NUTRITION

AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION

Photo auto trophic Chemo autotrophic

Nutrition Nutrition

e.g. - green plants e.g. - Sulphur bacteria

- iron bacteria
 AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION

Photo auto trophic Chemo autotrophic

Nutrition Nutrition

e.g. - protists e.g. - Sulphur bacteria

- iron bacteria
 AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION

Photo auto trophic Chemo autotrophic

Nutrition Nutrition

e.g. - photosynthetic e.g. - Sulphur bacteria

bacteria - iron bacteria
 AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION

Photo auto trophic Chemo autotrophic

Nutrition Nutrition

e.g. - photosynthetic e.g. - Sulphur bacteria

bacteria
 AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION

Photo auto trophic Chemo autotrophic

Nutrition Nutrition

e.g. - photosynthetic e.g. - iron bacteria

bacteria
 HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION

Saprophytic Nutrition Parasitic Holozoic

(Rotten) Nutrition Nutrition
e.g. Fungi, Bacteria, e.g. Mosquito, Ticks, Tape (Holo complete) Zoon-animals
Roudnworms, Worm, Bed bugs
plasmodium, cuscuta, eg. Amoeba, Rabbit, Frog,
Viscum Lion, Humans
 HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION
Saprophytic Nutrition (Rotten)
Examples:

Fungi Round worms

Bacteria Plasmodium

Plasmodium, cuscuta, Viscum

 HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION
Parasitic Nutrition

Examples:

Mosquito Tape Worm

Ticks Bed bugs

 HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION
Holozoic Nutrition
‘Holo’-complete ‘Zoon’-animals
Examples:

Amoeba Frog

Rabbits Humans
 NUTRITION IN PLANTS
The process of making food in the form of glucose using light is called as Photosynthesis.
𝐂𝐡𝐥𝐨𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐡𝐲𝐥
𝐂𝐎𝟐 + 𝐇𝟐 𝐎 𝐂𝟔 𝐇𝟏𝟐 𝐎𝟔 + 𝐇𝟐 𝐎 + 𝐎𝟐 ↑
𝐒𝐮𝐧𝐥𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭

Site of Photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
 RAW MATERIALS FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS
𝐂𝐎𝟐 𝐇𝟐 𝐎 Sunlight and Chlorophyll
 MECHANISM OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
LIGHT REACTION
1) Occurs in the presence of light.
2) Takes place in Thylakoid membrane.
3) Light energy breaks water into 𝐇𝟐 𝐎 → 𝐇+ + 𝐎𝐇− ‘Photolysis’
4) 𝐎𝐇 − ions produces 𝐇𝟐 𝐎 and 𝐎𝟐 .
5) 𝐇 + ion will perform dark reaction
6) ATP and NADPH are produced.

ATP → Adenosine Triphosphate

NADPH → Nicotinamide Adenosine Dinucleotide Hydrogen Phosphate.
 MECHANISM OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
DARK REACTION
1) Can occur in the absence of light
2) Takes place in stroma region.
3) 𝐇 + ions from light reaction along with 𝐂𝐎𝟐 and some enzymes form Glucose.
4) Light energy gets converted into chemical energy finally.
5) 𝐂𝐎𝟐 produces Glucose.
NUTRITION IN AMOEBA
 NUTRITION IN HUMAN BEINGS
❖ Mode of Nutrition- (HOLOZOIC)

❖ They are omnivorous (eat both plants and animals)

❖ There are five stages of Nutrition in them

i) Ingestion ii) Digestion iii) Absorption iv) Assimilation v) Egestion

❖ The digestive system has alimentary canal & digestive glands.

 ALIMENTARY CANAL
❖ Long tube which starts with mouth ends with the anus.

❖ Oesophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine are parts of Alimentary Canal.
 MOUTH
❖ It helps in ‘ingestion’ of food.
❖ It has buccal cavity which has teeth and tongue.
❖ Teeth helps in mastication of food.

❖ Tongue helps in tasting the food.

❖ Salivary glands produces saliva which starts the digestion process.
 TEETH
❖ Teeth are hard structures which help us to cut,
shear & masticate the food.

❖ Enamel is the outermost layer of teeth which is the

hardest part of the body.

❖ Dentine makes the bulk of the tooth and contains

70% inorganic salts.

❖ The dental pulp is the central soft part of a tooth

and contains nerve endings, blood and lymph
vessels.
 TEETH
❖ Four types of teeth are present in humans
Incisors – cut the food
Canines – tear the food
Molars
Crush the food
Premolars

❖ The dental formula in humans is 2 : 1 : 2 : 3

 OESOPHAGUS OR FOOD PIPE
❖ It is a 25 cm long muscular tube.

❖ It has a sphincter or value opening at each end.

❖ Its function is to transport food & fluid

❖ The movement of food is called Peristaltic movement.

 PERISTALSIS
❖ A wave like movement from the oesophagus to the small intestine
STOMACH
 STOMACH
❖ Thick-walled like structure

❖ Inner lining of stomach secretes mucous, HCl and digestive juices.

❖ Food is churned into semi-solid mass called ‘Chyme’.

SMALL INTESTINE
 SMALL INTESTINE
❖ Longest part of alimentary canal, about 20 feet long.

❖ Has finger like projections called ‘Villi’ on the inner surface.

❖ It has three regions

Duodenum → it follows stomach
Jejunum → Middle part of small intestine
Ileum → it opens into large intestine
 LARGE INTESTINE
❖ About 5 feet long

❖ It has two regions

Colon → about 1.5 m long

Rectum → about 10 cm

❖ A small outgrowth is present at the base of the colon called

and ‘Appendix’.
❖ Rectum opens outside by anus.
 DIGESTIVE GLANDS
❖ SALIVARY GLANDS produce digestive juice called ‘saliva’ for the digestion of food.
 DIGESTIVE GLANDS
❖ GASTRIC GLANDS in stomach secrete HCl, pepsin and mucus.
 DIGESTIVE GLANDS
❖ The liver secretes bile which is stored in gall bladder.

Liver

Gall Bladder
 DIGESTIVE GLANDS
❖ The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which contains enzyme like trypsin, chymotrypsin, Lipase
and amylase.
 PANCREAS
❖ It is a long, flat gland present behind the stomach in humans.

❖ It is both exocrine and endocrine in nature

❖ It secretes pancreatic juice which contains enzymes like trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase and
amylase.
❖ It also secretes Pancreatic amylase, which helps in digestion of starch and pancreatic lipase which
helps in digestion of fats.
 PANCREAS
❖ Secretes Pancreatic juice.

❑ Trypsin (digests proteins)

❑ Lipase (digests fats)

❑ Pancreatic amylase (digests carbohydrates)

❖ Intestinal juice digests Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats.

❖ Complete digestion of food substances occur in small intestine.

 PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTION
MOUTH & Salivary glands secretes 0.5 to 1.5 litres of saliva per day.
BUCCAL CAVITY

Starch Salivary amylase Maltose

(Carbohydrates) (Ptyalin) (a form of sugar)

Functions of Saliva
• Protects the tissues of oral cavity
• Dissolves the food and enters taste
buds
• Prevents microbial growth.
 PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTION
STOMACH

HCl (Hydrochloric Acid) pH (1.5 to 3.5)

• Makes food acidic (so that proteins can be digested)

• Kills bacteria and germs
• Activates pepsin
Chyme • Converts inactive pepsinogen and pro-rennin into active pepsin and renin.

[Food bolus
mixing with
gastric juice]
 PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTION
STOMACH

Pepsin

• helps in breakdown of proteins

Pepsin
• Proteins Peptones + Proteases
(acidic medium)

Chyme

[Food bolus
mixing with
gastric juice]
 PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTION
STOMACH

Mucus

• Protects inner lining of stomach from the secretions of HCl.

Chyme

[Food bolus
mixing with
gastric juice]
 SMALL INTESTINE

Pyloric Sphincter
Liver (regulates entry of food from
stomach to small intestine)

Large intestine

Small intestine
Pancreatic
juice

Pancreas
 ABSORPTION
Movement of simple digested food from villi of small intestine to blood and lymph is called
Absorption.
The ‘colon’ of small intestine is responsible for absorption of water and salts where as rectum store
the undigested food temporarily.
The blood vessels in Villi help in absorption of digested food
 ASSIMILATION
When absorbed food is used for certain metabolic activities or for producing energy is called
Assimilation.
 EGESTION
Removal of undigested food in the form of faces is called Egestion.
RESPIRATION
 RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
• No special structures for gaseous exchange.

• They have stomata and lenticels for the exchange of gases

• Respiration rate in plants is very low.

 TRANSPIRATION
• The loss of water in the form of water vapour
from the aerial parts of the plant is called as
transpiration.

• A kidney shaped cells called stomata are present

on the leaf surface which helps in exchange of
gases.

• It helps in transportation of water from roots to upper

parts of plants.

• It also helps plants to get rid of excess water.

 RESPIRATION
• Respiration means exchange of gases.

• At cellular level, respiration means the burning of food for generating energy needed for other life
processes.
• Cellular Respiration may take place in the presence or absence of oxygen

Glucose + Oxygen Energy + Carbon dioxide + Water

(ATP)

From our food

Breathing Respiration
Involves inhalation and exhalation of air. Involves exchange of gases and oxidation of
food.
It uses energy It releases energy
Occurs outside the cell (extra cellular Occurs inside the cell (intracellular process)
process)
 RESPIRATION
Respiration In Humans
• It involves breathing, exchange of gases and cellular respiration.

• Involves inhalation of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide.

• Gaseous exchange takes place in the lungs and oxygen is supplied to all cells of the body.

• Cellular Respiration takes place in each and every cell.

 RESPIRATION
Respiratory System
• This system involves the nose, nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea/windpipe, bronchi,
bronchioles and alveoli
• Lungs have a pair of Bronchioles and alveoli.

• Ribcage encloses the lungs and diaphragm.

• Alveoli in lungs provide large surface area for
exchange of gases.
 RESPIRATION
Physiology of Respiration
• Inhalation and Exhalation are controlled by inter coastal muscles which are attached to
diaphragm and ribs
 RESPIRATION
Inhalation
• Dome-Shaped diaphragm contracts and flattens
• Rib – Cage expands

• Volume of lungs increases.

 RESPIRATION
Exhalation
• Diaphragm relaxes and chest cavity contracts
• Rib – Cage contracts

• Volume of lungs decreases.

 CELLULAR RESPIRATION
It is a set of metabolic reactions occurring inside the cells to convert biochemical energy into
chemical compound called Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
 METABOLISM
It refers to a set of chemical reactions carried out for maintaining the living state of the cells of an
organisms.

Catabolism Anabolism
Breaking of molecules to obtain Synthesizing compounds
energy. required by the cells.
 METABOLISM
Hence, Respiration is a catabolic process large molecules are broken down into smaller ones.

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP

𝐂𝟔 𝐇𝟏𝟐 𝐎𝟔 + 𝐎𝟐 → 𝐂𝐎𝟐 + 𝐇𝟐 𝐎 + ATP

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transport chain are important processes of the cellular
respiration.
 CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Aerobic Respiration
Glucose is converted into energy in the presence of oxygen
Glucose + Oxygen CO2 + Water + Energy
eg. takes place in animals, plants & other
living organisms.
 CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Respiration in other Animals
• Lower animals lack lungs, alveoli etc.

• Animals like earth worms take in gases through their skin.

• Fishes have gills

• Insects have a tracheal system

• Frogs breathe through skin when in water & lungs when on land
 CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Respiration in Muscles
• It can be anaerobic when there is no enough oxygen.

• Glucose CO2 + Lactic acid

• Lactic acid makes muscle sore.

• It is known as lactic acid fermentation.

 ‘Breakdown of Glucose by Various Pathways’

Glucose

C6H12O6
(6 Carbon Molecule)

Pyruvate

C3H4O3
(3 Carbon Molecule)
Absence of O2 Presence of O2
(Anaerobic Respiration) (Aerobic Respiration)
Lack of
O2 (in muscles)

Ethanol + CO2 + Energy CO2 + H2O + Energy

Lactic acid + Energy
 ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE)
• Energy currency of the cell.

• It has three phosphate bonds. When these bonds are broken, a large amount of energy in
released.

• The energy produced is used for other metabolic reactions.

 RESPIRATION IN OTHER ANIMALS
• In amoeba, exchchange of gases takes place through body surface.
 RESPIRATION IN OTHER ANIMALS
• In earthworms, exchange of gases their moist skin.
 RESPIRATION IN OTHER ANIMALS
• In some amphibians, reptiles birds and mammals exchange of gases takes place through lungs.
(Pulmonary Respiration)
 RESPIRATION IN OTHER ANIMALS
• It insects, small holes called spiracles leads to a tracheal network, where exchange of gases take
place.
 RESPIRATION IN OTHER ANIMALS
• In humans, diffusion will not be able to supply oxygen to deep-seated cells.There are lungs which
have alveoli .Alveoli helps in exchange of gases by increasing the surface area.
TRANSPORTATION & CIRCULATION
 TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS
• Transportation of Water, nutrients and food takes place in plants for their survival.

• Xylem tissue transports Water & minerals.

• Phloem tissue transports food.
 PHLOEM
• Responsible for translocation of nutrients and sugar like carbohydrates, produced by the leaves
to other parts of the plant.
• Has 4 components
❑ Sieve Tubes
❑ Companion Cells
❑ Phloem Fibres
❑ Phloem parenchyma

• Flow of material through phloem is Bidirectional.

TRANSLOCATION
 XYLEM
• Responsible for transportation of water in plants from roots to other parts of the plant.
• Has 4 components -
❑ Tracheid's
❑ Vessels
❑ Xylem fibres
❑ Xylem Parenchyma

• Flow of water is unidirectional.

 XYLEM

• It transports water and minerals from • It transports nutrients and food like
roots to upper parts of the plant. amino acids, Sugar from leaves to
growing parts of the plant.

• Movement is Unidirectional. • Movement is bidirectional.

• Has 4 Components • Has 4 Components
Xylem Parenchyma (living) Companion (living)
Xylem Sclerenchyma (dead) Phloem Parenchyma (living)
Tracheid's (dead) Sieve tubes (living)
Vessels (dead) Phloem fibres (dead)
TRANSPORTATION & CIRCULATION

Transportation in humans is
done by Circulatory system.
 TRANSPORTATION & CIRCULATION
• Transportation in humans is done by Circulatory system.

• It consists of Blood, Blood Vessels, and Heart.

Blood Blood Vessels

Heart
 TRANSPORTATION & CIRCULATION
• Responsible for Oxygen supply, nutrients, removal of CO2 and other excretory products.

• Fight the infections

 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM CONSISTS OF-
• Blood & Lymph

• Blood Vessels (Arteries, Veins & Capillaries)

• Heart

Blood – made up of elements and plasma

[45%] [55%]
 ELEMENTS
RBCs - contain Hemoglobin, which carries Oxygen.

WBCs - produce Antibodies, which provide immunity.

Platelets – help in blood clotting and coagulation of blood.

PLASMA
• 90% Water

• 10% proteins like globulin, fibrinogen, glucose, enzymes, hormones etc.

 BLOOD VESSELS
Arteries
• Carry oxygenated blood from heart to different part except Pulmonary artery.

• Have rigid walls.

• Blood flows under pressure through an artery.

• Lumen of arteries is narrow.

• Have no values
 BLOOD VESSELS
Veins
• Carry oxygenated blood from different body parts to heart except pulmonary vein.

• Have thinner walls

• Blood flows through vein in much calmer.

• Lumen is wider
• Have values
Gaseous exchange takes place between blood and cells at capillaries
HUMAN HEART
 HEART
• The covering of heart is a double membranous layer, called as Pericardium.

• It is located near the chest cavity slightly towards the left in the thoracic region.

• It is the main pumping organ.

 HEART
• Has 4 chambers involved in the transportation of Oxygenated & Deoxygenated blood.

• Upper 2 chambers are called Atria

• Lower 2 chambers are called Ventricles.

 BLOOD PRESSURE
The blood pressure exerted by the blood when it flows through the blood vessels is called Blood
Pressure.
 DIASTOLIC PRESSURE
The pressure exerted on the walls of arteries when the auricles are filling with blood is called
Diastolic pressure.
It does not put much pressure should be 60-80 mm Hg.

Systole (Pumping) Diastole (Filling)

 SYSTOLIC PRESSURE
The pressure exerted on the walls of arteries when the heart is pumping the blood is called Systolic
Pressure.
If puts the maximum pressure on arteries.
The normal range of systolic blood pressure should be 90-120 mm Hg.

Systole (Pumping) Diastole (Filling)

 DOUBLE CIRCULATION
In the human body, blood circulates through the heart twice.
 SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
𝐎𝐱𝐲𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝
𝐛𝐥𝐨𝐨𝐝
Pulmonary Vein Light auricle Left Ventricle Aorta Body
tissues
 PULMONARY CIRCULATION
Deoxygenated blood Vena cava Right auricles Right Ventricle
Pulmonary artery Lungs.
 DOUBLE CIRCULATION
• Heart receives deoxygenated blood and sends it to lungs for Oxygenation.

• Oxygenated blood from lungs comes back to heart from the heart, Oxygenated blood is
distributed to all parts of the body.
• Since, blood passes twice from the heart, it is called Double Circulation.
LYMPH
A Light yellow fluid
contains lymphocytes
(a type of White Blood
Cells), which fight
against infection.
EXCRETION
 EXCRETION
The process of removal of metabolic waste material and other
non-useful substances.
Egestion:
The removal of undigested (solid) food in the form of faces, is
called Egestion.
 EXCRETION IN PLANTS
• In plants, products like CO2, excess water and some nitrogenous compounds are the major
excretory products
• They also produce two gaseous waste products i.e oxygen during photosynthesis and carbon
dioxide during respiration.
• Other excretory products are gums, oils, latex, resins etc.
 EXCRETION IN PLANTS
Through Stomata (in leaves) and lenticels (in stems)
Gaseous waste (O2, CO2 & water vapour) are removed through stomata of leaves and lenticels of
stems.
By Shedding
Wastes are also eliminated by shedding the leaves and old branches.

Stomata

Lenticels
 MAJOR EXCRETORY PRODUCTS
1. Nitrogenous Waste
Ammonia → in aquatic animals fishes, tadpoles

Urea → in cartilaginous fishes, amphibians and mammals

Uric Acid → in insects, reptiles & birds.

2. CO2

3. Bile pigments
4. Water, Salts, Hormones, Vitamins
EXCRETORY
SYSTEM IN
HUMANS
 KIDNEYS
Kidneys are the main excretory organs of the body.
Each kidney is made up of many tiny filtration units called Nephrons.
 FUNCTION OF KIDNEYS
• Filtering waste materials, medications, & toxic substance from the blood.

• Regulation of osmolarity

• Regulation of ion concentration in the body.

• Regulation of pH.
 NEPHRON
Nephrons are the structural and functional unit of kidney.
• There are millions of nephrons in kidney.
• Each nephron has two parts
❑ Malpighian body

❑ Renal tubule
 NEPHRON
• Malpighian body is made up of cup-like structure called
Bowman’s capsule which has bunch of capillaries called
Glomerulus.

• Renal tubule includes Proximal Convoluted Tubule, Loop of

Henle and Distal Convoluted Tubule.
 REGULATION OF AMOUNT OF URINE
Blood contains large amount of water, metabolic wastes like urea, uric acid and many useful
substances such as Glucose, amino acids, Salts etc.
The useful substances are reabsorbed in the nephron.
To maintain the right amount of water and ions in the body is called Osmoregulation.
 HAEMODIALYSIS
• When the kidneys fail to remove waste from the blood, it can cause a lot of complications. Waste
gets accumulated in the blood resulting in toxicity.
• In such cases, it uses a machine filter called a dialyzer or artificial kidney.
• It removes excess water and salt, to balance other electrolytes in the body and remove waste
products of metabolism.
• Blood from the body is removed and flowed through a series of tubes made up of a
semipermeable membrane.

• Blood cells, protein and other important things remain in your blood because they are too big to
pass through the membrane.
 HAEMODIALYSIS
• Smaller waste products in the blood, such as urea, potassium and extra fluid pass through the
membrane and are washed way.
• Usually done 3 times per week for about 4 hrs. at a time.
EXCRETORY UNIT OR ORGANS IN DIFFERENT ANIMALS
Amoeba – Contractile Vacuole
EXCRETORY UNIT OR ORGANS IN DIFFERENT ANIMALS
Worms – Flame Cells
EXCRETORY UNIT OR ORGANS IN DIFFERENT ANIMALS
Earth worm - Nephridia
EXCRETORY UNIT OR ORGANS IN DIFFERENT ANIMALS
Insects – Malpighian tubule