Cells and microscopes answers

1.
a. Point 1: Resolution (too) low;
Point 2: Because wavelength of light is (too) long
b. Point 1: Lysosomes;
Point 2: Fuse with vesicle/phagosome;
Point 3: (Releases) hydrolytic enzymes/lysozymes
Accept ‘Ribosomes/ Rough endoplasmic reticulum form hydrolytic enzymes = 2
marks
Accept ‘Golgi body forms lysosomes’ = 2 marks
Accept ‘Golgi body / ribosomes / rough endoplasmic reticulum’ for 1 mark if no
other mark awarded
c. Correct workings and answer including correct significant figures = 28 μm
Otherwise:
1 mark = for correct conversion to 25000 μm
1 mark = for correct answer but incorrect sig fig (27.8)
1 mark = for equation of I = A x M
1 mark = incorrect image value ONLY

2. Max of 2 marks
Cell(-surface) membrane;
Ribosomes;
Cytoplasm;
DNA;

3. Point 1: Amino acids used in) protein synthesis/translation;

Point 2: (So) more enzymes (for DNA/plasmid replication) OR (So) more DNA polymerase;
OR
Point 1: Amino acids used in) respiration;
Point 2: (So) more energy/ATP (for DNA/plasmid replication);

4.
a. Point 1: Circular DNA is bigger/heavier/denser;
Point 2: (Because band) moved further/is lower (in tube)/closer to bottom (of tube);
Accept converse for plasmids
b. Point 1: Plasmid replication continues/increases (with X) as band is wider;
Point 2: Circular DNA replication stops/not increased (with X) as band is identical;

5. Max of 5 marks
Magnification (figures) show A is bigger than B;
A has a nucleus whereas B has free DNA;
A has mitochondria whereas B does not;
A has Golgi body/endoplasmic reticulum whereas B does not;
A has no cell wall whereas B has a murein/glycoprotein/peptidoglycan cell wall;
A has no capsule whereas B has a capsule;
A has DNA is bound to histones/proteins whereas B has DNA not associated with
histones/proteins OR A has linear DNA whereas B has circular DNA;
A has larger ribosomes
Accept in all marking points, animal/eukaryote for A and prokaryote/ bacterium for B
6. Correct answer of 625 = 2 marks
Incorrect answer but workings/procedures are shown as correct = 1 mark

7. Max 4 marks for either FOR or AGAINST

For
(There appears to be) no virus/ HIV(-1)/RNA/DNA, so could be a cure/effective;
No CCR5/receptor, so not get HIV(-1) in the future OR No CCR5/receptor, so nothing for
HIV(-1) to bind to;
Only one transplant/BSCT needed (shown by patient Q)
Would not need (daily) ART (16 months after BSCT);
Against
Don’t know if chemotherapy/radiotherapy is needed OR Do not know if BSCT alone would
be effective OR Do not know which treatment is having the effect OR Could be due to
chemotherapy/radiotherapy;
Only for HIV-1;
Don’t know if it would work in all people OR Only worked/tried in 2 cases;
Might not be long term OR Only 18 months;
HIV-1 may mutate and be able to bind to a different receptor (on TH cells);
Might be a lack of (suitable stem cell/BSCT) donors;

8.
a. Max of 4 marks
DNA in nucleus is code (for protein);
Ribosomes/rough endoplasmic reticulum produce (protein);
Mitochondria produce ATP (for protein synthesis);
Golgi apparatus package/modify OR Carbohydrate added/glycoprotein produced by
Golgi apparatus;
Vesicles transport OR Rough endoplasmic reticulum transports;
(Vesicles) fuse with cell(-surface) membrane;
b. Section/slice (so nucleus in another part of cell) OR (Nucleus) not stained;
c. S = Vacuole
T = Chloroplast;
d. Higher resolution OR View internal structures;
e. Correct answer of 4.71 x 107 for 2 marks;;
Accept for 1 mark
Any answer showing conversion factor of 100 000 000 / 108
OR Correct answer for any number divided by 150 eg 70.65 ÷ 150 / 0.471
OR Any answer including digits 471 in this order, irrespective of position of decimal
place

9.
a. Max of 3 marks
DNA shorter;
Fewer genes;
DNA circular not linear;
Not associated with protein/histones, unlike nuclear DNA;
Introns absent but present in nuclear DNA;
Accept the reverse for DNA
b. Deoxyribose in DNA (and ribose in RNA)
Including both is preferable, Accept vice versa
10. B

11.
a. D − Granum/grana/thylakoid(s);
E − starch/lipid
b. Point 1: Light has long(er) wavelength;
Point 2: (So) low(er) resolution
Accept converse for electron microscope
c. Ribosomes
d. Correct answer of 7455 = 2 marks;;
Accept for 1 mark answers in range: 7717.5 to 7718 (44.1% of 17500)
If incorrect answer, accept for 1 mark working shows an attempt to subtract 262.5

12.

13. Max of 4 marks

RNA (as genetic material);
Reverse transcriptase;
(Protein) capsomeres/capsid;
(Phospho)lipid (viral) envelope OR Envelope made of membrane;
Attachment proteins;

14.
a. W – (cell surface) membrane
X – cell wall
Y – capsule
Z – flagellum/flagella
b. W – Phospholipids
X - Murein / glycoprotein / peptidoglycans

15.
a. B;
A;
E;
b. Point 1: (Many mitochondria) release energy / ATP for movement of vesicles /
synthesis of protein / active transport;
Point 2: (Many Golgi) vesicles transport protein / glycoprotein / milk to cell
membrane / out of cell/exocytosis;

16. Comparisons
Nucleotide structure is identical;
Nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bond; OR Deoxyribose joined to phosphate (in sugar,
phosphate backbone);
 DNA in mitochondria / chloroplasts same / similar (structure) to DNA in prokaryotes;
Contrasts
Eukaryotic DNA is longer;
Eukaryotic DNA contain introns, prokaryotic DNA does not;
Eukaryotic DNA is linear, prokaryotic DNA is circular;
Eukaryotic DNA is associated with / bound to protein / histones, prokaryotic DNA is not;

17. Not enough / little ATP produced;

ATP provides energy for (enzyme) reactions OR ATP phosphorylates substrates / enzymes,
so making them (more) reactive OR Lowers activation energy

18.
a.

b. The site of aerobic respiration (reactions) OR ATP is made / ADP is phosphorylated;

19.
a. ‘The bacteriophage has a capsid and the bacterium has a cell-surface membrane’
b. Correct workings and answer of 13-13.3 / 12.9-13.2 = 2 marks
Measurement of bacteriophage = 47/48 mm
Measurement of 100 nm scale bar = 32 mm
Actual length of bacterium = 0.15 μm OR 147/150 nm
Measurement of bacterium = 33/34 mm
Measurement of 1 μm scale bar = 17 mm
Actual length of bacterium = 1.94/2 μm OR 1941/2000 nm

20.
a.

b. Correct workings and answer of x1200 – x1400 = 2 marks

Diameter of cell = 39/40 mm
Measurement of 5 μm scale bar = 6/7 mm
I = A x M or workings associated should be made clear
Actual diameter of the cell = 28.5-32.5 μm
21. Principles (Max 3 marks):
Electrons pass through / enter (thin) specimen (from bottom to top);
Denser parts absorb more electrons;
(So) denser parts appear darker;
Electrons have short wavelength so give high resolution;
Limitations:
Cannot look at living material / Must be in a vacuum;
Specimen must be (very) thin;
Artefacts present;
Complex staining method / complex / long preparation time;
Image not in 3D / only 2D images produced

22.
a. Plasma / cell) membrane
b. Max of 2 marks
Nucleus / nuclear envelope / nuclear membrane / nucleolus;
Accept: membrane-bound organelles only if an example has not been given
Mitochondrion;
(Smooth / rough) ER;
Lysosome; Microvillus / brush border;
Neutral: villi
Golgi body/apparatus;
Linear / non-circular DNA / chromosome;
Neutral: DNA strands 80S / denser / heavier / larger ribosomes;
Neutral: ribosomes
c. N
i. Higher resolution / higher (maximum) magnification / higher detail (of
image);
OR
Allows internal details / structures within (cells) to be seen / cross section to
be taken;
Accept: ‘better’ instead of ‘higher’
Neutral: shorter wavelength
Reject: longer wavelength
Reject: can be used on living specimens
Do not accept ‘clearer’ image
ii. Thin sections do not need to be prepared / shows surface of specimen / can
have 3-D images;
Accept: can be used on thick(er) specimens
Reject: can be used on living specimens
Neutral: refs. to staining / preparation / artefacts / colour
d. Measurement from B to C = 1.9/2.0 cm
WORKINGS MUST BE SHOWN FOR THE FULL TWO MARKS
OTHERWISE AWARD THE ONE FOR JUST THE RIGHT ANSWER GIVEN
M = I/A therefore A = I/M
A = (1.9 OR 2.0 x 10000)/50000 = 0.38 - 0.4 μm
23.
a. (F) H J E (K);
All three boxes correct = 2 marks
Two boxes correct = 1 mark
b. Max of 2 marks
(Site of aerobic) respiration;
Release ATP / energy for active transport / transport against the concentration
gradient / protein synthesis / exocytosis;
Reject: anaerobic respiration
Reject: produces / makes energy
Accept: produces ATP for energy
Reject: produces ATP for respiration
Neutral: protein secretion

24.
a. glycoprotein AND different shape to body proteins / RNA and reverse transcriptase
inside virus / phospholipids same as body’s / on the surface of the virus;
b. Correct workings and answer of 187.5 = 2 marks
Diameter of cell = 51 mm
Measurement of 20 nm scale bar = 13 mm