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Esri also provides server side ArcGIS software for web maps, known as ArcGIS Server.

Product history[edit]
ArcGIS Desktop version
history

Version Released

8.0 1999-12-27[9]

8.0.1 2000-01-13[10]

8.1 2001-05-01[11]

8.2 2002-05-10[12]

8.3 2003-02-10[13]

9.0 2004-05-11[14]
9.1 2005-05-25[15]

9.2 2006-11-14[16]

9.3 2008-06-25[17]

9.3.1 2009-04-28[18]

10.0 2010-06-29[19]

10.1 2012-06-11[20][21][22]

10.2 2013-07-30[23][24]

10.2.1 2014-01-07[25]

10.2.2 2014-04-15[26]

10.3 2014-12-10[27]

10.3.1 2015-05-13[28]

10.4 2016-02-18[29]

10.4.1 2016-05-31[30][29]

10.5 2016-12-15[31][32]

10.5.1 2017-06-29[33]

10.6 2018-01-17

10.6.1 2018-07-16
 10.7 2019-03-21[34]

10.7.1 2019-06-27[35][36]

10.8 2020-02-20[37]

10.8.1 2020-07-28[38]

10.8.2 2021-12-05[39]

Prior to the ArcGIS suite, Esri had focused its software development on the command
line Arc/INFO workstation program and several Graphical User Interface-based products such as
the ArcView GIS 3.x desktop program. Other Esri products included MapObjects, a programming
library for developers, and ArcSDE as a relational database management system. The various
products had branched out into multiple source trees and did not integrate well with one another.
In January 1997, Esri decided to revamp its GIS software platform, creating a single integrated
software architecture.[40]

ArcMap 8.0[edit]
In late 1999, Esri released ArcMap 8.0, which ran on the Microsoft Windows operating system.
[40]
ArcGIS combined the visual user-interface aspect of ArcView GIS 3.x interface with some of
the power from the Arc/INFO version 7.2 workstation. This pairing resulted in a new software
suite called ArcGIS including the command-line ArcInfo workstation (v8.0) and a new graphical
user interface application called ArcMap (v8.0). This ArcMAP incorporating some of the
functionality of ArcInfo with a more intuitive interface, as well as a file management
application called ArcCatalog (v8.0). The release of the ArcMap constituted a major change in
Esri's software offerings, aligning all their client and server products under one software
architecture known as ArcGIS, developed using Microsoft Windows COM standards.[41] While the
interface and names of ArcMap 8.0 are similar to later versions of ArcGIS Desktop, they are
different products. ArcGIS 8.1 replaced ArcMap 8.0 in the product line but was not an update to it.

ArcGIS Desktop 8.1 to 8.3[edit]

ArcGIS 8.1 was unveiled at the Esri International User Conference in 2000.[42] ArcGIS 8.1 was
officially released on April 24, 2001. This new application included three extensions: 3D Analyst,
Spatial Analyst, and GeoStatistical Analyst. These three extension had become very powerful
and popular in ArcView GIS 3.x product line. ArcGIS 8.1 also added the ability to access data
online, directly from the Geography Network site or other ArcIMS map services.[43] ArcGIS 8.3 was
introduced in 2002, adding topology to geodatabases, which was a feature originally available
only with ArcInfo coverages.[44]
One major difference is the programming (scripting) languages available to customize or extend
the software to suit particular user needs. In the transition to ArcGIS, Esri dropped support of its
application-specific scripting languages, Avenue and the ARC Macro Language (AML), in favor
of Visual Basic for Applications scripting and open access to ArcGIS components using the
Microsoft COM standards.[43] ArcGIS is designed to store data in a proprietary RDBMS format,
known as geodatabase. ArcGIS 8.x introduced other new features, including on-the-fly map
projections, and annotation in the database.[45]

ArcGIS 9.x[edit]
ArcGIS 9 was released in May 2004, which included ArcGIS Server and ArcGIS Engine for
developers.[40] The ArcGIS 9 release includes a geoprocessing environment that allows execution
of traditional GIS processing tools (such as clipping, overlay, and spatial analysis) interactively or
from any scripting language that supports COM standards. Although the most popular of these
is Python, others have been used, especially Perl and VBScript. ArcGIS 9 includes a visual
programming environment, similar to ERDAS IMAGINE's Model Maker (released in 1994, v8.0.2).
The Esri version is called ModelBuilder and as does the ERDAS IMAGINE version allows users
to graphically link geoprocessing tools into new tools called models. These models can be
executed directly or exported to scripting languages which can then execute in batch mode
(launched from a command line), or they can undergo further editing to add branching or looping.
On June 26, 2008, Esri released ArcGIS 9.3. The new version of ArcGIS Desktop has new
modeling tools and geostatistical error tracking features, while ArcGIS Server has improved
performance, and support for role-based security. There also are new JavaScript APIs that can
be used to create mashups, and integrated with either Google Maps or Microsoft Virtual Earth.[46][47]
At the 2008 Esri Developers Summit, there was little emphasis on ArcIMS, except for one session
on transitioning from ArcIMS to ArcGIS Server-based applications, indicating a change in focus
for Esri with ArcGIS 9.3 for web-based mapping applications.[48]
In May 2009, Esri released ArcGIS 9.3.1, which improved the performance of dynamic map
publishing and introduced better sharing of geographic information.

ArcGIS 10.x[edit]
In 2010, Esri announced that the prospective version 9.4 would become version 10 and would
ship in the second quarter of 2010.[49]
The ArcGIS 10.3 release included ArcGIS Pro 1.0, which became available in January 2015.
On October 21, 2020 Esri publicly announced that this would be the last release of ArcGIS
Desktop.[50] Its products, including ArcMap, will be supported until March 1, 2026. [51] This
announcement confirmed predictions that ArcGIS Pro (and related products) was planned to be a
complete replacement for ArcMap.

ArcGIS Server 11.0[edit]

ArcGIS Server 11 was released on June 23, 2022 just prior to the annual User Conference held
in San Diego. ArcGIS Server 11.0 does not support any ArcGIS 10.x and older products and was
also accompanied by the release of ArcGIS Pro 3.0.[52][53]

ArcGIS Pro[edit]
Main article: ArcGIS Pro
ArcGIS Pro is a 64-bit GIS software that is the more modern version of ArcGIS Desktop. Unlike
ArcGIS Desktop, the ArcCatalog and ArcMap functionalities are accessed through the same
application, most commonly through the Catalog pane.[54] The graphics requirements for ArcGIS
Pro are considerably higher than for ArcGIS Desktop in order to support the upgraded
visualization. ArcGIS Pro also supports streamlined workflows that involve publishing and
consuming feature layers using ArcGIS Online.[55] With the release of ArcGIS Pro 3.0 in June,
2022 all *.aprx project files can be read by version 3.0; however, if the project is saved it will
render the project file to be incompatible with version 2.9.x and earlier. [56]
ArcGIS Pro 1.0 was released in January 2015.[57]
ArcGIS Pro 2.6 was released in July 2020.[58] Noted features added included:[59]
  Voxel layers are 3D representations of data over space and time and are saved in a
netCDF file.[60] Voxel layers are used to visualize complex layers such as atmospheric
and oceanic data or space-time cubes. These layers are used to analyze spatial
patterns of data in specific situations. Voxel layers generally encompass extensive
areas and slices can be used to delineate areas of the layer that need further
analysis. Voxels can be shown with other geospatial data to further visualize the
study area.[61]
 Trace networks are used to evaluate connectivity models like railroads. Edges and
junctions along with network attributes are used to understand the movement of
goods through the network. The connectedness of the network is established based
on the concurrence of geometric features. Trace networks are used alongside
network topology to make more tools available such as trace and validation. [62]
 Interactive suitability analysis using the new Suitability Modeler is a way to
figure out an optimal location for a building project or other similar initiative. This is
done by feeding the model with certain criteria to find areas that would be suitable for
the project. The suitability modeler is an interactive way to visualize and assess the
suitability model. The suitability modeler allows a user to see how each criterion
changes the model and make a more educated decision for the project. Feedback is
also given from the modeler to help the user understand the model better. [63]
 Graphics layers store geometric features and do not need to be in a feature class to
visualize. Graphics layers go on top of other layers on a map to better illustrate the
purpose of the map. Graphics layers are used to add extra information to map such
as text or highlight important features. There can be multiple graphics layers in a map
and can be grouped together.[64]
 Parcel adjustment using least squares adjustment is way to adjust parcel fabric to
find the optimal position for parcel fabric points. The parcel fabric is a network that the
distance of lines and angles between points. There are two types of least squares
adjustment for parcel fabric. These are free network adjustment and
weighted/constrained adjustment. Free network adjustment uses no control points
and the layer is adjusted for the measurements to be most optimal, and
Weighted/constrained adjustment uses control points and the layer is adjusted within
the scope of the scope of the points. A least squares adjustment can be run after a
new parcel-fabric is created or new data is added to an existing parcel fabric. [65]
 Link analysis develops a network of connected of objects and determines the
patterns that exist. Link analysis is done to find what patterns in a network are most
important and finds new patterns that were previously unknown. Link analysis uses
link charts to visualize the network. Link charts represent the objects in a network
using nodes and these nodes can be people, buildings, or devices. Objects are
usually moving such as people or vehicles, and link charts show how they interact
with each other over both space and time. Link analysis is done to better understand
the network. This is done by finding the shortest path between nodes, showing what
nodes have the strongest connections, and finding the nodes that are nearest to each
other.[66]
 Project recovery is an automatic way of saving a project so work is not lost. When
ArcGIS pro is opened it will prompt the user if they want to keep all the unsaved
changes that were backed up. The backups are also stored in the .backups folder in
the project home. The interval of time that the project saves automatically can be
determined by using the backup settings.[67]

Functionality[edit]
Data formats[edit]
Main articles: Geodatabase (Esri) and Shapefile
Older Esri products, including ArcView 3.x, worked with data in
the shapefile format. ArcInfo Workstation handled coverages, which stored topology information
about the spatial data. Coverages, which were introduced in 1981 when ArcInfo was first
released, have limitations in how they handle types of features. Some features, such as roads
with street intersections or overpasses and underp
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