“Common Practices on the Different Fish Culture in Zamboanga City”

A Quantitative Research

presented to the Faculty of Senior High Department

CURUAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Curuan, Zamboanga City

in partial fulfillment of the requirements in

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

Calamaba, Jerald L.

Bartolome, Reyvie Cris A.

Basilio, Marvin E.

Delapena, Maria Fe

Grapia, Nel Christian A.

Grade 12-AFA

Charmaine dG Pening

Research Adviser
 Chapter I

Introduction

Background of study

(Milkfish, Catfish, Nile tilapia) Chanos Chanos (Forsskal), is the predominant fish cultured in
the Philippines. In 1981, 170 431 t of milkfish were harvested from about 195 000 ha of
brackishwater ponds, accounting for 90% of the total fishpond production in the country.
Milkfish is popular even with Filipino communities abroad, to which most of the 5261 of
exported frozen milkfish went in 1981. Philippine exports of canned milkfish have increased
steadily in recent years, and there is a growing demand for milkfish juveniles for tuna bait.
Milkfish is popularly cultured in the Philippines because it is a better food-converter species.
Characteristics of milkfish lends itself as an excellent species for aquaculture and with wide
environmental tolerances. Omnivorous with feeding behavior at a low trophic level, and rapid
growth.

Parasites and diseases. At present, the extent and kinds of diseases and parasitism in milkfish
have not been established. Various parasites and diseases affecting milkfish in different parts of
the country have been described (Velasquez 1979).Lio-Po et al (1982) reported the known
diseases of economically important fish species in the Philippines including those of milkfish.
Bacterial (Vibrio sp.) and fungal diseases and parasites (isopods and copepods) of milkfish were
described. Prophylactic treatments are known but are only effective and adaptable in small
confined areas.

Fertilization

Organic fertilizers are highly recommended for conventional milkfish culture. Sources of organic
fertilizers are chicken manure and cow dung. These are best for growing a benthic algal mat
(“lablab”) that milkfish feed on. Steps in the pond preparation for lablab growth are as follows,
Allow the bottom to sun-dry until it cracks, Refill the bottom with water to 5–10 cm depth, and
allow it to evaporate until completely dry, The process is repeated 2 –3 times, Spread organic
fertilizer over the pond bottom (500–1000kg./ha/crop), Add fresh brackish water to a depth of 10
–15 cm. After several weeks, benthic algae (lablab) will grow to about 1.0 –3.0 mm. Apply lime
if the pond turns acidic (optional), Organic fertilizer application ranges from
500–1000kg./ha/crop. Most of the application should be during pond preparation. Fertilizer
application at the pond preparation stage should be to a dry cracked bottom. Additional
application of fertilizer is necessary if fish food (lablab) growth is slowing down, especially
close to the end of the culture period when food consumption is at a higher rate. However,
organic fertilizer should be applied by putting it in sacks strategically located in the ponds,
allowing nutrients to slowly diffuse. This will prevent milkfish from directly feeding on the
organic fertilizer, thus avoiding the foul smell of the gut during harvest. The amount of fertilizer
applied is dependent on how fertile the soil in the area is, that is why there is a range, and
farmers need to use their best judgment as to the proper amount of fertilizer to apply for their
ponds
Catfish are easy to farm in warmer climates. Catfish are predominantly farmed in freshwater
ponds and fed mostly soybeans, corn, and rice. Catfish are often considered one of the more IH
sustainable fish specifies for fish farming purposes. Cultivating catfish first began in the 1900s
and became commercialized in the 1950s. Catfish is populous because of its health benefits and
market demand.

Tilapia is the third most popular fish used in fish farming or aquaculture, with the first two being
carp and salmon. They have increased in popularity due to their high protein, large size and
growth capabilities. Tilapia is a tropical fish that requires warmer water to survive. The ideal
water temperature is usually between 28 to 30 degrees C. Tilapia fish are known to reproduce
rapidly and this is a challenge for managing tilapia fish species for farming use. If not managed
properly, fish will aggressively compete for food which may result in stunted growth. Therefore,
males are almost used exclusively. Tilapias are resilient towards fighting off diseases and
parasites. Tilapia fish farming originated in Africa and is popular in Honduras, Papua New
Guinea, Philippines and Indonesia. Tilapia fish require a cereal-based diet and don’t eat other
fish, but they are also considered to be one of the most invasive fish species.

Fish Farms
Fish farms or fish farming is a form of aquaculture. The act of fish farming is about raising fish
commercially in tanks or enclosures for human consumption. There are different types of fish
farms that utilize different aquiculture methods
The first method is the cage system which use cages that are placed in lakes, ponds and oceans
that contain the fish. This method is also widely referred to as offshore cultivation. Fish are kept
in the cage like structures and are “artificially fed” and harvested. The fish farming cage method
has made numerous technological advances over the years, especially with reducing diseases and
environmental concerns. However, the number one concern of the cage method is fish escaping
and being loose among the wild fish population.

The second method is irrigation ditch or pond systems for raising fish. This basic requirement for
this method is to have a ditch or a pond that holds water. This is a unique system because at a
small level, fish are artificially fed, and the waste produced from the fish is then used to fertilize
farmers’ fields. On a larger scale, mostly in ponds, the pond is self-sustaining as it grows plants
and algae for fish food.
The third method of fish farming is called composite fish culture which is a type of fish farming
that allows both local fish species and imported fish species to coexist in the same pond. The
number of species depends, but it is sometimes upwards of six fish species in a single pond. The
fish species are always carefully chosen to ensure that species can coexist and reduce
competition for food.

The fourth method of fish farming is called integrated recycling systems which is considered the
largest scale method of “pure” fish farming. This approach uses large plastic tanks that are
placed inside a greenhouse. There are hydroponic beds that are placed near the plastic tanks. The
water in the plastic tanks is circulated to the hydroponic beds, where the fish feed waste goes to
provide nutrients to the plant crops that are grown in the hydroponic beds. Most types of plants
that are grown in the hydroponic beds are herbs such as parsley and basil.

The last type of fish farming method is called classic fry farming this method is also known as
“flow through system”. This is when sport fish species are raised from eggs and are put in
streams and released.
There are several different fish species that are raised on fish farms, the most common fish spices
raised are tilapia, catfish, milkfish.

Environmental factors that may cause widespread infestation of fish in the pond are not known.
Knowledge of the life cycle of fish parasites is needed to devise successful prophylactic
measures.

Polyculture. Polyculture of milkfish with prawn or mud crab is traditionally practice, as these
species enter milkfish ponds with the incoming tide. To systematizes the practice, five different
stocking combinations of milkfish and prawn (Peneaux monodon) were evaluated in brackish
water ponds. The polyculture of 2000 milkfish and 6000 prawns/ha was reported to be
economically feasible, with average milkfish and prawn production per 100 days of 388.06 and
75.58 kg/ha, respectively (Pudadera 1980), although the monoculture of prawn (production of
144.30 kg/haper 100 days) was more profitable. Trials have also been conducted on the
polycultures of milkfish with P. semisulcatus and with all-male Oreochromis mossambicus (IFP
1976a). Milkfish-tilapia trials consistently gave high yields (IFP 1976b). Freshwater production.
Milkfish pen culture has been a profitable enterprise in Laguna de Bay since the technology was
successfully demonstrated by the Laguna Lake Development Authority in the early 1970s, with
an average production of 5 t/ha per year Various species of heterophyid flukes (Digenea:
Trematoda: Heterophyidae) are etiologic agents of heterophyidiasis, a disease in man caused by
these very small flatworms. The larvae (metacercariae) of Haplorchis varium, H. yokogawai,
and Procerovum calderoni have been found encysted in the muscles of milkfish obtained from
fishponds at the BFAR Dagatdagatan Experimental Station, Malabon, Rizal

(Velasquez 1973a, b; 1975). They are of zoonotic significance

Statement of the Problem

The aim of study is to evaluate common practices on the different system of the fish culture in
Curuan District Zamboanga City.

Specifically, it aims to

1. To evaluate different types of fish culture in Curuan District Zamboanga City.

2. To evaluate the common practices in terms of;

1. Fertilizer
2. Weight of fish
3. Size of fish cage
4. Farm Inputs

Significance of the study

To help the fish farmer evaluate the new fertilizer and how do this function to the fish culture
and the effect of the new fertilizer.

To help those who are new in fish culture how to do it and where to start before doing the fish
culture process, this research is giving them the new tips about this fish cultures

Scope and Delimitation

This quantitative research study focuses on evaluating the common practices on fish culture in
curuan district, Zamboanga City. The data collection will be conducted on curuan district,
zamboanga city. The study will mainly focus on gathering information on the fish culture of the
fisher folks of curuan district. The study will not cover other problems that are not consider as a
basis for the process of evaluating the different system in fishery used by the fisherman of curuan
district. The study would be done through the utilization of questionnaire to the fisherman of
curuan district as a survey and reference. The researchers will be able to know the system that is
best used by the fisher folks of curuan district that they will use for their evaluation. The research
would conducted in fish ponds of curuan district,Zamboanga.City.

Our research was conducted in the Curuan district,Zamboanga City. fish culture and fish ponds,
we asked the owners of Curuan fish farmers what they use for fertilization

Chapter II

Review Related Literature

Hossain (2020), this phenomenon is mostly true for the northern part of Bangladesh which is the
typical tract region characterized by red or yellow clay soil, limited rainfall, and lack of water
sources in the dry season. In these consequences, poor survival and reduced growth of cultured
fish species are evident frequently in this area.

Alam et al,.. (2002) Jobling,…(2010), stocking over wintered and larger size fish species in
mixed fish culture is considered beneficial to mitigate the fish culture problem of lower water
column under drought prone area because overwintering is a proven technique to obtain the
growth of fish.

Takuder et al,… (2018), on the other hand where there is effort for aquaculture intensification
there is chance of environmental degration and deceases occurrence specially if need a fertilizer
based system. Public health is therefore being prime concern. It is suspected that the organic
wastes improve the nutrient levels in the ponds a situation that will increase the plankton
productivity and it is ideals for fish growth but enhances the condition where photogenic bacteria
can introduce into the ponds and increase the risk of transfer of some zoonotic disease from the
fish to the human.

Herbs et al,…(2008) good aquaculture practices is a series of activities from ponds preparation to
harvesting necessary to maintain the proper hygienic condition of the culture ponds.
Conceptual Framework

The interplay between the common practices on the different fish cultures in Zamboanga city
was presented in the study conceptual framework.

Dependent Variable
Independent Variable
Best practices in terms of:
The common practices of Fish
Cultures in Zamboanga City. 1. Fertilizer
2. Weight of fish
3. Size of fish cage
4. Farm Inputs

Intervening Variable

Fish Farmers demographic profile

Fig. 1 Common Practices on the Different fish Culture in Zamboanga City

Research Hypothesis (es)

1. There is no common practices on fish culture in curuan district.

2. There is no significant common practices in terms of fertilizer, weight of fish, size of cage and
farm inputs.
Definition of Terms

Fertilizer

 Natura or synthetic substances that are used in ponds to increase the production of
natural food organisms to be eaten by fish. Example: Urea Vikings 14-0-0, Atlas
14-14-14 and Doufos 0-22-0

Weight of fish

 The actual mass of fish calculated.

Fish cage

 Refers to a stationary or floating fish enclosure made of synthetic net

wire/bamboo screen or other materials set in form of inverted mosquito net with
or without cover with all sides either tied to poles staked to the bottom of the
water or with anchored floats for aquaculture purposes.

Fish culture

 Is the process of raising desirable species of fishes in captivity and managing

them and their environment to improve growth and reproduction.

Dike

 The most important part of a fishpond, as they keep the necessary volume of
water impounded and form the actual pond; their design and construction is
particularly important.

Fry
  Refers to a more developed hatchling whose yolk sac has almost disappeared, and
its swim bladder is functional to the point where the fish can move around and
perform limited foraging to nourish itself.

Fingerlings

 A broad term applied to juvenile fish that is about the size of a finger.

Chapter 3

Methodology

Research Design

Descriptive research design is used in the study for it aims to describe a population, situation or
phenomenon accurately and systematically. It can answer what, where when and how questions.

The Sample

Respondents for these research study will be the fisherfolks of Curuan district. They are chosen
because they are the focus of the study. Respondents will be 15 to 25 fisherfolks who are
selected randomly.

The Instrument(s)

To gather the necessary data, the researcher used an interview survey questionnaire checklist.
That will enable the researcher to gather the necessary data for the study being done.
Data Collection Procedure

The process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an established

systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions and evaluate outcomes.
Interview survey questionnaire checklist is applied. The interview can inform other information
the current researcher may have not planned to investigate but they are useful in the study as the
respondents is seen how he feels about the issues and with the questionnaire where the
information is filled by the distinct respondent. The current researcher prepared the interview
questions by using the guideline of the research objective. So, these questions were developed to
guide the investigation of this study.

Plan for Data Analysis

Data will be analyze using descriptive analysis because it allows researchers to provide another
context, a richer picture or enhanced representation, in which to examine the phenomenon of
interest.
References

Mostafizur Rahman, Dr. Tofazzal Hossain and Mahbub Alom DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22271/fish.2022.v10.i3a.2673 This study examines the impact of fish culture
value chain development project of PKSF (Palli Karma Sahayak Foundation) implemented by
United Development Initiatives for Program Action (UDDIPAN) of fish farmers in Natore
district.

Sarma et al., (2014, )Appropriate technique is thus felt necessary to increase fish production
in vulnerable area due to climate change. Mixed fish culture is a popular technique to
increase biomass in animal rearing and this practice is often followed for the production
of beef cattle.

Babul Hossain (2020), climate changes induced extreme flood disaster in Bangladesh:
Implications on people’s livelihoods in the Char Village and their cropping mechanisms.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100079

Alam et al,.. (2002) Impact of agrochemicals on fish production in two important Beels of
Bangladesh.

Malcolm Jobling (April 2010), Farmed species and their characteristics.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286835318_Farmed_species_and_their_characteristics