UCSP I 1ST QUARTER REVIEWER
SOCIAL CHANGE - Economic changes include changes in
o Social change cannot be defined as a new
fashion or mode in the life of people or in
the operation of a society.
o Social change includes modification in
social techniques, relationships, behavior
patterns, folkways, mores and institutions,
sometimes leading to change in philosophic
outlook.
Refers to change that occurs in the
structure and functioning of the social
system comprising the following areas:
Social structures and institutions
Roles performed by individuals
Social relationships among people
Patterns of social interactions
Values and norms, and;
Functions of different groups and
institutions.
COMMON FEATURES OF SOCIAL
CHANGE
 Universality
 Continuity
 Variation
 Independence
 Internal and
 External Forces
 Planned as well unplanned
 Criteria of larger population
 Structural or functional
PROCESS OF SOCIAL CHANGE
ASPECTS OF SOCIAL CHANGE
o Economic aspect
o Political aspect
o Religious aspect
o Moral aspect
o Cultural aspect
ECONOMIC ASPECT
industry, trade, business, commerce,
agriculture, and materialistic attitudes.
POLITICAL ASPECT
- Political changes include changes in
political power and administration of the
state, such as adopting the values of
democracy, secularism, socialism,
communism and fascism.
RELIGIOUS ASPECT
- In religious aspect we include those changes
which affect changes in various religious
institutions likeTemples, Church, Mosque
etc.
For example, there are instances that their
importance in the present age has been
decreased because of modernization.
MORAL ASPECT
- Changes in moral values, ideas, and beliefs
Example: How technology reshape
Filipinos' action towards elders.
CULTURAL ASPECT
- Cultural changes are the change in the
culture, values traditions and custom such as
dancing was thought to be an immoral act in
the past, whereas it is culturally accepted
everywhere now.
- Similarly, actors and actresses has become a
role model for the present generation
whereas they were not socially accepted
earlier as the same.
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
- Certain geographic changes sometimes
produce great social change.
- Climate, storms, social erosion, earthquakes,
floods, droughts etc., affect social life and
induce social change. Human life is closely
bound up with the geographical conditions
of the earth.
DEMOGRAPHIC (BIOLOGICAL) FACTOR
- Biological factors like heredity prepare the
way for social change.
- Biological factors result into better equipped
or less equipped persons, strong or weak
persons and several other changes in social
set up.
CULTURAL FACTOR
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- Any change in cultural order is
accompanied by a corresponding change
in the whole social order.
- Cultural factors change from generation
to generation, and they bring about the
change in the society.
- Culture gives speed and direction to
social change and determines the limits
beyond which social changes cannot
occur.
IDEATIONAL FACTOR
- Social change is caused by ideological
factors. Ideas rule the world.
- Philosophical, scientific and political
ideas significantly influence social
change. New scientific thoughts, new
religious ideas, new philosophies
revolutionize the world. Rise of
Buddhism, Communism, and Fascism
have magically influenced new thought
and human mind and changed its
attitudes and values of life.
ECONOMIC FACTOR
- The economic influences
- The most far-reaching is the impact of
industrialization. It has revolutionized
the whole way of life, institutions,
organizations and community life.
- Modern industrial capitalism promotes
the constant revision of the technology
of production, a process into which
science is increasingly drawn.
POLITICAL FACTOR
- State is the most powerful organizations
which regulates the social relationships.
It has the power to legislate new laws,
repeal old ones to bring social change in
the society.
- Laws regarding child marriage, widow
remarriage, divorce, inheritance and
succession, untouchability are some of
the examples which have brought many
changes in the social structure of the
society.
CULTURE
 EDWARD BURNETT TYLOR -
DEFINED CULTURE AS
"That complex whole which encompasses beliefs,
practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts,
symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person
learns and share as a member of society.”
 Culture is the way we live as humans. It is
the way we act and think as well as the
objects that we make as we carry out our
way of life every day.
CULTURAL ELEMENTS
1. SYMBOLS
2. LANGUAGE
3. VALUES
4. NORMS
5. RITUALS
6. ARTIFACTS
1. SYMBOLS
- These are anything that humans create and
use to mean something else.
- Members of society create symbols to
enable themselves and others to make sense
of the world around them.
TWO TYPES OF SYMBOLS
Tangible
- Concrete symbols such as the national flag,
crucifix for the Christians, crescent moon
for the Muslims, traffic and street signs
Intangible
- Abstract symbols such as deep bowing of
the head as a greeting among the Japanese.
2. LANGUAGE
- A system of symbols shared by members of society
to enable them to communicate with one another. It is
the most important set of symbols for communication
and transmitting culture ever created by humans.
- "LANGUAGE GROWS AND EVOLVES WITH
SOCIETY"
3. VALUES
- These are society's shared ideas or standards of
what is right or wrong, ethical or unethical,
acceptable and unacceptable, worthy or unworthy and
desirable or undesirable.
TWO TYPES OF CULTURE OR VALUES
Ideal culture
- Standards that society's members are
expected to adhere.
Real culture
- What actually happens or occurs in a
society?
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o The term society is derived from the Latin
4. NORMS word socius which means companion, ally,
- Are rules that guide human behavior and or associate.
interaction in society. o Society refers to an autonomous group or
- They are derived from values, from our organization of people occupying a distinet
concepts of what is good, right and geographic territory who interact with
desirable. others and share a common culture.

FOUR TYPES OF NORMS SOCIETAL FEATURES

FOLKWAYS SIZE
- Also known as informal norms are rules of - A society is relatively large in terms of the
casual behavior that do not take much effort number ef members, o trait common in most
to think about societies today
TABOOS
- Highest form of mores. TERRITORY
- These are norms that must be strictly - All societies occupy a definite area or space
adhered to or observed with no exceptions. on the planet.
MORES
- Are the most specific, clearly stated and COMMON CULTURE
strictly enforced norms that carry - Way of living otherwise
corresponding punishments for those that they would not be able to coherently relate and
break them or fail to follow them. interact with one another.
LAWS
- Set of norms of promulgated, enacted or SENSE OF BELONGINGNESS
codified by members of society. - Members of the society must identify with it
and feel that they belong there.
5. RITUALS
- These are established ways, sets of action, COMMON HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE
and or ceremonies that mark the transition of - Members engaging in or sharing a common
a person from one part to another in the life historical experience and the feeling that
course. everyone in the particular society has a
common destiny.
TWO TYPES OF RITUALS
Ritualized action AUTONOMY
- Is something carried out routinely but - Expressed in a society's capacity to sustain its
without necessary regard for symbolic existence vis -&- vis or relating to other societies
meaning through social institutions that organize, manage, and
Ritual action regulate it from within
- Also carried repeatedly, is an action that is
carefully carried out based on established
rules or standards where the act or set of acts
(or steps) carries symbolic meaning or
religious significance to the performer.
TYPE OF SOCIETIES
1. Foraging or Hunting and Gathering Societies
6. ARTIFACTS 2. Pastoral Societies
- Are the material expressions of culture. 3. Horticultural Societies
- These are all the objects made by humans, 4. Agricultural Societies
fashioned out of raw materials, provided by 5. Industrial Societies
nature or from other objects already 6. Post - Industrial Societies
produced by humans.
FORAGING OR HUNTING AND GATHERING
SOCIETY SOCIETIES

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- Foraging societies are the simplest societies.
They depend on hunting and/or fishing for
animals and gathering edible plants for
survival.
- Hunter-gatherers or foragers are nomadic,
roaming the land seasonally to find abundant
sources of food.
- This type of society emerged in the
aftermath of devastation brought by World
War II. The major economic activity in this
society is centered on providing services and
facilitating the exchange of correct
information with the use of advanced
communication technologies.

PASTORAL SOCIETIES
- Are those that are engaged largely in
herding cows, goats and sheep mainly for
subsistence and for transportation; hence
they are also called herders.
- Pastoralism as a way of life emerged with
the domestication of animals and plants.
- Domestication is the intentional breeding of
specific animals or plants to increase their
usefulness to humans.

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES
- with the domestication of animals also came
the domestication of plants in areas
conducive to growing edible crops, giving
rise to Horticultural societies.
- Like pastoral societies, horticultural
societies created permanent settlements or
villages that courld have a thousand or more
people living in them as long as these could
be sustained.

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES
- Also produce food crops like those of
horticultural societies but in a more efficient
and intensive manner using sophisticated
knowledge and technology resulting in
surpluses.
- These are societies that can produce more
than what is needed by members. It was in
agricultural societies that civilization,
literally the building of cities, arose beside
large rivers.

INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
- The invention of the steam engine in 1700
gave birth to this type of society.
- Largely different from agriculture societies
in that they convert raw materials into
finished products using machines and in
much larger quantities.
- The only drawback to this type of society is
its dependence on fossil fuels like diesel and
coal, which are harmful to the environment.

POST – INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES

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