E3S Web of Conferences 389, 09033 (2023) https://doi.org/10.

1051/e3sconf/202338909033
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Impact of data analytics on reporting quality of

forensic audit: a study focus in Malaysian
auditors
Kahyahthri Suppiah1*and Dhamayanthi Arumugam1
1AsiaPacific University, Jalan Teknologi 5, Taman Teknologi Malaysia, 57000 Kuala Lumpur,
Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Abstract. The primary objective of this research is to study the impact of

data analytics on reporting quality of forensic audit, a study focussed on
auditors in Malaysia. In this research, the researcher intends to discover the
impact caused by emerging technology, in particular the data analytics, in
audit profession, as audit field is the most complex field where tremendous
volume of data, and research is conducted to investigate a certain situation,
to report findings. The researcher uses the primary method to conduct the
data. In this research, four different variables that causes impact to data
analytics usage in forensic audit reporting quality, are tested. The data was
collected from forensic audit and accounting service providers, operating
around Malaysia. To analyse the findings, statistical tool, Statistical Package
of the Social Sciences (SPSS) is used, to further analyse the responses, and
to derive at a conclusion relating to impact of data analytics to reporting
quality of forensic audits. The findings discovered that all the variables have
significant relationship with the data analytics and its impact to the forensic
audit reporting quality, among forensic auditors and practitioners in
Malaysia. The conclusion has been discussed in this research which caters
for and provides confidence and data privacy, for users of data analytic tools
for their forensic audit work. This research creates the awareness of the use
of data analytics in order to assist forensic auditors in their routine data
gathering and analysis, in preparing reports, statistics and trend analysis etc,
by saving their efforts and time, to focus more on performing further analysis
and findings based on case or audit assignment. Key Words: Emerging
technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Data analytics, Data
Confidentiality, Data Integrity, Risk Management, Data Availability,
Reporting Quality.

1 Introduction
Technological advancement with emerging technologies of Industry Revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0)
received a global call by international accounting bodies, the International Federation of
Accountants (IFAC), requiring professions to quickly adopt into the new platform to stay
relevant. The initiatives and efforts taken to embrace, adopt and implement technologies

* Corresponding author: abcd@gmail.com

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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would give relevant exposure to forensic accountants generally, to move parallel using the
technologies to enforce the power in forensic services. This shows that the technology
performs as a boom in boosting the profession’s credentials as trusted advisors, rather than
left behind. (MIA, 2018).
In broader perspective, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Data analytics are one of main
tools easily adopted by auditors in their continuous journey towards innovation. As such, the
Big four audit giants KPMG, EY, PwC and Deloitte, have invested approximately $9billion
on these tools. (Bureau, 2020).
In line with the embracing demand, the Malaysian Institute of Accountants (MIA)
released MIA Digital Technology Blueprint, 2018 which emphasises on equipping
accountants for Digital World, by enforcing focus on technology as their main concern. It
also established Digital Economy Task Force to get the members ready to face technology
disruption which is taking charge of the accounting and audit profession.
Integration between internet and frequent exchange of data between various systems has
created overwhelming volume of data available for analytical purposes. This is an indication
that these “Big Data” snowballs in growth and hence in necessity for sophisticated tools, like
Data Analytics to handle data management (Horak & Boksova, 2017). Conventional ways of
data analysis have vanished, and data analytic software program provide the sophisticated
tools (Cukier & Mayer-Schonberger, 2013; Rezaee & Wang, 2019). Auditors are required to
equip themselves with knowledge of how Big Data and Data Analytics are used in business
operations, to provide the specific service accordingly. To summarize, it is crucial for the
profession and auditors to focus on a long spectrum in the technology era, to act drastically
and to be flexible in every situation. Similarly, accountants are stimulated to appreciate
technology as how human intelligence work with data analytics to apply consideration in
accounting issues and challenges. (ICAEW, 2017).
According to researcher Chi Chen, (CFE, CISA, ACFE, 2014), companies face constant
challenges to effectively leverage between their strategies in optimizing operations, growth
of business sustainability with data analytics. Business analysis has become complex and
high risk with technological evolution; hence a proper data analytic tool is fundamental in
ensuring data protection and sanity can be upheld. As cybersecurity threats are on a rise,
regulatory boards are raising the bar, to continuously enforce the requirement into regulatory
environment. Anti-corruption and anti-fraud compliance programs are emphasised and
enforced into companies, to improve and to set their internal controls and risk assessments,
to protect their companies. Hence, multinational companies especially, sets their corporate
governance to places top priority on compliance, and to be adopted by all levels of workforce
in their operations.
To strengthen the policies to protect data security, companies are also required to integrate
data analytic techniques under forensic, which incorporates concepts of big data, across
multiple sources of data, external stakeholder monitoring, text mining, social media updates,
etc, to mitigate risk exposure. In a more specific way, forensic data analytics gives a
confidence to forensic auditors to perform their reviews and investigations in a more
convincing way, from reviewing risks relating to corruption, fraud, bribery etc, as to gather
and utilize technologically compiled information, to be able to detect unusual trends,
statistics, and stakeholder behaviour. The data analytics on forensic specific, integrates
ongoing monitoring tools, processing data at real-time, and providing immediate remedy to
block or prevent fraudulent and suspicious activities. (Chi Chen, CFE, CISA, ACFE).
According to a Data Analyst Salem Mohamed, RSM South Africa, stated in his article
dated 26th May 2021, mentioned that automation, big data, and data analytics are accelerating
in popularity in audit field, as the world is digitally evolving. The transformation into digital
era, has placed a unique expectation on auditor’s role, not only to maintain audit quality, but
to also manage large data in most cost-effective way. Hence, auditors are constantly

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validating their opportunities to research on better options to manage, and data analytics
comes in as most useful assistance for external auditors. “Analytics” is defined as systematic
computational analysis of data, by the OXFORD dictionary.
Data analytics plays primary role to give confidence and support to assist auditors to
improve their service quality and making sure to allocate added value to clients. To
understand client operations, and to identify various risk factors in business environment,
data analytics allows auditors to perform thorough extract and analysis on large data sets.
ICAEW has supported the fact that audit firms should now focus on developing the
capabilities of human capital since audit will be performed significantly different from the
past which results in the need of higher IT proficiency by the auditors (ICAEW, 2018). When
auditors find technology to be convenient in application on daily tasks, they would move on
to improving forecasting and analysis, and increasing fraud detection through audit testing
as well (ACCA, 2019). Past studies on task-technology fit between auditor’s knowledge and
perceived importance on technology revealed a gap. In Malaysia (Ismail & Abidin, 2009)
and in Kuwait (Al-Duwaila & Al-Mutairi, 2017), auditors’ knowledge on general office
automation, accounting firm office automation, audit automation, e-commerce technology
and systems design and implementation were found to be lesser than their perceived
importance. Comparatively, Big Four auditors demonstrated a higher likelihood of
technology usage (Al-Duwaila & Al-Mutairi, 2017)
The following table shows data analytics and its specific benefits provided for auditors
and their services.
Within data analytics, there are various emerging approaches which provides specific
assistance and features to serve audit processes. Some of the approaches, deep learning,
predictive analytics, text mining, smart contracts via blockchain. are discussed below. (CPA
Journal, 2022). First approach is the predictive analytics. This approach gives auditors an
ease of time management, by offering highly validated and accurate accounting results. By
having such results, auditors can be at ease in selecting their materiality limits to audit tests,
can trust on management assertions on a high note, and have higher confidence in the data
audited. Second is the deep Learning, also called as “cognitive computing”, consist of
automation and human interpretation blended. This approach of data analytics utilizes the
basic audit worksheet analysis, for example estimations to bad debts, abnormal contract
analysis, lease classifications etc to turn it into advanced methods as neural networks, to
analyse the situation in much deeper and multiple layers insights. As its unique feature to
perform ground search engines, auditors are investing higher finances towards these
technologies. It uses storage and power on a big scale, many businesses outsource this deep
leaning project to experts and research hubs, to handle their data with high quality, and care.
IBM Watson is one famous service provider. Third is called the Blockchain / Smart
Contracts. Blockchain became more famous with the introduction of the virtual currency
bitcoin. The features of blockchain supported the bitcoin trading, as it facilitates to store data
public and replicate transactions using encryption methods. Specific feature in blockchain is
the smart contracts. With the combined technology, blockchain and smart contracts manages
automated data management independently, without human assistance. As an example, when
errors larger than the materiality limit is detected, blockchain sends a signal of red flag to
auditors to perform extensive testing. Last approach is the text mining, also called as text
analytics. This is another AI which use natural language processing (NLP) to turn
unstructured data text into structured forms and provides a meaningful text for analysis
purpose. Combining all the unique features of big data, unstructured to structured, provides
greater support for management in terms of validating data quality, and providing trusted
information for auditor’s work. (CPA Journal, 2022)

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2 Literature Review

2.1 Data Analytics Usage

Digital technologies are emerging and riding the transformation wave of world industry
operation. Extracted from published book, titled “The Fourth Industrial Revolution” by
Professor Klaus Schwab, Founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum,
defines the 4th revolution is very different from earlier revolutions, which are characterized
mainly by technology advancement. (Goh et al., 2019 and MIA, 2017).
Initially, before the spectrum of Data Analytics began, basic automation was a hype –
where rule-based automation was used. Then, business process automation was practiced and
today Robotic Process Automation (RPA) is used to inaugurate the beginning of Data
Analytics in enterprise (Vaidyanathan, 2018).
In order to drive business strategy and performances, and to manage enterprise risk
assessments, and to achieve success, Data Analytics assists in smoothing the process, by
providing range of solutions are approaches to data. (Deloitte, 2022).
The true nature and use of data analytics begin with assisted intelligence and then
intelligence process automation when RPA is combined with DATA ANALYTICS. Then,
according to Zaani, Rios and Sampanthar (2018), DATA ANALYTICS evolves to being
augmented intelligence and the future of DATA ANALYTICS lies in autonomous and
algorithmic intelligence.
Today, the developments of data analytics reach at augmented intelligence where it
influences the abilities of Machine Learning (ML) for the growth of human analytical
competencies and will soon be completely integrated into operations grant full authority to
automate processes through a combination of influential machines, bots, and schemes
(Vaidyanathan, 2018).

2.2 The Data Analytics Outlook in Forensic Audit Reporting

In general, DATA ANALYTICS is often used as an over-arching term, preached as an

advanced computing capability with machines being able to think for themselves. However,
auditors’ at large, views data analytics as machine experts which carries abilities to make
decisions on thinking, learning, understanding, reasoning, and perception. (Pan et al., 2017).
As viewed by auditors, upsurge in data analytics is not necessarily signify an ultimate
change in our routines. As fundamentals, financials for business deals on data, where auditors
use data to compile and analysing data, and providing conclusions on it, since the beginning
of our profession. While the concept is ancient, it is unprecedented, on the volume of data
handled by data analytics, the data analysing speed, & transformed.
In its recently produced report by KPMG, related to topic on Audit 2020 Ä focus of
Change”, discovered that 53% of respondent’s executives views data analytics as a
transformer in audit industry, where audit quality and effectiveness is enhanced. The scope
on financial information available for testing is increase with the use of automated routine
transaction. Also, the special feature of data analytics which covers deeper, and larger sets of
data is very helpful tool for accountants and auditors. Additionally, the exposures and
expertise held by auditors on data analytics allows them to review on risk assessments and
audit procedures in a more advanced way. Moreover, enhancement to data analytics provides
better quality on audit discussions and gives an opportunity for auditors to collect deeper
insights on company’s operations. Influential visualisation tools within data analytics, helps
to deliver the data history, and provides basic assistance to evaluate relationships and to gain
real time details to flows of transactions.

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One way for auditor to detect high risk transactions on a wider landscape, within a shorter
timeframe, is by directly extract effective data from financial systems of a company,
analysing the data with external and internal data from third parties, using data analytics
proficiencies. (Roger O’Donnell, KPMG LLP, 2017).
Past audit related research in IT was focussed on specific areas of assurance and IT audit.
On recent findings, it was found that IT exposure and knowledge are fundamental
requirement in IT auditing platform. (Carnaghan, 2004; Greenstein and Mckee, 2004; Leader,
2004; Wilkinson, 2004; Brazel, 2005; Curtis et al., 2009). Moreover, auditing is influenced
by the various technologies impact XBRL, EDI and collective vibes and gathering
emotionally supportive networks. (Bamber et al., 1998; Carnaghan, 2000; Leech, 2000;
O'Donnell et al., 2000).
There was research done on case studies on IT related audit to assist in identifying issues
and improvement opportunities. (Smith, 2007), and additional research on IT audit shown
investigation on its impact to financial audits, companies internal control management, and
other risk related areas, (Bagranoff and Vendrzyk, 2000; Vendrzyk and Bagranoff, 2003;
Omoteso et al., 2010); misstatement detections (Messier et al., 2004); developing information
system metrics, and identifying risk modules. (Sherer and Paul, 1993; Havelka et al., 1998;
Salterio, 1998; Stockton, 1998).
Further research were done on attributes which influence quality of audit, but not much
was done to rationalize and consolidate the factors into system of IT review quality, Merhout
and Havelka did a discovery on developing IT review process theory, utilizing techniques of
bulk data gathering, with the assistance of practitioners from IT audit, external and internal
users, to build a framework. Havelka and Merhout, 2007; Merhout and Havelka, 2008;
Havelka and Merhout, 2009). In their research, they distinguished huge dataset characteristics
(more than 260 - alluded to as variables by Merhout and Havelka), that were proposed by
experts as "basic" to the IT review process.

2.3 Data Analytic creates opportunity

Data Analytics advances accountant’s intellectual and assist in drawing precise and decisions
in routine operations, and this assist in accomplishing objectives but also to resolve
unexpected issues of real world. (Greenman, 2017 and Baldwin, Brown and Trinkle, 2006).
Forensic auditors job requires high risk evaluation, analysis and findings relating to fraud and
criminal events. (Glover, Prawitt, & Drake, 2014; Yoon, Hoogduin, & Zhang, 2015). They
need to carefully plan crucial designing and implementing procedures to help them detect the
unlawful activities. Accuracy of information need to be taken care to draw right conclusions.
(Appelbaum et al., 2017). With the evolving technology, Data analytics provides greater
opportunity to forensic auditors, by offering new tools to analyse data, allowing it to excavate
into bigger, non-traditional data sets and execute more intricate analysis. (PwC, 2015).
Forensic auditors can perform their jobs with high quality and effectively, to produce quality
audit reports, as they can better understand business environments, and reduce the risk of
drawing incorrect conclusion, hence improves audit quality. (Dagilienė & Klovienė, 2019).
Audit Data Analytics characterizes the “analysis of data underlying financial statements,
together with related financial or non-financial information, to identify potential
misstatements or risks of material misstatement” (Stewart, 2015, p. 108).
Christine E. Earley, 2015, defined 4 four key advantages of DA usage, in audit, where
auditors can test a bigger set of numbers compared to manual techniques, and compile audit
evidence easily, with the application of risk-based models, and sampling techniques via the
data analytic tools. Second advantage relates to audit quality which can be improved by
offering deeper findings and insights to client’s processes. Third advantage is where detection
of fraud and error can be done easily as auditors are able to leverage the tools and

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technologies used. Lastly, it allows auditors to provide services and resolve issues smoothly
for clients,
Thus, we can propose the first hypothesis based on the statement above to test the first
purpose of this research is as follows:
H1: There is significant relationship between Data Analytics as opportunity creator for
forensic audit reporting quality

2.4 Influence of Data Analytics on Audit Reporting Quality

Obviously, Data Analytics which creates a greater opportunity to forensic accountants, may
have a concern on its influences too to the reporting quality. Forensic accountants’ role is
classified as very unique role and profession, and the data analytic influence can be based on
the accountants skill and level of expertise in their field of work. (Yaninen, 2018). An
obvious possible challenge in Data Analytics usage can be shortage of expertise in handling
the digitalized tool. This poses a greater challenge to education providers to incorporate such
skills in their curricular system. Another challenge seen data analytic usage and influence is
in the danger of data lost, due to cyber-attack, or while processing data. Influence of data
analytics can be on data sanity. The sources of information gathered by Data analytic tools,
need to be re-examined by human analytical intelligence. (Appelbaum, 2016). A vast amount
of data created by Data Analytics may not necessarily helpful to provide quality reporting.
(Fukukawa, Mock, & Srivastava, 2014; Appelbaum et al., 2017). The usage of Data Analytics
in detecting fraud and criminal activities involves accessing emails, videos, and other socially
linked platforms, which relates to information privacy. (Yoon et al., 2015). Using the socially
linked platforms when collecting and analysing information involves costs, which may
influence on companies’ budgets and fund allocation. (Yoon et al., 2015).
Under the audit, the main requirement of planning is for auditors to gather financial
information of client, to "diagnose" the financial health and sustainability growth of a firm.
(Lehmann et al., 2006). This process involves tedious tasks, where auditor need to connect
their examination techniques to various sources to gather data. Past studies discovered that
auditors judgement is closely dependant on the type of evidences collected, for a going
concern matter to be reported in planning stage. (Tsao, G. (2021).
Thus, we can propose the second hypothesis based on the statement above to test the
second purpose of this research is as follows:
H2: There is level of influence on data integrity using Data Analytics on forensic audit
reporting quality.

2.5 Risk managed by data analytics on reporting quality of audit

Relatively few individuals comprehend that information examination is significant in risk the
executive’s control and methodology. Individuals who don't have business foundation will
not comprehend that the right information can work on an organization in the greatest
manner, while some unacceptable information can send everything in twisting and mayhem.
In the present worldwide stage, where everything depends such a great amount on
information, it is significant that information logical and the board can be advanced and
figured out proficiently. (Risk Management Article, 2022).
As a matter of first importance, the right information can lead you to settling on choices
of how to manage your significant data - which can prompt better network safety and
assurance, as well as the preventive techniques for how to manage the potential dangers.
Second, the information you have can lead you to make more astute and more innovative
routes in alleviation procedures as well as better business systems. Third, the information can
assist you with working on your business in the most proficient ways, without you stressing

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over more serious dangers as all that has been limited and arranged out cautiously. (Risk
Management Article, 2022)
A review led by an analyst, Rozarion,A. M., and Issa, H. (2020), inspects the use of
information investigation in the public authority area. Accordingly, it adds to the public
authority bookkeeping writing by proposing a gamble-based structure to work on the
proficiency and viability of reviews of government consumptions. In addition, the utilization
of the proposed prioritization approach can possibly moderate the issue of data over-burden
and low handling familiarity that openness to huge datasets can make. At long last, this study
recommends a few promising examination roads that future investigations can investigate.
Thus, we can propose the third hypothesis based on the statement above to test the second
purpose of this research is as follows:
H3: There is significant relationship on risk managed by Data Analytics in reporting
quality of forensic audit.

2.6 Credibility of independent data access and extraction using data analytics
on reporting quality of audit

Many opinions nowadays are targeted at the doubt of in-secured feelings crop up in human
thoughts, on how much does the technology take over on human roles. There are few opinions
from researchers on this matter. The AI and Data Analytics are growing super quick, without
a need for rest unlike human. This poses greatest advantage to the digitalization, to replace
human efforts. Additionally, the data analytics possess learning and teaching attributes too,
replacing human, causing unemployment in larger scale and income effect in the population.
(Shukla and Jaiswal, 2013). Thus, with progression in technological supercomputer and
artistic inventions of processes towards Data Analytics and forensic accountants’ profession,
is expected to vanish. Machine and deep learning are greatly dependent on proficiency in
data inset into AI, so AI is a great threat to forensic accountants’ skills. (Wisskirchen, 2017
and Miranda and Aldea, 2016).
A study by New Vantage Group (2012) observed that organizations were more stressed
over the unstructured idea of information instead of the volume of information. Zhao et al.,
2014) recommended that organizations should manage difficulties relating to the
incorporation of inner (e.g., conditional records) and outer information (e.g., informal
organization information). Obviously, new innovation is expected to address new difficulties
brought about by attributes of enormous information; nonetheless, large data specific
innovation has advanced colossally over the most recent couple of years. (R.L. Mitchell,
2014). While we are sure that large information explicit innovation will keep on advancing,
it is the ideal opportunity for associations to zero in on different assets, other than innovation,
which are expected to construct firm-explicit "difficult to impersonate" BDA capacity. (A.
McAfee, E. Brynjolfsson, 2012). For example, Ross and partners, 2013 attest that most of
the enormous information ventures neglect to pay off on the grounds that most organizations
are either not prepared or don't settle on choices because of the knowledge extricated from
information. McAfee and Brynjolfsson (2012) accentuate the significance of embracing
information driven decision-making society where the senior-level leaders settle on choices
in view of information instead of on their impulses. Absence of administrative help is
additionally referred to as a basic element influencing the progress of huge information
drives. (S. LaValle.et.al, 2014). Another test is to select new ability and train current
representatives in enormous information explicit abilities, since working with huge
information requires new sorts of specialized and administrative capacities, which are not
normally educated in colleges. (J. Chen, 2013). (Gupta, Manjul; George, Joey F., 2016).
Thus, we can propose the fourth hypothesis based on the statement above to test the
second purpose of this research is as follows:

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H4: There is significant credibility of independent data access and extraction using Data
Analytics, in reporting quality of Forensic Audit

3 Research Framework

Fig. 1. Research Framework Model. Source: Researcher Own Source.

3 Methodology/Materials
This research employs positivism philosophy as the basic foundation for this study. The
approach of this research is deductive. Using the deductive approach, the hypotheses and
theory were developed. This study uses a survey strategy to obtain relevant data from
respondents to test the hypotheses. Furthermore, this research implements the mono method
which is a quantitative study as this research involves collecting and assessing numerical
data. Cross-sectional research will be employed to gather primary data by constructing a self-
administered questionnaire (SAQ). The SAQ will be created via Google Forms and
distributed through links and emails to the respondents. Likert scale were used ranging from
Scale 1-Completely disagree, 2-Disagree, 3-Neutral, 4-Agree, 5-Completely agree. Lastly,
data collection will be conducted among commercial banks employees and relevant data
analysis will be implemented by using various statistical techniques to analyze the numerical
data.

4 Results, Findings and Discussion

4.1 Reporting quality of forensic audit

Table 1. Analysis’s respondents understanding of Data Analytics usage for Audit. Source: Primary
Data.
Reporting Number of Respondents Sum Mean Rank
Quality of
1 2 3 4 5
Forensic Audit
1. Data Analytics 25 43
is a useful tool for 315 4.63 1
accountants to (36.8%) (63.2%)

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provide truthful
data and reports to
auditors
2. Data analysis
through Data
Analytic helps 1 23 44
315 4.63 1
forensic auditors (1.5%) (33.8%) (64.7%)
to perform their
duties confidently
3. Data Analytics
improves forensic
audit quality
1 29 38
where data is 309 4.54 3
(1.5%) (42.6%) (55.9%)
easily analyzed,
and audit findings
are more accurate
4. As forensic
auditor, this tool
1 3 19 45
accommodates to 312 4.59 2
(1.5%) (4.4%) (27.9%) (66.2%)
audit plans and
requirements
5. Completeness
of audit findings
are strengthened 1 23 44
315 4.63 1
with the (1.5%) (33.8%) (64.7%)
assistance of Data
Analytics tool.
The Table 1 illustrate the frequency and mean for the agreement of respondents on the
dependent variable which reporting quality of forensic audit. There consists of 5 statements
for the dependent variable which emphasise on the current difficulties faced in reporting
quality of forensic audit. Based on the Table 4.2.1, the highest mean value is 4.63 for S1,S2
and S5 and the lowest is 4.54 for S3. It means most of the respondents agrees on the
requirement of high reporting quality on forensic audit needs. The second highest of mean is
S4 which is 4.59 that shows the data analytic tools are important for forensic auditors. The
lower mean is at 4.54 which indicate the data analytics do significantly assist in data analysis
and to assist auditors draw proper audit conclusions.

4.2 Level of Opportunity Created by Data Analytics

Table 2. Level of Opportunity Created by Data Analytics.
Number of Respondents Sum Mean Rank
Opportunity created
1 2 3 4 5
1.Data Analytics
allows auditors to
build descriptive,
prescriptive, and 23
3 42
predictive analytics (33.8%) 311 4.57 1
(4.4%) (61.8%)
models to gather
answers and evidence
relating to key
investigation areas.
2.Predictive analytics
3 27 38
creates the opportunity 307 4.51 3
(4.4%) 39.7% 55.9%
and effective way of

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testing an entire
population and
obtaining a higher
assurance value.
3.Data analytics gives
the opportunity for
auditors to access the
original source of each
transaction and
1 32 35
understand flow of 306 4.50 4
(1.5%) (47.1%) (51.5%)
data, instead of the
summarized
transactions recorded
in the accounting
system
4.The Data analytic
tool allows procedures
performed to be
automated and saved
for future use. 2 29 37
307 4.51 3
Efficiency can (2.9%) (42.6%) (54.4%)
therefore be realized in
future audits in which
automated procedures
are stored and run.
5.The results of
analytics performed
gives an opportunity
for auditors to
presented to the 2 26 40
310 4.56 2
management of an (2.9%) (38.2%) (58.8%)
entity which may not
be involved in the
daily operations or its
finance function
Table 2 show the frequency and mean for the respondents’ opinion on the independent
variable which is opportunities created by data analytics. 5 statements are prepared for this
independent variable to researcher to understand the knowledge of respondents on the data
opportunities created to forensic auditors. The highest mean of 4.57 is S1 where Data
Analytics allows auditors to build descriptive, prescriptive, and predictive analytics models
to gather answers and evidence relating to key investigation areas. This has been strongly
agreed by most the respondents. Followed by next mostly supported statement, S5 “The
results of analytics performed gives an opportunity for auditors to presented to the
management of an entity which may not be involved in the daily operations or its finance
function” which scored a mean of 4.45. Other areas S2, S3 and S4 ranges within means 4.51
and 4.50, which shows still holding strong support from the respondents. Their responses
clearly show their awareness on Data Analytics and its benefits to forensic accountant’s
service.

4.3 Level of Data Integrity using Data Analytics

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Table 3. Level of Data Integrity using Data Analytics.

Number of Respondents Sum Mean Rank
Data Integrity
1 2 3 4 5
1.Data analytics
software makes it
easy to interrogate
and extract data
from multiple 3 25 40
309 4.54 2
sources so that (4.4%) (36.8%) (58.8%)
auditors can run
tailored analyses
efficiently and
effectively
2.Extracting the
data directly from a
database ensures
data integrity is
maintained and can
3 32 33
be cleansed and 302 4.44 5
(4.4%) (47.1%) (48.5%)
harmonized to
make sure the
auditors can
manipulate the data
as required
3.It is also
common to create
visual displays of
the data in which
outliers and
exceptions can be 3 27 38
307 4.51 3
more easily (4.4%) (39.7%) (55.9%)
identified as
compared to a
numerical
presentation of
data.
4.Data stored in the
analytics tool is
1 3 25 39
highly accurate, 306 4.50 4
(1.5%) (4.4%) (36.8%) (57.4%)
reliable, and
consistent.
5.Data integrity
allows key audit
risk areas and
identifying
potential red flags
1 28 39
through analyzing 310 4.56 1
(1.5%) (41.2%) (57.4%)
patterns and
relationships
between multiple
sets of data in a
client's business
Table 3 shows the level of data integrity using data analytics. The most significant
statement is S5 that says data integrity allows key area of audit risk and identifying likely
warnings through breaking down examples and connections between different arrangements

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of information in a client's business. This finding scored the highest mean of 4.56. S1 on Data
analytics software makes it simple to examine and remove information from numerous
sources so inspectors can run custom fitted investigations productively and really is rated
second with mean of 4.54 which differs by 0.02 from S5. Third ranking is based on S3 which
says it is additionally considered normal to make visual showcases of the information in
which anomalies and exemptions can be all the more handily recognized when contrasted
with a mathematical show of information, is rated at mean of 4.51. The rest of the S4 and S2
recorded means of 4.50 and 4.44 respectively, where respondents show strong support in
terms of data integrity using data analytics.

4.4 Risk Associated with Data Analytics

Table 4. Risk Associated with Data Analytics.
Number of Respondents Sum Mean Rank
Risk associated
1 2 3 4 5
1.Under the risk-based
auditing, risk
associated with a
particular forensic 2 28 38
308 4.53 2
investigation can be 2.9% 41.2% 55.9%
tested with a greater
focus, using Data
Analytic tools.
2.Data analytics
facilitates the option of
testing the entire
population, thus
improving coverage of
2 29 37
audit procedures, and 307 4.51 3
2.9% 42.6% 54.4%
reducing or
eliminating sampling
risk and obtaining a
higher level of
assurance
3.Data analytics allow
auditors to extract and
analyze large volumes
of data that assists in
understanding the
1 33 34
client, and help to 305 4.49 4
1.5% 48.5% 50%
identify audit and
business risks
accurately, to assist a
better audit
investigation
4.Audit via data
analytics gives an
improved
understanding of an 2 32 34
304 4.47 5
entity’s operations and 2.9% 47.1% 50%
associated risks,
including the risk of
fraud.

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5.With present state of

technology, I am
aware that there are
risks associated with
big data analytics. 4 23 41
309 4.54 1
Various data 5.9% 33.8% 60.3%
protection features
incorporated into the
tool, guards against
risks.
The Table 4 illustrate on risks associated with data analytics and means of respondent’s
agreements on dependant variable of reporting quality of forensic audit. Under this area, there
were 5 sub statements tested. The highest mean value is 4.54 for S5 and the lowest is 4.47
for S4. It means most of the respondents were supportive on the risks associated with data
analytics as important factor for dependant variable of study. The second highest of mean is
S1 which is 4.53 that shows that under the risk-based auditing, risk associated with a
particular forensic investigation can be tested with a greater focus, using Data Analytic tools.

4.5 The credibility of independent data access and Extraction using Data
Analytics
Table 5. The credibility of independent data access and Extraction using Data Analytics.
Credibility of Number of Respondents Sum Mean Rank
independent data
1 2 3 4 5
access and extraction
1.Data Analytic tool
offers visual and
interactive models that
2 27 39
enable auditors to 309 4.54 2
2.9% 39.7% 57.4%
interrogate the data in a
simple and intuitive
manner.
2.Direct access to the
client’s database
ensures that
2 30 36
completeness and 306 4.50 4
2.9% 44.1% 52.9%
accuracy are constantly
verified in support of
audit reliance
3.Data Analytic tool
offers secured IT
environment to access 3 25 40
309 4.54 2
data independently, and 4.4% 36.8% 58.8%
ensures data is always
protected.
4.Criteria of accuracy
show the highest
influence on the
perception of
4 28 36
credibility. It’s can be 304 4.47 5
5.9% 41.2% 52.9%
improvised via data
analytics using
comprehensive and
reproducible algorithms

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to improve the veracity

of big data.
5.By using data
analytics, as forensic
auditor, we conclude
that an improvement of 3 23 42
311 4.57 1
perceived credibility of 4.4% 33.8% 61.8%
sustainability reports is
possible with help of
big data analytics
The Table 5 represents the frequency and mean for the respondents results on dependent
variable which is reporting quality of forensic audit. There consists of 5 statements for the
dependent variable which emphasise on credibility of independent data access and extraction
using Data Analytics Based on the Table 4.2.5, the highest mean value is 4.57 for S5 and the
lowest is 4.47 for S4. It means most of the respondents agree that by using data analytics, as
forensic auditor, we infer that an improvement of seen believability of supportability reports
is conceivable with assistance of big data analytics. The second highest of mean is S3 which
is 4.54 that shows Data Analytic tool offers secured IT environment to access data
independently, and ensures data is always protected. The moderate agreement for the
statement of the credibility of data analytics usage are S1 and S3 with mean of 4.26.

4.6 Multiple regression

In the testing of developed hypothesis of this research, multiple regression analysis is
performed to measure if the independent variable in individual can affect the dependant
variable when other variables are held constant.
Table 5.2(a) Model summary. Source: Primary data.

R refers to the coefficient of multiple correlation ranging between -1 to +1 while R Square

refers to the variability in outcome by the predictors ranging between 0 to 1. Table 5.2(a)
shows that the R Square is 0.707 which indicates 70.7% variation in the DV can be explained
by the IVs in this research which are opportunity, data integrity, risk managed and credibility
of data access, whereas the remaining 29.3% is explained by other variables.

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Table 5.2(b) ANOVA test. Source: Primary data.

As per Field (2008), the importance level of assessing the outcome can be tried through
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). It is capable in comparing samples relating to numerical
dependant variables and to determine if the results are explained precisely. In view of Dallal
(2012), the Regression Sum of Squares in ANOVA is the error between Total Sum of Squares
and Residual Sum of Squares. Other than that, the Total Sum of Squares alludes to the amount
of fluctuation sum in the reaction and Residual Sum of Squares that not ready to be
considered after the relapse model is taken on while the Regression Sum of Squares alludes
to the changeability sum in the reaction that is considered by the regression model. The df is
address the levels of opportunity which is the quantity of independent variables. The df is
determined by taking away 1 from the quantity of factors (df = n-1) (Statistic How To, 2018).
Additionally, F proportion is utilized to portray the changes between the variables. The
significance level (p-value) of ANOVA ought to be not exactly or equivalent to 5% (p-value
≤ 0.05) which shows that the connection between two variables is significant and the null
hypothesis should be rejected (Minitab Inc, 2016).
Table 5.2 (b) shows the df is 4 (df = 5-1 = 4) which means the degree of freedom generated
by five variables involve opportunities created, data integrity, risk managed, credibility of
data and reporting quality of forensic audit. In addition, the residual of degree of freedom is
in accordance to the sample size for responses received which is 68. From this 68 of sample
size, the 5 variables are deducted from the sample size to obtain 63. Next, the aggregate of 5
for degree of freedom calculation and 63 produce the outcome of 68 for the total of degree
of freedom. Hence, it can be concluded that when the sample size increases, the degree of
freedom, df also increases.
Furthermore, the F-ratio which presented in Table 5.2 (b) is 37.929 which is calculated
by using the Regression of Mean Square divides with the Residual of Mean Square
(2.360/.062=37.929). Besides that, based on Table 5.2 (b), it indicates the significance level
is <0.001 which is lower than 0.05, so that the relationship between the dependent variable
and independent variables which included opportunities created, data integrity, risk managed,
credibility of data and reporting quality of forensic audit is significant among forensic
auditors in Malaysia. Hence, the null hypothesis should be rejected.

5 Conclusion
As this study focussed on impact of data analytics to reporting quality of forensic audit, the
research was dedicated on four independent variables which involves opportunity creation
via data analytics, data integrity, risk management and credibility on data extraction. These
independent variables are not sufficient to evaluate the overall radius on data analytics, as
firstly data analytics is fast evolving with newer updates and technologies, and secondly,
there are still wide room for detailed and more insightful research can be carried out to
improve the findings for future researchers. On the demography population, more range of

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professionals and industries can be added into the research to provide more concrete findings
and responses on data analytics, to look for more itemized data to improve the topic of the
exploration. Literature reviews can be expanded more into significant and relevant areas and
sub-areas in digital evolving economy, which is suggested for future study. In terms of
sample and population sizes, can be increase too, to gauge more accurate and real time results
for the study.
In this study, 68 respondents gave their views and feedbacks into the study, is less
adequate coverage for Malaysia. Recommendation to future researchers to boost the
respondent’s size, to cover more areas, and collect more views to reach an exhaustive
determination and present the exact characterized information in the review. Additionally,
the study was focussed on impact of data analytics on a specific field of industry, suggestion
is to expand the coverage to cater for more fields globally.
On the data analysis tools, the statistical analysis software used in this research is SPSS.
The future analysts are proposed to endeavour other programming to direct the information
examination to give more dependable and huge outcomes for this review. Along these lines,
it ready to make the more noteworthy mindfulness on impact on data analytics on reporting
quality of forensic audit.
Data analytics are very important tool to assist real time business operators, to provide
quality and realistic data reflection about their business and future. The benefits of data
analytics usage offer tremendous improvement and growth, with stronger sustainability for
business to strive through future. This gives confidence to auditors, especially in forensic
field, to perform their investigations and findings to confirm reliability of financials of their
customers. Not only improves the integrity and relationship between customers and forensic
audit service providers, but it also gives a trust and satisfactions to stakeholders to invest and
continue to support businesses to grow. It can be concluded that Data Analytics are strongly
recommended for businesses, and for professional accountants and audit fields, to continue
to adopt to the technology to have improved future.

6 Recommendation
The forensic accountants are a home of experts that is supposed to show an excited reaction
towards the advancing savvy and computerized innovation; proceeded with globalization of
detailing and exposure norms; and the new types of guidelines that accompany AI. This is on
the grounds that forensic accountants have forever been a calling that plans to work on the
nature of business and venture choices drastically. To understand this potential, the calling
needs to zero in on basic business issues it intends to tackle and consider upon how advances
like AI can increase their methodologies. The following recommendations are for forensic
accountants, to guide them in diverting their privilege towards making advanced progress,
which is basically acquiring a harmony among disruption and business.
Firstly, to have advanced technique planning - includes distinguishing, figuring out and
carrying out smart arrangement that directs each decision-production to remember
contemplation for how innovation could further develop the navigation of forensic analysis
and reporting. This is basic as it doesn't just test yet upgrade the digital maturity of the
profession – thereby improving digital capability development.
Second, pilot project creation - includes in doling out projects for model to assist forensic
accountants to analyse and find what works best in analysing and reporting business reports.
Third, to harness the right skillsets in using data analytics – forensic accountants are
required to equip themselves with the required skills on technology application, in
prioritizing the tech-capabilities needed for organization, people, process and technology.
Fourth, turning into an information virtuoso - features that forensic accountants is an
information escalated calling, thus is supposed to can distinguish and accumulate the right

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information, send it for the right reason and actually investigate it. This should be possible
by zeroing in on prescient examination and estimating, prescriptive investigation, business
driven independent direction and mechanized criticism to the association.
Fifth, technological enterprise development – in this, forensic accountants and
organisations who provide the services should endure on transforming towards the digital
culture which preserves talent, demonstrate strong and clear leadership skills, involvement
and ownership in discovering a balance between data analytics and businesses.
Additionally, is based on biological system arranging - features that since disturbance is
an environment peculiarity, rather than zeroing in on even and vertical mix inside association,
the forensic accountants should shift their focus into broader prospective in supporting client
needs and use digital technologies to create and deliver value to client in an integrated,
innovative way.
As emerging technology is a wide subject and there is no sureness and consistency in the
degree of reception in each firm, future examination should be possible to concentrate on a
how evaluators in a comparative review firm see a specific innovation, for example, AI or
RPA. Cooperation should be possible with a particular firm to get worker interest cross
country so a higher reaction rate could be accomplished. This would permit the firm in
intended for acknowledge how the workers are embracing AI in their work scope.
This study which reveals significance of timing in the usage of emerging technology
could also be further researched to find out if training, for instance, can be improved to
facilitate auditors’ adoption. The level of training that firms provide to auditors in handling
emerging technology systems to detect and prevent fraud and error, can be incorporated into
audit testing and as research area because updates on accounting standards and policies or
ways to complete procedures for specific account balances will often be emphasized but
rarely looking from the IT proficiency viewpoint.

7 Limitation of the Study

There are a few restrictions conveyed by this research which limits the validity of the
findings. The participants of this research were moderately minority population, which can't
be summed up as the view of all Malaysian Forensic Accounting bodies and service
providers. Even though this research were confined to most forensic service providers, their
responses might not have been balanced between firms, therefore, there are possibility of
over representation of one firm to another. Major forensic service providers could likewise
give socially advantageous reactions to safeguard their profession and organisations they
service. Furthermore, each firm would shift in the gathering level of arising innovation in
review testing which would bring about irregularity in answering to the questionnaire.
Furthermore, the usage of emerging technologies used to be an optional element for
organisations. There are additionally numerous different factors fit to impact
misrepresentation identification yet are not tried in this examination.

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