XII SMA

SMA
TPS Bahasa Inggris_cbt_Paket 1

JUMLAH : 15 SOAL

ANI DT 311

The brain of the average human weighs approximately 1,4 kilograms and consists of three main
parts-the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brain stem. The cerebrum is by far the largest of the three
parts, taking up 85% of the brain by weight. The outside layer of the cerebrum, the cerebral cortex, is a
grooved and bumpy surface covering the nerve cells beneath. The various sections of the cerebrum are
the sensory cortex, which is responsible for receiving and decoding sensory messages from throughout
the body; the motor cortex, which sends action instructions to the skeletal muscles; and the association
cortex, which receives, monitors, and processes information. It is in the association cortex that the
processes that allow humans to think take place. The cerebellum, located below the cerebrum in the
back part of the skull, is the section of the brain that controls balance and posture. The brain stem
connects the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It controls various body processes such as breathing and
heartbeat.

1. What is the author’s main purpose?

(A) to describe the function of the parts of the brain
(B) to explain how the brain processes information
(C) to demonstrate the physical composition of the brain
(D) to give examples of human body functions
(E) to explain the function of the brain

2. How does the passage describe the appearance of the cerebral cortex?
(A) as smooth
(B) as 85% of the brain by weight
(C) as a layer of the cerebellum
(D) as ridged
(E) as firmed

3. What shapes does the brain stem most likely have?

(A) small and round
(B) long and thin
(C) large and formless
(D) short and flat
(E) big and soft

4. The sensory cortex ....

(A) senses that messages should be sent out to the muscles.
(B) provides a surface covering for nerve cells.
(C) is where the human process of thinking occurs.
(D) receives and processes information from the senses.
(E) gives the messages to the nerve cells.

5. Which of the following is true about the cerebellum?

(A) it is located above the cerebrum
(B) it controls breathing
(C) it is responsible for receiving information
(D) it is the outside layer of the cerebrum
(E) it is located below the cerebrum

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Many forces, hospital managers, medical practitioners, parents too, continue to increase pressure to
do more outpatient surgery for children.
The emphasis on faster operating room turnaround time, more effective use of space and personnel
and the presumed resulting cost reduction are commonly sought goals. These goals are important for all
patients, but especially for the pediatric patient, who being much younger is free from systemic disease
and requires simpler, shorter surgical procedures, and a shorter convalescence.
Despite many advantages pediatric outpatient, surgery can have problems. Since children are
usually healthy and usually recover from surgery, some doctors may assume that all such patients are
outpatient candidates. There may be delays and inappropriate scheduling caused by rush, by
inappropriate consultation and previously undiagnosed diseases.
However, nearly all problems can be solved by proper patient selection. Many more patients than at
present can undergo outpatient anesthesia, reducing the separation time of the child from the family.
The advantages listed above will be enhanced when combined with appropriate postoperative discharge
criteria and out-of-hospital care. Everyone will benefit: the child, the family, the physician, the hospital
staff and even the third party payer.

6. What is the main purpose of the passage?

(A) To force hospital managers to increase outpatient surgery for children
(B) To emphasize faster operating room turnaround time
(C) To inform parents about outpatient surgery
(D) To put forward reasons in favor of pediatric outpatient surgery
(E) To ask parents to be careful with their children

7. What is the author’s attitude towards more outpatient surgery for children?
(A) He is against
(B) He thinks it unlikely to happen
(C) He is in favor
(D) He thinks there too many problems
(E) He thinks it good

8. What the author imply by saying that some doctors assume that all children can be outpatients?
(A) They may forget about othre patients
(B) They may make mistake
(C) They may think all patients are not healthy
(D) They may be in rush
(E) They follow the instructions

9. The audience for this passage could most likely be?

(A) Hospital managers
(B) The parents of pediatric patients
(C) Physicians
(D) The department of health
(E) The children

10. Which of the following is not one of the aims mentioned in the passage?
(A) More personnel
(B) Quicker use of operating rooms.
(C) Better use of available space
(D) Saving costs.
(E) Everyone will get the advantage

A difficult problem that the society is facing is the legalization of euthanasia — the act of causing
death painlessly in order to end suffering. People who are in a coma because of injury to their brains and
elderly people who are terminally ill are being kept alive by artificial means. They do not have a chance
to recover, but laws in most states of the United States do not allow doctors to end their lives. Although
many people feel that doctors must do everything possible to keep their patients alive, I believe that
euthanasia should be legal for three reasons.

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The first and most important reason to support euthanasia is that some patients who have no
chance to recover do not wish to be kept alive on machines. These patients are kept alive by life-support
machines such as respirators to help them breathe and feeding tubes to provide them with nutrition. A
well-known example in the United States is the case of Ten Schiavo, a young woman who went into a
coma in 1990. Mrs. Schiavo was able to breathe on her own, but her brain was dead. For fifteen years,
she was kept alive by a feeding tube. After eight years of seeking treatment for her condition, her
husband asked the court for permission to remove her feeding tube. He said that his wife had told him
that she would not want to be kept alive artificially when there was no hope of recovery. Mrs. Schiavo’s
parents disagreed with Mr. Schiavo and fought to keep their daughter alive. After seven years of bitter
court battles, Mr. Schiavo finally won. Doctors removed Mrs. Schiavo’s feeding tube, and she soon died.
Clearly, when there is absolutely no hope of recover, society should allow a person to die if that is her or
his wish.
A second reason is that medical costs in the United States were very high. Keeping a person alive
for years requires round-the-clock care in a hospital. According to an administrator at a local hospital, a
daily hospital room charges average $5,000 there. The high cost can cause serious financial problems
for a family.
The final reason is that the family suffers. Hospital staffs give terminally ill patients only minimal care.
Thus, the family must spend time caring for the special needs of their loved one. For instance, a cousin
of mine who had been in a motorcycle accident was kept on life-support machines for eight years.
Someone had to stay with him twenty-four hours a day. During those years, his parents took turns taking
care of him. Other family members tried to help out when they could, but his parents did most of the
physical work and suffered most of the emotional stress. After he finally died, my aunt said, “Of course, I
am sad, but since we all knew he would eventually die, it might have been better if it had happened right
when he had the accident. These past eight years have been hard.”
To summarize patients who are either terminally ill or who are in an irreversible coma often wish to
die. Their care is a financial, physical, and emotional burden for their families. Therefore, families should
have the right to ask doctors to turn off life-support machines or to remove feeding tubes.

11. Concerning euthanasia, the author thinks that ....

(A) it should be legalized in any circumstances.
(B) the family, not the law, decides if it is to be performed.
(C) doctors should perform it when the patient wishes to die.
(D) it should be legalized under certain conditions.
(E) it is the answer to relieve a social burden of the patient’s family.

12. The least important reason the author argues is that ....
(A) the patient’s family suffers because of the hospital staff’s indifference.
(B) doctors and nurses do not really care about their patients.
(C) when somebody is ill, the family has to take turns caring for them.
(D) the parents of the terminally ill patient suffer a lot.
(E) the family suffers the most although they know the patient will not recover.

A newer and safer alternative is on the way- Eyedrops can shrink cataracts in dogs, which may
prove a first step toward a drug that can treat or even prevent cataracts in human eyes, researchers say.
Cataracts form when the eye's lens grows cloudy, a condition that affects millions of people and
accounts for more than half of all cases of blindness worldwide. Currently, the only treatment for
cataracts is surgical removal of the clouded, lenses. Aging populations around the world are predicted to
require a doubling in the number of cataract surgeries in the next 20 years.
Cataracts often result from clumping of the proteins that make up the lens. To learn more about how
eyes normally prevent such clumping and keep lenses transparent, scientists analyzed the genes of two
related families that both often suffered cataracts from birth.
The researchers discovered that these families carried mutations in a gene involved in manufacturing
a small molecule known as lanosterol. Normal versions of lanosterol in healthy eyes help prevent the
kind of protein clumping that leads to cataracts, while the abnormal version seen in both families did not.
To examine what effects lanosterol might have on cataracts, scientists experimented on dogs with
naturally occurring cataracts.

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"There are many old dogs with cataracts," said study co-author Kang Zhang, an ophthalmologist at
the University of California, San Diego in La Jolla. "Our collaborators in China had them for another
project in cataract research, and we then treated these dogs with lanosterol."
After six weeks of treatment with lanosterol eyedrops, lens cloudiness and cataract size decreased
in the dogs. Similar results were seen in experiments with human lens cells and rabbit lenses on lab
dishes. “The most important implication is that we can treat cataracts with an eyedrop, not surgery,"
Zhang told Live Science.
Still, "this is a preliminary study, and it needs further work and more studies, as well as confirmation
by other researchers," Zhang cautioned. "We will study the safety of this compound, and plan human
trials for treatment of cataracts."
(Diadaptasi dari http://www.livescience.com/51634/)

13. What is the author's attitude toward the topic of the passage?
(A) Skeptical
(B) Critical
(C) Optimistic
(D) Worried
(E) Concerned

14. The paragraph preceding the passage most likely discusses ....
(A) a different and more conventional cataract cure
(B) a different kind of eye diseases that resembles cataracts
(C) patented remedies for eye diseases other than cataracts
(D) the causes and symptoms of cataracts mostly found
(E) new cures for cataracts not yet issued to public

15. Based on the passage, this new medical measures will be used for human beings if ....
(A) researchers have agreed upon the best method for its use
(B) more research has been conducted regarding its safety
(C) surgery is no longer effective for curing human cataracts
(D) the safety is shown and trials on human are successful
(E) there is a zero risk of its use among people and animals