30°C, twb = 28.5°C
b) tdh = 32°C, twb = 7>\°C
c) tdb = 31°C, twb = 30.5°C
d) tdb = 30°C, twb = 29.7°C
9-3 What is the cooling tower approach temperature for the cooling tower in Exer
cise 9-2?
a) 3°C
b) 7°C
c) 4°C
d) 6°C
9-4 In the design o f an indoor swimming pool, it is best to keep the swimming pool
water temperature and the room temperature as far apart as comfortably possi
ble.
a) True
b) False
9-5 In a cleanroom with design conditions o f tdb = 20°C and <f» = 40% rh, the
makeup air must be cooled to what dry-bulb temperature or the relative humid
ity will not be met?
a) tdb = 12°C
b) tdb = 20°C
c) tdb = 5°C
d) ^ = 1 0 ° C
9-6 If we cool the air via direct evaporative cooling from tdb = 43°C and § = 2% rh,
what is the lowest leaving air temperature we can achieve?
a) tdb = 17°C
b) tdb = 20°C
c) tdh = 18°C
d) tdh = 12°C
9-7 In Exercise 9-6, if our evaporative efficiency is 80%, what are the leaving air
conditions?
a) tdb = 20°C and (|) = 70% rh
b) tdb = 22°C and § = 70% rh
c) tdb = 21°C and § = 58% rh
d) tdb = 25°C and § = 50% rh
9-8 In Exercises 9-6 and 9-7, if the room sensible heat ratio is 0.9, what is the
expected room relative humidity if the room is at tdb = 24°C?
a) (j) = 53% rh
b) <|>= 60% rh
c) (j) = 50% rh
d) Cannot maintain room at tdb = 24°C with this leaving condition
9-9 If we use the same outdoor conditions o f tdb = 43°C and (f) = 2% rh from Exer
cise 9-6 and an indirect evaporative cooling section o f 40% efficiency, what are
the leaving air conditions from this section?
a) tdh = 33°C and ((>= 3% rh
b) ^ = 31°Cand(|> = 20% rh
c) tdb = 35°C and ((>= 5% rh
d) tdh = 19°C and (() = 5% rh
9-10 If we add a direct evaporative cooling section in series downstream o f the indi
rect section in Exercise 9-9 and the direct section has an efficiency o f 70%,
what are the leaving air conditions?
a) tdb = 15°C and (J>= 95% rh
b) tdh= 15°Cand(t> = 65% rh
c) tdb = 19°C and (|) = 60% rh
d) tdh = 19°C and (() = 52% rh
Appendix A—
Thermodynamic
Properties of Moist Air
Tab le A-1 Therm odynam ic Properties of Moist A ir at Standard Atm ospheric Pressure,
101.325 kPa
T e m p ., °C H u m id ity R a tio S p e c i f i c V o l u m e . m 3/ k g ^ S p e c ific E n th a lp y , k J / k g ^ S p e c ific E n tr o p y , k J / f k g ^ K ) T e m p ., ° C
t » s . k ^K'/ k ^ / a 'd a 'a s 's "da h as hs s da Ss

t
-6 0 0 .0 0 0 0 0 6 7 0 .6 0 2 7 0 .0 0 0 0 0 .6 0 2 7 - 6 0 .3 4 1 0 .0 1 6 - 6 0 .3 2 5 - 0 .2 4 9 4 - 0 .2 4 9 4 -6 0
-5 9 0 .0 0 0 0 0 7 6 0 .6 0 5 5 0 .0 0 0 0 0 .6 0 5 5 - 5 9 .3 3 5 0 .0 1 8 - 5 9 .3 1 7 - 0 .2 4 4 7 - 0 .2 4 4 6 -5 9
-5 8 0 .0 0 0 0 0 8 7 0 .6 0 8 4 0 .0 0 0 0 0 .6 0 8 4 - 5 8 .3 2 9 0 .0 2 1 - 5 8 .3 0 8 - 0 .2 4 0 0 - 0 .2 3 9 9 -5 8
-5 7 0 .0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 .6 1 1 2 0 .0 0 0 0 0 .6 1 1 2 - 5 7 .3 2 3 0 .0 2 4 - 5 7 .2 9 9 - 0 .2 3 5 4 - 0 .2 3 5 3 -5 7
-5 6 0 .0 0 0 0 1 1 4 0 .6 1 4 1 0 .0 0 0 0 0 .6 1 4 1 - 5 6 .3 1 7 0 .0 2 7 - 5 6 .2 8 9 - 0 .2 3 0 7 - 0 .2 3 0 6 -5 6
-5 5 0 .0 0 0 0 1 2 9 0 .6 1 6 9 0 .0 0 0 0 0 .6 1 6 9 - 5 5 .3 1 1 0 .0 3 1 - 5 5 .2 8 0 - 0 .2 2 6 1 - 0 .2 2 6 0 -5 5
-5 4 0 .0 0 0 0 1 4 7 0 .6 1 9 8 0 .0 0 0 0 0 .6 1 9 8 - 5 4 .3 0 5 0 .0 3 5 - 5 4 .2 6 9 - 0 .2 2 1 5 - 0 .2 2 1 3 -5 4
-5 3 0 .0 0 0 0 1 6 7 0 .6 2 2 6 0 .0 0 0 0 0 .6 2 2 6 - 5 3 .2 9 9 0 .0 4 0 - 5 3 .2 5 8 - 0 .2 1 6 9 - 0 .2 1 6 7 -5 3
-5 2 0 .0 0 0 0 1 9 0 0 .6 2 5 5 0 .0 0 0 0 0 .6 2 5 5 - 5 2 .2 9 3 0 .0 4 6 - 5 2 .2 4 7 - 0 .2 1 2 4 -0 .2 1 2 1 -5 2
-5 1 0 .0 0 0 0 2 1 5 0 .6 2 8 3 0 .0 0 0 0 0 .6 2 8 3 - 5 1 .2 8 7 0 .0 5 2 - 5 1 .2 3 5 - 0 .2 0 7 8 - 0 .2 0 7 6 -5 1
-5 0 0 .0 0 0 0 2 4 3 0 .6 3 1 2 0 .0 0 0 0 0 .6 3 1 2 - 5 0 .2 8 1 0 .0 5 9 - 5 0 .2 2 2 - 0 .2 0 3 3 - 0 .2 0 3 0 -5 0
—4 9 0 .0 0 0 0 2 7 5 0 .6 3 4 0 0 .0 0 0 0 0 .6 3 4 0 - 4 9 .2 7 5 0 .0 6 6 —4 9 .2 0 9 - 0 .1 9 8 8 - 0 .1 9 8 5 -4 9
—4 8 0 .0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 .6 3 6 9 0 .0 0 0 0 0 .6 3 6 9 —4 8 .2 6 9 0 .0 7 5 —4 8 .1 9 4 - 0 .1 9 4 3 - 0 .1 9 4 0 -1 8
—4 7 0 .0 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 .6 3 9 7 0 .0 0 0 0 0 .6 3 9 7 - 4 7 .2 6 3 0 .0 8 5 —4 7 .1 7 9 - 0 .1 8 9 9 - 0 .1 8 9 5 -4 7
—4 6 0 .0 0 0 0 3 9 5 0 .6 4 2 5 0 .0 0 0 0 0 .6 4 2 6 —4 6 .2 5 7 0 .0 9 5 —4 6 .1 6 2 - 0 .1 8 5 4 - 0 .1 8 5 0 -4 6
-4 5 0 .0 0 0 0 4 4 5 0 .6 4 5 4 0 .0 0 0 0 0 .6 4 5 4 - 4 5 .2 5 2 0 .1 0 7 —4 5 .1 4 4 - 0 .1 8 1 0 - 0 .1 8 0 5 -45
-4 4 0 .0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 .6 4 8 2 0 .0 0 0 1 0 .6 4 8 3 - 4 4 .2 4 6 0 .1 2 1 - 4 4 .1 2 5 - 0 .1 7 6 6 - 0 .1 7 6 1 -4 4
-4 3 0 .0 0 0 0 5 6 2 0 .6 5 1 1 0 .0 0 0 1 0 .6 5 1 1 - 4 3 .2 4 0 0 .1 3 6 —4 3 .1 0 4 - 0 .1 7 2 2 - 0 .1 7 1 6 -43
-4 2 0 .0 0 0 0 6 3 1 0 .6 5 3 9 0 .0 0 0 1 0 .6 5 4 0 - 4 2 .2 3 4 0 .1 5 3 —4 2 .0 8 1 - 0 .1 6 7 9 - 0 .1 6 7 2 -4 2
-4 1 0 .0 0 0 0 7 0 8 0 .6 5 6 8 0 .0 0 0 1 0 .6 5 6 8 - 4 1 .2 2 9 0 .1 7 2 —4 1 .0 5 7 - 0 .1 6 3 5 - 0 .1 6 2 8 -1 1
^10 0 .0 0 0 0 7 9 3 0 .6 5 9 6 0 .0 0 0 1 0 .6 5 9 7 - 4 0 .2 2 3 0 .1 9 2 - 4 0 .0 3 1 - 0 .1 5 9 2 - 0 .1 5 8 3 -1 0
-3 9 0 .0 0 0 0 8 8 7 0 .6 6 2 5 0 .0 0 0 1 0 .6 6 2 6 - 3 9 .2 1 7 0 .2 1 5 - 3 9 .0 0 2 - 0 .1 5 4 9 - 0 .1 5 3 9 -3 9
-3 8 0 .0 0 0 0 9 9 2 0 .6 6 5 3 0 .0 0 0 1 0 .6 6 5 4 - 3 8 .2 1 2 0 .2 4 1 - 3 7 .9 7 0 - 0 .1 5 0 6 - 0 .1 4 9 5 -3 8
-3 7 0 .0 0 0 1 1 0 8 0 .6 6 8 2 0 .0 0 0 1 0 .6 6 8 3 - 3 7 .2 0 6 0 .2 6 9 - 3 6 .9 3 6 - 0 .1 4 6 4 - 0 .1 4 5 1 -3 7
-3 6 0 .0 0 0 1 2 3 7 0 .6 7 1 0 0 .0 0 0 1 0 .6 7 1 1 - 3 6 .2 0 0 0 .3 0 1 - 3 5 .8 9 9 - 0 .1 4 2 1 - 0 .1 4 0 8 -3 6
-3 5 0 .0 0 0 1 3 7 9 0 .6 7 3 8 0 .0 0 0 1 0 .6 7 4 0 - 3 5 .1 9 5 0 .3 3 6 - 3 4 .8 5 9 - 0 .1 3 7 9 - 0 .1 3 6 4 -3 5
-3 4 0 .0 0 0 1 5 3 6 0 .6 7 6 7 0 .0 0 0 2 0 .6 7 6 9 - 3 4 .1 8 9 0 .3 7 4 - 3 3 .8 1 5 - 0 .1 3 3 7 - 0 .1 3 2 0 -3 4
-3 3 0 .0 0 0 1 7 1 0 0 .6 7 9 5 0 .0 0 0 2 0 .6 7 9 7 - 3 3 .1 8 3 0 .4 1 7 - 3 2 .7 6 6 - 0 .1 2 9 5 - 0 .1 2 7 6 -3 3
-3 2 0 .0 0 0 1 9 0 2 0 .6 8 2 4 0 .0 0 0 2 0 .6 8 2 6 - 3 2 .1 7 8 0 .4 6 4 - 3 1 .7 1 4 - 0 .1 2 5 3 - 0 .1 2 3 2 -3 2
-3 1 0 .0 0 0 2 1 1 3 0 .6 8 5 2 0 .0 0 0 2 0 .6 8 5 5 - 3 1 .1 7 2 0 .5 1 6 - 3 0 .6 5 6 - 0 .1 2 1 1 - 0 .1 1 8 9 -3 1
-3 0 0 .0 0 0 2 3 4 5 0 .6 8 8 1 0 .0 0 0 3 0 .6 8 8 3 - 3 0 .1 6 7 0 .5 7 3 - 2 9 .5 9 3 - 0 .1 1 7 0 - 0 .1 1 4 5 -3 0
-2 9 0 .0 0 0 2 6 0 2 0 .6 9 0 9 0 .0 0 0 3 0 .6 9 1 2 - 2 9 .1 6 1 0 .6 3 6 - 2 8 .5 2 5 - 0 .1 1 2 9 - 0 .1 1 0 1 -2 9
-2 8 0 .0 0 0 2 8 8 3 0 .6 9 3 8 0 .0 0 0 3 0 .6 9 4 1 - 2 8 .1 5 6 0 .7 0 6 - 2 7 .4 5 0 - 0 .1 0 8 8 - 0 .1 0 5 7 -2 8
-2 7 0 .0 0 0 3 1 9 3 0 .6 9 6 6 0 .0 0 0 4 0 .6 9 7 0 - 2 7 .1 5 0 0 .7 8 2 - 2 6 .3 6 8 - 0 .1 0 4 7 - 0 .1 0 1 3 -2 7
-2 6 0 .0 0 0 3 5 3 2 0 .6 9 9 4 0 .0 0 0 4 0 .6 9 9 8 - 2 6 .1 4 4 0 .8 6 6 - 2 5 .2 7 8 - 0 .1 0 0 6 - 0 .0 9 6 9 -2 6
-2 5 0 .0 0 0 3 9 0 5 0 .7 0 2 3 0 .0 0 0 4 0 .7 0 2 7 - 2 5 .1 3 9 0 .9 5 8 - 2 4 .1 8 1 - 0 .0 9 6 5 - 0 .0 9 2 4 -2 5
-2 4 0 .0 0 0 4 3 1 4 0 .7 0 5 1 0 .0 0 0 5 0 .7 0 5 6 - 2 4 .1 3 3 1 .0 5 9 - 2 3 .0 7 4 - 0 .0 9 2 5 - 0 .0 8 8 0 -2 4
-2 3 0 .0 0 0 4 7 6 1 0 .7 0 8 0 0 .0 0 0 5 0 .7 0 8 5 - 2 3 .1 2 8 1 .1 7 0 - 2 1 .9 5 8 - 0 .0 8 8 4 - 0 .0 8 3 5 -2 3
-2 2 0 .0 0 0 5 2 5 1 0 .7 1 0 8 0 .0 0 0 6 0 .7 1 1 4 - 2 2 .1 2 2 1 .2 9 1 - 2 0 .8 3 1 - 0 .0 8 4 4 - 0 .0 7 9 0 -2 2
-2 1 0 .0 0 0 5 7 8 7 0 .7 1 3 7 0 .0 0 0 7 0 .7 1 4 3 - 2 1 .1 1 7 1 .4 2 4 - 1 9 .6 9 3 - 0 .0 8 0 4 - 0 .0 7 4 5 -2 1
-2 0 0 .0 0 0 6 3 7 3 0 .7 1 6 5 0 .0 0 0 7 0 .7 1 7 2 - 2 0 .1 1 1 1 .5 7 0 - 1 8 .5 4 2 - 0 .0 7 6 5 - 0 .0 6 9 9 -2 0
-1 9 0 .0 0 0 7 0 1 3 0 .7 1 9 3 0 .0 0 0 8 0 .7 2 0 1 - 1 9 .1 0 6 1 .7 2 8 - 1 7 .3 7 7 - 0 .0 7 2 5 - 0 .0 6 5 3 -1 9
-1 8 0 .0 0 0 7 7 1 1 0 .7 2 2 2 0 .0 0 0 9 0 .7 2 3 1 - 1 8 .1 0 0 1 .9 0 2 - 1 6 .1 9 8 - 0 .0 6 8 5 - 0 .0 6 0 7 -1 8
-1 7 0 .0 0 0 8 4 7 3 0 .7 2 5 0 0 .0 0 1 0 0 .7 2 6 0 - 1 7 .0 9 5 2 .0 9 1 - 1 5 .0 0 3 - 0 .0 6 4 6 - 0 .0 5 6 0 -1 7
-1 6 0 .0 0 0 9 3 0 3 0 .7 2 7 9 0 .0 0 1 1 0 .7 2 9 0 - 1 6 .0 8 9 2 .2 9 8 - 1 3 .7 9 1 - 0 .0 6 0 7 - 0 .0 5 1 3 -1 6
-1 5 0 .0 0 1 0 2 0 7 0 .7 3 0 7 0 .0 0 1 2 0 .7 3 1 9 - 1 5 .0 8 4 2 .5 2 3 - 1 2 .5 6 0 - 0 .0 5 6 8 - 0 .0 4 6 5 -1 5
-1 4 0 .0 0 1 1 1 9 1 0 .7 3 3 6 0 .0 0 1 3 0 .7 3 4 9 - 1 4 .0 7 8 2 .7 6 9 - 1 1 .3 1 0 - 0 .0 5 2 9 - 0 .0 4 1 6 -1 4
-1 3 0 .0 0 1 2 2 6 1 0 .7 3 6 4 0 .0 0 1 4 0 .7 3 7 8 - 1 3 .0 7 3 3 .0 3 6 - 1 0 .0 3 7 - 0 .0 4 9 0 - 0 .0 3 6 7 -1 3
-1 2 0 .0 0 1 3 4 2 5 0 .7 3 9 2 0 .0 0 1 6 0 .7 4 0 8 - 1 2 .0 6 7 3 .3 2 6 -8 .7 4 1 - 0 .0 4 5 2 - 0 .0 3 1 7 -1 2
-1 1 0 .0 0 1 4 6 8 9 0 .7 4 2 1 0 .0 0 1 7 0 .7 4 3 8 - 1 1 .0 6 2 3 .6 4 2 -7 .4 1 9 - 0 .0 4 1 3 - 0 .0 2 6 7 -1 1
-1 0 0 .0 0 1 6 0 6 2 0 .7 4 4 9 0 .0 0 1 9 0 .7 4 6 8 - 1 0 .0 5 6 3 .9 8 6 -6 .0 7 0 - 0 .0 3 7 5 - 0 .0 2 1 5 -1 0
102 A ppendix A Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air
101.325 kP a (C o n tin u e d )
T e m p .. °C H u m id ity R a tio S p e c i f i c V o l u m e . m 3/ k g ^ fl S p e c ific E n th a lp y , k J /k g ja S p e c i f i c E n t r o p y , k J / ( k g j fl K ) x e m p . . ° C
r H v, k g K / k g j fl
'd a 'a s 's l>da •‘as •‘ s s da Ss
r
=9 0 .0 0 1 7 5 5 1 0 7 /4 7 8 0 .0 0 2 1 0 .7 4 9 9 -9 .0 5 0 4 .3 5 8 -4 .6 9 2 - 0 .0 3 3 7 - 0 .0 1 6 3 --9
-8 0 .0 0 1 9 1 6 6 0 .7 5 0 6 0 .0 0 2 3 0 .7 5 2 9 -8 .0 4 5 4 .7 6 3 -3 .2 8 2 - 0 .0 2 9 9 - 0 .0 1 1 0 -8
-7 0 .0 0 2 0 9 1 6 0 .7 5 3 4 0 .0 0 2 5 0 .7 5 6 0 -7 .0 3 9 5 .2 0 2 -1 .8 3 8 - 0 .0 2 6 1 - 0 .0 0 5 5 -7
-6 0 .0 0 2 2 8 1 2 0 .7 5 6 3 0 .0 0 2 8 0 .7 5 9 1 -6 .0 3 4 5 .6 7 7 -0 .3 5 6 - 0 .0 2 2 3 0 .0 0 0 0 -6
-5 0 .0 0 2 4 8 6 3 0 .7 5 9 1 0 .0 0 3 0 0 .7 6 2 2 -5 .0 2 8 6 .1 9 3 1 .1 6 4 - 0 .0 1 8 6 0 .0 0 5 7 -5
-4 0 .0 0 2 7 0 8 3 0 .7 6 2 0 0 .0 0 3 3 0 .7 6 5 3 -4 .0 2 3 6 .7 5 0 2 .7 2 8 - 0 .0 1 4 8 0 .0 1 1 5 -4
-3 0 .0 0 2 9 4 8 2 0 .7 6 4 8 0 .0 0 3 6 0 .7 6 8 4 - 3 .0 1 7 7 .3 5 4 4 .3 3 7 - 0 .0 1 1 1 0 .0 1 7 5 -3
-2 0 .0 0 3 2 0 7 6 0 .7 6 7 7 0 .0 0 3 9 0 .7 7 1 6 -2 .0 1 1 8 .0 0 7 5 .9 9 5 - 0 .0 0 7 4 0 .0 2 3 6 -2
-1 0 .0 0 3 4 8 7 7 0 .7 7 0 5 0 .0 0 4 3 0 .7 7 4 8 - 1 .0 0 6 8 .7 1 2 7 .7 0 7 - 0 .0 0 3 7 0 .0 2 9 9 -1
0 0 .0 0 3 7 9 0 0 0 .7 7 3 3 0 .0 0 4 7 0 .7 7 8 0 0 .0 0 0 9 .4 7 5 9 .4 7 5 0 .0 0 0 0 0 .0 3 6 4 0
1 0 .0 0 4 0 7 6 0 .7 7 6 2 0 .0 0 5 1 0 .7 8 1 3 1 .0 0 6 1 0 .1 9 8 1 1 .2 0 3 0 .0 0 3 7 0 .0 4 2 7 1
2 0 .0 0 4 3 8 2 0 .7 7 9 0 0 .0 0 5 5 0 .7 8 4 5 2 .0 1 1 1 0 .9 7 0 1 2 .9 8 1 0 .0 0 7 3 0 .0 4 9 2 2
3 0 .0 0 4 7 0 8 0 .7 8 1 9 0 .0 0 5 9 0 .7 8 7 8 3 .0 1 7 1 1 .7 9 4 1 4 .8 1 1 0 .0 1 1 0 0 .0 5 5 9 3
4 0 .0 0 5 0 5 5 0 .7 8 4 7 0 .0 0 6 4 0 .7 9 1 1 4 .0 2 3 1 2 .6 7 3 1 6 .6 9 6 0 .0 1 4 6 0 .0 6 2 7 4
5 0 .0 0 5 4 2 5 0 .7 8 7 5 0 .0 0 6 8 0 .7 9 4 4 5 .0 2 9 1 3 .6 1 1 1 8 .6 3 9 0 .0 1 8 2 0 .0 6 9 7 5
6 0 .0 0 5 8 1 9 0 .7 9 0 4 0 .0 0 7 4 0 .7 9 7 8 6 .0 3 4 1 4 .6 1 0 2 0 .6 4 4 0 .0 2 1 9 0 .0 7 6 9 6
7 0 .0 0 6 2 3 8 0 .7 9 3 2 0 .0 0 7 9 0 .8 0 1 2 7 .0 4 0 1 5 .6 7 4 2 2 .7 1 4 0 .0 2 5 4 0 .0 8 4 3 7
8 0 .0 0 6 6 8 4 0 .7 9 6 1 0 .0 0 8 5 0 .8 0 4 6 8 .0 4 6 1 6 .8 0 7 2 4 .8 5 3 0 .0 2 9 0 0 .0 9 1 9 8
9 0 .0 0 7 1 5 8 0 .7 9 8 9 0 .0 0 9 2 0 .8 0 8 1 9 .0 5 2 1 8 .0 1 3 2 7 .0 6 5 0 .0 3 2 6 0 .0 9 9 7 9
10 0 .0 0 7 6 6 3 0 .8 0 1 7 0 .0 0 9 8 0 .8 1 1 6 1 0 .0 5 8 1 9 .2 9 7 2 9 .3 5 4 0 .0 3 6 2 0 .1 0 7 8 10
11 0 .0 0 8 1 9 9 0 .8 0 4 6 0 .0 1 0 6 0 .8 1 5 2 1 1 .0 6 3 2 0 .6 6 1 3 1 .7 2 4 0 .0 3 9 7 0 .1 1 6 2 11
12 0 .0 0 8 7 6 8 0 .8 0 7 4 0 .0 1 1 3 0 .8 1 8 8 1 2 .0 6 9 2 2 .1 1 1 3 4 .1 8 1 0 .0 4 3 2 0 .1 2 4 8 12
13 0 .0 0 9 3 7 2 0 .8 1 0 3 0 .0 1 2 2 0 .8 2 2 4 1 3 .0 7 5 2 3 .6 5 3 3 6 .7 2 8 0 .0 4 6 8 0 .1 3 3 7 13
14 0 .0 1 0 0 1 3 0 .8 1 3 1 0 .0 1 3 1 0 .8 2 6 2 1 4 .0 8 1 2 5 .2 9 0 3 9 .3 7 1 0 .0 5 0 3 0 .1 4 3 0 14
15 0 .0 1 0 6 9 4 0 .8 1 5 9 0 .0 1 4 0 0 .8 2 9 9 1 5 .0 8 7 2 7 .0 2 8 4 2 .1 1 5 0 .0 5 3 8 0 .1 5 2 5 15
16 0 .0 1 1 4 1 5 0 .8 1 8 8 0 .0 1 5 0 0 .8 3 3 8 1 6 .0 9 3 2 8 .8 7 3 4 4 .9 6 6 0 .0 5 7 3 0 .1 6 2 4 16
17 0 .0 1 2 1 8 1 0 .8 2 1 6 0 .0 1 6 0 0 .8 3 7 7 1 7 .0 9 9 3 0 .8 3 0 4 7 .9 2 9 0 .0 6 0 7 0 .1 7 2 6 17
18 0 .0 1 2 9 9 1 0 .8 2 4 5 0 .0 1 7 2 0 .8 4 1 6 1 8 .1 0 5 3 2 .9 0 6 5 1 .0 1 1 0 .0 6 4 2 0 .1 8 3 2 18
19 0 .0 1 3 8 5 1 0 .8 2 7 3 0 .0 1 8 4 0 .8 4 5 7 1 9 .1 1 1 3 5 .1 0 7 5 4 .2 1 9 0 .0 6 7 6 0 .1 9 4 2 19
20 0 .0 1 4 7 6 1 0 .8 3 0 1 0 .0 1 9 6 0 .8 4 9 8 2 0 .1 1 7 3 7 .4 4 1 5 7 .5 5 8 0 .0 7 1 1 0 .2 0 5 7 20
21 0 .0 1 5 7 2 4 0 .8 3 3 0 0 .0 2 1 0 0 .8 5 4 0 2 1 .1 2 4 3 9 .9 1 4 6 1 .0 3 7 0 .0 7 4 5 0 .2 1 7 5 21
22 0 .0 1 6 7 4 4 0 .8 3 5 8 0 .0 2 2 4 0 .8 5 8 3 2 2 .1 3 0 4 2 .5 3 3 6 4 .6 6 3 0 .0 7 7 9 0 .2 2 9 8 22
23 0 .0 1 7 8 2 3 0 .8 3 8 7 0 .0 2 4 0 0 .8 6 2 6 2 3 .1 3 6 4 5 .3 0 8 6 8 .4 4 4 0 .0 8 1 3 0 .2 4 2 6 23
24 0 .0 1 8 9 6 5 0 .8 4 1 5 0 .0 2 5 6 0 .8 6 7 1 2 4 .1 4 2 4 8 .2 4 5 7 2 .3 8 8 0 .0 8 4 7 0 .2 5 6 0 24
25 0 .0 2 0 1 7 3 0 .8 4 4 3 0 .0 2 7 3 0 .8 7 1 6 2 5 .1 4 8 5 1 .3 5 5 7 6 .5 0 3 0 .0 8 8 1 0 .2 6 9 8 25
26 0 .0 2 1 4 5 1 0 .8 4 7 2 0 .0 2 9 1 0 .8 7 6 3 2 6 .1 5 5 5 4 .6 4 6 8 0 .8 0 1 0 .0 9 1 5 0 .2 8 4 2 26
27 0 .0 2 2 8 0 2 0 .8 5 0 0 0 .0 3 1 1 0 .8 8 1 1 2 7 .1 6 1 5 8 .1 2 8 8 5 .2 8 9 0 .0 9 4 8 0 .2 9 9 2 27
28 0 .0 2 4 2 2 9 0 .8 5 2 9 0 .0 3 3 1 0 .8 8 6 0 2 8 .1 6 7 6 1 .8 1 2 8 9 .9 7 9 0 .0 9 8 2 0 .3 1 4 8 28
29 0 .0 2 5 7 3 8 0 .8 5 5 7 0 .0 3 5 3 0 .8 9 1 0 2 9 .1 7 4 6 5 .7 0 8 9 4 .8 8 2 0 .1 0 1 5 0 .3 3 1 1 29
30 0 .0 2 7 3 3 3 0 .8 5 8 5 0 .0 3 7 6 0 .8 9 6 1 3 0 .1 8 0 6 9 .8 2 9 1 0 0 .0 0 9 0 .1 0 4 8 0 .3 4 8 1 30
31 0 .0 2 9 0 1 8 0 .8 6 1 4 0 .0 4 0 0 0 .9 0 1 4 3 1 .1 8 7 7 4 .1 8 5 1 0 5 .3 7 2 0 .1 0 8 1 0 .3 6 5 8 31
32 0 .0 3 0 7 9 7 0 .8 6 4 2 0 .0 4 2 6 0 .9 0 6 9 3 2 .1 9 3 7 8 .7 9 1 1 1 0 .9 8 5 0 .1 1 1 5 0 .3 8 4 3 32
33 0 .0 3 2 6 7 7 0 .8 6 7 1 0 .0 4 5 4 0 .9 1 2 4 3 3 .2 0 0 8 3 .6 6 0 1 1 6 .8 6 0 0 .1 1 4 7 0 .4 0 3 5 33
34 0 .0 3 4 6 6 3 0 .8 6 9 9 0 .0 4 8 3 0 .9 1 8 2 3 4 .2 0 7 8 8 .8 0 6 1 2 3 .0 1 3 0 .1 1 8 0 0 .4 2 3 6 34
35 0 .0 3 6 7 6 0 0 .8 7 2 7 0 .0 5 1 4 0 .9 2 4 1 3 5 .2 1 3 9 4 .2 4 5 1 2 9 .4 5 8 0 .1 2 1 3 0 .4 4 4 7 35
36 0 .0 3 8 9 7 5 0 .8 7 5 6 0 .0 5 4 7 0 .9 3 0 2 3 6 .2 2 0 9 9 .9 9 3 1 3 6 .2 1 3 0 .1 2 4 6 0 .4 6 6 6 36
37 0 .0 4 1 3 1 3 0 .8 7 8 4 0 .0 5 8 1 0 .9 3 6 5 3 7 .2 2 7 1 0 6 .0 6 8 1 4 3 .2 9 4 0 .1 2 7 8 0 .4 8 9 5 37
38 0 .0 4 3 7 8 3 0 .8 8 1 3 0 .0 6 1 8 0 .9 4 3 0 3 8 .2 3 3 1 1 2 .4 8 7 1 5 0 .7 2 0 0 .1 3 1 1 0 .5 1 3 5 38
39 0 .0 4 6 3 9 1 0 .8 8 4 1 0 .0 6 5 7 0 .9 4 9 8 3 9 .2 4 0 1 1 9 .2 7 0 1 5 8 .5 1 0 0 .1 3 4 3 0 .5 3 8 6 39
40 0 .0 4 9 1 4 5 0 .8 8 6 9 0 .0 6 9 8 0 .9 5 6 7 4 0 .2 4 7 1 2 6 .4 3 8 1 6 6 .6 8 5 0 .1 3 7 5 0 .5 6 5 0 40
41 0 .0 5 2 0 5 3 0 .8 8 9 8 0 .0 7 4 1 0 .9 6 3 9 4 1 .2 5 4 1 3 4 .0 1 4 1 7 5 .2 6 8 0 .1 4 0 7 0 .5 9 2 5 41
42 0 .0 5 5 1 2 4 0 .8 9 2 6 0 .0 7 8 8 0 .9 7 1 4 4 2 .2 6 1 1 4 2 .0 2 1 1 8 4 .2 8 2 0 .1 4 3 9 0 .6 2 1 3 42
43 0 .0 5 8 3 6 8 0 .8 9 5 5 0 .0 8 3 7 0 .9 7 9 1 4 3 .2 6 8 1 5 0 .4 8 3 1 9 3 .7 5 1 0 .1 4 7 1 0 .6 5 1 4 43
44 0 .0 6 1 7 9 5 0 .8 9 8 3 0 .0 8 8 8 0 .9 8 7 1 4 4 .2 7 5 1 5 9 .4 2 9 2 0 3 .7 0 4 0 .1 5 0 3 0 .6 8 3 0 44
45 0 .0 6 5 4 1 6 0 .9 0 1 1 0 .0 9 4 3 0 .9 9 5 5 4 5 .2 8 2 1 6 8 .8 8 7 2 1 4 .1 6 9 0 .1 5 3 5 0 .7 1 6 2 45
46 0 .0 6 9 2 4 2 0 .9 0 4 0 0 .1 0 0 2 1 .0 0 4 1 4 6 .2 8 9 1 7 8 .8 8 9 2 2 5 .1 7 8 0 .1 5 6 6 0 .7 5 0 9 46
47 0 .0 7 3 2 8 6 0 .9 0 6 8 0 .1 0 6 3 1 .0 1 3 1 4 7 .2 9 7 1 8 9 .4 6 6 2 3 6 .7 6 3 0 .1 5 9 8 0 .7 8 7 4 47
48 0 .0 7 7 5 6 1 0 .9 0 9 6 0 .1 1 2 9 1 .0 2 2 5 4 8 .3 0 4 2 0 0 .6 5 6 2 4 8 .9 6 0 0 .1 6 2 9 0 .8 2 5 6 48
49 0 .0 8 2 0 8 1 0 .9 1 2 5 0 .1 1 9 8 1 .0 3 2 3 4 9 .3 1 1 2 1 2 .4 9 7 2 6 1 .8 0 8 0 .1 6 6 0 0 .8 6 5 8 49
50 0 .0 8 6 8 6 3 0 .9 1 5 3 0 .1 2 7 2 1 .0 4 2 5 5 0 .3 1 9 2 2 5 .0 3 0 2 7 5 .3 4 9 0 .1 6 9 2 0 .9 0 8 1 50
51 0 .0 9 1 9 2 2 0 .9 1 8 2 0 .1 3 5 0 1 .0 5 3 1 5 1 .3 2 6 2 3 8 .3 0 0 2 8 9 .6 2 7 0 .1 7 2 3 0 .9 5 2 5 51
52 0 .0 9 7 2 7 8 0 .9 2 1 0 0 .1 4 3 3 1 .0 6 4 3 5 2 .3 3 4 2 5 2 .3 5 7 3 0 4 .6 9 0 0 .1 7 5 4 0 .9 9 9 3 52
53 0 .1 0 2 9 4 9 0 .9 2 3 8 0 .1 5 2 1 1 .0 7 5 9 5 3 .3 4 1 2 6 7 .2 5 1 3 2 0 .5 9 2 0 .1 7 8 5 1 .0 4 8 5 53
54 0 .1 0 8 9 5 8 0 .9 2 6 7 0 .1 6 1 4 1 .0 8 8 1 5 4 .3 4 9 2 8 3 .0 4 1 3 3 7 .3 8 9 0 .1 8 1 6 1 .1 0 0 3 54
55 0 .1 1 5 3 2 6 0 .9 2 9 5 0 .1 7 1 4 1 .1 0 0 9 5 5 .3 5 6 2 9 9 .7 8 8 3 5 5 .1 4 4 0 .1 8 4 6 1 .1 5 4 9 55
56 0 .1 2 2 0 8 0 0 .9 3 2 4 0 .1 8 1 9 1 .1 1 4 3 5 6 .3 6 4 3 1 7 .5 6 0 3 7 3 .9 2 4 0 .1 8 7 7 1 .2 1 2 6 56
57 0 .1 2 9 2 4 8 0 .9 3 5 2 0 .1 9 3 2 1 .1 2 8 4 5 7 .3 7 2 3 3 6 .4 3 1 3 9 3 .8 0 3 0 .1 9 0 8 1 .2 7 3 4 57
58 0 .1 3 6 8 5 8 0 .9 3 8 0 0 .2 0 5 1 1 .1 4 3 2 5 8 .3 8 0 3 5 6 .4 8 2 4 1 4 .8 6 2 0 .1 9 3 8 1 .3 3 7 7 58
59 0 .1 4 4 9 4 5 0 .9 4 0 9 0 .2 1 7 9 1 .1 5 8 7 5 9 .3 8 8 3 7 7 .8 0 0 4 3 7 .1 8 8 0 .1 9 6 8 1 .4 0 5 6 59
60 0 .1 5 3 5 4 5 0 .9 4 3 7 0 .2 3 1 5 1 .1 7 5 2 6 0 .3 9 6 4 0 0 .4 8 4 4 6 0 .8 8 0 0 .1 9 9 9 1 .4 7 7 5 60
61 0 .1 6 2 6 9 7 0 .9 4 6 5 0 .2 4 6 0 1 .1 9 2 5 6 1 .4 0 4 4 2 4 .6 4 1 4 8 6 .0 4 4 0 .2 0 2 9 1 .5 5 3 7 61
62 0 .1 7 2 4 4 6 0 .9 4 9 4 0 .2 6 1 5 1 .2 1 0 8 6 2 .4 1 2 4 5 0 .3 8 8 5 1 2 .7 9 9 0 .2 0 5 9 1 .6 3 4 5 62
101.325 kP a (C o n tin u e d )
T e m p .. °C H u m id ity R a tio S p e c i f i c V o l u m e . m 3/ k g ^ fl S p e c ific E n th a lp y , k J /k g ja S p e c i f i c E n t r o p y , k J / ( k g j fl K ) j e m p . . ° C
r H v, k g K / k g j fl
'd a 'a s 's l>da •‘as •‘ s s da Ss
r
63 0 .1 8 2 8 4 2 0 .9 5 2 2 0 .2 /8 0 1 .2 3 0 2 6 3 .4 2 0 4 7 7 .8 5 6 5 4 1 .2 /6 0 .2 0 8 9 177203 63
64 0 .1 9 3 9 3 7 0 .9 5 5 1 0 .2 9 5 7 1 .2 5 0 8 6 4 .4 2 8 5 0 7 .1 9 2 5 7 1 .6 2 0 0 .2 1 1 9 1 .8 1 1 4 64
65 0 .2 0 5 7 9 4 0 .9 5 7 9 0 .3 1 4 7 1 .2 7 2 6 6 5 .4 3 6 5 3 8 .5 5 7 6 0 3 .9 9 3 0 .2 1 4 9 1 .9 0 8 4 65
66 0 .2 1 8 4 7 8 0 .9 6 0 7 0 .3 3 5 0 1 .2 9 5 7 6 6 .4 4 5 5 7 2 .1 3 1 6 3 8 .5 7 6 0 .2 1 7 9 2 .0 1 1 7 66
67 0 .2 3 2 0 6 7 0 .9 6 3 6 0 .3 5 6 8 1 .3 2 0 4 6 7 .4 5 3 6 0 8 .1 1 8 6 7 5 .5 7 2 0 .2 2 0 8 2 .1 2 2 0 67
68 0 .2 4 6 6 4 5 0 .9 6 6 4 0 .3 8 0 3 1 .3 4 6 7 6 8 .4 6 2 6 4 6 .7 4 6 7 1 5 .2 0 8 0 .2 2 3 8 2 .2 3 9 8 68
69 0 .2 6 2 3 0 9 0 .9 6 9 2 0 .4 0 5 6 1 .3 7 4 8 6 9 .4 7 0 6 8 8 .2 7 1 7 5 7 .7 4 1 0 .2 2 6 8 2 .3 6 5 9 69
70 0 .2 7 9 1 6 7 0 .9 7 2 1 0 .4 3 2 8 1 .4 0 4 9 7 0 .4 7 9 7 3 2 .9 8 5 8 0 3 .4 6 4 0 .2 2 9 7 2 .5 0 1 1 70
71 0 .2 9 7 3 4 3 0 .9 7 4 9 0 .4 6 2 2 1 .4 3 7 2 7 1 .4 8 8 7 8 1 .2 2 0 8 5 2 .7 0 7 0 .2 3 2 6 2 .6 4 6 4 71
72 0 .3 1 6 9 7 9 0 .9 7 7 8 0 .4 9 4 1 1 .4 7 1 9 7 2 .4 9 6 8 3 3 .3 5 3 9 0 5 .8 5 0 0 .2 3 5 6 2 .8 0 2 8 72
73 0 .3 3 8 2 3 7 0 .9 8 0 6 0 .5 2 8 7 1 .5 0 9 3 7 3 .5 0 5 8 8 9 .8 2 1 9 6 3 .3 2 6 0 .2 3 8 5 2 .9 7 1 5 73
74 0 .3 6 1 3 0 4 0 .9 8 3 4 0 .5 6 6 3 1 .5 4 9 7 7 4 .5 1 4 9 5 1 .1 2 4 1 0 2 5 .6 3 8 0 .2 4 1 4 3 .1 5 3 9 74
75 0 .3 8 6 3 9 9 0 .9 8 6 3 0 .6 0 7 2 1 .5 9 3 5 7 5 .5 2 3 1 0 1 7 .8 4 3 1 0 9 3 .3 6 7 0 .2 4 4 3 3 .3 5 1 7 75
76 0 .4 1 3 7 7 4 0 .9 8 9 1 0 .6 5 2 0 1 .6 4 1 1 7 6 .5 3 2 1 0 9 0 .6 5 9 1 1 6 7 .1 9 1 0 .2 4 7 2 3 .5 6 6 8 76
77 0 .4 4 3 7 2 7 0 .9 9 1 9 0 .7 0 1 0 1 .6 9 3 0 7 7 .5 4 2 1 1 7 0 .3 6 6 1 2 4 7 .9 0 7 0 .2 5 0 1 3 .8 0 1 4 77
78 0 .4 7 6 6 1 0 0 .9 9 4 8 0 .7 5 5 0 1 .7 4 9 7 7 8 .5 5 1 1 2 5 7 .9 0 7 1 3 3 6 .4 5 8 0 .2 5 2 9 4 .0 5 8 1 78
79 0 .5 1 2 8 4 2 0 .9 9 7 6 0 .8 1 4 5 1 .8 1 2 1 7 9 .5 6 0 1 3 5 4 .4 0 2 1 4 3 3 .9 6 2 0 .2 5 5 8 4 .3 4 0 1 79
80 0 .5 5 2 9 2 6 1 .0 0 0 5 0 .8 8 0 5 1 .8 8 0 9 8 0 .5 6 9 1 4 6 1 .1 9 6 1 5 4 1 .7 6 5 0 .2 5 8 7 4 .6 5 1 1 80
81 0 .5 9 7 4 7 0 1 .0 0 3 3 0 .9 5 3 9 1 .9 5 7 2 8 1 .5 7 9 1 5 7 9 .9 1 7 1 6 6 1 .4 9 6 0 .2 6 1 5 4 .9 9 5 6 81
82 0 .6 4 7 2 1 8 1 .0 0 6 1 1 .0 3 6 0 2 .0 4 2 1 8 2 .5 8 9 1 7 1 2 .5 5 6 1 7 9 5 .1 4 5 0 .2 6 4 4 5 .3 7 9 4 82
83 0 .7 0 3 0 8 9 1 .0 0 9 0 1 .1 2 8 3 2 .1 3 7 3 8 3 .5 9 8 1 8 6 1 .5 7 3 1 9 4 5 .1 7 1 0 .2 6 7 2 5 .8 0 9 1 83
84 0 .7 6 6 2 3 3 1 .0 1 1 8 1 .2 3 2 8 2 .2 4 4 6 8 4 .6 0 8 2 0 3 0 .0 4 1 2 1 1 4 .6 4 9 0 .2 7 0 1 6 .2 9 3 3 84
85 0 .8 3 8 1 0 5 1 .0 1 4 6 1 .3 5 1 9 2 .3 6 6 5 8 5 .6 1 8 2 2 2 1 .8 5 8 2 3 0 7 .4 7 6 0 .2 7 2 9 6 .8 4 3 0 85
86 0 .9 2 0 5 8 0 1 .0 1 7 5 1 .4 8 8 7 2 .5 0 6 2 8 6 .6 2 8 2 4 4 2 .0 3 5 2 5 2 8 .6 6 2 0 .2 7 5 7 7 .4 7 2 1 86
87 1 .0 1 6 1 0 5 1 .0 2 0 3 1 .6 4 7 3 2 .6 6 7 6 8 7 .6 3 8 2 6 9 7 .1 2 7 2 7 8 4 .7 6 4 0 .2 7 8 5 8 .1 9 8 7 87
88 1 .1 2 7 9 5 2 1 .0 2 3 2 1 .8 3 3 2 2 .8 5 6 4 8 8 .6 4 8 2 9 9 5 .8 8 0 3 0 8 4 .5 2 8 0 .2 8 1 3 9 .0 4 7 2 88
89 1 .2 6 0 5 7 9 1 .0 2 6 0 2 .0 5 3 9 3 .0 7 9 9 8 9 .6 5 8 3 3 5 0 .2 2 8 3 4 3 9 .8 8 5 0 .2 8 4 1 1 0 .0 5 0 8 89
90 1 .4 2 0 2 3 5 1 .0 2 8 8 2 .3 1 9 8 3 .3 4 8 7 9 0 .6 6 8 3 7 7 6 .8 8 8 3 8 6 7 .5 5 6 0 .2 8 6 9 1 1 .2 5 5 8 90
Appendix B—
Dimensions, Units, and
Unit Conversion Factors
T a b le B -l Dimensions and U nits Used in Air-Conditioning Applications
Dimension SI Unit I-P Unit

Acceleration m/s2 ft/s2
Area m2 ft2
Density kg/m3 lbw/ft3
Energy N m, joule (J) Btu, ftlb
Force (kgm )/s2, newton (N) pound (lby)
Length metre (m) foot (ft)
Mass kilogram (kg) pound mass (lb/w)
Power J/s, watt (W) Btu/h
Pressure N/m2, pascal (Pa) pounds per square inch (psi)
Specific heat J/(kg °C), J/(kg K) Btu/lbm °F
Time second (s) second (s)
Temperature (absolute) kelvin (K) degree Rankine (°R)
Temperature degree Celsius (°C) degree Fahrenheit (°F)
Thermal conductivity W/(nv°C), W/(m K) B tu/hft°F
Thermal flux density W/m2 Btu/hft2
Velocity m/s ft/s, ft/min, fpm
Volume m3 ft3
Volume flow rate m3/s ft3/s, ft3/min, cfm
106 A ppendix B Dimensions, Units, and Unit Conversion Factors
T a b le B-2 U n it Conversion Factors
Dimension SI Unit I-P Unit

Length 1 m = 3.281 ft 1 ft = 0.305 m
Area 1 m2 = 10.76 ft2 1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2
Volume 1 m3 = 35.32 ft3 1 ft3 = 0.0284 m3
1 m3= 1000 L 1 ft3 = 7.481 gal
Mass 1 kg = 2.205 lb„, 1 lb/w= 0.454 kg
Force 1 N = 0.2248 lb, 1 ib/ = 4 .4 4 8 N
Energy 1 kJ = 0.9478 Btu 1 Btu = 778.2 ft lb/ = 1.055 kJ
1 J = 0.7376 ft lby 1 ft lb/ = 1.356 J
1 kWh = 3.412 x 103 Btu 1 Btu = 2.930 x 10^ kWh
Specific energy,
1 kJ/kg = 0.4298 Btu/lb„, 1 Btu/lbm = 2.326 kJ/kg
Specific enthalpy
Power 1 W = 3.412 Btu/h 1 Btu/h = 0.293 W
1 kW = 1.341 hp 1 hp = 2545 Btu/h = 0.746 kW
1 kW = 0.2844 ton refrigeration 1 ton = 12,000 Btu/h = 3.517 kW
Pressure 1 Pa = 1.450 x 10^ psi 1 psi = 6.897 x 103 Pa
1 atm = 101 kPa 1 atm = 14.7 psi = 29.92 in. Hg
Temperature 1°C A71= 9/5°F AT 1°F AT = 5/9°C AT
y°C = [(9/5 )y + 32]°F y°F = (y - 32)(5/9)°C
K = °C + 273.15 °R = °F + 459.67
Velocity 1 m/s = 1.969 x 102 ft/min 1 ft/min = 5.079 x 10 3 m/s
Mass density 1 kg/m3 = 6.243 x 10 2 lb„,/ft3 1 lbm/ft3 = 16.02 kg/m3
Mass flow rate 1 kg/s = 2.205 lb„,/s 1 lbm/s = 0.4535 kg/s
1 kg/s = 7.937 x 103 lb„,/h 1 lbm/h = 1.260 x 10^kg/s
Volume flow rate 1 m3/s = 2.119 x 103 cfm 1 cfm = 4.719 x 10-4 m3/s
1 m3/s = 1.585 x 104 gal/min 1 gal/min = 6.309 x 10~5 m3/s
Thermal conductivity 1 W/(m °C) = 0.5778 Btu/h-ft°F 1 Btu/h-ft°F= 1.731 W/(nv°C)
Heat transfer coefficient 1 W/(m2-°C) = 0.1761 Btu/h-ft2oF 1 Btu/h-ft2 oF = 5.679 W/(m2-°C)
Specific heat 1 J/(kg-°C) = 2.389 x lO^1 Btu/lb,„ °F 1 Btu/lbw-°F = 4.186 x 103 J/(kg-°C)
Appendix C—
Climatic Design
Information
The climatic design information in this appendix is from Chapter 14 o f the
2013 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals.
108
M e a n in g o f a c r o n y m s : L a i: L a titu d e , 0 L o n g : L o n g itu d e , e E le v : E le v a tio n , m
D B : D r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C W B : W e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ®C D P : D e w p o i n t te m p e r a tu r e , eC H R H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a i r W S : W in d s p e e d , m 's

M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t v ,e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , °C M C D B : M e a n c o in c id e n t d r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e I 8 .3 ° C , ° C - d a y
A ppendix C
H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e I 8 .3 ° C , ° C - d a ) '
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M e a n in g o f a c r o n y m s :
I 10
M e a n in g o f a c r o n y m s : L a i: L a titu d e , c L o n g : L o n g itu d e , 6 E le v : E le v a tio n , m
D B : D r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , SC W B : W e t b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , CC D P : D e w p o i n t t e m p e r a t u r e , CC H R : H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a i r W S : H i n d s p e e d m /s
M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t w e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , eC M CDB M e a n c o i n c i d e n t d r y b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , CC H D D a n d C D D 1 8 . 3 : A n n u a l h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e I 8 . 3 QC , c C - d a y
A ppendix C
M e a n in g o f a c r o n y m s : L a i: L a titu d e , c L o n g : L o n g itu d e , ® E le v : E le v a tio n , m
D B : D r y b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , CC 'B 'B : W e t b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , ° C D P : D e w p o i n t t e m p e r a t u r e , CC H R : H u m id ity r a tio , g o fm o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a ir W S : W in d s p e e d , m 's
M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t w e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , eC M C D B : M e a n c o i n c i d e n t d r y b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , CC H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e I 8 . 3 ° C , ° C - d a y
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (SI), Second Edition
112
M e a n in g o f a c r o n y m s : L a i: L a titu d e , ® L o n g : L o n g itu d e , ® E le v : E le v a tio n , m
D B : D r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e ,‘C H B H’f f te m p e r a tu r e , ®C D P : D e w p o i n t te m p e r a tu r e , ®C M ?.' H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o i s t u r e p e r k g o f d r y a i r W S : H i n d s p e e d , m /s

M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t n e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ®C Af C D B : M e a n c o in c id e n t d r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e I 8 .3 ° C , eC - d a y
A ppendix C
M e a n in g o f a c r o n y m s : L a i: L a titu d e , ° L o n g : L o n g itu d e , 0 E ie v : E le v a tio n , m
D B : D r y b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , CC W B . W e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C D P : D e w p o i n t te m p e r a tu r e , °C H R : H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a ir W S : W i n d s p e e d , m>s

M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t w e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ®C M C D B : M e a n c o in c id e n t d r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a tin g a n d c o o lin g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e l 8 . 3 eC , ° C - d a y
I I3
I 14
M e a n in g o f a c r o n y m s : L a i: L a titu d e , 0 L o n g : L o n g itu d e , 0 E le v : E le v a tio n , m
D B : D r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C W B : W e t b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , CC D P : D e w p o i n t t e m p e r a t u r e , CC H R : H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a ir W S: W in d s p e e d , m /s
M C W B . M e a n c o in c id e n t w e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , eC M C D B : M e a n c o i n c i d e n t d r y b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , CC H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e 1 8 .3 ° C , cC - d a y
A ppendix C
D B : D r y b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , CC W B : W e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ®C D P : D D eu p o i n t t e m p e r a t u r e , CC H R : H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a i r W S : W in d s p e e d , m /s
M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t n e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , 8C M C D B : M e a n c o i n c i d e n t d r y b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , CC H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a r in g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e 1 8 .3 ° C . ° C - d a y
I 15
116
M e a n in g o f a c r o n y m s : L o t: L a titu d e , e L o n g : L o n g itu d e , e E le v : E le v a tio n , m
D B : D r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C 'B 'B : W e t b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , ° C D P : D e v . - p o i n t t e m p e r a t u r e , CC H R : H u m id ity r a tio , g o fm o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a ir W S : W in d s p e e d , m 's
M C W B : M e a n c o i n c i d e n t w -e t b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , eC M C D B : M e a n c o i n c i d e n t d r y b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , CC H D D a n d C D D 1 8 . 3 : A n n u a l h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e I 8 . 3 BC , 3C - d a } '
A ppendix C
M e a n in g o f a c r o n y m s : L a c L a titu d e , e L o n g : L o n g itu d e , e E le v : E le v a tio n , m
D B : D r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e ,eC H 'B W e t b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , eC D P : D e w p o i n t te m p e r a tu r e , eC H R : H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o i s t u r e p e r k g o f d r y a i r W S : W in d s p e e d , m /s

M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t w et b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ®C M C D B : M e a n c o in c id e n t d r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e 1 8 .3 ° C , ° C - d a y
I 17
I 18
M e a n in g o f a c r o n y m s : L a i: L a titu d e , ® L o n g : L o n g itu d e , 0 E le v : E le v a tio n , m
D B : D r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ®C W B . W e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ®C D P : D e w p o i n t te m p e r a tu r e , ®C H R : H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a ir W S : W i n d s p e e d , m>s

M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t w e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e . ®C M C D B : M e a n c o in c id e n t d r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a tin g a n d c o o lin g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e I 8 .3 eC , ° C - d a y
A ppendix C
M e a n in g o f a c r o n y m : L a i: L a titu d e , e L o n g : L o n g itu d e , e E le v : E le v a tio n , m
D B : D r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , °C W B : lV et b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , eC D P : D e w p o i n t te m p e r a tu r e , eC H R H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o I s tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a i r W i n d s p e e d , m 's

M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t w e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , °C M C D B : M e a n c o in c id e n t d r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a r in g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e I 8 .3 ° C , ° C - d a y
I 19
120 A ppendix C Climatic Design Information
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M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t w e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , eC M C D B : M e a n c o i n c i d e n t d r y b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , CC H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e I 8 .3 ° C , ° C - d a y
A ppendix C
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M e a n in g o f a c r o n y m s : L a i: L a titu d e , ° L o n g : L o n g itu d e , e E le v : E le v a tio n , m
D B : D r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C W B : iV e t b u l b te m p e r a tu r e , 5C D P D e * p o i n t te m p e r a tu r e , ° C H R : H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a i r W S : W in d s p e e d , m b
M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t we t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , °C M C D B : M e a n c o in c id e n t d r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e I 8 . 3 ° C , ° C - d a y
A ppendix C
D B : D r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C M B W e t b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , CC D P : D e w p o i n t t e m p e r a t u r e , CC H R : H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a ir W S: W in d s p e e d , m /s
M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t n e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C M C D B : M e a n c o in c id e n t d r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , eC H D D a n d C D D 1 8 . 3 : A n n u a l h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e I 8 . 3 CC , " C - d a y
125
126
M e a n in g o f a c r o n y m s : L a i: L a titu d e , ° L o n g : L o n g itu d e , 0 E ie v : E le v a tio n , m
D B : D r y b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , CC W B . W e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C D P : D e w p o i n t te m p e r a tu r e , °C H R : H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a ir W S : W i n d s p e e d , m>s

M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t w e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ®C M C D B : M e a n c o in c id e n t d r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a tin g a n d c o o lin g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e l 8 . 3 eC , ° C - d a y
A ppendix C
D B : D r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C W B : W e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e . ®C D P : D e w p o i n t te m p e r a tu r e , °C H R H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a i r W S : W in d s p e e d , m /s
M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t n e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , °C S 1 C D B : M e a n c o in c id e n t d r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e 1 8 .3 ° C , eC - d a y
127
128
D B : D r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , °C W B : W e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , °C D P : D e w p o i n t te m p e r a tu r e , °C H R : H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a ir W S : W in d s p e e d , m /s
M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t w e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C M C D B . M e a n c o in c id e n t d r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a tin g a n d c o o lin g d e g r e e -d a y s , b a s e I 8 .3 ° C , * C -d a y
A ppendix C
D B : D r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C W B : W e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e . ®C D P : D e w p o i n t te m p e r a tu r e , °C H R H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a i r W S : W in d s p e e d , m /s
M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t n e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , °C S 1 C D B : M e a n c o in c id e n t d r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e 1 8 .3 ° C , eC - d a y
129
130
M e a n in g o f a c r o n y m s : L a i: L a titu d e , c L o n g : L o n g itu d e , ® E le v : E le v a tio n , m
D B : D r y b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , CC 'B 'B : W e t b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , ° C D P : D e w p o i n t t e m p e r a t u r e , CC H R : H u m id ity r a tio , g o fm o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a ir \V S : W i n d s p e e d , m ' s
M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t w e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , eC M C D B : M e a n c o i n c i d e n t d r y b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , CC H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e 1 8 ,3 ° C °C -d a y
A ppendix C
M e a n in g o f a c r o n y m s : L a i : L a titu d e , 0 L o n g : L o n g itu d e , 0 E le v : E le v a tio n , m
D B : D r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C W B W e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , " C D P : D e w p o i n t te m p e r a tu r e . 'C H R : H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a ir IKS: W in d s p e e d , m /s

M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t n e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , eC M C D B : M e a n c o in c id e n t d r } ' b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e I 8 . 3 ° C , ° C - d a y
I3I
I 32
M e a n in g o f a c r o n y m s : L o t: L a titu d e , * L o n g : L o n g itu d e , e E le v : E le v a tio n , m
D B : D r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , °C W B : W e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , eC D P : D e w p o i n t te m p e r a tu r e , eC H R : H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a ir W S: W in d s p e e d , m /s
A p p e n d ix C
M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t w e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C M C D B : M e a n c o in c id e n t d r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a l i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e ! 8 . 3 eC , ° C - d a y
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K R A K O W -B A L IC E 50.C8N 19.80E 237 -16.1 -13.1 29.9 20.4 27.9 19.6 26.0 18.6 21.3 27.9 20.4 26.4 19.1 14.3 24.1 18.2 13.5 22.7 9.4 8.2 7.3 3667 119
LO D Z 51.73N I9.40E 190 -15.3 -12.2 29.6 19.4 27.6 18.6 25.8 17.7 20.7 26.5 19.7 25.4 188 14.0 22.7 17.9 13.1 21.7 9.0 7.9 7.0 3744 115
L U B L IN R A D A W IE C 5 I.2 2 N 22.40E 240 -17.3 -13.7 28.8 20.3 26.8 19.4 25.1 18.4 21.3 26.8 20.2 25.3 19.4 14.6 24.2 18.4 13.7 22.7 8.5 7.4 6.5 3931 93
PO ZNAN 52.42N 16.85E 84 -14.0 -10.9 30.1 19.4 28.1 18.4 26.3 17.7 20.7 27.5 19.7 25.9 18.5 13.5 22.5 17.7 12.8 21 9 9.6 8.4 7.4 3582 123
R A C IB O R Z 50.C5N 18.20E 206 -15.6 -12.2 29.5 20.1 27.7 19.3 25.9 18.5 21.1 27.0 202 25.9 19.1 14.2 23.8 18.2 13.4 22.7 10.1 8.7 7.5 3559 III
S ZC ZE C IN 53.40N 14.62E 7 -12.7 -9.4 29.0 19.9 27.0 19.1 25.2 18.3 21.2 26.8 20.1 25.1 19.3 14.1 23.6 18.3 13.2 22.4 9.4 8.4 7.4 3506 94

TERESPO L 52.C7N 23.62E 137 -19.2 -15.1 29.3 20.2 27.4 19.5 25.6 18.5 21.5 27.1 20.4 25.6 19.6 14.5 24.1 18.6 13.6 23.0 7.4 6.5 5.9 3909 109
W A R S Z A W A -O K E C IE 52.17N 20.97E 106 -16.2 -12.9 29.8 20.3 27.8 19.4 26.0 18.3 21.4 27.5 20.5 26.0 19.3 14.3 23.8 18.5 13.5 229 10.2 9.1 8.1 3727 124
W R O C L A W II 5 1 .ION 16.88E 124 -14.9 -11.2 30.1 19.8 28.1 190 26.3 18.2 20.9 27.5 199 26.0 188 13.8 23.3 17.9 13.0 22.3 9.0 7.9 7.0 3494 121
P o r tu g a l te , 2 5 m o r e o n C D - R O M
L IS B O A G A G O C O U T IN H 38.77N 9 .1 3 W 105 4.6 5.8 33.6 20.4 31.5 19.8 29.6 19.3 21.5 30.5 20.8 28.5 19.2 14.2 22.5 18.6 13.6 22.3 8.8 7.7 6.9 1045 549
P u e r t o R ic o 2 s te s , 2 m o r e o n C D - R O M
S A N J U A N IN T L A R P T 18.42N 66.00W 4 20.8 21.3 32.8 25.4 31.9 25.5 31.4 25.4 26.9 30.4 26.5 30.1 25.9 21.2 28.8 25.5 20.8 28.6 8.8 8.1 7.4 0 3131
L U IS M U N O Z M A R IN IN 18.43N 66.00W 3 21.0 21.5 32.9 25.2 32.1 25.4 31.6 25.5 27.2 30.3 26.7 30.1 26.2 21.6 28.9 25.8 21.2 28.8 9.2 8.5 7.9 0 3137
1 li e , 0 m o r e o n C D - R O M
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8 s ite s , 4 5 m o r e o n C D -R O M
BUCURESTI AFU M ATI 44.48N 26.18E 90 -13.2 -10.8 33.9 21.6 32.1 21.4 30.8 20.7 23.4 30.2 22.1 29.5 21.3 16.2 25.4 20.2 15.0 24.5 10.2 8.2 7.1 2995 419
B U C U R E S T IIN M H -B A N E 44.48N 26.12E 91 -12.5 -10.0 34.1 21.1 32.5 20.7 30.9 20.1 23.1 29.9 22.1 29.1 21.2 16.0 25.0 20.1 15.0 23.8 8.4 7.4 6.3 3012 399
C L U J-N A P O C A 46.78N 23.57E 413 -14.8 -12.0 30.4 20.5 28.9 19.7 27.2 19.0 21.9 28.1 20.8 26.6 20.0 15.4 24.6 18.9 14.4 23.2 8.1 6.4 5.3 3526 169
CO NSTANTA 44.22N 28.65E 14 -8.9 •6.9 30.1 23.7 28.7 22.9 27.5 22.3 25.6 28.2 24.3 27.2 24.8 19.9 27.3 23.4 18.2 26 3 12.2 10.3 9.7 2627 442
C R A IO V A 44.32N 23.87E 195 -12.0 -9.6 33.9 22.0 32.1 21.6 30.5 21.0 24.1 30.7 23.J 29.3 22.1 17.2 27.1 21.0 16.1 25.8 12.1 9.5 8.1 2884 457
IA S I 47.17N 27.63E 104 -15.8 -12.6 32.7 21.2 30.9 20.7 29.2 19.9 22.9 29.5 21.) 28.2 21.0 15.8 25.9 19.9 14.8 24.4 9.5 8.0 7.0 3248 339
K O G A L N IC E A N U 44.33N 28.43E 102 -11.0 -9.0 32.5 22.0 30.9 21.4 29.1 21.0 25.2 27.6 23.8 27.0 24.5 19.8 26.3 23.0 17.9 250 11.2 9.4 8.5 2881 402
T IM IS O A R A 45.77N 21.25E 88 -11.4 -8.9 33.9 21.2 32.1 20.9 30.2 20.1 22.8 30.0 21.8 28.8 21.0 15.8 24.7 19.9 14.8 23.8 8.4 7 .0 5.9 2877 362
S O C H I (A D L E R ) 43.43N 39.90E 13 -2.0 -0.6 30.2 23.9 29.1 23.5 28.0 23.1 25.4 28.7 24.5 27.9 24.2 19.1 27.8 23.4 18.2 26.9 7.6 6.6 5.9 2012 469
ARHANG ELSK 64. SON 40.72E 8 -33.2 -29.5 27.2 19.5 25.0 18.1 22.9 17.0 20.6 25.5 19 3 23.7 188 13.6 23.2 17.4 12.5 21.7 8.1 7.0 6.2 6263 47
ASTR AH AN 46.28N 48.05E -23 -18.1 -15.0 35.4 21.5 33.7 21.1 32.2 20.7 23.6 30.8 22.5 29.8 21.6 16.2 26.3 20.5 15.2 25.5 9.8 8.6 7.9 3397 667
BARNAUL 53.43N 83.52E 184 -32.9 -29.8 30.0 19.1 28.2 18.5 26.7 17.7 21.0 27.0 19.) 25.7 19.0 14.1 23.7 17.9 13.1 22.9 10.7 9.0 7.9 5846 157
B R JA N S K 53.2SN 34.32E 216 -22.6 -19.4 28.5 19.4 26.8 18.6 25.1 17.8 20.6 26.3 19.5 24.9 186 13.8 23.0 17.6 12.9 22.0 9.2 8.0 7.2 4572 116
CHEREPOVEC 59.27N 38.02E 114 -30.3 -26.8 28.0 20.1 25.9 19.0 24.0 17.8 21.1 26.4 2 0 .: 24.5 19.3 14.2 24.0 18.2 13.3 22.4 8.9 7.4 6.3 5577 53
C H E U A B IN S K -B A L A N D I 5S..30N 6I.S 3E 227 -29.2 -26.3 30.5 19.6 2R.6 19 0 26.9 18.2 21.0 27.6 20.1 26.5 18 9 14.1 23.3 17.9 13.2 22.7 10.6 9.2 8.1 5563 153
C H IT A 52.C8N 1I3.48E 671 -37.2 -35.0 30.9 19.3 28.9 18.2 26.9 17.3 21.0 28.2 19.7 26.2 18.8 14.7 23.7 17.5 13.6 22.5 10.1 8.7 7.6 6979 100
E K A T E R IN B U R G 56.83N 60.63E 283 -30.8 -27.9 29.4 19.5 27.7 18.7 25.9 17.8 21.1 27.1 20.) 25.8 19.1 14.3 23.8 18.0 13.4 22.7 8.9 7.9 7.1 5893 99
ELABU G A 55.77N 52.07E 192 -29.2 -25.6 30.6 20.1 28.6 19.5 26.7 18.5 21.4 28.2 20.1 26.8 19.1 14.2 24.1 18.1 13.4 23.3 13.2 1
1.0 9.4 5380 172
GORTCIJ 56.22N 43.82E 82 -27.4 -23.9 28.4 19.5 26.7 18.8 25.0 17.8 20.9 26.3 19.8 24.8 19.1 14.0 23.5 17.9 13.0 22.2 9.3 8.3 7.3 5163 96
HABAROVSK 48.52N 135.17E 76 -30.0 -28.0 30.5 22.2 28.8 21.6 27.1 20.6 24.0 27.8 22.) 26.7 23.0 17.9 25.7 21.8 16.6 24.9 10.6 9.3 8.3 6046 222
IR K U T S K 52.27N 104.32E 469 -35.5 -32.1 28.2 17.9 26.8 17.6 25.0 16.8 20.0 25.6 1 9 .: 24.3 18.1 13.8 22.2 17.0 12.9 21.2 10.1 8.8 7.7 6612 52
IZ H E V S K 56.83N 53.45E 159 -30.1 -26.5 29.7 19.8 27.8 18.9 26.0 18.0 20.9 27.4 2 0 .: 26.2 18.7 13.8 23.8 17.7 12.9 22.7 9.8 8.4 7.2 5706 126
K A L IN IN G R A D 54.72N 20.55E 21 -17.4 -13.2 27.8 19.7 25.8 18.7 24.1 17.6 21.1 25.6 198 24.2 19.5 14.2 23.2 18.2 13.1 21 8 9.1 7.9 7.1 3848 67
KALUG A 54.S7N 36.40E 201 -25.4 -22.0 27.9 19.5 26.2 188 24.6 18.0 20.9 25.7 198 24.4 19.1 14.2 23.7 18.1 13.3 22.4 9.1 7.6 6.7 4898 71
KAZAN 55.73N 49.20E 116 -28.6 -25.0 30.7 19.8 28.4 194 26.6 18.5 21.3 27.6 20.1 26.4 19.1 14.1 24.2 18.2 13.3 23.2 11.1 9.9 9.1 5299 172
KEM EROVO 55.23N 86.12E 260 -33.6 -30.3 28.7 19.1 26.9 18.2 25.1 17.4 20.7 25.8 19.5 24.7 18.9 14.2 23.3 17.8 13.2 22.2 10.9 9.5 8.6 6240 106
K IR O V 58.6SN 49.62E 164 -33.5 -28.7 28.3 20.0 25.9 18.5 24.1 17.5 20.7 26.1 19.5 24.4 18.7 13.8 23.7 17.7 12.9 22.1 9.8 8.7 7.8 5907 67
K IR O V 58.57N 49.57E 158 -29.5 -26.2 29.6 20.6 27.7 194 25.9 18.3 21.2 27.7 20.1 26.4 19.1 14.2 24.0 18.2 13.4 23.1 6.2 5.4 5.0 5587 131
KRASNO DAR 45.C3N 39.15E 34 -14.8 -11.1 34.2 22.5 32.2 22.0 30.6 21.2 24.1 30.9 23.1 29.6 22.0 16.8 27.5 21.1 15.8 26.3 10.3 9.1 8.2 2866 509
K R A S N O JA R S K 56.C0N 92.88E 277 -33.7 -31.1 28.4 18.3 26.6 17.6 24.8 16.8 20.0 25.7 1 9 .: 24.3 18.1 13.4 22.4 17.0 12.6 21.3 10.1 8.4 7.0 6227 70
K R A S N O JA R S K O P Y T N O E 56.C3N 92.75E 276 -37.1 -34.6 29.0 19.2 27.1 18.7 25.2 17.7 20.8 26.5 19.5 24.9 188 14.1 23.8 17.7 13.2 22.2 7.2 6.2 5.4 6149 105
KURGAN 55.47N 65.40E 79 -32.7 -29.5 31.3 19.5 29.4 19.2 27.6 18.4 21.3 28.4 20.1 27.2 18.9 13.8 24.0 18.0 13.1 23.0 10.8 9.3 8.2 5848 174
KURSK 5 I.7 7 N 36.17E 247 -22.8 -19.5 30.4 19.6 28.4 18.8 26.6 18.2 20.9 27.3 20.1 26.1 18.8 14.0 23.6 17.9 13.3 22.8 9.1 7.9 7.1 4420 183
M A G N IT O G O R S K 53.3SN 59.08E 382 -29.5 -26.5 30.4 18.5 28.6 17.9 26.9 17.3 20.0 27.2 19.2 26.2 17.6 13.2 23.0 16.6 12.4 22.3 10.0 8.5 7.4 5758 142
M AHACKALA 43.Q N 47.48E 32 -11.6 •8.6 31.5 23.4 30.1 23.3 28.9 22.8 25.5 29.3 24.7 28.5 24.3 19.3 28.4 23.4 18.2 27.7 10.9 9.4 8.2 2729 581
MOSKVA 55.83N 37.62E 156 -22.8 -19.5 29.4 20.9 27.5 20.2 25.6 19.1 21.9 27.8 20.8 26.0 19.8 14.8 25.0 18.8 13.9 23.7 4.3 3.5 3.2 4662 131
MURMANSK 68.S7N 33.05E 51 -32.2 -28.8 24.1 16.0 21.5 14.9 19.2 13.8 17.0 21.6 15.5 20.3 14.9 10.7 19.2 13.3 9.6 17.5 10.9 9.4 8.1 6645 10
N IZ H N Y J T A G IL 57.88N 60.07E 258 -31.9 -29.2 28.6 19.2 26.9 18.4 25.1 17.6 20.7 26.5 19.5 25.0 186 13.9 23.2 17.5 12.9 220 7.4 6.4 5.6 6118 71
N IZ N IJ N O V G O R O D 56.27N 44.00E 157 -26.6 -23.2 30.8 20.4 28.6 19.7 26.8 19.0 21.4 27.8 20.5 26.8 19.2 14.3 24.0 18.3 13.4 22.9 7.2 6.3 5.5 4997 154
M e a n in g o f a c r o n y m s : L a t: L a t i t u d e ,c L o n g : L o n g itu d e , e E le v : E le v a tio n , m
D B : D r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e ,
°C W B : W e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , eC D P : D e w p o i n t te m p e r a tu r e , eC H R H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a ir W S : H i n d s p e e d , m /s
M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t net b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C M C D B : M e a n c o in c id e n t d r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a l i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e I 8 . 3 eC , ° C - d a y
I 33
134
M e a n in g o f a c r o n y m s : L a i: L a titu d e , c L o n g : L o n g itu d e , 3 E le v : E le v a tio n , m
D B : D r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , 3C W B : W e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ®C D P : D e w p o i n t t e m p e r a t u r e , CC H R : H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a i r W S: W in d s p e e d , m /s
M C n 'B . M e a n c o in c id e n t w e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C M C D B : M e a n c o in c id e n t d r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , eC H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a tin g a n d c o o lin g d e g r e e -d a y s , b a s e 1 8 .3 ° C , cC - d a y
A ppendix C
D B : D r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , eC W B : IV e t b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , °C D P : D e w p o i n t te m p e r a tu r e , 8C H R : H u m id ity r a tio , g o fm o i s t u r e p e r k g o f d r y a ir IKS' W in d s p e e d , m 's

M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t n e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , °C M C D B : M e a n c o in c id e n t d r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , °C H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e 1 8 .3 ° C , cC - d o y
I 35
I 36
M e a n in g o f a c r o n y m s : L o t: L a titu d e , 0 L o n g : L o n g itu d e , ° E le v : E l e c t i o n , m
D B : D r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C W B : W e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C D P : D e w p o i n t te m p e r a tu r e . eC H R : H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a i r W S : W i n d s p e e d , m 's
A p p e n d ix C
M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t w e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e . °C M C D B : M e a n c o in c id e n t d r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a tin g a n d c o o lin g d e g r e e -d a y s , b a s e I 8 .3 ° C , ° C -d a y
C o o lin g D B M C W B E va p o ra tio n W B M C D B D e h u m ld lfic a tlo n D P /H R ’M C D B E xtre m e Heat.<'Cool.

H e a tin g D B
S tation L *t Lon g E lev 0 .4 % 1% 2% 0 .4 % 1% 0.4% 1% Annual WS D egree-D ay*
9 9.6 % 9 9% DB M CW B DB / MCW B D B / MCW B W B . MCDB W B. MCDB DP . H R / M C D B DP H R / M C D B 1% 2 .5 % 5 % H D D /C D D 18.3
B R IS T O L W E A C E N T E R 51.47N 2.60W 11 -2.2 -0.7 26.6 18.2 24.6 17.2 22.9 16.5 19.2 24.2 18.1 22.5 17.3 12.4 20.7 16.5 11.8 19.8 10.4 9.0 7.9 2637 54
C A R D IF F W E A T H E R C E N 51 .‘S8N 3.18W 52 -1.0 0.1 26.2 18.2 24.3 17.4 22.7 16.6 19.2 24.5 18.2 22.6 17.3 12.5 20.8 16.6 11.9 19.9 11.7 10.2 9.0 2531 57
C A R D IF F -W A L E S AR P T 51.40N 3.35W 67 -2.8 -1.3 24.2 17.7 22.3 16.8 20.9 16.3 18.6 22.5 17.7 20.8 17.2 12.4 19.6 16.8 12.0 19.0 13.0 11.4 10.1 2932 21
CHU RCH LAW FO RD 52.37N 1.33W 106 -4.6 -3.1 26.4 18.6 24.3 17.4 22.5 16.6 19.3 24.3 18.3 22.7 17.7 12.8 20.5 16.6 11.9 19.8 9.8 8.4 7.4 3158 29
C IL F Y N Y D D 51.63N 3.30W 194 -4.1 -2.6 25.5 18.0 23.4 16.8 21.5 16.1 18.8 23.8 17.5 21.7 17.1 12.5 20.1 16.2 11.8 18.8 11.5 9.9 8.7 3277 22
CROSBY 53.JON 3.07W 9 -3.6 -2.0 24.3 18.1 22.2 17.4 20.5 16.7 19.1 22.7 18.1 21.0 17.9 12.9 20.2 17.0 12.1 19.4 17.4 15.0 13.3 2963 18

E A S T M ID L A N D S 52.J3N 1.32W 93 -3.9 -2.2 26.2 18.0 24.1 17.0 22.2 16.2 18.9 24.5 18.) 22.5 17.1 12.3 20.7 16.1 11.6 19.7 12.5 10.9 9.7 3088 35
E D IN B U R G H A IR P O R T 55.S5N 3.3 5 W 41 -5.6 -3.6 22.2 16.6 20.7 15.9 19.2 15.0 17.6 21.0 16.7 19.5 16.2 11.6 18.9 15.4 11.0 18.1 12.4 10.8 9.5 3456 4
E M LE Y MOOR 53.(2 N 1.67W 259 -3.3 -2.3 23.8 17.5 21.8 16.6 20.2 15.7 18.3 22.1 17.2 20.7 16.8 12.3 19.9 15.8 11.5 18.8 14.8 12.9 10.9 3491 14
G L A S G O W A IR P O R T 55.J7N 4.43W 3 -6.1 -1.1 23.1 17.1 21.1 16.2 19.7 15.4 18.0 21.7 17.) 20.0 16.7 119 19.7 15.8 11.2 18.8 12.8 11.2 9.8 3418 7
G R A V E S E N D -B R O A D N E S S 51.47N 0.30E 3 -2.3 -1.2 27.9 19.9 25.8 188 24.0 17.9 20.8 26.2 19.7 24.3 18.9 13.7 22.9 17.8 12.8 21.8 10.9 9.7 8.6 2593 82
HAW ARDEN 53.17N 2.98W 9 -4.7 -2.9 25.1 18.3 23.1 17.5 21.4 16.7 19.4 23.3 18.) 21.9 18.0 12.9 21.0 16.8 12.0 20.0 10.4 9.1 8.1 3062 18
K E N L E Y A IR F IE L D 51.JON 0.08W 170 -3.1 -1.9 26.3 17.9 24.4 17.1 22.7 16.4 19.0 24.2 18.) 22.6 17.2 12.5 20.4 16.3 11.8 19.7 10.7 9.4 8.3 2972 43
L E C O N F IE L D 53.J7N 0.43W 7 -3.8 -2.2 24.9 18.2 23.1 17.3 21.5 16.4 19.0 23.1 18.) 21.9 17.4 12.5 20.5 16.5 11.7 19.5 12.4 10.8 9.6 3199 16
LE E D S B R A D F O R D 53.J7N 1.6SW 208 -3.8 -2.2 24.0 17.6 22.0 16.5 20.1 15.7 18.3 22.0 17.2 20.9 16.9 12.4 20.0 16.0 11.6 18.7 12.9 11.1 9.7 3433 13
LE E D S W E A T H E R CTR 53.JON 1.55W 47 -2.3 - l.l 26.1 17.9 24.1 16.9 22.4 16.1 18.7 24.3 17.7 22.8 16.7 11.9 20.8 15.7 11.2 19.6 13.0 11.0 9.4 2943 39
L IV E R P O O L 53.33N 2.85W 24 -3.0 -1.2 25.1 17.8 23.0 16.8 21.2 16.2 18.6 23.4 17.7 21.8 16.9 12.1 20.5 16.0 11.4 19.8 13.3 11.4 10.0 2938 28
L O N D O N W E A T H E R CE N T S1.52N 0 .I0 W 43 -0.6 0.4 28.2 18.3 26.2 17.6 24.4 16.8 19.4 25.6 18.5 24.1 17.2 12.3 21.7 16.4 11.7 21.0 9.3 8.3 7.4 2322 123
L O N D O N H E A T H R O W A IR 51.48N 0.45W 25 -2.8 -1.5 28.2 18.6 26.2 17.7 24.4 17.0 19.7 26.0 18.7 24.0 17.5 12.5 21.3 16.7 11.9 20.7 10.2 8.9 8.0 2629 90
M A N C H E S T E R A IR P O R T 53.35N 2.28W 69 -4.1 -2.4 25.5 17.8 23.4 16.9 21.7 16.1 18.6 23.5 17.7 22.0 16.9 12.2 20.3 16.0 11.5 19.3 11.1 9.8 8.8 3118 28
N O R THO LT 51.55N 0.42W 39 -4.0 -2.6 28.1 18.5 26.0 17.7 24.1 17.0 19.7 25.7 18.7 23.9 17.5 12.6 21.4 16.7 11.9 20.7 10.3 9.2 8.2 2812 68
U ru g u a y 2 s ite s , 9 m o r e o n C D - R O M
CARRASCO 34.83S 56.00W 32 1.2 2.8 31.4 21.6 29.9 21.4 28.2 20.9 24.1 28.1 23.2 26.8 23.0 17.8 25.8 22.1 16.9 24.8 12.8 10.8 9.7 1221 468
PRADO 34.8SS 56.20W 16 2.9 4.2 31.6 22.6 30.2 22.0 28.9 21.7 24.2 29.4 23.5 28.0 22.7 17.5 26.5 22.1 16.8 26.0 10.3 8.7 7.7 1104 576
U z b e k is ta n 3 s ite s , I S m o r e on C D -R O M
NAMANGAN 4 0S 8N 71.58E 474 -8.2 -5.9 36.6 21.4 35.3 21.0 34.2 20.6 23.2 33.1 22.) 32.6 19.8 15.4 29.9 18.7 14.4 29.0 7.2 5.6 4.3 2220 1085
SAM ARKAND 39.57N 66.95E 724 -10.0 -7.1 36.1 18.9 34.9 18.7 33.7 18.3 20.7 32.6 19.) 31.6 16.9 13.1 25.4 15.8 12.3 24.5 9.8 8.5 7.3 2211 827
TASHKENT 41.27N 69.27E 466 -9.4 -6.9 38.2 19.8 37.1 19.4 35.8 19.2 22.4 33.8 21.) 32.9 18.6 14.2 29.0 17.3 13.1 27.1 6.2 5.2 4.4 2099 1027
V e n e z u e la 2 s ite s , 1 m o r e o n C D - R O M
C A R A C A S M A IQ U E T IA A lO.fON 66.9 8W 48 20.8 21.2 33.9 28.0 33.1 27.7 32.7 27.6 29.9 32.0 29.2 31.5 29.2 26.1 31.2 28.9 25.6 30.9 4.3 3.5 3.3 0 3334
S A N A N T O N IO D E L T A C 7 .8 5N 72.45W 378 20.0 20.8 34.9 23.6 34.2 23.4 33.8 23.3 26.3 31.4 25.7 31.0 25.1 21.2 28.9 24.2 20.1 27.9 12.2 10.7 9.8 0 3278
V ie t N a m 4 s ite s , 2 1 m o r e o n C D -R O M
DA NANG 16X7N I0 8 .3 5 F 7 16.6 17.5 36.1 26.1 35.1 26.3 34.1 26.3 28.0 32.3 27 5 31.9 27.0 22.7 30.5 26.5 22.0 .30.0 7.5 6.3 5.4 3 2913
H A NOI 21.C3N 105.80E 6 10.1 11.1 35.9 27.4 34.8 27.5 33.9 27.4 29.3 32.6 28.3 32.1 28.8 25.3 31.2 28.1 24.2 30.7 7.0 6.0 5.2 161 2376
P H U L IE N 20. JON 106.63E 116 9.9 11.0 34.0 28.8 33.1 28.6 32.3 28.3 30.0 32.6 29.) 31.9 29.2 26.4 32.0 28.6 25.4 31.3 6.8 5.4 4.5 162 2193
TA N SON HOA 10 J2N 106.67E 5 20.0 21.1 35.4 25.8 34.7 25.8 34.0 25.7 28.0 31.8 27.5 31.4 27.1 22.8 29.8 26.7 22.3 29.6 11.8 8.5 6.9 0 3598
Z im b a b w e 1 s ite , 1 m o r e o n C D - R O M
H A R A R E (K U T S A G A ) 17.92S 31.13E 1480 6.7 7.8 30.9 16.4 29.9 16.4 28.9 16.3 20.2 25.2 19.7 24.6 19.0 16.6 21.2 18.5 16.0 20.9 9.0 7.9 7.1 336 763
Appendix D—
Thermodynamic Properties
of Water at Saturation
T a b le D -l T h e rm o d yn am ic P ro p e rtie s of W a te r a t Satu ratio n
S p e c i f i c V o l u m e , m 3/ k g M, S p e c i f i c E n t h a l p y , k J / k g M, S p e c ific E n tr o p y , k J /f k g ^ K)
T e m p .. A b s o lu te Tem p.
°C P re ssu re S a t . S o lid Evap. S a t. V a p o r S a t. S o lid Evap. S a t. V a p o r S a t . S o lid Evap. S a t. V a p o r °C
t Pws*k P a v-,hf v % vn *»«/ hig'"fg "* S /I S f
V s/* ss t
-6 0 0 .0 0 1 0 8 0 .0 0 1 0 8 1 9 0 9 7 1 .5 8 9 0 9 7 1 .5 8 - 4 4 6 .1 2 2 8 3 6 .2 7 2 3 9 0 .1 4 - 1 .6 8 4 2 1 3 .3 0 6 4 1 1 .6 2 2 2 -6 0
-5 9 0 .0 0 1 2 4 0 .0 0 1 0 8 2 7 9 8 8 5 .3 1 7 9 8 8 5 .3 1 —4 4 4 .4 6 2 8 3 6 .4 5 2 3 9 1 .9 9 - 1 .6 7 6 4 1 3 .2 4 5 2 1 1 .5 6 8 7 -5 9
-5 8 0 .0 0 1 4 1 0 .0 0 1 0 8 2 7 0 2 3 5 .7 7 7 0 2 3 5 .7 8 - 4 4 2 .7 9 2 8 3 6 .6 3 2 3 9 3 .8 5 - 1 .6 6 8 7 1 3 .1 8 4 5 1 1 .5 1 5 8 -5 8
-5 7 0 .0 0 1 6 1 0 .0 0 1 0 8 2 6 1 8 2 6 .2 3 6 1 8 2 6 .2 4 —4 4 1 .1 1 2 8 3 6 .8 1 2 3 9 5 .7 0 - 1 .6 6 0 9 1 3 .1 2 4 3 1 1 .4 6 3 4 -5 7
-5 6 0 .0 0 1 8 4 0 .0 0 1 0 8 2 5 4 4 8 8 .2 8 5 4 4 8 8 .2 8 - 4 3 9 .4 2 2 8 3 6 .9 7 2 3 9 7 .5 5 -1 .6 5 3 1 1 3 .0 6 4 6 1 1 .4 1 1 5 -5 6
-5 5 0 .0 0 2 0 9 0 .0 0 1 0 8 2 4 8 0 7 7 .5 4 4 8 0 7 7 .5 4 - 4 3 7 .7 3 2 8 3 7 .1 3 2 3 9 9 .4 0 - 1 .6 4 5 3 1 3 .0 0 5 4 1 1 .3 6 0 1 -5 5
-5 4 0 .0 0 2 3 8 0 .0 0 1 0 8 2 4 2 4 7 0 .1 1 4 2 4 7 0 .1 1 - 4 3 6 .0 3 2 8 3 7 .2 8 2 4 0 1 .2 5 - 1 .6 3 7 5 1 2 .9 4 6 8 1 1 .3 0 9 2 -5 4
53 0 .0 0 2 7 1 0 .0 0 1 0 8 2 3 7 5 5 9 .4 9 3 7 5 5 9 .5 0 4 3 4 .3 2 2 8 3 7 .4 2 2 4 0 3 .1 0 1 .6 2 9 8 1 2 .8 8 8 6 1 1 .2 5 8 9 53
-5 2 0 .0 0 3 0 7 0 .0 0 1 0 8 3 3 3 2 5 4 .0 7 3 3 2 5 4 .0 7 - 4 3 2 .6 1 2 8 3 7 .5 6 2 4 0 4 .9 5 - 1 .6 2 2 0 1 2 .8 3 1 0 1 1 .2 0 9 0 -5 2
-5 1 0 .0 0 3 4 8 0 .0 0 1 0 8 3 2 9 4 7 4 .8 7 2 9 4 7 4 .8 7 - 4 3 0 .8 8 2 8 3 7 .6 9 2 4 0 6 .8 1 - 1 .6 1 4 2 1 2 .7 7 3 8 1 1 .1 5 9 6 -5 1
-5 0 0 .0 0 3 9 4 0 .0 0 1 0 8 3 2 6 1 5 3 .8 0 2 6 1 5 3 .8 0 - 4 2 9 .1 6 2 8 3 7 .8 1 2 4 0 8 .6 6 - 1 .6 0 6 5 1 2 .7 1 7 1 1 1 .1 1 0 6 -5 0
-4 9 0 .0 0 4 4 5 0 .0 0 1 0 8 3 2 3 2 3 2 .0 3 2 3 2 3 2 .0 4 - 4 2 7 .4 2 2 8 3 7 .9 3 2 4 1 0 .5 1 - 1 .5 9 8 7 1 2 .6 6 0 9 1 1 .0 6 2 2 —4 9
-4 8 0 .0 0 5 0 3 0 .0 0 1 0 8 3 2 0 6 5 8 .7 0 2 0 6 5 8 .7 0 - 4 2 5 .6 8 2 8 3 8 .0 4 2 4 1 2 .3 6 - 1 .5 9 0 9 1 2 .6 0 5 1 1 1 .0 1 4 2 —4 8
-4 7 0 .0 0 5 6 8 0 .0 0 1 0 8 3 1 8 3 8 9 .7 5 1 8 3 8 9 .7 5 - 4 2 3 .9 3 2 8 3 8 .1 4 2 4 1 4 .2 1 - 1 .5 8 3 2 1 2 .5 4 9 8 1 0 .9 6 6 6 —4 7
-4 6 0 .0 0 6 4 0 0 .0 0 1 0 8 3 1 6 3 8 7 .0 3 1 6 3 8 7 .0 3 - 4 2 2 .1 7 2 8 3 8 .2 3 2 4 1 6 .0 6 - 1 .5 7 5 4 1 2 .4 9 5 0 1 0 .9 1 9 6 —4 6
-4 5 0 .0 0 7 2 0 0 .0 0 1 0 8 4 1 4 6 1 7 .3 9 1 4 6 1 7 .3 9 - 4 2 0 .4 0 2 8 3 8 .3 2 2 4 1 7 .9 1 - 1 .5 6 7 7 1 2 .4 4 0 6 1 0 .8 7 2 9 -4 5
—4 4 0 .0 0 8 1 0 0 .0 0 1 0 8 4 1 3 0 5 2 .0 7 1 3 0 5 2 .0 7 - 4 1 8 .6 3 2 8 3 8 .3 9 2 4 1 9 .7 6 - 1 .5 5 9 9 1 2 .3 8 6 7 1 0 .8 2 6 7 -4 4
-4 3 0 .0 0 9 1 0 0 .0 0 1 0 8 4 1 1 6 6 6 .0 2 1 1 6 6 6 .0 2 - 4 1 6 .8 5 2 8 3 8 .4 7 2 4 2 1 .6 2 - 1 .5 5 2 2 1 2 .3 3 3 1 1 0 .7 8 1 0 -4 3
^42 0 .0 1 0 2 2 0 .0 0 1 0 8 4 1 0 4 3 7 .4 6 1 0 4 3 7 .4 6 - 4 1 5 .0 6 2 8 3 8 .5 3 2 4 2 3 .4 7 - 1 .5 4 4 4 1 2 .2 8 0 1 1 0 .7 3 5 6 -4 2
-4 1 0 .0 1 1 4 6 0 .0 0 1 0 8 4 9 3 4 7 .3 8 9 3 4 7 .3 8 ^ 4 1 3 .2 7 2 8 3 8 .5 9 2 4 2 5 .3 2 - 1 .5 3 6 7 1 2 .2 2 7 4 1 0 .6 9 0 7 -4 1
^10 0 .0 1 2 8 4 0 .0 0 1 0 8 4 8 3 7 9 .2 0 8 3 7 9 .2 0 - 4 1 1 .4 7 2 8 3 8 .6 4 2 4 2 7 .1 7 - 1 .5 2 8 9 1 2 .1 7 5 2 1 0 .6 4 6 2 ^10
-3 9 0 .0 1 4 3 7 0 .0 0 1 0 8 5 7 5 1 8 .4 4 7 5 1 8 .4 4 - 4 0 9 .6 6 2 8 3 8 .6 8 2 4 2 9 .0 2 - 1 .5 2 1 2 1 2 .1 2 3 4 1 0 .6 0 2 2 -3 9
-3 8 0 .0 1 6 0 7 0 .0 0 1 0 8 5 6 7 5 2 .4 3 6 7 5 2 .4 3 - 4 0 7 .8 5 2 8 3 8 .7 2 2 4 3 0 .8 7 - 1 .5 1 3 5 1 2 .0 7 2 0 1 0 .5 5 8 5 -3 8
-3 7 0 .0 1 7 9 5 0 .0 0 1 0 8 5 6 0 7 0 .0 8 6 0 7 0 .0 8 - 4 0 6 .0 2 2 8 3 8 .7 4 2 4 3 2 .7 2 - 1 .5 0 5 7 1 2 .0 2 1 0 1 0 .5 1 5 2 -3 7
-3 6 0 .0 2 0 0 4 0 .0 0 1 0 8 5 5 4 6 1 .6 8 5 4 6 1 .6 8 —4 0 4 . 1 9 2 8 3 8 .7 6 2 4 3 4 .5 7 - 1 .4 9 8 0 1 1 .9 7 0 4 1 0 .4 7 2 4 -3 6
-3 5 0 .0 2 2 3 4 0 .0 0 1 0 8 5 4 9 1 8 .6 9 4 9 1 8 .6 9 - 4 0 2 .3 6 2 8 3 8 .7 8 2 4 3 6 .4 2 - 1 .4 9 0 3 1 1 .9 2 0 2 1 0 .4 2 9 9 -3 5
-3 4 0 .0 2 4 8 9 0 .0 0 1 0 8 5 4 4 3 3 .6 4 4 4 3 3 .6 4 - 4 0 0 .5 1 2 8 3 8 .7 8 2 4 3 8 .2 7 - 1 .4 8 2 5 1 1 .8 7 0 3 1 0 .3 8 7 8 -3 4
-3 3 0 .0 2 7 7 1 0 .0 0 1 0 8 5 3 9 9 9 .9 5 3 9 9 9 .9 5 - 3 9 8 .6 6 2 8 3 8 .7 8 2 4 4 0 .1 2 - 1 .4 7 4 8 1 1 .8 2 0 9 1 0 .3 4 6 1 -3 3
-3 2 0 .0 3 0 8 1 0 .0 0 1 0 8 6 3 6 1 1 .8 2 3 6 1 1 .8 2 - 3 9 6 .8 0 2 8 3 8 .7 7 2 4 4 1 .9 7 -1 .4 6 7 1 1 1 .7 7 1 8 1 0 .3 0 4 7 -3 2
-3 1 0 .0 3 4 2 3 0 .0 0 1 0 8 6 3 2 6 4 .1 5 3 2 6 4 .1 6 - 3 9 4 .9 4 2 8 3 8 .7 5 2 4 4 3 .8 2 - 1 .4 5 9 4 1 1 .7 2 3 1 1 0 .2 6 3 8 -3 1
-3 0 0 .0 3 8 0 1 0 .0 0 1 0 8 6 2 9 5 2 .4 6 2 9 5 2 .4 6 - 3 9 3 .0 6 2 8 3 8 .7 3 2 4 4 5 .6 7 - 1 .4 5 1 6 1 1 .6 7 4 8 1 0 .2 2 3 2 -3 0
-2 9 0 .0 4 2 1 5 0 .0 0 1 0 8 6 2 6 7 2 .7 7 2 6 7 2 .7 7 - 3 9 1 .1 8 2 8 3 8 .7 0 2 4 4 7 .5 1 - 1 .4 4 3 9 1 1 .6 2 6 9 1 0 .1 8 3 0 -2 9
-2 8 0 .0 4 6 7 2 0 .0 0 1 0 8 6 2 4 2 1 .5 8 2 4 2 1 .5 8 - 3 8 9 .2 9 2 8 3 8 .6 6 2 4 4 9 .3 6 - 1 .4 3 6 2 1 1 .5 7 9 3 1 0 .1 4 3 1 -2 8
-2 7 0 .0 5 1 7 3 0 .0 0 1 0 8 6 2 1 9 5 .8 0 2 1 9 5 .8 0 - 3 8 7 .4 0 2 8 3 8 .6 1 2 4 5 1 .2 1 - 1 .4 2 8 5 1 1 .5 3 2 1 1 0 .1 0 3 6 -2 7
-2 6 0 .0 5 7 2 4 0 .0 0 1 0 8 7 1 9 9 2 .6 8 1 9 9 2 .6 8 - 3 8 5 .5 0 2 8 3 8 .5 6 2 4 5 3 .0 6 - 1 .4 2 0 8 1 1 .4 8 5 2 1 0 .0 6 4 4 -2 6
-2 5 0 .0 6 3 2 7 0 .0 0 1 0 8 7 1 8 0 9 .7 9 1 8 0 9 .7 9 - 3 8 3 .5 9 2 8 3 8 .4 9 2 4 5 4 .9 1 - 1 .4 1 3 1 1 1 .4 3 8 6 1 0 .0 2 5 6 -2 5
-2 4 0 .0 6 9 8 9 0 .0 0 1 0 8 7 1 6 4 4 .9 9 1 6 4 4 .9 9 - 3 8 1 .6 7 2 8 3 8 .4 2 2 4 5 6 .7 5 - 1 .4 0 5 4 1 1 .3 9 2 5 9 .9 8 7 1 -2 4
-2 3 0 .0 7 7 1 4 0 .0 0 1 0 8 7 1 4 9 6 .3 6 1 4 9 6 .3 6 - 3 7 9 .7 5 2 8 3 8 .3 5 2 4 5 8 .6 0 - 1 .3 9 7 7 1 1 .3 4 6 6 9 .9 4 8 9 -2 3
-2 2 0 .0 8 5 0 8 0 .0 0 1 0 8 7 1 3 6 2 .2 1 1 3 6 2 .2 1 - 3 7 7 .8 1 2 8 3 8 .2 6 2 4 6 0 .4 5 - 1 .3 8 9 9 1 1 .3 0 1 1 9 .9 1 1 1 -2 2
-2 1 0 .0 9 3 7 6 0 .0 0 1 0 8 7 1 2 4 1 .0 3 1 2 4 1 .0 3 - 3 7 5 .8 8 2 8 3 8 .1 7 2 4 6 2 .2 9 - 1 .3 8 2 2 1 1 .2 5 5 9 9 .8 7 3 6 -2 1
-2 0 0 .1 0 3 2 4 0 .0 0 1 0 8 7 1 1 3 1 .4 9 1 1 3 1 .4 9 - 3 7 3 .9 3 2 8 3 8 .0 7 2 4 6 4 .1 4 - 1 .3 7 4 5 1 1 .2 1 1 0 9 .8 3 6 5 -2 0
-1 9 0 .1 1 3 6 0 0 .0 0 1 0 8 8 1 0 3 2 .3 8 1 0 3 2 .3 8 - 3 7 1 .9 8 2 8 3 7 .9 6 2 4 6 5 .9 8 - 1 .3 6 6 8 1 1 .1 6 6 5 9 .7 9 9 6 -1 9
-1 8 0 .1 2 4 9 0 0 .0 0 1 0 8 8 9 4 2 .6 4 9 4 2 .6 5 - 3 7 0 .0 1 2 8 3 7 .8 4 2 4 6 7 .8 3 -1 .3 5 9 1 1 1 .1 2 2 3 9 .7 6 3 1 -1 8
-1 7 0 .1 3 7 2 2 0 .0 0 1 0 8 8 8 6 1 .3 4 8 6 1 .3 4 - 3 6 8 .0 5 2 8 3 7 .7 2 2 4 6 9 .6 7 - 1 .3 5 1 4 1 1 .0 7 8 4 9 .7 2 6 9 -1 7
-1 6 0 .1 5 0 6 5 0 .0 0 1 0 8 8 7 8 7 .6 1 7 8 7 .6 1 - 3 6 6 .0 7 2 8 3 7 .5 9 2 4 7 1 .5 1 - 1 .3 4 3 7 1 1 .0 3 4 8 9 .6 9 1 0 -1 6
-1 5 0 .1 6 5 2 7 0 .0 0 1 0 8 8 7 2 0 .7 0 7 2 0 .7 0 - 3 6 4 .0 9 2 8 3 7 .4 5 2 4 7 3 .3 6 - 1 .3 3 6 0 1 0 .9 9 1 5 9 .6 5 5 4 -1 5
-1 4 0 .1 8 1 1 9 0 .0 0 1 0 8 8 6 5 9 .9 4 6 5 9 .9 4 - 3 6 2 .1 0 2 8 3 7 .3 0 2 4 7 5 .2 0 - 1 .3 2 8 4 1 0 .9 4 8 5 9 .6 2 0 1 -1 4
-1 3 0 .1 9 8 4 9 0 .0 0 1 0 8 9 6 0 4 .7 2 6 0 4 .7 3 - 3 6 0 .1 0 2 8 3 7 .1 4 2 4 7 7 .0 4 - 1 .3 2 0 7 1 0 .9 0 5 8 9 .5 8 5 1 -1 3
I 38 A ppendix D Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation
Tab le D -l T h e rm o d yn a m ic P ro p e rtie s of W a te r a t S a tu ra tio n ( C o n t in u e d )

T e m p .. A b s o lu te T e m p ..
V i/ V f h iU tf S i/ S f
t /V v kP a vg "iglhfS "s V s/* ss t
-1 2 0 .2 1 7 2 9 0 .0 0 1 0 8 9 5 5 4 .5 1 5 5 4 .5 1 - 3 5 8 .1 0 2 8 3 6 .9 8 2 4 7 8 .8 8 - 1 .3 1 3 0 1 0 .8 6 3 4 9 .5 5 0 4 -1 2
-1 1 0 .2 3 7 7 1 0 .0 0 1 0 8 9 5 0 8 .8 1 5 0 8 .8 1 - 3 5 6 .0 8 2 8 3 6 .8 0 2 4 8 0 .7 2 - 1 .3 0 5 3 1 0 .8 2 1 3 9 .5 1 6 0 -1 1
-1 0 0 .2 5 9 8 7 0 .0 0 1 0 8 9 4 6 7 .1 9 4 6 7 .1 9 - 3 5 4 .0 6 2 8 3 6 .6 2 2 4 8 2 .5 6 - 1 .2 9 7 6 1 0 .7 7 9 5 9 .4 8 1 9 -1 0
-9 0 .2 8 3 9 1 0 .0 0 1 0 8 9 4 2 9 .2 5 4 2 9 .2 6 - 3 5 2 .0 4 2 8 3 6 .4 4 2 4 8 4 .4 0 - 1 .2 8 9 9 1 0 .7 3 8 0 9 .4 4 8 1 -9
-8 0 .3 0 9 9 5 0 .0 0 1 0 8 9 3 9 4 .6 6 3 9 4 .6 6 - 3 5 0 .0 0 2 8 3 6 .2 4 2 4 8 6 .2 3 - 1 .2 8 2 2 1 0 .6 9 6 7 9 .4 1 4 5 -8
-7 0 .3 3 8 1 7 0 .0 0 1 0 9 0 3 6 3 .0 9 3 6 3 .0 9 - 3 4 7 .9 6 2 8 3 6 .0 3 2 4 8 8 .0 7 - 1 .2 7 4 5 1 0 .6 5 5 8 9 .3 8 1 2 -7
-6 0 .3 6 8 7 1 0 .0 0 1 0 9 0 3 3 4 .2 6 3 3 4 .2 6 - 3 4 5 .9 1 2 8 3 5 .8 2 2 4 8 9 .9 1 - 1 .2 6 6 8 1 0 .6 1 5 1 9 .3 4 8 2 -6
-5 0 .4 0 1 7 4 0 .0 0 1 0 9 0 3 0 7 .9 2 3 0 7 .9 2 - 3 4 3 .8 6 2 8 3 5 .6 0 2 4 9 1 .7 4 - 1 .2 5 9 2 1 0 .5 7 4 7 9 .3 1 5 5 -5
-A 0 .4 3 7 4 5 0 .0 0 1 0 9 0 2 8 3 .8 2 2 8 3 .8 3 - 3 4 1 .7 9 2 8 3 5 .3 7 2 4 9 3 .5 7 - 1 .2 5 1 5 1 0 .5 3 4 5 9 .2 8 3 0 -4
-3 0 .4 7 6 0 4 0 .0 0 1 0 9 0 2 6 1 .7 8 2 6 1 .7 8 - 3 3 9 .7 2 2 8 3 5 .1 3 2 4 9 5 .4 1 - 1 .2 4 3 8 1 0 .4 9 4 6 9 .2 5 0 8 -3
-2 0 .5 1 7 7 0 0 .0 0 1 0 9 1 2 4 1 .6 0 2 4 1 .6 0 - 3 3 7 .6 4 2 8 3 4 .8 8 2 4 9 7 .2 4 - 1 .2 3 6 1 1 0 .4 5 5 0 9 .2 1 8 9 -2
-1 0 .5 6 2 6 6 0 .0 0 1 0 9 1 2 2 3 .1 0 2 2 3 .1 1 - 3 3 5 .5 6 2 8 3 4 .6 3 2 4 9 9 .0 7 - 1 .2 2 8 4 1 0 .4 1 5 7 9 .1 8 7 2 -1
0 0 .6 1 1 1 5 0 .0 0 1 0 9 1 2 0 6 .1 5 2 0 6 .1 5 - 3 3 3 .4 7 2 8 3 4 .3 6 2 5 0 0 .9 0 - 1 .2 2 0 8 1 0 .3 7 6 6 9 .1 5 5 8 0
Transitionfromsaturatedsolidtosaturatedliquid
0 0 .6 1 1 2 0 .0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 6 .1 3 9 2 0 6 .1 4 0 - 0 .0 4 2 5 0 0 .9 3 2 5 0 0 .8 9 - 0 .0 0 0 2 9 .1 5 5 9 9 .1 5 5 8 0
1 0 .6 5 7 1 0 .0 0 1 0 0 0 1 9 2 .4 4 4 1 9 2 .4 4 5 4 .1 8 2 4 9 8 .5 5 2 5 0 2 .7 3 0 .0 1 5 3 9 .1 1 3 8 9 .1 2 9 1 1
2 0 .7 0 6 0 0 .0 0 1 0 0 0 1 7 9 .7 6 3 1 7 9 .7 6 4 8 .3 9 2 4 9 6 .1 7 2 5 0 4 .5 7 0 .0 3 0 6 9 .0 7 2 1 9 .1 0 2 7 2
3 0 .7 5 8 1 0 .0 0 1 0 0 0 1 6 8 .0 1 3 1 6 8 .0 1 4 1 2 .6 0 2 4 9 3 .8 0 2 5 0 6 .4 0 0 .0 4 5 9 9 .0 3 0 6 9 .0 7 6 5 3
4 0 .8 1 3 5 0 .0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 7 .1 2 0 1 5 7 .1 2 1 1 6 .8 1 2 4 9 1 .4 2 2 5 0 8 .2 4 0 .0 6 1 1 8 .9 8 9 5 9 .0 5 0 6 4
5 0 .8 7 2 6 0 .0 0 1 0 0 0 1 4 7 .0 1 6 1 4 7 .0 1 7 2 1 .0 2 2 4 8 9 .0 5 2 5 1 0 .0 7 0 .0 7 6 3 8 .9 4 8 6 9 .0 2 4 9 5
6 0 .9 3 5 4 0 .0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 7 .6 3 7 1 3 7 .6 3 8 2 5 .2 2 2 4 8 6 .6 8 2 5 1 1 .9 1 0 .0 9 1 3 8 .9 0 8 1 8 .9 9 9 4 6
7 1 .0 0 2 1 0 .0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 8 .9 2 7 1 2 8 .9 2 8 2 9 .4 3 2 4 8 4 .3 1 2 5 1 3 .7 4 0 .1 0 6 4 8 .8 6 7 8 8 .9 7 4 2 7
8 1 .0 7 3 0 0 .0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 .8 3 3 1 2 0 .8 3 4 3 3 .6 3 2 4 8 1 .9 4 2 5 1 5 .5 7 0 .1 2 1 3 8 .8 2 7 8 8 .9 4 9 2 8
9 1 .1 4 8 3 0 .0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 3 .3 0 8 1 1 3 .3 0 9 3 7 .8 2 2 4 7 9 .5 8 2 5 1 7 .4 0 0 .1 3 6 2 8 .7 8 8 2 8 .9 2 4 4 9
10 1 .2 2 8 2 0 .0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 6 .3 0 8 1 0 6 .3 0 9 4 2 .0 2 2 4 7 7 .2 1 2 5 1 9 .2 3 0 .1 5 1 1 8 .7 4 8 8 8 .8 9 9 8 10
11 1 .3 1 2 9 0 .0 0 1 0 0 0 9 9 .7 9 2 9 9 .7 9 3 4 6 .2 2 2 4 7 4 .8 4 2 5 2 1 .0 6 0 .1 6 5 9 8 .7 0 9 6 8 .8 7 5 5 11
12 1 .4 0 2 8 0 .0 0 1 0 0 1 9 3 .7 2 3 9 3 .7 2 4 5 0 .4 1 2 4 7 2 .4 8 2 5 2 2 .8 9 0 .1 8 0 6 8 .6 7 0 8 8 .8 5 1 4 12
13 1 .4 9 8 1 0 .0 0 1 0 0 1 8 8 .0 6 9 8 8 .0 7 0 5 4 .6 0 2 4 7 0 .1 1 2 5 2 4 .7 1 0 .1 9 5 3 8 .6 3 2 2 8 .8 2 7 5 13
14 1 .5 9 8 9 0 .0 0 1 0 0 1 8 2 .7 9 7 8 2 .7 9 8 5 8 .7 9 2 4 6 7 .7 5 2 5 2 6 .5 4 0 .2 0 9 9 8 .5 9 3 9 8 .8 0 3 8 14
15 1 .7 0 5 7 0 .0 0 1 0 0 1 7 7 .8 8 0 7 7 .8 8 1 6 2 .9 8 2 4 6 5 .3 8 2 5 2 8 .3 6 0 .2 2 4 5 8 .5 5 5 9 8 .7 8 0 4 15
16 1 .8 1 8 8 0 .0 0 1 0 0 1 7 3 .2 9 0 7 3 .2 9 1 6 7 .1 7 2 4 6 3 .0 1 2 5 3 0 .1 9 0 .2 3 9 0 8 .5 1 8 1 8 .7 5 7 1 16
17 1 .9 3 8 3 0 .0 0 1 0 0 1 6 9 .0 0 5 6 9 .0 0 6 7 1 .3 6 2 4 6 0 .6 5 2 5 3 2 .0 1 0 .2 5 3 4 8 .4 8 0 6 8 .7 3 4 1 17
18 2 .0 6 4 7 0 .0 0 1 0 0 1 6 5 .0 0 2 6 5 .0 0 3 7 5 .5 5 2 4 5 8 .2 8 2 5 3 3 .8 3 0 .2 6 7 8 8 .4 4 3 4 8 .7 1 1 2 18
19 2 .1 9 8 2 0 .0 0 1 0 0 2 6 1 .2 6 0 6 1 .2 6 1 7 9 .7 3 2 4 5 5 .9 2 2 5 3 5 .6 5 0 .2 8 2 2 8 .4 0 6 4 8 .6 8 8 6 19
20 2 .3 3 9 2 0 .0 0 1 0 0 2 5 7 .7 6 0 5 7 .7 6 1 8 3 .9 2 2 4 5 3 .5 5 2 5 3 7 .4 7 0 .2 9 6 5 8 .3 6 9 6 8 .6 6 6 1 20
21 2 .4 8 8 1 0 .0 0 1 0 0 2 5 4 .4 8 6 5 4 .4 8 7 8 8 .1 0 2 4 5 1 .1 8 2 5 3 9 .2 9 0 .3 1 0 8 8 .3 3 3 1 8 .6 4 3 9 21
22 2 .6 4 5 2 0 .0 0 1 0 0 2 5 1 .4 2 1 5 1 .4 2 2 9 2 .2 9 2 4 4 8 .8 1 2 5 4 1 .1 0 0 .3 2 5 0 8 .2 9 6 9 8 .6 2 1 8 22
23 2 .8 1 0 9 0 .0 0 1 0 0 3 4 8 .5 5 1 4 8 .5 5 2 9 6 .4 7 2 4 4 6 .4 5 2 5 4 2 .9 2 0 .3 3 9 1 8 .2 6 0 9 8 .6 0 0 0 23
24 2 .9 8 5 6 0 .0 0 1 0 0 3 4 5 .8 6 2 4 5 .8 6 3 1 0 0 .6 6 2 4 4 4 .0 8 2 5 4 4 .7 3 0 .3 5 3 2 8 .2 2 5 1 8 .5 7 8 3 24
25 3 .1 6 9 7 0 .0 0 1 0 0 3 4 3 .3 4 0 4 3 .3 4 1 1 0 4 .8 4 2 4 4 1 .7 1 2 5 4 6 .5 4 0 .3 6 7 3 8 .1 8 9 5 8 .5 5 6 8 25
26 3 .3 6 3 7 0 .0 0 1 0 0 3 4 0 .9 7 6 4 0 .9 7 7 1 0 9 .0 2 2 4 3 9 .3 3 2 5 4 8 .3 5 0 .3 8 1 3 8 .1 5 4 2 8 .5 3 5 5 26
27 3 .5 6 7 9 0 .0 0 1 0 0 4 3 8 .7 5 7 3 8 .7 5 8 1 1 3 .2 0 2 4 3 6 .9 6 2 5 5 0 .1 6 0 .3 9 5 2 8 .1 1 9 2 8 .5 1 4 4 27
28 3 .7 8 2 8 0 .0 0 1 0 0 4 3 6 .6 7 4 3 6 .6 7 5 1 1 7 .3 8 2 4 3 4 .5 9 2 5 5 1 .9 7 0 .4 0 9 1 8 .0 8 4 3 8 .4 9 3 4 28
29 4 .0 0 8 9 0 .0 0 1 0 0 4 3 4 .7 1 8 3 4 .7 1 9 1 2 1 .5 6 2 4 3 2 .2 1 2 5 5 3 .7 8 0 .4 2 3 0 8 .0 4 9 7 8 .4 7 2 7 29
30 4 .2 4 6 7 0 .0 0 1 0 0 4 3 2 .8 8 1 3 2 .8 8 2 1 2 5 .7 5 2 4 2 9 .8 4 2 5 5 5 .5 8 0 .4 3 6 8 8 .0 1 5 3 8 .4 5 2 1 30
31 4 .4 9 6 6 0 .0 0 1 0 0 5 3 1 .1 5 3 3 1 .1 5 4 1 2 9 .9 3 2 4 2 7 .4 6 2 5 5 7 .3 9 0 .4 5 0 6 7 .9 8 1 2 8 .4 3 1 7 31
32 4 .7 5 9 2 0 .0 0 1 0 0 5 2 9 .5 2 8 2 9 .5 2 9 1 3 4 .1 1 2 4 2 5 .0 8 2 5 5 9 .1 9 0 .4 6 4 3 7 .9 4 7 2 8 .4 1 1 5 32
33 5 .0 3 5 1 0 .0 0 1 0 0 5 2 8 .0 0 0 2 8 .0 0 1 1 3 8 .2 9 2 4 2 2 .7 0 2 5 6 0 .9 9 0 .4 7 8 0 7 .9 1 3 5 8 .3 9 1 4 33
34 5 .3 2 4 7 0 .0 0 1 0 0 6 2 6 .5 6 1 2 6 .5 6 2 1 4 2 .4 7 2 4 2 0 .3 2 2 5 6 2 .7 9 0 .4 9 1 6 7 .8 8 0 0 8 .3 7 1 5 34
35 5 .6 2 8 6 0 .0 0 1 0 0 6 2 5 .2 0 7 2 5 .2 0 8 1 4 6 .6 4 2 4 1 7 .9 4 2 5 6 4 .5 8 0 .5 0 5 2 7 .8 4 6 7 8 .3 5 1 8 35
36 5 .9 4 7 5 0 .0 0 1 0 0 6 2 3 .9 3 1 2 3 .9 3 2 1 5 0 .8 2 2 4 1 5 .5 6 2 5 6 6 .3 8 0 .5 1 8 7 7 .8 1 3 6 8 .3 3 2 3 36
37 6 .2 8 1 8 0 .0 0 1 0 0 7 2 2 .7 2 8 2 2 .7 2 9 1 5 5 .0 0 2 4 1 3 .1 7 2 5 6 8 .1 7 0 .5 3 2 2 7 .7 8 0 7 8 .3 1 2 9 37
38 6 .6 3 2 4 0 .0 0 1 0 0 7 2 1 .5 9 4 2 1 .5 9 5 1 5 9 .1 8 2 4 1 0 .7 8 2 5 6 9 .9 6 0 .5 4 5 7 7 .7 4 8 0 8 .2 9 3 6 38
39 6 .9 9 9 7 0 .0 0 1 0 0 7 2 0 .5 2 5 2 0 .5 2 6 1 6 3 .3 6 2 4 0 8 .3 9 2 5 7 1 .7 5 0 .5 5 9 1 7 .7 1 5 5 8 .2 7 4 6 39
40 7 .3 8 4 4 0 .0 0 1 0 0 8 1 9 .5 1 6 1 9 .5 1 7 1 6 7 .5 4 2 4 0 6 .0 0 2 5 7 3 .5 4 0 .5 7 2 4 7 .6 8 3 2 8 .2 5 5 7 40
41 7 .7 8 7 3 0 .0 0 1 0 0 8 1 8 .5 6 4 1 8 .5 6 5 1 7 1 .7 2 2 4 0 3 .6 1 2 5 7 5 .3 3 0 .5 8 5 8 7 .6 5 1 2 8 .2 3 6 9 41
42 8 .2 0 9 0 0 .0 0 1 0 0 9 1 7 .6 6 4 1 7 .6 6 5 1 7 5 .9 0 2 4 0 1 .2 1 2 5 7 7 .1 1 0 .5 9 9 0 7 .6 1 9 3 8 .2 1 8 3 42
43 8 .6 5 0 3 0 .0 0 1 0 0 9 1 6 .8 1 5 1 6 .8 1 6 1 8 0 .0 8 2 3 9 8 .8 2 2 5 7 8 .8 9 0 .6 1 2 3 7 .5 8 7 6 8 .1 9 9 9 43
44 9 .1 1 1 8 0 .0 0 1 0 0 9 1 6 .0 1 2 1 6 .0 1 3 1 8 4 .2 6 2 3 9 6 .4 2 2 5 8 0 .6 7 0 .6 2 5 5 7 .5 5 6 1 8 .1 8 1 6 44
45 9 .5 9 4 4 0 .0 0 1 0 1 0 1 5 .2 5 2 1 5 .2 5 3 1 8 8 .4 4 2 3 9 4 .0 2 2 5 8 2 .4 5 0 .6 3 8 6 7 .5 2 4 8 8 .1 6 3 4 45
46 1 0 .0 9 8 8 0 .0 0 1 0 1 0 1 4 .5 3 4 1 4 .5 3 5 1 9 2 .6 2 2 3 9 1 .6 1 2 5 8 4 .2 3 0 .6 5 1 7 7 .4 9 3 7 8 .1 4 5 4 46
47 1 0 .6 2 5 9 0 .0 0 1 0 1 1 1 3 .8 5 5 1 3 .8 5 6 1 9 6 .8 0 2 3 8 9 .2 1 2 5 8 6 .0 0 0 .6 6 4 8 7 .4 6 2 8 8 .1 2 7 6 47
48 1 1 .1 7 6 4 0 .0 0 1 0 1 1 1 3 .2 1 2 1 3 .2 1 3 2 0 0 .9 8 2 3 8 6 .8 0 2 5 8 7 .7 7 0 .6 7 7 8 7 .4 3 2 0 8 .1 0 9 9 48
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (SI), Second Edition I 39

t Pwv k P a Vi/vf v% vg A //* / "ig'bfg "t Si/Sf V s/* ss t
49 1 1 .7 5 1 2 0 .0 0 1 0 1 2 1 2 .6 0 3 1 2 .6 0 4 2 0 5 .1 6 2 3 8 4 .3 9 2 5 8 9 .5 4 0 .6 9 0 8 7 .4 0 1 5 8 .0 9 2 3 49
50 1 2 .3 5 1 3 0 .0 0 1 0 1 2 1 2 .0 2 7 1 2 .0 2 8 2 0 9 .3 4 2 3 8 1 .9 7 2 5 9 1 .3 1 0 .7 0 3 8 7 .3 7 1 1 8 .0 7 4 9 50
51 1 2 .9 7 7 4 0 .0 0 1 0 1 3 1 1 .4 8 1 1 1 .4 8 2 2 1 3 .5 2 2 3 7 9 .5 6 2 5 9 3 .0 8 0 .7 1 6 7 7 .3 4 0 9 8 .0 5 7 6 51
52 1 3 .6 3 0 5 0 .0 0 1 0 1 3 1 0 .9 6 3 1 0 .9 6 4 2 1 7 .7 0 2 3 7 7 .1 4 2 5 9 4 .8 4 0 .7 2 9 6 7 .3 1 0 9 8 .0 4 0 5 52
53 1 4 .3 1 1 6 0 .0 0 1 0 1 4 1 0 .4 7 2 1 0 .4 7 3 2 2 1 .8 8 2 3 7 4 .7 2 2 5 9 6 .6 0 0 .7 4 2 4 7 .2 8 1 1 8 .0 2 3 5 53
54 1 5 .0 2 1 5 0 .0 0 1 0 1 4 1 0 .0 0 6 1 0 .0 0 7 2 2 6 .0 6 2 3 7 2 .3 0 2 5 9 8 .3 5 0 .7 5 5 2 7 .2 5 1 4 8 .0 0 6 6 54
55 1 5 .7 6 1 4 0 .0 0 1 0 1 5 9 .5 6 3 9 9 .5 6 4 9 2 3 0 .2 4 2 3 6 9 .8 7 2 6 0 0 .1 1 0 .7 6 8 0 7 .2 2 1 9 7 .9 8 9 9 55
56 1 6 .5 3 2 2 0 .0 0 1 0 1 5 9 .1 4 4 4 9 .1 4 5 4 2 3 4 .4 2 2 3 6 7 .4 4 2 6 0 1 .8 6 0 .7 8 0 7 7 .1 9 2 6 7 .9 7 3 3 56
57 1 7 .3 3 5 0 0 .0 0 1 0 1 6 8 .7 4 6 1 8 .7 4 7 1 2 3 8 .6 1 2 3 6 5 .0 1 2 6 0 3 .6 1 0 .7 9 3 4 7 .1 6 3 4 7 .9 5 6 8 57
58 1 8 .1 7 0 8 0 .0 0 1 0 1 6 8 .3 6 7 8 8 .3 6 8 8 2 4 2 .7 9 2 3 6 2 .5 7 2 6 0 5 .3 6 0 .8 0 6 0 7 .1 3 4 4 7 .9 4 0 5 58
59 1 9 .0 4 0 7 0 .0 0 1 0 1 7 8 .0 0 8 3 8 .0 0 9 3 2 4 6 .9 7 2 3 6 0 .1 3 2 6 0 7 .1 0 0 .8 1 8 6 7 .1 0 5 6 7 .9 2 4 3 59
60 1 9 .9 4 5 8 0 .0 0 1 0 1 7 7 .6 6 6 6 7 .6 6 7 7 2 5 1 .1 5 2 3 5 7 .6 9 2 6 0 8 .8 5 0 .8 3 1 2 7 .0 7 7 0 7 .9 0 8 2 60
61 2 0 .8 8 7 3 0 .0 0 1 0 1 8 7 .3 4 1 8 7 .3 4 2 8 2 5 5 .3 4 2 3 5 5 .2 5 2 6 1 0 .5 8 0 .8 4 3 8 7 .0 4 8 5 7 .8 9 2 2 61
62 2 1 .8 6 6 4 0 .0 0 1 0 1 8 7 .0 3 2 8 7 .0 3 3 8 2 5 9 .5 2 2 3 5 2 .8 0 2 6 1 2 .3 2 0 .8 5 6 3 7 .0 2 0 1 7 .8 7 6 4 62
63 2 2 .8 8 4 2 0 .0 0 1 0 1 9 6 .7 3 8 9 6 .7 3 9 9 2 6 3 .7 1 2 3 5 0 .3 5 2 6 1 4 .0 5 0 .8 6 8 7 6 .9 9 1 9 7 .8 6 0 7 63
64 2 3 .9 4 2 1 0 .0 0 1 0 1 9 6 .4 5 9 1 6 .4 6 0 1 2 6 7 .8 9 2 3 4 7 .8 9 2 6 1 5 .7 8 0 .8 8 1 1 6 .9 6 3 9 7 .8 4 5 1 64
65 2 5 .0 4 1 1 0 .0 0 1 0 2 0 6 .1 9 2 8 6 .1 9 3 8 2 7 2 .0 8 2 3 4 5 .4 3 2 6 1 7 .5 1 0 .8 9 3 5 6 .9 3 6 1 7 .8 2 9 6 65
66 2 6 .1 8 2 7 0 .0 0 1 0 2 0 5 .9 3 9 2 5 .9 4 0 2 2 7 6 .2 7 2 3 4 2 .9 7 2 6 1 9 .2 3 0 .9 0 5 9 6 .9 0 8 3 7 .8 1 4 2 66
67 2 7 .3 6 8 0 0 .0 0 1 0 2 1 5 .6 9 7 6 5 .6 9 8 6 2 8 0 .4 5 2 3 4 0 .5 0 2 6 2 0 .9 6 0 .9 1 8 2 6 .8 8 0 8 7 .7 9 9 0 67
68 2 8 .5 9 8 6 0 .0 0 1 0 2 2 5 .4 6 7 4 5 .4 6 8 4 2 8 4 .6 4 2 3 3 8 .0 3 2 6 2 2 .6 7 0 .9 3 0 5 6 .8 5 3 4 7 .7 8 3 9 68
69 2 9 .8 7 5 6 0 .0 0 1 0 2 2 5 .2 4 7 9 5 .2 4 9 0 2 8 8 .8 3 2 3 3 5 .5 6 2 6 2 4 .3 9 0 .9 4 2 8 6 .8 2 6 1 7 .7 6 8 9 69
70 3 1 .2 0 0 6 0 .0 0 1 0 2 3 5 .0 3 8 7 5 .0 3 9 7 2 9 3 .0 2 2 3 3 3 .0 8 2 6 2 6 .1 0 0 .9 5 5 0 6 .7 9 9 0 7 .7 5 4 0 70
71 3 2 .5 7 5 0 0 .0 0 1 0 2 3 4 .8 3 9 2 4 .8 4 0 2 2 9 7 .2 1 2 3 3 0 .6 0 2 6 2 7 .8 1 0 .9 6 7 2 6 .7 7 2 0 7 .7 3 9 2 71
72 3 4 .0 0 0 1 0 .0 0 1 0 2 4 4 .6 4 8 8 4 .6 4 9 8 3 0 1 .4 0 2 3 2 8 .1 1 2 6 2 9 .5 1 0 .9 7 9 3 6 .7 4 5 2 7 .7 2 4 5 72
73 3 5 .4 7 7 5 0 .0 0 1 0 2 5 4 .4 6 7 1 4 .4 6 8 1 3 0 5 .5 9 2 3 2 5 .6 2 2 6 3 1 .2 1 0 .9 9 1 5 6 .7 1 8 5 7 .7 1 0 0 73
74 3 7 .0 0 8 8 0 .0 0 1 0 2 5 4 .2 9 3 7 4 .2 9 4 7 3 0 9 .7 8 2 3 2 3 .1 3 2 6 3 2 .9 1 1 .0 0 3 5 6 .6 9 2 0 7 .6 9 5 5 74
75 3 8 .5 9 5 4 0 .0 0 1 0 2 6 4 .1 2 8 1 4 .1 2 9 1 3 1 3 .9 7 2 3 2 0 .6 3 2 6 3 4 .6 0 1 .0 1 5 6 6 .6 6 5 6 7 .6 8 1 2 75
76 4 0 .2 3 8 9 0 .0 0 1 0 2 6 3 .9 6 9 9 3 .9 7 0 9 3 1 8 .1 7 2 3 1 8 .1 3 2 6 3 6 .2 9 1 .0 2 7 6 6 .6 3 9 3 7 .6 6 6 9 76
77 4 1 .9 4 0 9 0 .0 0 1 0 2 7 3 .8 1 8 8 3 .8 1 9 8 3 2 2 .3 6 2 3 1 5 .6 2 2 6 3 7 .9 8 1 .0 3 9 6 6 .6 1 3 2 7 .6 5 2 8 77
78 4 3 .7 0 3 1 0 .0 0 1 0 2 8 3 .6 7 4 3 3 .6 7 5 4 3 2 6 .5 6 2 3 1 3 .1 1 2 6 3 9 .6 6 1 .0 5 1 6 6 .5 8 7 2 7 .6 3 8 8 78
79 4 5 .5 2 7 1 0 .0 0 1 0 2 8 3 .5 3 6 3 3 .5 3 7 3 3 3 0 .7 5 2 3 1 0 .5 9 2 6 4 1 .3 4 1 .0 6 3 5 6 .5 6 1 3 7 .6 2 4 8 79
80 4 7 .4 1 4 7 0 .0 0 1 0 2 9 3 .4 0 4 2 3 .4 0 5 3 3 3 4 .9 5 2 3 0 8 .0 7 2 6 4 3 .0 1 1 .0 7 5 4 6 .5 3 5 6 7 .6 1 1 0 80
81 4 9 .3 6 7 6 0 .0 0 1 0 3 0 3 .2 7 8 0 3 .2 7 9 0 3 3 9 .1 5 2 3 0 5 .5 4 2 6 4 4 .6 8 1 .0 8 7 3 6 .5 1 0 0 7 .5 9 7 3 81
82 5 1 .3 8 7 5 0 .0 0 1 0 3 0 3 .1 5 7 2 3 .1 5 8 2 3 4 3 .3 4 2 3 0 3 .0 1 2 6 4 6 .3 5 1 .0 9 9 1 6 .4 8 4 6 7 .5 8 3 7 82
83 5 3 .4 7 6 2 0 .0 0 1 0 3 1 3 .0 4 1 5 3 .0 4 2 6 3 4 7 .5 4 2 3 0 0 .4 7 2 6 4 8 .0 1 1 .1 1 0 9 6 .4 5 9 2 7 .5 7 0 1 83
84 5 5 .6 3 5 5 0 .0 0 1 0 3 2 2 .9 3 0 9 2 .9 3 1 9 3 5 1 .7 4 2 2 9 7 .9 3 2 6 4 9 .6 7 1 .1 2 2 7 6 .4 3 4 0 7 .5 5 6 7 84
85 5 7 .8 6 7 5 0 .0 0 1 0 3 2 2 .8 2 4 9 2 .8 2 5 9 3 5 5 .9 5 2 2 9 5 .3 8 2 6 5 1 .3 3 1 .1 3 4 4 6 .4 0 9 0 7 .5 4 3 4 85
86 6 0 .1 7 3 8 0 .0 0 1 0 3 3 2 .7 2 3 4 2 .7 2 4 4 3 6 0 .1 5 2 2 9 2 .8 3 2 6 5 2 .9 8 1 .1 4 6 1 6 .3 8 4 0 7 .5 3 0 1 86
87 6 2 .5 5 6 5 0 .0 0 1 0 3 4 2 .6 2 6 2 2 .6 2 7 2 3 6 4 .3 5 2 2 9 0 .2 7 2 6 5 4 .6 2 1 .1 5 7 8 6 .3 5 9 2 7 .5 1 7 0 87
88 6 5 .0 1 7 4 0 .0 0 1 0 3 5 2 .5 3 3 0 2 .5 3 4 1 3 6 8 .5 6 2 2 8 7 .7 0 2 6 5 6 .2 6 1 .1 6 9 4 6 .3 3 4 5 7 .5 0 3 9 88
89 6 7 .5 5 8 7 0 .0 0 1 0 3 5 2 .4 4 3 7 2 .4 4 4 8 3 7 2 .7 6 2 2 8 5 .1 4 2 6 5 7 .9 0 1 .1 8 1 1 6 .3 0 9 9 7 .4 9 0 9 89
90 7 0 .1 8 2 4 0 .0 0 1 0 3 6 2 .3 5 8 1 2 .3 5 9 1 3 7 6 .9 7 2 2 8 2 .5 6 2 6 5 9 .5 3 1 .1 9 2 7 6 .2 8 5 4 7 .4 7 8 1 90
91 7 2 .8 9 0 4 0 .0 0 1 0 3 7 2 .2 7 6 0 2 .2 7 7 1 3 8 1 .1 8 2 2 7 9 .9 8 2 6 6 1 .1 6 1 .2 0 4 2 6 .2 6 1 1 7 .4 6 5 3 91
92 7 5 .6 8 4 9 0 .0 0 1 0 3 7 2 .1 9 7 3 2 .1 9 8 3 3 8 5 .3 8 2 2 7 7 .3 9 2 6 6 2 .7 8 1 .2 1 5 8 6 .2 3 6 8 7 .4 5 2 6 92
93 7 8 .5 6 8 1 0 .0 0 1 0 3 8 2 .1 2 1 7 2 .1 2 2 8 3 8 9 .5 9 2 2 7 4 .8 0 2 6 6 4 .3 9 1 .2 2 7 3 6 .2 1 2 7 7 .4 4 0 0 93
94 8 1 .5 4 2 0 0 .0 0 1 0 3 9 2 .0 4 9 2 2 .0 5 0 2 3 9 3 .8 1 2 2 7 2 .2 0 2 6 6 6 .0 1 1 .2 3 8 7 6 .1 8 8 7 7 .4 2 7 5 94
95 8 4 .6 0 8 9 0 .0 0 1 0 4 0 1 .9 7 9 6 1 .9 8 0 6 3 9 8 .0 2 2 2 6 9 .6 0 2 6 6 7 .6 1 1 .2 5 0 2 6 .1 6 4 8 7 .4 1 5 0 95
96 8 7 .7 7 1 1 0 .0 0 1 0 4 0 1 .9 1 2 8 1 .9 1 3 8 4 0 2 .2 3 2 2 6 6 .9 8 2 6 6 9 .2 2 1 .2 6 1 6 6 .1 4 1 1 7 .4 0 2 7 96
97 9 1 .0 3 0 8 0 .0 0 1 0 4 1 1 .8 4 8 6 1 .8 4 9 7 4 0 6 .4 5 2 2 6 4 .3 7 2 6 7 0 .8 1 1 .2 7 3 0 6 .1 1 7 4 7 .3 9 0 4 97
98 9 4 .3 9 0 2 0 .0 0 1 0 4 2 1 .7 8 7 0 1 .7 8 8 0 4 1 0 .6 6 2 2 6 1 .7 4 2 6 7 2 .4 0 1 .2 8 4 4 6 .0 9 3 8 7 .3 7 8 2 98
99 9 7 .8 5 1 8 0 .0 0 1 0 4 3 1 .7 2 7 7 1 .7 2 8 8 4 1 4 .8 8 2 2 5 9 .1 1 2 6 7 3 .9 9 1 .2 9 5 7 6 .0 7 0 4 7 .3 6 6 1 99
100 1 0 1 .4 1 8 0 0 .0 0 1 0 4 3 1 .6 7 0 8 1 .6 7 1 9 4 1 9 .1 0 2 2 5 6 .4 7 2 6 7 5 .5 7 1 .3 0 7 0 6 .0 4 7 1 7 .3 5 4 1 100
101 1 0 5 .0 9 1 0 0 .0 0 1 0 4 4 1 .6 1 6 1 1 .6 1 7 1 4 2 3 .3 2 2 2 5 3 .8 3 2 6 7 7 .1 5 1 .3 1 8 3 6 .0 2 3 8 7 .3 4 2 1 101
102 1 0 8 .8 7 3 5 0 .0 0 1 0 4 5 1 .5 6 3 5 1 .5 6 4 5 4 2 7 .5 4 2 2 5 1 .1 8 2 6 7 8 .7 2 1 .3 2 9 6 6 .0 0 0 7 7 .3 3 0 3 102
103 1 1 2 .7 6 7 8 0 .0 0 1 0 4 6 1 .5 1 2 9 1 .5 1 4 0 4 3 1 .7 6 2 2 4 8 .5 2 2 6 8 0 .2 8 1 .3 4 0 8 5 .9 7 7 7 7 .3 1 8 5 103
104 1 1 6 .7 7 6 5 0 .0 0 1 0 4 7 1 .4 6 4 2 1 .4 6 5 3 4 3 5 .9 9 2 2 4 5 .8 5 2 6 8 1 .8 4 1 .3 5 2 0 5 .9 5 4 8 7 .3 0 6 8 104
105 1 2 0 .9 0 2 1 0 .0 0 1 0 4 7 1 .4 1 7 4 1 .4 1 8 5 4 4 0 .2 1 2 2 4 3 .1 8 2 6 8 3 .3 9 1 .3 6 3 2 5 .9 3 2 0 7 .2 9 5 1 105
106 1 2 5 .1 4 7 2 0 .0 0 1 0 4 8 1 .3 7 2 4 1 .3 7 3 4 4 4 4 .4 4 2 2 4 0 .5 0 2 6 8 4 .9 4 1 .3 7 4 3 5 .9 0 9 2 7 .2 8 3 6 106
107 1 2 9 .5 1 4 5 0 .0 0 1 0 4 9 1 .3 2 9 0 1 .3 3 0 1 4 4 8 .6 7 2 2 3 7 .8 1 2 6 8 6 .4 8 1 .3 8 5 4 5 .8 8 6 6 7 .2 7 2 1 107
108 1 3 4 .0 0 6 5 0 .0 0 1 0 5 0 1 .2 8 7 3 1 .2 8 8 3 4 5 2 .9 0 2 2 3 5 .1 2 2 6 8 8 .0 2 1 .3 9 6 5 5 .8 6 4 1 7 .2 6 0 7 108
109 1 3 8 .6 2 6 1 0 .0 0 1 0 5 1 1 .2 4 7 1 1 .2 4 8 1 4 5 7 .1 3 2 2 3 2 .4 1 2 6 8 9 .5 5 1 .4 0 7 6 5 .8 4 1 7 7 .2 4 9 3 109
110 1 4 3 .3 7 6 0 0 .0 0 1 0 5 2 1 .2 0 8 3 1 .2 0 9 4 4 6 1 .3 6 2 2 2 9 .7 0 2 6 9 1 .0 7 1 .4 1 8 7 5 .8 1 9 4 7 .2 3 8 0 110
111 1 4 8 .2 5 8 8 0 .0 0 1 0 5 2 1 .1 7 1 0 1 .1 7 2 1 4 6 5 .6 0 2 2 2 6 .9 9 2 6 9 2 .5 8 1 .4 2 9 7 5 .7 9 7 2 7 .2 2 6 8 111
112 1 5 3 .2 7 7 5 0 .0 0 1 0 5 3 1 .1 3 5 1 1 .1 3 6 2 4 6 9 .8 3 2 2 2 4 .2 6 2 6 9 4 .0 9 1 .4 4 0 7 5 .7 7 5 0 7 .2 1 5 7 112
113 1 5 8 .4 3 4 8 0 .0 0 1 0 5 4 1 .1 0 0 5 1 .1 0 1 5 4 7 4 .0 7 2 2 2 1 .5 3 2 6 9 5 .6 0 1 .4 5 1 7 5 .7 5 3 0 7 .2 0 4 7 113
114 1 6 3 .7 3 3 7 0 .0 0 1 0 5 5 1 .0 6 7 1 1 .0 6 8 1 4 7 8 .3 1 2 2 1 8 .7 8 2 6 9 7 .0 9 1 .4 6 2 6 5 .7 3 1 0 7 .1 9 3 7 114
115 1 6 9 .1 7 7 0 0 .0 0 1 0 5 6 1 .0 3 4 9 1 .0 3 5 9 4 8 2 .5 5 2 2 1 6 .0 3 2 6 9 8 .5 8 1 .4 7 3 5 5 .7 0 9 2 7 .1 8 2 7 115
140 A ppendix D Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation

S p e c i f i c V o l u m e . m 3/ k g M, S p e c i f i c E n t h a l p y , k J / k g M, S p e c ific E n tr o p y , k J /f k g ^ K)
t Pwv k P a vi,vf v % vg A //* / hig'"fg "t Si/Sf V s/* ss t
116 1 7 4 .7 6 7 8 0 .0 0 1 0 5 7 1 .0 0 3 8 1 .0 0 4 9 4 8 6 .8 0 2 2 1 3 .2 7 2 7 0 0 .0 7 1 .4 8 4 4 5 .6 8 7 4 7 .1 7 1 9 116
117 1 8 0 .5 0 9 0 0 .0 0 1 0 5 8 0 .9 7 3 9 0 .9 7 5 0 4 9 1 .0 4 2 2 1 0 .5 1 2 7 0 1 .5 5 1 .4 9 5 3 5 .6 6 5 8 7 .1 6 1 1 117
118 1 8 6 .4 0 3 6 0 .0 0 1 0 5 9 0 .9 4 5 0 0 .9 4 6 1 4 9 5 .2 9 2 2 0 7 .7 3 2 7 0 3 .0 2 1 .5 0 6 2 5 .6 4 4 2 7 .1 5 0 4 118
119 1 9 2 .4 5 4 7 0 .0 0 1 0 5 9 0 .9 1 7 1 0 .9 1 8 2 4 9 9 .5 3 2 2 0 4 .9 4 2 7 0 4 .4 8 1 .5 1 7 0 5 .6 2 2 7 7 .1 3 9 7 119
120 1 9 8 .6 6 5 4 0 .0 0 1 0 6 0 0 .8 9 0 2 0 .8 9 1 3 5 0 3 .7 8 2 2 0 2 .1 5 2 7 0 5 .9 3 1 .5 2 7 8 5 .6 0 1 3 7 .1 2 9 1 120
122 2 1 1 .5 7 8 2 0 .0 0 1 0 6 2 0 .8 3 9 2 0 .8 4 0 3 5 1 2 .2 9 2 1 9 6 .5 3 2 7 0 8 .8 2 1 .5 4 9 4 5 .5 5 8 7 7 .1 0 8 1 122
124 2 2 5 .1 6 7 6 0 .0 0 1 0 6 4 0 .7 9 1 6 0 .7 9 2 7 5 2 0 .8 0 2 1 9 0 .8 8 2 7 1 1 .6 9 1 .5 7 0 8 5 .5 1 6 5 7 .0 8 7 3 124
126 2 3 9 .4 5 9 7 0 .0 0 1 0 6 6 0 .7 4 7 2 0 .7 4 8 3 5 2 9 .3 2 2 1 8 5 .1 9 2 7 1 4 .5 2 1 .5 9 2 2 5 .4 7 4 6 7 .0 6 6 8 126
128 2 5 4 .4 8 1 3 0 .0 0 1 0 6 8 0 .7 0 5 8 0 .7 0 6 8 5 3 7 .8 5 2 1 7 9 .4 7 2 7 1 7 .3 2 1 .6 1 3 4 5 .4 3 3 0 7 .0 4 6 5 128
130 2 7 0 .2 5 % 0 .0 0 1 0 7 0 0 .6 6 7 0 0 .6 6 8 1 5 4 6 .3 9 2 1 7 3 .7 0 2 7 2 0 .0 9 1 .6 3 4 6 5 .3 9 1 8 7 .0 2 6 4 130
132 2 8 6 .8 2 2 6 0 .0 0 1 0 7 2 0 .6 3 0 8 0 .6 3 1 8 5 5 4 .9 3 2 1 6 7 .8 9 2 7 2 2 .8 3 1 .6 5 5 7 5 .3 5 0 8 7 .0 0 6 6 132
134 3 0 4 .1 9 8 9 0 .0 0 1 0 7 4 0 .5 9 6 9 0 .5 9 7 9 5 6 3 .4 9 2 1 6 2 .0 4 2 7 2 5 .5 3 1 .6 7 6 7 5 .3 1 0 2 6 .9 8 6 9 134
136 3 2 2 .4 1 7 5 0 .0 0 1 0 7 6 0 .5 6 5 1 0 .5 6 6 2 5 7 2 .0 5 2 1 5 6 .1 5 2 7 2 8 .2 0 1 .6 9 7 7 5 .2 6 9 8 6 .9 6 7 5 136
138 3 4 1 .5 0 8 1 0 .0 0 1 0 7 8 0 .5 3 5 3 0 .5 3 6 4 5 8 0 .6 2 2 1 5 0 .2 2 2 7 3 0 .8 4 1 .7 1 8 5 5 .2 2 9 8 6 .9 4 8 3 138
140 3 6 1 .5 0 1 0 0 .0 0 1 0 8 0 0 .5 0 7 4 0 .5 0 8 5 5 8 9 .2 0 2 1 4 4 .2 4 2 7 3 3 .4 4 1 .7 3 9 3 5 .1 9 0 0 6 .9 2 9 3 140
142 3 8 2 .4 2 7 1 0 .0 0 1 0 8 2 0 .4 8 1 3 0 .4 8 2 3 5 9 7 .7 9 2 1 3 8 .2 2 2 7 3 6 .0 1 1 .7 6 0 0 5 .1 5 0 5 6 .9 1 0 5 142
144 4 0 4 .3 1 7 8 0 .0 0 1 0 8 4 0 .4 5 6 7 0 .4 5 7 7 6 0 6 .3 9 2 1 3 2 .1 5 2 7 3 8 .5 4 1 .7 8 0 6 5 .1 1 1 2 6 .8 9 1 8 144
146 4 2 7 .2 0 5 3 0 .0 0 1 0 8 6 0 .4 3 3 6 0 .4 3 4 6 6 1 5 .0 0 2 1 2 6 .0 4 2 7 4 1 .0 4 1 .8 0 1 1 5 .0 7 2 3 6 .8 7 3 4 146
148 4 5 1 .1 2 2 0 0 .0 0 1 0 8 8 0 .4 1 1 8 0 .4 1 2 9 6 2 3 .6 2 2 1 1 9 .8 8 2 7 4 3 .5 0 1 .8 2 1 6 5 .0 3 3 5 6 .8 5 5 1 148
150 4 7 6 .1 0 1 4 0 .0 0 1 0 9 1 0 .3 9 1 4 0 .3 9 2 5 6 3 2 .2 5 2 1 1 3 .6 7 2 7 4 5 .9 2 1 .8 4 2 0 4 .9 9 5 1 6 .8 3 7 0 150
152 5 0 2 .1 7 7 1 0 .0 0 1 0 9 3 0 .3 7 2 2 0 .3 7 3 3 6 4 0 .8 9 2 1 0 7 .4 1 2 7 4 8 .3 0 1 .8 6 2 3 4 .9 5 6 9 6 .8 1 9 1 152
154 5 2 9 .3 8 3 4 0 .0 0 1 0 9 5 0 .3 5 4 1 0 .3 5 5 2 6 4 9 .5 5 2 1 0 1 .1 0 2 7 5 0 .6 4 1 .8 8 2 5 4 .9 1 8 9 6 .8 0 1 4 154
156 5 5 7 .7 5 5 5 0 .0 0 1 0 9 7 0 .3 3 7 0 0 .3 3 8 1 6 5 8 .2 1 2 0 9 4 .7 4 2 7 5 2 .9 5 1 .9 0 2 7 4 .8 8 1 1 6 .7 8 3 8 156
158 5 8 7 .3 2 8 7 0 .0 0 1 1 0 0 0 .3 2 0 9 0 .3 2 2 0 6 6 6 .8 9 2 0 8 8 .3 2 2 7 5 5 .2 1 1 .9 2 2 8 4 .8 4 3 6 6 .7 6 6 4 158
160 6 1 8 .1 3 9 2 0 .0 0 1 1 0 2 0 .3 0 5 7 0 .3 0 6 8 6 7 5 .5 7 2 0 8 1 .8 6 2 7 5 7 .4 3 1 .9 4 2 8 4 .8 0 6 3 6 .7 4 9 1 160
Skill Development
Exercises
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Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (S I), Second Edition
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter I

C h a p t e r I Skill Development Exercises
T o ta l n u m b e r o f q u e stio n s: 4
l-l How many basic processes o f air conditioning can be performed on moist air?
a) Two
b) Three
c) Four
1-2 Which combination process will increase both the temperature and the mois
ture content?
a) Cooling and dehumidification
b) Heating and dehumidification
c) Heating and humidification
1-3 Enthalpy is the total heat content o f the air.

a) True
b) False
1-4 Change in elevation has no effect on the air density.

a) True
b) False
C h a p t e r 2 Skill Development Exercises

2-1 Dry-bulb temperature is measured with a wet sock around the sensing bulb.
a) True
b) False
2-2 Saturation temperature o f air is the point at which the dry-bulb, wet-bulb, and
dew-point temperatures are equal.
a) True
b) False
2-3 Relative humidity does not change as the dry-bulb temperature changes.
a) True
b) False
2-4 The dry-bulb temperature can be above the dew-point temperature.

a) True
b) False
2-5 According to Appendix A, what is the specific enthalpy hs o f saturated air at

5°C?
a) 15.231863
b) 18.63
c) 5.02
a) 0.811
b) 0.794
c) 0.006
2-7 According to Appendix A, what is the specific enthalpy o f dry air hâ at 50°C?
a) 52.33
b) 225.03
c) 50.31
a) 0.915
b) 1.24
c) 0.012

3-1 On a psychrometric chart, the y-axis is humidity ratio and the x-axis is:
a) Relative humidity
b) Dew-point temperature
c) Dry-bulb temperature
d) Wet-bulb temperature
3-2 Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the relative humidity o f
an air parcel with W = 6.4 and td/} = 15°C.
a) 60% rh
b) 70% rh
c) 80% rh
d) 90% rh
3-3 Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the dew-point tempera
ture o f an air parcel with td/} = 2 \ °C and <j>= 50% rh.
a) 10°C
b) 12°C
c) 15°C
d) 19°C
3-4 Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the humidity ratio W o f
an air parcel with a saturation temperature o f td/, = 10°C.
a) 6.5
b) 7.6
c) 30%
d) 10°C
3-5 Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the specific volume v
o f an air parcel with = 21°C and W = 10.
a) 0.82
b) 0.846
c) 0.86
d) none o f the above
3-6 According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is the enthalpy o f
tdb = 25°C dry air?
a) 22
b) 35
c) 76
d) 25
perature o f a moist air parcel with tdb = 21°C and <|) = 50% rh air?
a) 21°C
b) 14°C
c) 10°C
d) 13°C
3-8 According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is the dew point o f
tdb = 10°C saturated air?
a) 10°C
b) 4°C
c) 0°C
d) -5°C
perature o f tdb = 21 °C dry air?
a) 0°C
b) -4°C
c) 4°C
d) 6.5°C
3-10 Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, plot the points tdb = 21°C, h = 24,
and tdb = 21°C, twb = 14°C, then connect the points with a line. Upon investiga
tion o f the line, which o f the following is the best description?
a) The line is almost vertical.
b) The line has a slope o f about 45° (angle).
c) The line almost horizontal.

4-1 Moist air that is heated without humidification has the following change in relative
humidity:
a) Increase
b) Decrease
c) Stays the same
d) Depends on the type o f humidifier
4-2 What is the equation that converts enthalpy changes into capacity (kW)?
a) 1210x airflow x (tx - t2)
b) 1.2 x airflow x (h x - h2)
c) 3300 x airflow x (W x - W2)
4-3 Which o f the following is true concerning humidification by steam versus by

(cold water) atomization?
a) Atomization always maintains a constant relative humidity.
b) Steam humidification adds no net energy to the airstream.
c) Heat to make steam in the steam humidifier comes from the air
d) Heat to evaporate water in the atomizer comes from the air
4-4 A heating coil can provide for both heating and humidification.
a) True
b) False
4-5 A cooling coil can provide for both cooling and dehumidification.
a) True
b) False
4-6 What is the change in enthalpy when dry air is heated from 10°C to 23°C?
a) 10
b) 13
c) 16
d) 18
4-7 What is the enthalpy change when saturated air at 10°C is conditioned to be
saturated air at 23°C?
a) 39
b) 35
c) 13
d) 45
4-8 One day in Phoenix, Arizona, the temperature reaches 40.5°C with 20% rh.
Water is sprayed into the air to cool it. What will the temperature o f the air be
when the relative humidity increases to 50% rh?
a) 30°C
b) 35°C
c) 40°C
d) 22°C
4-9 If the air entering a heating coil is dry and 21°C db and the leaving air is 43°C,
how many watts o f cooling are supplied by the coil at 2.35 m3/s if the fan is
located at the coil inlet?
a) 58 000 W
b) 65 000 W
c) 61 000 W
d) 62 550 W
4-10 Air enters a cooling coil at 38°C and 40% rh and leaves saturated at a tempera-
ture o f 7°C. What is the total watts o f cooling required if a 2.35 nr Is fan is
located at the inlet o f the cooling coil?
a) 190 200 W
b) 176 840 W
c) 160 000 W
d) 158 960 W

T o ta l n u m b e r o f q u e stio n s: I I
5-1 The definition o f sensible heat ratio (SHR) is the:

a) Ratio o f sensible to latent load
b) Ratio o f latent to sensible load
c) Ratio o f total load to sensible load
d) Ratio o f sensible load to total load
5-2 If the sensible load on a building is equal to the latent load, the value o f SHR is:
a) 2
b) 1
c) 0.5
d) -2
5-3 The psychrometric condition for supply air that will satisfy the requirements o f
a room depends on:
a) The amount o f outdoor air needed
b) The desired room condition
c) Room SHR
d) All o f the above
e) Answers b and c only
5-4 Why is it possible to satisfy a room with a variety o f “assumptions” about the
temperature change across a coil (heating or cooling)?
a) Because there is a corresponding airflow with every zV.
b) Because the heat/cool load calculation is never accurate.
c) Because the comfort zone is large.
d) Because there is a wide variety o f methods for heating and
cooling.
5-5 Which condition below is not possible to show on a psychrometric chart?

a) tdb = 24°C, h = 54 kJ/kg
b) tdb = 3 2 °C , twb = 2 5 °C
c) twb = 2 5 °C , h = S4
d) tdh = 24°C,<J> = 50%
5-6 In a system, 1 m3/s o f air at 153C and 30% rh is mixed with 4 m3/s air at 27°C
and 80% rh. Find the mixed-air temperature using the mixing equation.
a) 18°C
b) 17.5°C
c) 16°C
d) 25°C
5-7 In Exercise 5-6, what is the mixed-air relative humidity?

a) 51% rh
b) 40% rh
c) 60% rh
d) None o f these
5-8 In a system, I n r /s o f air at 4°C and 90% rh is adiabatically mixed with moist
air at 26°C but unknown relative humidity. The final mixture is at 22°C and
50% rh. What is the relative humidity and airflow rate o f the second airstream?
a) 42% rh, 5 m3/s
b) 42% rh, 3 m3/s
c) 60% rh, 5 m3/s
d) 35% rh, 6 m3/s
5-9 If the sensible load is 600 000 W and the latent load is 300 000 W, what is the
SHR?
a) 2.0
b) 1.0
c) 0.66
d) 0.76
5-10 If the room design is = 24°C and <}>= 50% rh and we mix in 25% outdoor air
at trfb = 48°C and 4>= 10% rh, what is the mixed-air dry-bulb temperature?
a) 45°C
b) 42°C
c) 30°C
d) Not possible
5-11 From Exercise 5-10, what is the mixed-air relative humidity?

a) 33% rh
b) 15% rh
c) 21% rh
d) 28% rh

6-1 Which type o f humidification requires the change to not exceed the tempera
ture rise capacity o f a heating coil?
a) W ater spray
b) Steam
c) Both the same
d) Neither has an impact
6-2 From the discussion o f the psychrometrics o f cooling coils, which “rule o f
thumb'' will best select the cooling coil conditions?
a) Temperature drop across a cooling coil should be about 10°C.
b) Relative humidity off the coil should be 90%.
c) Volume o f air across a cooling coil should be kept to a minimum.
d) Coil temperatures should be selected to be as low as possible.
6-3 Which o f the following statements best describe why cooling coils cannot
accommodate large latent loads with small sensible loads?
a) Cooling coils rust if too much condensate forms.
b) Cooling coils will freeze up if the coil temperature gets too low.
c) Cooling coils tend to dehumidify first, then drop the air
temperature.
d) Condensation requires a drop in air temperature to the dew point.
6-4 Consider a room heating load with a 200 000 W sensible loss and 40 000 W
latent loss, with room design conditions o f tdb = 22°C and approximately (J) =
40% rh. The air handler has an adiabatic humidifier downstream from a heating
coil without any outdoor air. If the leaving air temperature is tdb = 38°C after
the humidifier, what is the airflow required to satisfy the load?
a) 12
b) 10.3
c) 8
d) None o f these
6-5 What is the leaving air temperature from the heating coil for the conditions
a) 37°C
b) 40°C
c) 38°C
d) None o f these
6-6 What is the leaving relative humidity <J>from the heating coil for the conditions
a) 15% rh
b) 12% rh
c) 20% rh
d) 24% rh
6-7 What is the leaving relative humidity <J> from the adiabatic humidifier for the
conditions listed in Exercise 6-4?
a) 15% rh
b) 25% rh
c) 19% rh
d) 28% rh
6-8 Using the air handler in Exercise 6-4 and 10.3 m /s, adding a cooling coil to
satisfy a room sensible heat gain o f 146 kW and a room latent heat gain o f
15 000 W, and room conditions o f tdb = 24°C and § = 40% rh and without out
door air, what is the required leaving air temperature tdb and (f) from the cooling
coil?
a) 12°C tdb, (f) = 90% rh
b) 13°C tdb, (f) = 80% rh
c) 12°C tdb, (f) = 75% rh
6-9 What is the room sensible heat ratio for the conditions listed in Exercise 6-8?
a) 0.89
b) 0.95
c) 0.91
d) 1.0
6-10 Would you attempt to add humidity to the leaving airstream for the conditions
listed in Exercise 6-8 in the cooling mode with an adiabatic humidifier?
a) Yes
b) No
c) Not sure

T o ta l n u m b e r o f q u e stio n s: I I
For all o f the Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 7, consider three zones
in a small office building that we are going to heat and cool. The cooling and
heating loads are as follows:
Zone Sensible Cooling, W Latent Cooling, W Heating Sensible, W

1 12 000 1700 6000
2 16 000 2000 8000
3 20 000 3300 10 000
Assume room design conditions o f the following:

C o o lin g ^ = 24°C and <j) = 50% rh
Heating tdb = 2 \°C and (f) = 40% rh
Use a sea-level psychrometric chart.
7-1 What is the sensible heat ratio for all three zones in order 1, 2, 3? (Round to
two decimal places.)
a) 0.87,0.89,0.86
b) 0.88,0.9,0.91
c) 0.87,0.89,0.88
7-2 If we provide 25% outdoor air for code-required ventilation to all three zones,
what is the mixed air condition in the summer if the outdoor air is tdb = 38°C
and (j) = 25% rh?
a) tdb = 34.5°C and <|>= 30% rh
b) tdb = 29°C and <() = 36% rh
c) tdb = 27.5°C and <|>= 42% rh
7-3 For Zone 1 only, if we use individual fan-coils for each zone, what is the
required supply airflow?
a) airflow = 0.9 m3/s
b) airflow = 0.99 m3/s
c) airflow = 1.03 m3/s
7-4 For Zone 1 only, what are the leaving air conditions from the cooling coil
assuming we use 25% outdoor air from Exercise 7-2 and the correct supply air
flow?
a) tdh= 12oCand(|> = 90% rh
b) tdb = 14°C and <|>= 88% rh
c) tdb= 16°Cand(t> = 80% rh
7-5 For Zone 1 only, what is the total cooling capacity, qt , o f the cooling coil with
the correct airflow and leaving air conditions?
a) 18 000 W
b) 22 000 W
c) 19 008 W
7-6 If all three zones were put on a central air handler with a constant-volume ter
minal reheat system, what would the airflow o f all three zones be, in order 1,2,
3? (Same outdoor design and percent outdoor air.)
a) 0.99,1.3,1.6
b) 0.9, 1.4, 1.7
c) 0.99, 1.32, 1.65
7-7 If all three zones were put on a central air handler with a variable-air-volume
reheat VAV box and 25% outdoor air, what are the required leaving air condi
tions from this air handler?
a) tdb= 13.5°Cand<() = 91% rh
b) tdb = 14.5°C and c|>= 88% rh
c) tdb= 160Cand(|> = 82% rh
7-8 With the system in Exercise 7-7, what are the new required airflows by zone in
order 1 , 2, 3 with the new leaving conditions?
a) 0.94, 1.26, 1.57 m3/s
b) 0.99, 1.26, 1.6 m3/s
c) 1.03, 1.3, 1.55 m3/s
7-9 What is the reheat required by zone in order 1, 2, 3 to meet the total reheat load
plus the winter heat loss load? (Use tdb = 21°C for room condition and 25%
outdoor air.)
a) 14 000, 18 000,25 000 W
b) 14 530, 19 930,24 240 W
c) 16 000,21 000,26 000 W
7-10 From Exercise 7-7, with the correct leaving conditions and airflow, what is the
total cooling capacity o f the central air-handler cooling coil?

a) 73 280 W
b) 70 120 W
c) 79 910 W
7-11 If the system in Exercise 7-7 were a constant-volume, dual-duct system, what
would be the heat capacity o f the hot-deck coil used in the central air handler?
(Room at = 24°C.)
a) 75 000 W
b) 65 000 W
c) 55 100 W
d) 60 500 W

8-1 A heat wheel with a desiccant coating is a:

a) Sensible heat recovery device
b) Total enthalpy heat recovery device
c) Sensible-to-total heat recovery device
d) Total-to-sensible heat recovery device
8-2 When is preheating o f the outdoor airstream necessary on a heat recovery

device?
a) When the outdoor air temperature is below - 1 6°C.
b) When the outdoor air dew point is below 0°C.
c) When the exhaust airstream has a dew point above 0°C and the
leaving air temperature is below 0°C.
d) All o f the above.
8-3 Heat recovery effectiveness is the actual amount o f heat transferred versus the
maximum amount that could be transferred.
a) True
b) False
8-4 Energy recovery involves the transfer o f sensible heat from one airstream to the
other airstream.
a) True
b) False
8-5 An air-side economizer should be considered on any/all air systems that have
100% outdoor air capability and high operation hours with an ambient air tem
perature below 16°C and a demand for cooling.
a) True
b) False
8-6 Water-side economizers can be used on a chilled-water system with all termi
nal fan-coils and an air-cooled water chiller.
a) True
b) False
8-7 There is a sensible heat recovery system between equal outdoor air and exhaust
airstreams in Phoenix, Arizona, and the summer design outside is tdb = 48°C

and (j) = 10% rh. If the effectiveness is 75% o f the heat recovery device and the
exhaust airstream is tdb = 24°C and <j) = 40% rh, what are the dry-bulb tempera
ture and relative humidity o f the outdoor airstream leaving the recovery
device?
a) tdb = 32°C and <|>= 25% rh
b) tdb = 35°C and (f>= 20% rh
c) tdb = 38°C and (f>= 18% rh
d) tdb = 30°C and § = 28% rh
8-8 From Exercise 8-7, what are the leaving air conditions o f the exhaust airstream
with everything else being the same?
a) tdb = 30°C and (f) = 30% rh
b) tdb = 35°C and (f>= 25% rh
c) tdb = 40°C and (f) = 20% rh
d) tdb = 42°C and 4>= 16% rh
8-9 If the entering air conditions to a cooling tower are tdb = 48°C and twb = 19°C
and the cooling tower has a full-load approach temperature o f 4°C, what is the
leaving water from cooling tower (at full load)?
a) 40°C
b) 35°C
c) 23°C
d) 29°C
8-10 Supply air temperature reset can be used on all air-conditioning systems, any
time o f the year in all parts o f the world, regardless o f the ambient air condi
tions.
a) True
b) False

9-1 A cooling tower needs to reject heat from 0.075 cu m/s o f water entering at
35°C and leaving at 30°C. What is the total heat required to be rejected?
a) 1766 kW
b) 184 kW
c) 1610 kW
d) 1495 kW
From Exercise 9-1, if the cooling tower has an airflow o f 47.2 m3/s and ambi
ent air conditions o f tdb = 30°C and twb = 24°C, what are the leaving air condi
tions o f the tower?
a) tdb = 30°C, twb = 28.5°C
b) tdh = 32°C, twb = 7>\°C
c) tdh = 31°C, twb = 30.5°C
d) tdb = 30°C, twb = 29.7°C
9-3 What is the cooling tower approach temperature for the cooling tower in Exer
cise 9-2?
a) 3°C
b) 7°C
c) 4°C
d) 6°C
9-4 In the design o f an indoor swimming pool, it is best to keep the swimming pool
water temperature and the room temperature as far apart as comfortably possi
ble.
a) True
b) False
9-5 In a cleanroom with design conditions o f tdb = 20°C and <f» = 40% rh, the
makeup air must be cooled to what dry-bulb temperature or the relative humid
ity will not be met?
a) tdb = 12°C
b) tdb = 20°C
c) tdb = 5°C
d) ^ = 1 0 ° C
9-6 If we cool the air via direct evaporative cooling from tdb = 43°C and § = 2% rh,
what is the lowest leaving air temperature we can achieve?

a) tdb = 17°C
b) tdb = 20°C
c) tdh = 18°C
d) tdh = 12°C
9-7 In Exercise 9-6, if our evaporative efficiency is 80%, what are the leaving air
conditions?
a) tdb = 20°C and (|) = 70% rh
b) tdb = 22°C and § = 70% rh
c) tdb = 21°C and § = 58% rh
d) tdb = 25°C and § = 50% rh
9-8 In Exercises 9-6 and 9-7, if the room sensible heat ratio is 0.9, what is the
expected room relative humidity if the room is at tdb = 24°C?
a) (j) = 53% rh
b) <|>= 60% rh
c) (j) = 50% rh
d) Cannot maintain room at tdb = 24°C with this leaving condition
9-9 If we use the same outdoor conditions o f tdb = 43°C and (f) = 2% rh from Exer
cise 9-6 and an indirect evaporative cooling section o f 40% efficiency, what are
the leaving air conditions from this section?
a) tdh = 33°C and ((>= 3% rh
b) ^ = 31°Cand(|> = 20% rh
c) tdb = 35°C and ((>= 5% rh
d) tdh = 19°Cand(t> = 5% rh
9-10 If we add a direct evaporative cooling section in series downstream o f the indi
rect section in Exercise 9-9 and the direct section has an efficiency o f 70%,
what are the leaving air conditions?
a) tdb = 15°C and (J>= 95% rh
b) tdh= 15°Cand(t> = 65% rh
c) tdb = 19°C and (|) = 60% rh
d) tdh = 19°C and (() = 52% rh
A S H R A E L E A R N IN G IN S T IT U T E
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This revision of ASHRAE’S F u n d a m e n t a ls o f P s y c h r o m e t r ic s self-directed

learning course book addresses the use o f psychrometrics and the
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those new to psychrometrics.
This second edition of the course was rewritten in an attempt to teach

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We hope your educational experience is satisfying and successful.

Each course book includes the following:

Chapter 5: H V A C Design and the Psychrom etric C h a rt.............................35

Direct Evaporative C o o lin g .....................................................................................93

Psychrometrics is a tool HVAC designers use to determine the

I need to acknowledge a few folks who helped me out on this first

□ understand the basic processes o f psychrometrics,

• Cooling— Lowering the air temperature

• Heating and humidification— Increasing the temperature and moisture con­

• Heating and dehumidification— Increasing the temperature and decreasing

These combination processes provide an infinite number o f potential

• hda = enthalpy o f dry air at 0% relative humidity

Volumetric Airflow versus Mass Flow Calculations

qs (W) = 12 1 0 x airflow in m3/s x (/, - 12) in °C ( I • I)

where the constant 1210 is derived from the following:

1.20 kg/m3 x 1.006 kJ/(kg-K) x 1000 J/kJ =1 2 1 0 J/(m3-K)

where 1.006 kJ/(kg-K) is the specific heat o f air.

qt (kW) = 1.20 kg/m3 x airflow in m3/s x {Jix - h2) in kJ/kg (1-2)

where the constant 3010 W is derived from the following:

2500 kJ/kg x 1.2 kg/m3 x 1.006 kJ/(kg-K) = 3010 W

1-3 Enthalpy is the total heat content o f the air.

1-4 Change in elevation has no effect on the air density.

□ define some fundamental properties used in psychrometrics and

• Drv-bulb temperature: The measure o f the surrounding air temperature

• Dew-point temperature: The measure o f the dry-bulb temperature at the

• Humidity ratio at saturation

We will use this table as we go through the text.

Terminology and Symbols for Psychrometrics

w = specific volume o f water vapor, m /kg o f dry air

For dimensions and units used in air-conditioning applications and a table

2-4 The dry-bulb temperature can be above the dew-point temperature.

2-5 According to Appendix A, what is the specific enthalpy hs o f saturated air at

□ describe how the psychrometric chart was developed,

The Modern Age of Psychrometrics

Creating the Psychrometric Chart

Next we go to Appendix A and get the saturated humidity ratio Ws values

Figure 3-1 Beginning the psychrometric chart.

Figure 3-3 Plotting enthalpy on the psychrometric chart.

Finding Seven Psychrometric Quantities

P ro b le m Find the wet-bulb temperature for the point in Example 3-1.

Figure 3-4 A SH RAE Psychrometric Chart No. I.

Climatic Design Information

• Miami, Florida, USA

• Denver, Colorado, USA

The plotted points are shown in Figure 3-5.

Psychrometric Chart for

□ understand the air-conditioning processes shown on the psychrometric

The Power of the Psychrometric Chart

qs (W) = 1210 x airflow x (tx - t2) in °C (4 -1)

qs = 1210 x airflow x - t2)

Figure 4-1 Sensible cooling shown on the psychrometric chart.

qs = 1210 x airflow x (tj - t2)

• Heating and humidification— Increasing the temperature and moisture con

70% rh have a W = 13 humidity ratio. We remove moisture to the leaving con

ma = [airflow ^ (toa) + airflow, (tra)]lairflow ^ (5 - 1)

□ show the components o f an air-handling unit and their psychrometric pro