Ayurvedic Management in Case of Depression W.S.R. To Kapahaj Unmad A Case Study

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
Volume 7 Issue 4, July-August 2023 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470
Data Analytics and Efficiency of

Public Hospitals in Rivers State, Nigeria
Emionwele Odianosen, Evan; Dr. A. E. Bestman
Department of Management, Faculty of Management Sciences,
Rivers State University, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Emionwele

This study examined the relationship between data analytics and Odianosen, Evan | Dr. A. E. Bestman
efficiency of public hospitals in Rivers State, Nigeria. The study "Data Analytics and Efficiency of Public
adopted the cross-sectional survey in its investigation of the Hospitals in Rivers State, Nigeria"
variables. Primary source of data was generated through self- Published in
International
administered questionnaire. The population of the study was 810 Journal of Trend in
employees of the 20 public hospitals in Rivers State, from which a Scientific Research
sample of 265 employees was determined using the Krejcie and and Development
Morgan (1970) table. The reliability of the instrument was achieved (ijtsrd), ISSN:
using the Cronbach Alpha coefficient with all the items scoring 2456-6470, IJTSRD59816
above 0.70. Data generated were analyzed and presented using both Volume-7 | Issue-4,
descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The hypotheses were August 2023, pp.849-860, URL:
tested using the Spearman Rank Order Correlation Coefficient. The www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59816.pdf
tests were carried out at a 95% confidence interval and a 0.05 level of
Copyright © 2023 by author (s) and
significance. A total number of 265 copies of the questionnaire was International Journal of Trend in
administered to the respondents and 221 which represents Scientific Research and Development
approximately 83.40% were returned and found usable for the Journal. This is an
analysis. The findings revealed that there is a significant relationship Open Access article
between data analytics and efficiency of public hospitals in Rivers distributed under the
State, Nigeria. The study recommends that public hospitals should terms of the Creative Commons
consider incorporating descriptive analytics practices into their Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
operations. This involves collecting and analysing historical data on (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
patient flow, resource allocation, operational processes, and
healthcare outcomes.
KEYWORDS: Data Analytics, Efficiency, Public Hospitals
INTRODUCTION
Data analytics is a crucial component in today's Data analytics plays a crucial role in business
business landscape, providing valuable insights that decision making, as it allows organizations to extract
drive informed decision making. From optimizing valuable insights from large volumes of data to
operations to enhancing customer experience, the inform strategic choices and optimize performance.
importance of data analytics cannot be overstated. According to Alsghaier, Akour, Shehabat, and Al-
Firstly, data analytics plays a pivotal role in business Kilani (2017), data analytics assists businesses in
decision making, enabling organizations to identify identifying patterns, trends, and correlations in data
trends, patterns, and correlations that would otherwise sets, enabling them to understand customer behavior,
go unnoticed. Secondly, data analytics enhances predict market trends, and identify potential
customer experience by analyzing vast amounts of opportunities or risks. By analyzing historical data,
data to personalize interactions, anticipate needs, and companies can gain a deeper understanding of their
deliver tailored solutions. Lastly, ethical customers' preferences, buying patterns, and needs,
considerations surrounding data analytics and privacy which can inform product development, marketing
protection are vital to ensure the responsible and strategies, and customer relationship management.
secure use of customer data. In conclusion, data Moreover, data analytics can help businesses monitor
analytics empowers businesses to make strategic and evaluate the effectiveness of their operations,
decisions, improve customer satisfaction, and uphold allowing them to identify inefficiencies, streamline
ethical standards in the digital age. processes, and improve productivity. By leveraging
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD59816 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 4 | Jul-Aug 2023 Page 849
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
data analytics, organizations can make data-driven customer feedback and sentiment data, organizations
decisions, enhance operational efficiency, and gain a can identify areas of improvement and implement
competitive advantage in the market. targeted strategies to enhance the overall customer
Data analytics plays a crucial role in improving experience. In addition, data analytics enables
customer experience. According to Holmlund Van organizations to measure and track key performance
Vaerenbergh, Ciuchita, Ravald, Sarantopoulos, indicators (KPIs) related to customer experience, such
Ordenes and Zaki (2020), data analytics enables as Net Promoter Score (NPS) or Customer
businesses to gain valuable insights into customer Satisfaction (CSAT). This allows businesses to assess
behavior, preferences, and needs. By analyzing large the effectiveness of their initiatives and make data-
driven decisions to continuously enhance the
volumes of data, organizations can identify patterns
and trends that help them understand customer customer experience. Therefore, data analytics plays a
expectations and tailor their products or services pivotal role in improving customer experience by
accordingly. This allows businesses to deliver providing valuable insights, enabling personalized
personalized experiences that resonate with experiences, identifying pain points, and measuring
customers, leading to increased satisfaction and performance indicators. (Holmlund et al. 2020). The
loyalty. Moreover, data analytics helps companies purpose of this paper is to data analytics and
efficiency of public hospitals in Rivers State, Nigeria.
identify pain points in the customer journey and make
informed decisions to address them. By analyzing
Research Conceptual Model
Organisational
Data Analytics Efficiency
Customer Acquisition
Descriptive Analytics
(Market Growth
Predictive Analytics Brand Presence

(Visibility)
Prescriptive Analytics Revenue Growth
Source: Author’s Research Model (2023)

The study tested the following hypotheses for Scott Poole in 1994. It assumes that information
validation or refutation: systems and organizations are interrelated. Adaptive
Ho1: There is no significant relationship between Structuration Theory (AST) is relevant to today's
descriptive analytics and efficiency of public organizations due to the expanding influence that
hospitals in Rivers State, Nigeria. advancing technologies have had with regard to the
Ho2: There is no significant relationship between human-computer interaction aspect of AST and its
predictive analytics and efficiency of public hospitals implications on socio-biologically inspired
in Rivers State, Nigeria structuration in security software applications. AST
provides the model whereby the interaction between
Ho3: There is no significant relationship between advancing information technologies, social structures,
prescriptive analytics and efficiency of public and human interaction is described, and which
hospitals in Rivers State, Nigeria focuses on the social structures, rules, and resources
Literature Review provided by information technologies as the basis for
Theoretical Foundation human activity. Adaptive Structuration Theory views
Adaptive Structuration Theory (AST) organizations as systems of communication. When
Adaptive Structuration Theory (AST) was individuals desire to create a group, they begin by
propounded by Gerardine DeSanctis and Marshall communicating. The individuals express their
expectations for the group, and soon a set of rules, or the scope, big data analytics, can be classified as:
structure, begins to emerge. The individuals establish descriptive analytics, predictive analytics and
the group by accepting the rules. As group members prescriptive analytics (Davenport & Kim, 2013).
continue to communicate in the course of making These three dimensions answer the following
decisions, weaknesses or limitations in the structure questions: “what happened?”, “what is probable to
become apparent. Group members then modify the happen?”, “what should we do about it?”. Because
rules to better suit their needs. As members change, data analytics are used to make decisions to improve
draw upon new resources to solve problems or both individual and organisational performance, it
experience shifts in environment, the group attempts should focus on the future rather than the past
to maintain stability by altering its structure. (Smeyers, 2012). Although HR analytics is growing
In this way, AST shows how communication allows at a speed rate, some firms are still struggling to
groups to evolve while remaining stable. Indeed, implement it due to the major capability gap found in
without communication, organizations would cease to today’s business practice (Deloitte, 2015; 2016;
exist. This theory is formulated as the production and 2017).
reproduction of the social systems through members’ Dimensions of Data Analytics
use of rules and resources in interaction. DeSanctis Descriptive Analytics
and Poole (1994) adapted Giddens theory to study the Descriptive analysis is the first type of data analytics
interaction of groups and organizations with (Fitz-enz, 2010) and this is used to understand past
information technology and called it Adaptive behaviours and outcomes and also to help examine
Structuration Theory. AST criticizes the techno and describe the relationships and patterns that exist
centric view of technology use and emphasizes the between them (Ulrich & Dulebohn, 2015). At this
social aspects. Groups and organizations using level, it is more of cost reduction and total process
Information Technology for their work dynamically improvement (Fitz-enz & Mattox, 2014). It helps to
create perceptions about the role and utility of the answer the question, “What happened?” The
technology, and how it can be applied to their descriptive analysis involves the use of published
activities. These perceptions can vary widely across reports, dashboards/scorecards, data visualization and
groups. These perceptions influence the way human basic data mining (Fitz-enz & Mattox, 2014). Due to
resource management information system is used and the nature of the descriptive level analysis, it does not
hence mediate its effect on organization performance. attach meanings to patterns observed. This is more
Data Analytics exploratory than predictive (Narula, 2015) and so
According to Handa and Garima (2014) data analytics users need to be careful not to make predictions into
refers to the use of both qualitative and quantitative the future with this data as this may be risky to the
data to gain insights and support people management organisation. This is because the main aim is to
through effective decision-making processes. Data understand the present from the past.
analytics simply is collecting, manipulating, and The type of question answered, data focused on and
reporting data through the use of information the endowment to generate worth for business makes
technology. Heuvel and Bondarouk (2017) also posit a difference between the four types of analytics.
that data analytics is about identifying and Descriptive analytics focuses on the past to make an
quantifying people drivers systematically for better informed decision (Naasz & Nadel, 2015), and it is
decision making on business outcomes. This means more concerned with differences and relationships
that, being able to analyse data related to human between different groups. According to Ranjan and
resources to make decisions in a systematic way. Basak (2013), the most accessible type of analytics is
Davenport and Harris and Shapiro (2007) describe descriptive analytics. It uses raw data that were
big data analytics as the extensive use of data, derived from various sources to give a good insight
statistical and quantitative analysis, explanatory and into the past. The technology that is being utilized is
predictive models, and fact-based management to secure, but advanced statistical tools are needed in the
drive decisions and actions”. In other words, the raw process. "what happened?" is the question that is tried
material here is data, which is processed using a to be answered by this type of analytics. Ruohonen
multitude of statistical methods, and what is (2015) stated that the main characteristics of
happening at organizational level is that a new style descriptive analytics are describing the historical and
of management is put in place, which is based on current patterns of data and events, the focus of
evidence, contrary to the so called “gut feeling” process improvement and cost reduction and
decisions or managing by one’s experience. Based on visualization format; scorecards and dashboards.
Predictive Analytics of risk. Mishra et al. (2016) emphasized that
The second level or type of data analytics is predictive analytics provides organisations with
predictive analysis. At this level of analysis, the actionable view or insights into data and give the
meaning is given to the data to make projections into decision maker an idea about the likelihood of a
the future. Predictive analytics is the application of future outcome.
statistical and forecasting models to past and present
Mishra, et al. (2016) emphasized that PHRA provides
data to make predictions regarding future occurrences
organisations with actionable view or insights into
(Reddy & Lakshmikeerthi, 2017). According to Fitz-
data and give the decision maker an idea about the
enz (2009), with practice, there is the likelihood that,
likelihood of a future outcome. Even though no
future occurrences to some degree can be made
statistical algorithm can actually give a 100%
through the analysis of historical data. That is, the
certainty of the future outcome, the PHRA uses data
predictive analysis is more focused on probabilities
to establish the most likely future outcome of an
and potential impact (Fitz-enz & Mattox, 2014) and
event or the likelihood of a situation happening.
answers the question, “Why did it happen?”
PHRA combines historical data to recognize trends
According to Watson (2014), predictive analysis can
and apply statistical models to know the relationships
be used to identify attributes that are required to
between and amongst arrays of data. HR practitioners
increase job performance and is able to screen
and Organizations use predictive statistics and
suitable applicants for the job. Simulation models can
analytics to see the future.
be used to evaluate job demand and supply using for
example, “Java Developers” and as work conditions Different types of analytics are required and
change, the models are rerun to update both hiring frequently used to determine the ingredients of
and retention plans (Narula, 2015). Some forms of substantial business outcomes with regards to the
predictive analysis are genetic algorithms, neural business setting. For example, banks use predictive
networks, decision trees (Watson, 2014; Narula, approach to understand consumer behaviour. It can
2015). According to Bersin (2013) as cited in Narula also be used in HRM practice to predict employee
2015), only 4% of companies have been able to reach retainability which can inform succession planning
the level of performing predictive analytics on their decisions. These approaches make a knowledgeable,
workforce. According to Mishra, Lama, and Pal predictive assessment based on facts and data.
(2016), predictive analytics has been able to provide Examples of PHRA are; no of error versus skill level,
organisations with insights into data to enhance future cost of error versus cost of training, last month
predictions. This level of analysis goes beyond mere attrition rate versus present month attrition rate etc.
data presentations on reports, tables or metrics but As earlier established, PHRA extends the questions
rather a proactive strategy to improve people-related that descriptive analytics is answering to the next
decisions (Mishra, Lama, & Pal, 2016). Techniques level by moving from a retrospective set of answers
such as data mining have become popular in this area to a set of answers focused on predicting performance
as it seeks patterns from large organisational data set. and laying down detailed action plans or
It is able to answer the questions of “where will it recommendations. Sesil (2013) established that
happen again and in what magnitude”. PHRA has aided practitioners to achieve
organizational objectives through HR management,
Data analytics plays a role in every aspect of the
workforce planning, employee management, and
organisational function, including recruiting, training
performance management etc.
and development, succession planning, retention,
engagement, compensation, and benefit (Mishra, Prescriptive Analytics
Lama & Pal, 2016). Predictive HR analytics (PHRA) The third and highest level of data analytics is
emanates from the ability of data to “Predict” what prescriptive analysis. It focuses more on complex data
might happen in the future, it understands the future. that is used to make improved decisions. This form of
It is not like the descriptive analytics that focuses on analysis examines data and is able to answer the
mere reactive data presentations on tables, reports, question “what should be done?” or “how can we
metrics or dashboards; it is a proactive data-driven make it happen?” The prescriptive analysis enables
insights that facilitate better people-related decisions organisations to make accurate predictions about their
(Mishra et al., 2016). It involves statistical techniques workforce such as a possible employee resignation
and data mining models that mine and evaluate (Jensen-Eriksen, 2016). Mathematical programming
existing or historical data to pick out trends and make and simulation are some examples of prescriptive
future predictions. It enables organizations to analyse analysis. It is worth emphasizing that, prescriptive
the past and look forward to spot trends in key factors analytics go beyond predictions as it uses high-quality
related to managing human capital and other sources statistics to make an influence on businesses. It is a
more advanced form of predictive analytics that Derinney, Yip & Johnson 2009). It is believed that
combines optimization techniques with statistical the essence of efficiency is the creation of value,
analysis to provide for uncertainty in the data (Kapoor therefore, value creation, as defined by the resource
& Kabra, 2014). Ranjan and Basak (2013) opines that provider, is the essential overall efficiency criteria for
this type of analytics comes into play when predictive any organization (Monday, Akinola, Ologbenla &
analytics is done. It focuses on the prescription of Aladeraji, 2015). Continuous efficiency is the focus
actions that are needed to be implemented for the of any organization because only through efficiency
predicted future events. "How can we make it are organisations able to grow and survive (Gavrea,
happen?" is the question that is being tried to be Ilies & Stegerean, 2011). A business organization
answered by this type of analytics. This analytic could measure its efficiency using the financial and
utilises advance technologies and tools which makes non-financial measures.
it sophisticated to manage and implement. Ruohonem
Measures of Efficiency
(2015) stated that the main characteristics of
Growth Rate
prescriptive analytics are; emphasis on decision
Growth rate refers to the rate at which variables in an
alternatives and also the optimisation which is
organisation such as earnings has been or is expected
depending on future outcomes that were predicted,
to grow (FTE, 2008). Growth rate refers to the
description of futuristic decision options and their
percentage change of a specified variable within a
impact on the business and visualisation format;
specific period with a stipulated context which acts as
scorecards and dashboards of future actions to be
benchmarks. An organisations growth rate measures
undergone based on the alternatives of decision and
the percentage increase in the value of a variety of
also the impact of the business.
markets in which an organisation operates (Zack,
Organisational Efficiency 2009). An organisations growth rate can be
Efficiency is a key growth driver because it enables achieved/improved on by boosting the organisations
managers to derive more output for a given input top line or revenue of the business with greater
(Essien & Bello, 2016). Firm efficiency is generally product sales or by increasing the bottom line or
understood as “a firm’s ability to transform inputs profitability of the operation by minimizing costs
into outputs” (Pham, 2014). Farrel (1957) says (Xesha, Iwu, Slabbert & Nduna, 2014). Growth rate
efficiency of a firm consists of two components, refers to the percentage change of a specified variable
namely, technical efficiency and allocative efficiency within a specific period with a stipulated context
(Primanthi, 2015). He further maintains that technical which acts as benchmarks. Growth rate refers to the
efficiency is “the ability of a firm to produce an rate at which variables in an organisation such as
optimal output from a given set of physical inputs earnings has been or is expected to grow (FTE, 2008).
(such as labour and equipment). While the allocative An organisations growth rate measures the percentage
efficiency are “the inputs to be chosen at optimal increase in the value of a variety of markets in which
prices and proportion to minimize the production cost an organisation operates (Zack, 2009). An
when an organization has already been considered to organisations growth rate can be achieved/improved
be fully technically efficient” (Pham, 2014). Firm on by boosting the organisations top line or revenue
efficiency is often used interchangeably with of the business with greater product sales or by
productivity since the two terms describe the ability increasing the bottom line or profitability of the
of a firm to transform its inputs into outputs (Dilling- operation by minimizing costs. Organisations are seen
Hansen, Madsen & Smith, 2003). Frijins, Margamtis, as living organisms and therefore, possess same
and Psillaki (2012) concluded that an efficiently characteristics with living organisms. In other words,
operating firm is priced higher by investors than an organisations also have life cycle, they are formed
inefficiently operating firm because an efficiently (born), grow to maturity, decline, and finally die of
operating firm makes better use of its resources and is age.
likely to have a lower default risk. For the purpose of
Every organisation strives to be relevant in its
this study technical efficiency was analysed towing
industry, therefore, this call for competition and
the line of Pham’s (2014) adoption of technical
excellent performance to be relevant in their choice of
efficiency in his study on firm efficiency and stock
industry. Growth can be explained as the state of
return.
continuing to exist against all odds such as
Firm efficiency is one of the most relevant constructs inconvenient situations, failures, or any ordeal.
in the field of strategic management; a construct Falshaw, Glaister and Ekrem (2006) asserted that as
commonly used as the final dependent variable in organisation grows, workloads increase and in fact,
various fields (Cho & Pucik, 2005; Richard, strategies that were useful in the past seizes to be
effective. Jones (2007) identified energy and analyzing operational data, organizations can identify
resources (man and materials) as major contributory processes that are resource-intensive and streamline
factors in organizational growth and hence determines them to improve efficiency. Data analytics serves as a
its growth rate. powerful tool for identifying inefficiencies within
Innovation organizations, enabling them to make data-driven
Arancha, Carmen, Amaia, Pablo and Alrarez (2013) decisions and drive continuous improvement. (Wang
see innovation as the creation or development of new et al., 2016).
and more effective processes, services products, Data analytics has become an essential tool for
technologies, as well as the successful assimilation organizations to enhance operational efficiency.
and exploitation of them. Innovation helps to improve According to Liu, Luo and Liu (2022), leveraging
economic growth, social development and business data analytics can help organizations identify
competitiveness. Many companies today, because of patterns, trends, and insights from vast amounts of
the competitive nature of the market are innovative, data, which in turn can inform decision-making and
bringing about new ideas and modifying existing ones improve operational processes. One key strategy for
into their offerings. Innovation in businesses can be leveraging data analytics is through predictive
classified into; product market innovation and modeling. By analyzing historical data, organizations
technological innovation (Lumpkin & Dess, 1996; can develop predictive models that estimate future
Callaghan, McCusker, Lopez Losada, Harkin & outcomes and trends. This allows organizations to
Wilson, 2009). Innovation represents a continuum proactively identify potential issues and take
ranging from willingness to try new innovations to a preventive measures to mitigate risks. Additionally,
serious commitment to innovation. Firms that are data analytics can be used to optimize operational
highly innovative grow, however researches have processes. By analyzing data on key performance
reported that an innovative strategy is essentially indicators (KPIs), organizations can identify
speculative, with returns unknowable in advance, bottlenecks or inefficiencies in their operations and
innovators run the risk of wasted resources if implement targeted improvements. For example,
investment does not yield the hoped-for results. through data analytics, organizations can identify
Innovations that become successful also risk areas where resources are being underutilized or
imitation. However, alertness to and investment in where there is excessive waste, leading to cost
new ways to create and capture value are key savings and improved efficiency. Moreover, data
characteristics of businesses that pursue analytics can enable organizations to gain real-time
entrepreneurial strategy (Deakins & Freel, 2012). insights into their operations, allowing for timely
adjustments and proactive decision-making. By
Data Analytics and Organisational Efficiency
leveraging technologies such as Internet of Things
Data analytics plays a crucial role in identifying
inefficiencies within organizations. Wang, Kung, and (IoT) devices and real-time data streams,
organizations can monitor and analyze operational
Byrd (2016) highlight that data analytics enables
data in real-time, enabling them to respond quickly to
organizations to extract valuable insights from their
changes or anomalies. In conclusion, leveraging data
vast amount of data, allowing them to identify areas
analytics has the potential to significantly improve
of inefficiency and make data-driven decisions.
operational efficiency by enabling organizations to
Through the analysis of various data sources, such as
make informed decisions, optimize processes, and
customer feedback, sales figures, and operational
gain real-time insights. (Liu et al. 2022).
data, organizations can gain a comprehensive
understanding of their processes and identify Successful implementation of data analytics for
bottlenecks or areas that require improvement. For organizational efficiency can be observed in various
example, by analyzing customer feedback data, case studies. For instance, Popovič et al. (2018)
organizations can pinpoint areas where customer conducted a study that focused on the implementation
satisfaction is low and take actions to rectify the of data analytics in the healthcare industry. The
underlying issues. Additionally, data analytics can researchers found that by utilizing data analytics,
help organizations identify patterns and trends that hospitals were able to improve operational efficiency
contribute to inefficiencies. By analyzing historical and enhance patient care. Through the analysis of
data, organizations can uncover recurring problems large volumes of patient data, hospitals were able to
and devise strategies to address them more identify trends, patterns, and potential risk factors,
effectively. Furthermore, data analytics can assist in which in turn allowed them to make informed
optimizing resource allocation by identifying areas decisions regarding resource allocation and patient
where resources are underutilized or misallocated. By treatment plans. This not only resulted in cost savings
but also contributed to better patient outcomes. consistently track and reduce health and safety related
Another case study highlighted by Popovič et al. issues and accidents among their workers, the causes
(2018) focused on the implementation of data as well as policies to help prevent those accidents.
analytics in the retail industry. By analyzing customer
Methodology
data, such as purchase history and browsing behavior,
The study adopted the cross-sectional survey in its
retailers were able to personalize marketing
investigation of the variables. Primary source of data
campaigns and optimize inventory management. This
was generated through self- administered
led to increased customer satisfaction, higher sales,
questionnaire. The population of the study was 810
and reduced costs associated with excess inventory.
employees of the 20 public hospitals in Rivers State,
Fiocco (2017) in studying the use of analytics in HR from which a sample of 265 employees was
practices in Epsilon, found that analytics were used to determined using the Krejcie and Morgan (1970)
analyse pay structures of employees which was useful table. The reliability of the instrument was achieved
during negotiations with trade unions. The use of by the use of the Cronbach Alpha coefficient with all
analytics also helped Epsilon to detect that most of the items scoring above 0.70. Data generated were
their employees were exposed to high risks of eye analyzed and presented using both descriptive and
damage accounting for 30% of the company’s inferential statistical techniques. The hypotheses were
accidents and so decided to provide glasses for all tested using the Spearman Rank Order Correlation
employees to reduce the number of accidents and eye Coefficient. The tests were carried out at a 95%
defects. The analytic tool has enabled them to confidence interval and a 0.05 level of significance.
Data Analysis and Results
A total number of 265 copies of the questionnaire was administered to the respondents and 221 which represents
approximately 83.40% were returned and found usable for the analysis. 44 copies which represent 16.60% of the
copies administered were not returned and some were incompletely filled, hence judged as invalid and unusable
for the analysis. The response rate was adequate for the research and this indicated that the analysis could be
done using the above questionnaires
Figure 1: Scatter plot for data analytics and efficiency

Figure 1 shows a very strong relationship between data analytics (independent variable) and efficiency
(dependent variable). The scatter plot graph shows that the linear value of (0.930) depicting a very strong viable
and positive relationship between the two constructs. The implication is that an increase in data analytics
simultaneously brings about an increase in the level of efficiency. The scatter diagram has provided vivid
evaluation of the closeness of the relationship among the pairs of variables through the nature of their
concentration.
Table 1: Correlation for descriptive Analytics and Efficiency measures
Descriptive
Growth Rate Innovation
Analytics
Correlation Coefficient 1.000 .867** .748**
Descriptive
Sig. (2-tailed) . .000 .000
Analytics
N 138 138 138
**
Correlation Coefficient .867 1.000 .824**
Spearman's
Growth Rate Sig. (2-tailed) .000 . .000
rho
N 138 138 138
Correlation Coefficient .748** .824** 1.000
Innovation Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .
N 138 138 138
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Source: SPSS Output
Ho1: There is no significant relationship between descriptive analytics and efficiency of public hospitals in
Rivers State, Nigeria.
Table 1 further shows a Spearman Rank Order Correlation Coefficient (rho) of 0.867 on the relationship between
descriptive analytics and growth rate. This value implies that a very strong relationship exists between the
variables. The direction of the relationship indicates that the correlation is positive; implying that an increase in
growth rate was as a result of the descriptive analytics. Similarly displayed in the Table 1 is the statistical test of
significance (p-value) which makes possible the generalization of our findings to the study population. From the
result obtained the sig- calculated is less than significant level (p = 0.000 < 0.05). Therefore, based on this
finding the null hypothesis earlier stated is hereby rejected and the alternate upheld. Thus, there is a significant
relationship between descriptive analytics and efficiency of public hospitals in Rivers State, Nigeria.
Ho2: There is no significant relationship between descriptive analytics and efficiency of public hospitals in
descriptive analytics and innovation. This value implies that a strong relationship exists between the variables.
The direction of the relationship indicates that the correlation is positive; implying that an increase in innovation
was as a result of the descriptive analytics. Similarly displayed in the Table 1 is the statistical test of significance
(p-value) which makes possible the generalization of our findings to the study population. From the result
obtained the sig- calculated is less than significant level (p = 0.000 < 0.05). Therefore, based on this finding the
null hypothesis earlier stated is hereby rejected and the alternate upheld. Thus, there is a significant relationship
between descriptive analytics and innovation of public hospitals in Rivers State, Nigeria.
Table 2: Correlation for descriptive Analytics and Efficiency measures
Predictive
Growth Rate Innovation
Analytics
Predictive
Sig. (2-tailed) . .000 .000
Analytics
N 138 138 138
Correlation Coefficient .863** 1.000 .824**
Spearman's
Growth Rate Sig. (2-tailed) .000 . .000
rho
N 138 138 138
N 138 138 138
Source: SPSS Output
Ho3: There is no significant relationship between predictive analytics and efficiency of public hospitals in Rivers
State, Nigeria.
predictive analytics and growth rate. This value implies that a very strong relationship exists between the
growth rate was as a result of the predictive analytics. Similarly displayed in the Table 1 is the statistical test of
relationship between predictive analytics and efficiency of public hospitals in Rivers State, Nigeria.
State, Nigeria.
predictive analytics and innovation. This value implies that a strong relationship exists between the variables.
The direction of the relationship indicates that the correlation is positive; implying that an increase in innovation
was as a result of the predictive analytics. Similarly displayed in the Table 1 is the statistical test of significance
(p-value) which makes possible the generalization of our findings to the study population. From the result
obtained the sig- calculated is less than significant level (p = 0.000 < 0.05). Therefore, based on this finding the
null hypothesis earlier stated is hereby rejected and the alternate upheld. Thus, there is a significant relationship
between predictive analytics and innovation of public hospitals in Rivers State, Nigeria.
Table 3: Correlation for Prescriptive Analytics and Efficiency measures
Prescriptive Growth
Innovation
Analytics Rate
Prescriptive
Sig. (2-tailed) . .000 .000
Analytics
N 138 138 138
Correlation Coefficient .713** 1.000 .824**
Spearman's Growth
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 . .000
rho Rate
N 138 138 138
N 138 138 138
Source: SPSS Output
Ho5: There is no significant relationship between prescriptive analytics and efficiency of public hospitals in
prescriptive analytics and growth rate. This value implies that a strong relationship exists between the variables.
The direction of the relationship indicates that the correlation is positive; implying that an increase in growth rate
was as a result of the prescriptive analytics. Similarly displayed in the Table 1 is the statistical test of
relationship between prescriptive analytics and efficiency of public hospitals in Rivers State, Nigeria.
State, Nigeria.
prescriptive analytics and innovation. This value implies that a very strong relationship exists between the
innovation was as a result of the prescriptive analytics. Similarly displayed in the Table 1 is the statistical test of
relationship between prescriptive analytics and innovation of public hospitals in Rivers State, Nigeria.
Discussion of Findings emphasizing the importance of integrating data
This study found that there is strong positive and analytics into the operations of public hospitals to
significant relationship between data analytics and enhance efficiency and improve patient care
efficiency of public hospitals in Rivers State, Nigeria. outcomes.
This implied that data analytics is capable of
Therefore, the study proffers the following
transforming and enhancing the efficiency of public
recommendations:
hospitals in Rivers State, Nigeria. This finding
1. Public hospitals should consider incorporating
corroborates with Bersin (2013) who found that
descriptive analytics practices into their
through the use of analytics, Maersk Drilling, an
operations. This involves collecting and analysing
offshore drilling company as reported by Rasmussen
historical data on patient flow, resource
and Ulrich (2015) decided to double the resource
allocation, operational processes, and healthcare
allocation towards their trainee program due to the
outcomes.
strategic implications of the program as it increased
their return on investment. Analytics was used as a 2. Public hospitals in Rivers State should consider
change management process that helped to achieve implementing predictive analytics solutions to
those results for business impact. Also, Google leverage the power of data in improving
through their People and Innovations Lab (PiLab) efficiency. These solutions can involve using
used analytics to identify four segments of managers historical data and advanced algorithms to
and how their behaviour characteristics affected the forecast patient demand, anticipate disease
organisation’s management practices. outbreaks, optimize resource allocation, and
enhance operational planning.
These findings corroborate with Ejo-Orusa and
Okwakpam (2018) who carried out a study on 3. Public hospitals in Rivers State should consider
predictive HR analytics and human resource implementing prescriptive analytics solutions to
management amongst human resource management optimize their operational efficiency. Prescriptive
practitioners in Port Harcourt, Nigeria and their analytics goes beyond descriptive and predictive
finding revealed that there is a significant positive analytics by providing recommendations and
relationship between PHRA and the HRM practices actionable insights.
used for the study. Based on the findings, it can be References
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Ayurvedic Management in Case of Depression W.S.R. To Kapahaj Unmad A Case Study

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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Data Analytics and Efficiency of

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Emionwele

Predictive Analytics Brand Presence

Prescriptive Analytics Revenue Growth

Source: Author’s Research Model (2023)

Figure 1: Scatter plot for data analytics and efficiency

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