Final Exam Revision Material

HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES

DEPARTMENT OF MODERN LANGUAGES
FINAL EXAM REVISION
Please read the below OPINION ESSAY and discuss the format.
The Right to Die
A difficult problem that is facing society is the legalization of

euthanasia. Euthanasia is the act of causing death painlessly in order to end
suffering. People who are in a coma because of injury to their brains and
elderly people who are terminally ill are being kept alive by artificial means.
They do not have a chance to recover, but laws in most states of the United
States do not allow doctors to end their lives. Although many people feel that
doctors must do everything possible to keep their patients alive, I believe that
euthanasia should be legal for three reasons.
The first and most important reason to support euthanasia is that some
patients who have no chance to recover do not wish to be kept alive on
machines. These patients are kept alive by life-support machines such as
respirators to help them breathe and feeding tubes to provide them with
nutrition. A well-known example in the United States is the case of Terri
Schiavo, a young woman who went into a coma in 1990. Mrs. Schiavo was
able to breathe on her own, but her brain was dead. For fifteen years, she was
kept alive by a feeding tube. After eight years of seeking treatment for her
condition, Michael Schiavo, her husband, asked the courts for permission to
remove her feeding tube. He said that his wife had told him she would not
want to be kept alive artificially when there was no hope of recovery. Mrs.
Schiavo's parents, Robert and Mary Schindler, disagreed with Mr. Schiavo
and fought to keep their daughter alive. After seven years of bitter court
battles, Mr. Schiavo finally won. Doctors removed Mrs. Schiavo's feeding
tube, and she soon died, fifteen years after first falling into a coma. Clearly,
2021-2022 Fall Term ING 211 FINAL EXAM REVISION

1
when there is absolutely no hope of recovery, society should allow a person in

Terri Schiavo's condition to die if that is his or her wish.
A second reason to support euthanasia is that medical costs in the United
States are very high. Keeping a person alive for years and years requires round
-the-clock care in a hospital or nursing home. According to an administrator at
a local hospital, daily hospital room charges average $5,000 there. Nursing
home care is also expensive. A nursing home in our area charges $4,500 per
month. These high costs can cause serious financial problems for a family.
The final reason to support legalizing euthanasia is that the family suffers.
Hospital or nursing home staff give terminally ill patients only minimal care.
Thus, the family must spend time caring for the special needs of their loved
one. For instance, a cousin of mine who had been in a motorcycle accident
was kept on life-support machines for eight years. He needed someone to stay
with him twenty-four hours a day. During those years, his parents took turns
taking care of him. His father stayed with him during the day while his mother
worked, and then his mother stayed with him at night while his father worked.
Other family members tried to help out when they could, but his parents did
most of the physical work and suffered most of the emotional stress. After he
finally died, my aunt said, "Of course, I am sad, but since we all knew he
would eventually die, it might have been better if it had happened right when
he had the accident. These past eight years have been hard."
To summarize, patients who are either terminally ill or who are in an

irreversible coma often wish to die. Their care is a financial, physical, and
emotional burden for their families. Therefore, families should have the right
to ask doctors to turn off life-support machines or to remove feeding tubes.

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Opinion Essay-The Organization of an Opinion Essay

Opinion Essay Format (at least 4/5 PARAGRAPHS)
Introduction Paragraph
Hook
A difficult problem that is facing society is the legalization of euthanasia. Euthanasia
is the act of causing death painlessly in order to end suffering. People who are in a
coma because of injury to their brains and elderly people who are terminally ill are
being kept alive by artificial means. They do not have a chance to recover, but laws in
most states of the United States do not allow doctors to end their lives.
Thesis statement
Although many people feel that doctors must do everything possible to keep their
patients alive, I believe that euthanasia should be legal for three reasons.
Body Paragraph (1)
Topic sentence
The first and most important reason to support euthanasia is that some patients who
have no chance to recover do not wish to be kept alive on machines.
First Major Supporting Sentence
These patients are kept alive by life-support machines such as respirators to help them
breathe and feeding tubes to provide them with nutrition.
Minor Supporting Sentences- (explanations, details, examples)
A well-known example in the United States is the case of Terri Schiavo, a young
woman who went into a coma in 1990. Mrs. Schiavo was able to breathe on her own,
but her brain was dead. For fifteen years, she was kept alive by a feeding tube……
Body Paragraph (2)
Topic sentence
A second reason to support euthanasia is that medical costs in the United States are
very high.

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Keeping a person alive for years and years requires round-

the-clock care in a hospital or nursing home.
Minor Supporting Sentences-(explanations, details, examples)
According to an administrator at a local hospital, daily hospital room charges average
$5,000 there. …………
Body Paragraph (3)
Topic sentence
The final reason to support legalizing euthanasia is that the family suffers.
Hospital or nursing home staff give terminally ill patients only minimal care.
Thus, the family must spend time caring for the special needs of their loved one. For
instance, a cousin of mine who had been in a motorcycle accident was kept on life-
support machines for eight years. He needed someone to stay with him twenty-four
hours a day. During those years, his parents took turns taking care of him. ………
Concluding Paragraph
To summarize, patients who are either terminally ill or who are in an irreversible
coma often wish to die.
Their care is a financial, physical, and emotional burden for their
Summary of Main Points
families. Therefore, families should have the right to ask doctors to turn off
Concluding Statement
life-support machines or to remove feeding tubes.

4
Opinion Essay-The Organization of an Opinion Essay

Opinion Essay Format (at least 4/5 PARAGRAPHS)
Introduction Paragraph
Hook
Thesis statement
Body Paragraph (1)
Topic sentence
Body Paragraph (2)
Topic sentence
Minor Supporting Sentences-(explanations, details, examples)
Body Paragraph (3)
Topic sentence
Concluding paragraph
Restatement of thesis
Summary of main points
Concluding statement
Thesis Statement
Topic: It is the subject of the essay, or what the essay is about.
Controlling Idea: It is what your essay will tell about the topic.
Predictor: Some thesis statements may also have a third component called a
predictor. The predictor of a thesis statement can tell the reader how many body
paragraphs there will be in the essay and /or what their content will be.

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Ways to Make the Introduction Interesting

a. Interesting facts or statistics
b. A Personal Story or Example
c. An Interesting/Memorable Quotation
d. Dramatic Story
Body Paragraphs of an Opinion Essay
The body paragraphs in an essay are like the supporting sentences in a paragraph.
they are the place to develop your topic and prove your points.
û facts
û examples
û other details
û Quotations and paraphrases
How to Write a Concluding Paragraph for an Opinion Essay

a) Make a prediction
b) Suggest results or consequences.
c) Recommend a solution or a call for action.
d) Quote an authority on the topic.
Transitions and Connecting Expressions

To connect supporting paragraphs you can use transition words. Transition words
link your sentences and paragraphs together, show relationships between ideas, and
make your essay flow.

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First, Second, Third, Next, Last, Finally, First of all, At this point,
Previously, Subsequently, and then, Meanwhile, After that, Next,
To indicate sequence
Before, After, Simultaneously, At this time, Concurrently, Again,
or order
Likewise, Furthermore, Besides, In addition (to), Also, Similarly,
Moreover
To introduce an
However, Even though, On the other hand, Nevertheless, Instead, In
opposite idea or show
contrast, whereas, while, In spite of, Despite, But, Still, Yet
exception
Another.., In addition to, Furthermore, Also, Similarly, At the same
For additional ideas
time, Besides that, Moreover, and then
To show cause and Therefore, Thus, As a result of, Consequently, Because, Since, Hence,
effect Then, Accordingly, As, due to, So, Subsequently, Resultantly
Similarly, Similar to, In comparison, Likewise, Just like, By
comparison, Also, On the other hand, In contrast, On the contrary,
Meanwhile, Whereas, Although, Despite, Still, However, Unlike, In a
Compare Contrast
similar way, as well, as well as, Comparably, Correspondingly, In the
same way, Instead, Yet, Nonetheless, Nevertheless, Notwithstanding,
except, with the exception of, Even though, Contradictorily
To show evidence
……shows that, indicates that, proves that, entails that, implies that,
leading to a certain
establishes that, allows us to infer that, gives us reason to believe that
conclusion
Immediately, Thereafter, Formerly, Previously, Finally, Then, Later,
Soon, during, before, after, after a few hours, At that time, prior to,
To indicate time earlier, At first, In the beginning, Initially, as soon as, Meanwhile, In
the meantime, until, Subsequently, Before long, Next, Afterward,
Eventually, At the same time, Now
To logically divide an
Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly, First, Next, Finally
idea

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For example, For instance, Namely, Thus, specifically, In this case,

When we are looking On this occasion, This can be seen, when/where, Take the case of, To
at examples demonstrate, To illustrate, such as, specifically, in particular, as
evidence, To enumerate, As an example,
After all, In other words, especially, In particular, Indeed,
To Indicate Focusing Specifically, Particularly, That is of particular interest, of special
interest
In summary, In conclusion, In brief, On the whole, summing up,
To summarise or
Therefore, Hence, Ultimately, To summarise, To conclude, In other
conclude
words, Thus, Consequently, As a result, As shown, Finally
Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with the suitable transitions.

1. ___________the early twentieth century, Australian society experienced a transformation
of the domestic ideal. ___________families were subject to an increasing array of
government and 'professional' programs and advice aiming to manage and regulate family
life. Some of these programs were designed to counter social changes, others were designed
to engineer them; ___________ each heralded a growing expert encroachment into the
private sphere.
2. Intervention and influence took three forms. ___________techniques designed to
maximise efficiency were introduced into the home and scientific principles were applied to
its design. ___________, housework and parenting methods were scrutinised and subject to
unprecedented standards. ___________, all aspects of reproduction attracted increasing
intervention from government and the medical profession. ___________, state, professional
and philanthropic groups began to usurp the parental role within the family through
instruction and policy. ___________, the development of 'modern' social ideals brought
regulation, intervention and ever-increasing unrealistic standards.

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Expressions to Introduce Topic Sentences

To Introduce Thesis Statement To Express Your Opinion
In my opinion/view…, Should
I believe/feel/think that…(without a must
comma) good idea
I think (that)… (without a comma)
In my opinion, everyone should be
From my point of view…,
responsible for the protection of
To my mind/way of thinking…,
animals.
As far as I am concerned…,
In my view, no one should be
I am totally against…,
allowed to own a gun.
I don't agree with..,
I believe that smoking should not be
It seems/appears to me that…,
allowed in public places.
I (completely) agree with/that...,
I think smokers have rights too.
List of Conjunctive Adverbs
Conjunctive Adverbs Function Example
Besides, Furthermore, Moreover, To add a ex. Community colleges offer preparation

In addition, Similarly, Likewise, similar idea for many jobs; in addition, they prepare
Furthermore, In addition, both . . . and, students to transfer to four-year colleges.
also, not only . . . but also
however, nevertheless To add an ex. The cost of attending a community

nonetheless, still unexpected college is low; however, many students
or surprising need financial aid.
continuation

9
in contrast, however, but, yet, while, To add a Most community colleges do not have
whereas, although, though, even complete dormitories; in contrast, most four-year
though, on the other hand, different contrast colleges do.
(from), differently, unlike, differ(s)
(from)/ (in)
consequently, therefore To add a Native and non-native English speakers

thus, as a result, eventually, result have different needs; as a result, most
accordingly schools provide separate classes for each
group.
meanwhile, then, afterward, next To list ideas Police kept people away from the scene of
subsequently, First, Second, First of in the accident; meanwhile, ambulance
all, Next, After that, Finally, Now, chronologica workers tried to pull victims out of the
soon, after, as, as soon as, before l order wreck.
since, until, when, whenever, while The workers put five injured people into an
ambulance; afterward, they found another
victim.
for example To give an Colours can have different meanings; for

for instance, example example, white is the colour of weddings in
some cultures and of funerals in others.
likewise To show Hawaii has sunshine and friendly people;

similarly, similarities similarly, Mexico’s weather is sunny and
its people hospitable.
instead, on the contrary To indicate The medicine did not make him feel better;
rather an instead, it made him feel worse.
alternative

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instead To indicate a They had planned to go to Hawaii on their

substitution honeymoon; instead, they went to Mexico.
We ordered hamburgers; they brought us
pizza instead*.
on the other hand To give You can live in a dorm on campus; on the
alternatively, another other hand, you can rent a room with a
possibility family on campus.
otherwise To give a Students must take final exams; otherwise,

result, often they will receive a grade of Incomplete.
bad
(meaning ‘if
not’)
in other words To add an Some cultures are matriarchal; in other

that is explanation words, the mothers are the head of the
family.
indeed To make a Mangoes are a very common fruit; indeed,

in fact, statement people eat more mangoes than any other
stronger fruit in the world.
In conclusion, In summary, To sum To give a In conclusion, they laughed at the speaker's

up, Ultimately, Overall, All in all, summary or joke, but the overall mood was serious.
For these reasons, In brief, Indeed, In conclusion
short, to conclude, to summarize, It
is clear that . . These examples show
that, you can see that . . You can see
from these examples that . . .
Please be careful with the PUNCTUATION and the SPELLING of the conjunctive adverbs. A conjunctive adverb can also be the first word in a
sentence, as long as it connects the rest of the sentence with the sentence before it.
û The cost of attending a community college is low; however, many students need financial aid.
û The cost of attending a community college is low. However, many students need financial aid.

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Coordinating Conjunctions
For a more formal word for because, this shows a result- cause relationship between
two independent clauses. It shows logical consequence; it has the same meaning
as because, the reason why
ex. Jasmine is afraid of dogs, for she was bitten by a dog when she was young.
The driver couldn’t control the speed of the car, for he was totally drunk.
And shows equality between the two ideas. It shows addition; it has the same meaning
as in addition, along with
Nor shows equality
Isaiah lives of two negative
in Livermore, ideas.
and his It shows
parents an addition
live nearby of a negative point.
in Pleasanton.
(Note: you must
Yesterday, I saw reverse
movie, the
andnormal
I visitedsubject- verb positions in the second clause
my friends.
when using nor).
Mary doesn’t want to go to college, nor does she want to find a job.
The patient didn’t eat his dinner, nor did he eat his lunch.
But shows opposition or contrast between two ideas. It has the same meaning as
however, except, on the other hand
ex. She studied hard, but she failed the examination.
Mehmet likes to read, but he prefers to watch television to reading.
Or shows alternatives or choices
You must be early, or you will miss the bus.
Yet shows opposition; also shows emphasis (a stronger but)
Justin really likes to run in the morning, yet he hates getting up early.
So shows cause and effect relationship. It has the same meaning as therefore, as a
result. X happened, so Y happened.
Maria loves dogs, so she went to the animal shelter to adopt one.
Jason studied hard, so she scored a good grade.
Note: When you use the above coordinating conjunctions to join complete sentences, use a comma before the
coordinators. The first letter of each conjunction forms the word FANBOYS. This acronym may make it easier
to remember JJ

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Example Sentences:
û He goes to school after he finishes work.
û Several overcrowded busses passed as they were waiting.
û She felt better as soon as she took the medicine.
û Before you apply to college, you have to take an entrance exam.
û It has been a year since I left home.
û We can't leave the room until everyone finishes the test.
û When you start college, you sometimes have to take a placement test.
û Whenever I don't sleep well, I feel sick the next day.
û Several overcrowded busses passed while we were waiting.
û Jack excels at sports because he trains hard.
û Since she works out daily, Jill is in great condition.
û As they want to compete in a marathon, they run every day.
û I love my brother although we disagree about almost everything.
û I love my brother even though we disagree about almost everything.
û I love my brother though we disagree about almost everything.
û My brother likes classical music, while I prefer hard rock.
û He dresses conservatively, whereas I like to be a little shocking.
û I can never remember where I put my house keys.
û A baby animal follows its mother wherever she goes.
û They can register for classes online, or they can register by mail.
û I did not eat breakfast this morning, so I am a little hungry.
û John fished all day, yet he didn't get one bite.
û I am a little hungry, for I didn't eat breakfast this morning.
û She does not eat meat, nor does she drink milk.
û As soon as we arrived, we put on our rollerblades.
û Alex broke his arm because he wasn't careful.
û The sun is shining, and there are no clouds in the sky.
û It was a beautiful day, so we decided to go to the skateboard park.
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Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions are coordinating words that work in pairs to join words,
phrases, and sentences however, unlike coordinating conjunctions, correlative
conjunctions are always used in pairs. The most common correlative pairs are:
Correlative Conjunctions
Either........or one of the two
Neither ......nor none of the two
Both.........and Both
Whether.......or Dilemma
Not only.....but also Both
Relative Pronouns
To refer to people
People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.
who, whom,
My parents did not approve of the man whom my sister married.
that
He's a man that everyone in our town respects.
To refer to animals and things
My new computer, which I bought yesterday, stopped working today.
Yesterday I received an e-mail that I did not understand.
To refer to a time
Thanksgiving is a time when families travel great distances to be together.

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References
UNSW Australia. (2015). Transition signals in writing. Retrieved November 10,
2016 from https://student.unsw.edu.au/transition-signals-writing
Bakla Arif, (2014). Putting Pen to Paper. Blackswan Publishing House. Ankara
Hogue Ann, (2008) Second Edition, First Steps in Academic Writing. Pearson
Longman Publishing NY.
Hogue A. & Oshima A., (2007) Third Edition, Introduction to Academic
Writing. Pearson Longman Publishing NY.
Savage A.& Shafiei, (2012). Effective Academic Writing. Oxford University
Press. NY
Ward Colin, (2012). Focus on Writing 3. Pearson, Always Learning. New York:
Pearson Education NY.
Zemach, D. E., & Rumisek, L. A. (2005). Academic writing from paragraph to
essay. Oxford: Macmillan.

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HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES

FINAL EXAM REVISION

The Right to Die

A difficult problem that is facing society is the legalization of

2021-2022 Fall Term ING 211 FINAL EXAM REVISION

when there is absolutely no hope of recovery, society should allow a person in

To summarize, patients who are either terminally ill or who are in an

2021-2022 Fall Term ING 211 FINAL EXAM REVISION

Opinion Essay-The Organization of an Opinion Essay

2021-2022 Fall Term ING 211 FINAL EXAM REVISION

Keeping a person alive for years and years requires round-

2021-2022 Fall Term ING 211 FINAL EXAM REVISION

Opinion Essay-The Organization of an Opinion Essay

2021-2022 Fall Term ING 211 FINAL EXAM REVISION

Ways to Make the Introduction Interesting

How to Write a Concluding Paragraph for an Opinion Essay

Transitions and Connecting Expressions

2021-2022 Fall Term ING 211 FINAL EXAM REVISION

2021-2022 Fall Term ING 211 FINAL EXAM REVISION

For example, For instance, Namely, Thus, specifically, In this case,

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with the suitable transitions.

2021-2022 Fall Term ING 211 FINAL EXAM REVISION

Expressions to Introduce Topic Sentences

List of Conjunctive Adverbs

Conjunctive Adverbs Function Example

Besides, Furthermore, Moreover, To add a ex. Community colleges offer preparation

however, nevertheless To add an ex. The cost of attending a community

2021-2022 Fall Term ING 211 FINAL EXAM REVISION

consequently, therefore To add a Native and non-native English speakers

for example To give an Colours can have different meanings; for

likewise To show Hawaii has sunshine and friendly people;

2021-2022 Fall Term ING 211 FINAL EXAM REVISION

instead To indicate a They had planned to go to Hawaii on their

otherwise To give a Students must take final exams; otherwise,

in other words To add an Some cultures are matriarchal; in other

indeed To make a Mangoes are a very common fruit; indeed,

In conclusion, In summary, To sum To give a In conclusion, they laughed at the speaker's

2021-2022 Fall Term ING 211 FINAL EXAM REVISION

2021-2022 Fall Term ING 211 FINAL EXAM REVISION

Neither ......nor none of the two

Not only.....but also Both

2021-2022 Fall Term ING 211 FINAL EXAM REVISION

2021-2022 Fall Term ING 211 FINAL EXAM REVISION

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