Anatomy and Physiology (LECTURE NOTES) CSU – BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT

History of Human Anatomy & Physiology

“No Science is complete without knowing its history of evolution”

BC: Before Christ

• “The art of killing not the science of healing”

Primitive Times

 Believed that illness and diseases were a punishment from the Gods
 First physicians were witch doctors who treated illness with ceremonies
 Herbs and plants were 1st pharmaceuticals
 Examples:Foxglove leaves were chewed to strengthen & slow heart
- given by pills, IV, or injections
 Trepanation - One of the first surgeries
 A hole was cut into the skull to release demons

Egypt: 3000BC – 300BC

• First to keep accurate health records

• Wrote prescriptions on papyrus
• Physicians were priests
• Temples were used as places of worships, medical schools, and Hospitals
• Leeches would be use for bloodletting (draining human blood)
• Does not hurt because their saliva contains a natural anesthetic
• FDA has recently approved use of leeches as a medical treatment

China: 2700 BC - 2600

• “Neiching” the earliest anatomy book

• Religion prohibited dissection
• Believed you had to treat both the body and spirit
• Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based on herbs
• Therapies included acupuncture

India: 1000 BC

• Sushruta “Father of Indian Surgery”

• Practiced purposeful dissection
• First surgery on intestinal obstruction
• Dhanvantri system of ayurvedic medicine

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Sem, S.Y. 2020-2021
Pr epared by: Floren ce Jhun F. Almad in
Anatomy and Physiology (LECTURE NOTES) CSU – BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Greece: 1200BC – 200BC

• Made observations about the human body and the effects of disease that led to modern medical sciences
• Believed illness is a result of natural causes
• first to attempt to study objectively the human body.
• Therapies: massage, art therapy, and herbal treatments

HIPPOCRATES • “Father of Medicine”

• first to attempt to separate the practice of medicine from religion and superstition.
• Hippocratic Oath of Doctors:
• “I will use treatment to help the sick according to my ability and judgment, but never with
the view to injury and wrong doing…Into whatsoever houses I enter, I will enter to help the
sick.”
TEMPERAMENTS:
• Notion of the Four Humors 1. sanguine (pleasure-seeking and
• Blood was thought to come from the heart sociable)
2. choleric (ambitious and leader-like)
• Phlegm from the brain
3. melancholic (introverted and
• Yellow bile from the liver thoughtful)
• Black bile from the spleen 4. phlegmatic (relaxed and quiet).

ARISTOTLE • Contemporary of Hippocrates

• named different arteries and veins
• thought arteries contained air and veins carried blood.
• “But he believed that the heart is the center for intelligence and emotions”
HEROPHILUS • Father of Anatomy
• Founded first school of anatomy
• Encouraged the use of dissection in the study of anatomy
• Identified heart as the origin of the human pulse

Rome, Italy: 129 – 201AD

• Proved that arteries carry blood and not air

• But he never thought of pulmonary circulation
• Believed that blood originated in the liver and flowed outwards to form the flesh
• Blood flows through pores in heart
• 1300 years: Galenic age

Dark Ages

• - Medicine was practiced only in monasteries and convents.

• - The greatest contribution was the collection and translation of the works of Greek and Roman
physicians.

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Anatomy and Physiology (LECTURE NOTES) CSU – BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT

• - Sanitation was forgotten in this period and resulted in the spread of serious communicable
diseases.
• The bubonic plague (the Black Death). bacterium Yersinia pestis

Arabic Medicine

• From the fall of Rome until the European Renaissance of the 15th century, the Islamic world was the
center of medical knowledge.
• Greek medical texts were translated into Arabic and augmented with sophisticated pharmaceutical
information
• Many herbs and spices like nutmeg, cloves, and mace were not originally valued as cooking
ingredients, but as medicines

Renaissance Period

Stigma attached to dissection of the dead was overcome, allowing advancement of knowledge in anatomy
and physiology

Leonardo da Vinci The greatest anatomist of his time.

Andreas Vesalius • Father of modern anatomy
• Greatest anatomist
• Discarded all previous theories
• “De humani corporis fabrica”
William Harvey - Showed that the heart is a double pump and how blood actually
circulates.
- Harvey is credited with beginning modern physiological
research and experimentation
- “De Motu Cordis” (on the motion of heart and blood)

1750-1832AD: The activities of body Snatchers

Hare and Burke

• They run a lodging house
• When there is an old or sick person come they kill them and sold the dead body to an anatomist or
medical school.
• Knox’s Medical School
• Robert Knox buy the bodies to 7 to 10 pounds

Gregor Mendel: 1822 – 1884AD

• Father of Genetics
• Austrian monk and Biologist
• work in heredity become the basis of the modern theory of genetics

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Sem, S.Y. 2020-2021
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Anatomy and Physiology (LECTURE NOTES) CSU – BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Charles Darwin:

• Theory of Evolution
• “All species of life have descended over time from common ancestors.”

Wilhelm Von Roentgen: 1845 – 1923AD

• Invented X-Ray
• 1st Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901

Watson and Crick: 1953

• Double helical structure of the DNA molecules

Philippines

• "ahead of all the other European colonies“

• (17th and 18th centuries), "state-of-the-art medical and pharmaceutical science" developed by
Spanish friars based on Filipino curanderos
• The Philippine shamans or babaylans were the first healers within the tribal communities of ancient
Philippines.

10 - categories of folk doctors in the Philippines:

1. the babaylan ("religious leader"),

2. the albularyo,
3. the manghihilot or hilot (the traditional "massage therapists"),
4. the magpapaanak (the traditional "midwife", also sometimes called a hilot),
5. the mangluluop,
6. the manghihila,
7. the mangtatawas,
8. the mediko,
9. the faith healer,
10. the local shaman healers (such as those that are from the Cordilleras).

Tools that improve the study of Anatomy and Physiology

TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) Improved microscopy

X-RAY Important tool in viewing hard organs such as bones
CAT or CT-Scan (Computed Axial Converts x-rays to digital info
Tomography) Better for soft tissue
PET (Positron Emission Tomography) Radioactive substances are injected and detected
through its emitted radiation
Can different cancer and normal soft tissues
Endoscopy Aid in operation with minor incision

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Sem, S.Y. 2020-2021
Pr epared by: Floren ce Jhun F. Almad in
Anatomy and Physiology (LECTURE NOTES) CSU – BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT

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Sem, S.Y. 2020-2021
Pr epared by: Floren ce Jhun F. Almad in