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Introduction To Ultrasonic Testing SD 218: © Amit Hasan Ies Industrial Engineering Services, Bangladesh
Introduction To Ultrasonic Testing SD 218: © Amit Hasan Ies Industrial Engineering Services, Bangladesh
Ultrasonic Testing
SD 218
© AMIT HASAN
IES INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES,
BANGLADESH
2010 - 2022
IES NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Straight beam probe
housing
socket
damping- matching-
block element
protecting face
crystal (probe delay)
damping blocks
housing
socket
perspex wedge
(probe delay) crystal
Sound field
far field
= angle of divergence
acoustical axis (central beam)
10 20 30 40
10 20 30 40
crack
10 20 30 40
crack
10 20 30 40
T 5 10 15 5 10 15
R
T 5 10 15 5 10 15
R
10 20 30 40
10 20 30 40
5 10 15
sound beam
flat defect
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Flaw distance
finish signal
(echo)
transmitter
Stop-
watch
start signal
(pulse)
probe
sound transit transit time
path measurement
work piece
0 2 4 6 8 10
work piece
probe
light point
0 2 4 6 8 10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Priciple, sound wave in the workpiece
transmitter
sound wave
work piece
probe
0 2 4 6 8 10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Priciple, sound pulse at the back wall
transmitter
work piece
probe
0 2 4 6 8 10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Priciple, sound pulse at the coupling
surface
transmitter
work piece
probe
0 2 4 6 8 10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Priciple, echo display and 2nd run
transmitter
work piece
probe
back wall
echo
0 2 4 6 8 10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Probe delay
2 4 6 8 10
electrical mechanical
zero zero
(initial pulse) (surface)
crystal
probe
protecting face
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Probe delay
electical
zero
(initial pulse)
probe 0 2 4 6 8 10
delay
(wedge) mechanical
zero
sound wave (surface)
work piece
work piece
probe
back wall
echo
flaw
echo
0 2 4 6 8 10
work piece
probe
back wall
echo
flaw
echo
0 2 4 6 8 10
work piece
probe
back wall
echo
flaw
echo
0 2 4 6 8 10
work piece
probe
back wall
echo
flaw echo
covered
by initial
pulse
0 2 4 6 8 10
work piece
probe
back wall
echo:
without
with flaw
0 2 4 6 8 10
work piece
probe
flaw echo
sequence
0 2 4 6 8 10
dead zone
0 2 4 6 8 10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Longitudinal wave
wave length
medium 1
medium 2
refracted
wave
L
L
L
T
possible flaw
locations
0 2 4 6 8 10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Longitudinal surface wave
L
incident reflected
wave wave
perspex L
steel L
refracted
= 1 = 27.5° T waves
T = 33.3°
L = 90°
T
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
45° transverse wave in steel
incident reflected
wave wave
perspex
steel
refracted
transverse wave
T
= 36.4°
T = 45°
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems T
Transverse surface wave
L
incident reflected
wave wave
surface
perspex wave
steel T O
= 2 = 57°
T = 90°
L
incident reflected
wave wave
perspex
steel
total reflection
> 57°
perspex 90°
steel
33,3°
10 20
transmitter receiver
socket socket
acoustical damping blocks
barrier
crystal
delay
0 2 4 6 8 10
TR-probe
work piece
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Cross talk at
high gain BE
IP flaw
echo
cross talk
echo
0 2 4 6 8 10
TR-probe
flaw
0 2 4 6 8 10 div.
0 50 100 mm
steel, L
5 10 15
70°
60°
45°
5 10 15
0 2 4 6 8 10
100 mm
5 10 15
0 2 4 6 8 10
s 1 = 25 mm
s 2 = 100 mm
s 3 = 175 mm
etc.
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
50 mm radius of calibration block 2
s 1 = 50 mm
s 2 = 125 mm
s 3 = 200 mm
etc.
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
100 mm range calibration on K2
5 10 15
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 100 mm
steel
0 2 4 6 8 10
15 10 5
s d a = s•sin ß
d = s•cos ß
ß = probe angle ß
s = sound path
flaw location
a = surface distance
d = depth
s d
reflector
work piece
a
15 10 5
T s
d = apparent depth
a
15 10 5
probe position
with echo amplitude delamination
reduced to 50 %
IP R BE IP R BE IP R BE
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
0 2 4 6 8 10
IP R BE
0 2 4 6 8 10
IP R BE
0 2 4 6 8 10
BE
instrument gain: G = 34 dB
IP F BE
80 %
0 2 4 6 8 10
IP R BE
0 2 4 6 8 10
instrument gain: 34 dB
IP RE BE
+ 8 dB
0 2 4 6 8 10
instrument gain: 42 dB
Echo 1 2 3 4
Position 1 2 3 4
10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10