Test Bank For Psychology Themes and Variations 10th Edition Weiten

Test Bank for Psychology: Themes and Variations 10th Edition Weiten
Test Bank for Psychology: Themes and Variations

10th Edition Weiten
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Chapter 7 Multiple-Choice Items

Multiple Choice
1. The basic process in memory that involves formation of a memory code is

a. encoding.
b. storage.
c. retrieval.
d. sensation.
ANSWER: a
2. In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be

a. maintained.
b. modeled.
c. retrieved.
d. encoded.
ANSWER: d
3. Shayla is able to retain the vocabulary she learned in her first semester Spanish class after the class has ended. The
main memory process that accounts for the fact that Shayla can hold information in her memory for extended periods of
time is
a. encoding.
b. retrieval.
c. chunking.
d. storage.
ANSWER: d
4. If you were attempting to recall a memory, the memory process you would be using is
a. encoding.
b. storage.
c. retrieval.
d. acquisition.
ANSWER: c
5. The memory process of storage involves

a. recovering information from memory stores.
b. forming a memory code.
c. linking new information to other information.
d. maintaining information in memory over time.
ANSWER: d
6. Kwan is driving to campus and his phone rings. Based on the results of studies on divided attention, which of the
following BEST explains if Kwan should answer the phone?
a. No, he would experience a negative impact on his driving behavior since he would focus more on the phone
call than on traffic signals.
b. He should only answer the phone if he is an experienced driver who is driving in a familiar location.
c. Yes, his attention system will allow him to process both traffic information and his phone conversation
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equally.
d. He should only answer the phone if he has a hands-free device, so that he is not distracted by having to hold
the phone.
ANSWER: a
7. Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines

a. perception.
b. processing.
c. attention.
d. sensation.
ANSWER: c
8. When individuals are instructed to divide their attention between a memory encoding task and other tasks, their
performance on the encoding task generally shows
a. a marked improvement.
b. a small decline.
c. a large decline.
d. no significant change.
ANSWER: c
9. As part of a memory test, Kiana was given a list of words that included dog, pail, and hate. Later, she recalled these
words as dig, paint, and hard. Kiana’s errors in recall suggest that she had encoded the original word list
a. phonemically.
b. semantically.
c. implicitly.
d. structurally.
ANSWER: d
10. In which of the following levels of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
a. Morphemic
b. Phonemic
c. Mnemonic
d. Semantic
ANSWER: b
11. A memory code that emphasizes the meaning of verbal input is called a(n) _____ code.
a. structural
b. phonemic
c. semantic
d. episodic
ANSWER: c
12. As part of a memory test, Xavier was given a list of words that included dog, pail, and hate. Later, he recalled these
words as log, whale, and late. Xavier’s errors in recall suggest that he had encoded the original word list
a. phonemically.
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b. structurally.
c. semantically.
d. retroactively.
ANSWER: a
13. As part of a memory test, Taryn was given a list of words that included dog, pail, and hate. Later, she recalled these
words as pup, bucket, and loathe. Taryn’s errors in recall suggest that she had encoded the original word list
a. proactively.
b. semantically.
c. phonemically.
d. structurally.
ANSWER: b
14. The deepest level of processing of information in memory, emphasizing the meaning of the information being
processed, is
a. the triarchic level of encoding.
b. the semantic level of encoding.
c. attentional encoding.
d. dyadic encoding.
ANSWER: b
15. Which of the following levels of processing should result in the longest lasting memory codes?
a. Structural encoding
b. Mnemonic encoding
c. Semantic encoding
d. Phonemic encoding
ANSWER: c
16. Two students took a memory test that involved 20 nouns shown sequentially on a TV monitor. Mallory tried to think
of rhymes for each word as it appeared on the monitor; Bailey tried to think of ways each word could be used in a
sentence. Based on Craik and Lockhart’s levels-of-processing theory, you should predict that
a. Mallory will have better recall of the words because she used semantic encoding.
b. both students should have equivalent recall of the words.
c. Bailey will have better recall of the words because she used semantic encoding.
d. Bailey will have poorer recall of the words because she used structural encoding.
ANSWER: c
17. The shallowest level of processing of verbal information is _____ encoding.

a. structural
b. semantic
c. verbal
d. phonemic
ANSWER: a
18. If you are given a list of vocabulary words to study briefly before being tested on your memory of them, as you read
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through the list, you should
a. count how many letters are in each word.
b. concentrate on the first letter of each word.
c. think of a word that rhymes with each word.
d. use each word in a sentence.
ANSWER: d
19. Naomi is studying for her law exam. While she is studying, she is trying to think of as many examples as she can to
illustrate key ideas. In this case, Naomi is using
a. an efficient study strategy, because examples should help her to recall key ideas.
b. an ineffective study strategy that will probably cause her to confuse many of the key ideas.
c. shallow processing that does not focus on the underlying meaning of the material she is reading.
d. the linking method, to create a more complete semantic network.
ANSWER: a
20. Norm is studying for his law exam. While he is studying, he is trying to think of as many examples as he can to
illustrate key ideas. In this case, Norm is using
a. elaboration.
b. visual imagery.
c. self-referent encoding.
d. phonemic encoding.
ANSWER: a
21. Erin is studying for her anatomy exam. While she is studying, she tries to create pictures in her mind to illustrate key
ideas. In this case, Erin is using
a. elaboration.
b. visual imagery.
c. self-referent encoding.
d. phonemic encoding.
ANSWER: b
22. The dual-coding theory argues that memory is

a. enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes.
b. composed of declarative and procedural elements.
c. composed of episodic and semantic codes.
d. composed of schematic and nonschematic elements.
ANSWER: a
23. Which of the following is NOT listed in the textbook as a method to enrich encoding of to-be-stored information?
a. Motivation to remember
b. Visual imagery
c. Rote memorization
d. Elaboration
ANSWER: c
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24. When studying for her psychology exam, Amy would read each word from the list of key terms at the end of the
chapter, read the definition of the term, and then think of an example that illustrated each term. Amy was using the
process of _____ to hopefully enhance her memory of the terms.
a. elaboration
b. expanded attention
c. retrieval
d. imagery
ANSWER: a
25. Which of the following theories suggests that memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes?
a. Encoding-storage theory
b. Information-processing theory
c. Enhanced imagery theory
d. Dual-coding theory
ANSWER: d
26. Which of the following words should be easiest to remember using visual imagery?
a. Trust
b. Liberty
c. Automobile
d. Justice
ANSWER: c
27. When their mom took them to the store yesterday, she asked David and Andrew to help her remember to buy apples.
While David focused his attention on how apples were his favorite fruit, Andrew thought of seeing a bag of big red apples
in the shopping cart. David was using _____ and Andrew _____.
a. elaboration; structural encoding
b. elaboration; visual imagery
c. phonemic encoding; structural encoding
d. phonemic encoding; visual imagery
ANSWER: b
28. Recent research suggests that strong motivation to remember something may actually enhance memory, but only if the
motivation is present at the time of
a. retrieval.
b. encoding.
c. storage.
d. interference.
ANSWER: b
29. Which of the following researchers conducted a classic experiment that demonstrated the brief duration of information
in sensory memory?
a. Richard Atkinson
b. Hermann Ebbinghaus
c. George Miller
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d. George Sperling
ANSWER: d
30. According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, the memory system that allows for the sensation of a visual
pattern, sound, or touch to linger for a brief moment after the sensory stimulation is over is called _____ memory.
a. semantic
b. sensory
c. long-term
d. short-term
ANSWER: b
31. Cindy is watching her little sister as she skips rope. As long as the rope is turning, all Cindy can see is a blur of color.
She can only make out the shape of the skipping rope when her sister stops skipping. The “blurred” image that Cindy sees
while the rope is moving results from the way in which
a. flashbulb memories are formed.
b. episodic memory is encoded.
c. sensory memory works.
d. rehearsal works in short-term memory.
ANSWER: c
32. According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, which of the following is the first stage of memory processing?
a. Short-term memory
b. Sensory memory
c. Long-term memory
d. Semantic memory
ANSWER: b
33. The function of sensory memory is to

a. put information into long-term memory.
b. hold the immediate perception of what was perceived.
c. provide additional time to recognize stimuli.
d. hold information for a lifetime.
ANSWER: c
34. Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory comprise the three components of
a. memory.
b. encoding.
c. retrieval.
d. storage.
ANSWER: d
35. When you listen to a lecture, the information is held in _____ memory until you write it in your notes.
a. trace
b. sensory

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c. short-term
d. long-term
ANSWER: c
36. You look up the phone number of the new pizza restaurant down the street and repeat the number silently in your head
until you find a pad of paper to write it down. The process of actively repeating the number is called
a. chunking.
b. rehearsal.
c. encoding.
d. retrieval.
ANSWER: b
37. As Kayla was introduced to the seven members of the committee who would be interviewing her for a scholarship, she
silently repeated all the names to herself, in order. Kayla was using
a. chunking to increase the capacity of her short-term memory.
b. rehearsal to temporarily store the names in short-term memory.
c. filtering to temporarily block other information out of short-term memory.
d. acoustic encoding to process the names semantically.
ANSWER: b
38. Without rehearsal, the duration of short-term memory is

a. no longer than 1 second.
b. about 5 seconds.
c. about 20 seconds.
d. 1- to 2 minutes.
ANSWER: c
39. You are absorbed in reading your psychology text when the phone rings. After talking on the phone, you can’t
remember the last thing you read. This information was lost from _____ memory, because the phone conversation
distracted you from _____ the information.
a. sensory; perceiving
b. short-term; rehearsing
c. long-term; rehearsing
d. long-term; retrieving
ANSWER: b
40. Which of the following researchers is known for identifying the capacity of short-term memory as “seven plus or
minus two” items?
a. Richard Atkinson
b. Hermann Ebbinghaus
c. George Miller
d. George Sperling
ANSWER: c
41. Research by George Miller suggested that the capacity of short-term memory is about _____ chunks of information.
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a. 3
b. 5
c. 7
d. 12
ANSWER: c
42. According to Cowan, the capacity of short-term memory has been _____ because researchers have not controlled for
_____ by participants.
a. overestimated; covert chunking
b. underestimated; covert chunking
c. overestimated; serial positioning
d. underestimated; serial positioning
ANSWER: a
43. Mark is listening as his roommate lists 14 things that they need to buy for their apartment before the end of the week.
Based on George Miller’s research into the capacity of short-term memory, if Mark doesn’t write the items down as he
hears them, he is MOST likely to remember
a. less than 5 of the items from the list.
b. approximately 10 to 12 items from the list.
c. the entire list.
d. between 5 and 9 items from the list.
ANSWER: d
44. Jade rearranges the letters HI TRE DBA T into “hit red bat.” This is an example of
a. chunking.
b. elaboration.
c. rehearsal.
d. clustering.
ANSWER: a
45. Chunking involves

a. the internal repetition of material a person is trying to remember.
b. forming connections between new information and information already in memory.
c. creating visual images of information to be stored in memory.
d. rearranging incoming information into meaningful or familiar patterns.
ANSWER: d
46. Which of the following statements concerning short-term memory is NOT accurate?
a. Short-term memory is also referred to as working memory.
b. The storage capacity of short-term memory is approximately seven items.
c. Unrehearsed information is usually maintained in short-term memory for approximately five minutes.
d. The capacity of short-term memory can be increased using chunking.
ANSWER: c

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47. Rehearsal is MOST beneficial for maintaining information in _____ memory.
a. sensory
b. short-term
c. intermediate-term
d. long-term
ANSWER: b
48. While driving with her two young children, Kathy’s car broke down. She called her husband on her cell phone, and he
told her the phone number of a towing company to call. If the children’s behavior prevents her from repeating the phone
number to herself, most likely Kathy will need to dial the phone number within the next _____ or she will forget the
number.
a. minute
b. 45 seconds
c. 20 seconds
d. 2 seconds
ANSWER: c
49. While at a yard sale, you and your roommate find a great old sofa. As you are trying to decide if it will fit in your
dorm room if you rearrange the beds, dressers, and desks, you would be using the _____ component of working memory.
a. visuospatial sketchpad
b. semantic buffer
c. executive control system
d. phonological rehearsal loop
ANSWER: a
50. Which of the following memory systems is referred to in your text as “working memory”?
a. Sensory memory
b. Short-term memory
c. Long-term memory
d. All of these collectively
ANSWER: b
51. The stable ability to hold information in conscious attention is referred to as

a. working-memory capacity.
b. short-term memory.
c. long-term memory.
d. destination memory.
ANSWER: a
52. A personal trait that is influenced by heredity and appears to play a role in intelligence and musical ability is
a. semantic encoding.
b. sensory memory.
c. working memory capacity.
d. elaboration.

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ANSWER: c
53. When you mentally picture the road between your house and school, you are relying on which of the following
components of working memory?
a. Visuospatial sketchpad
b. Conceptual hierarchy
c. Rehearsal loop
d. Executive control system
ANSWER: a
54. As Art was walking out the door of his apartment, he quickly ran through a mental list of all the things he was
supposed to take with him. He went through the complete list of items four or five times just to make sure he hadn’t
forgotten anything. Based on Baddeley’s model of working memory, Art was utilizing
a. the visuospatial sketchpad to arrange all the information he needed.
b. the phonological loop to temporarily hold his list of essential items.
c. the central executive system to juggle all the information he needed to consider.
d. his prospective memory to remember the actions he still needed to perform.
ANSWER: b
55. Mia was trying to figure out how to fit the box that contained her new computer into the trunk of her car. She mentally
manipulated the position of the box, trying to figure out a way to make it fit. Based on Baddeley’s model of working
memory, Mia was utilizing
a. the visuospatial sketchpad to mentally manipulate the box’s position.
b. the phonological loop while she worked repeatedly on the problem.
c. the central executive system to juggle all the information she needed to consider.
d. her prospective memory to remember the actions she would need to perform.
ANSWER: a
56. Baddeley’s concept of working memory

a. integrates sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory into a single, complex system.
b. expands the functions and processes of short-term memory.
c. takes the place of the old concept of sensory memory.
d. expands the functions and processes of long-term memory.
ANSWER: b
57. The _____ component of working memory serves as the interface between working and long-term memory.
a. episodic buffer
b. semantic buffer
d. visuospatial sketchpad
ANSWER: a
58. The _____ component of working memory controls the allocation of attention.
a. episodic buffer
b. semantic buffer
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d. visuospatial sketchpad
ANSWER: c
59. The memory system that has an almost unlimited storage capacity is _____ memory.
a. time-based
b. long-term
c. working
d. auditory sensory
ANSWER: b
60. Information decays LEAST rapidly in _____ memory.

a. time-based
b. sensory
c. short-term
d. long-term
ANSWER: d
61. Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called _____ memories.
a. episodic
b. flashbulb
c. sensory
d. nondeclarative
ANSWER: b
62. Miles has very vivid memories of a car accident he witnessed five years ago. When he closes his eyes and thinks about
the accident, he feels as if he can recall every detail of it, right down to the brand name printed on the tires of one of the
cars. This type of memory is called _____ memory.
a. sensory
b. procedural
c. a flashbulb
d. an implicit
ANSWER: c
63. Which of the following memory stores can hold the FEWEST pieces of information?
a. Sensory
b. Short-term
c. Long-term
d. Declarative
ANSWER: b
64. Maria is trying to recall the names of all 48 of the contiguous United States. She begins by naming the New England
states, followed by the mid-Atlantic states, the states in the Southeast, the Midwest, the Southwest, and finally the states in
the Pacific Northwest. Maria's pattern of recall illustrates the concept of
a. the primacy effect.
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b. levels-of-processing.
c. the serial-position effect.
d. clustering.
ANSWER: d
65. When information in long-term memory (LTM) is organized according to a clustering principle, it means that
a. items that occurred close together in time are grouped together in LTM.
b. related items tend to be remembered in groups or categories.
c. words that look alike are grouped together in LTM.
d. people create a network of nodes in LTM, with links to related concepts.
ANSWER: b
66. A multilevel classification system based on common properties among items is called a
a. script.
b. schema.
c. conceptual hierarchy.
d. mnemonic device.
ANSWER: c
67. Meredith is trying to memorize the various eras and periods in the geologic table. She begins by memorizing the
Cenozoic, Mesozoic, and Paleozoic as three eras. She then memorizes the three periods from the Cenozoic, the three
periods from the Mesozoic, and the six periods from the Paleozoic. Meredith's method of organizing the material she is
trying to remember illustrates the concept of
a. conceptual hierarchies.
b. levels-of-processing.
d. source monitoring.
ANSWER: a
68. Nodes representing concepts joined together by pathways that link related concepts comprise a(n)
a. clustering hierarchy.
b. organizational schema.
c. lexical ordering.
d. semantic network.
ANSWER: d
69. According to the notion of semantic networks, which of the following pairs of words should be linked MOST closely?
a. car-nose
b. boat-goat
c. fill-feed
d. tree-bird
ANSWER: d
70. Three friends are having a discussion about taxes, but the conversation is soon sidetracked as different statements
bring up related ideas. The conversation drifts from taxes, to politicians, to the election, to fund-raising. This shift in the
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focus of the conversation is consistent with Collins and Loftus' theory of
a. prospective memory processes.
b. spreading activation within a semantic network.
c. schema-based recall of information.
d. mood-congruent memory.
ANSWER: b
71. An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experiences with the
object or event is known as a
a. schema.
b. cluster.
c. stereotype.
d. category.
ANSWER: a
72. A student’s set of expectations about how a college professor is supposed to act is an example of a
a. schema.
b. chunk.
c. semantic network.
d. script.
ANSWER: a
73. Brock was describing the inside of his doctor’s office to one of his friends. In his description, he mentioned that there
were two diplomas on the wall, even though this doctor does not have any diplomas displayed. Brock’s error in recall
illustrates the
a. role of semantic networks in long-term memory.
b. need for conceptual hierarchies in long-term memory.
c. need for a good executive control system in short-term memory.
d. role of schemas in long-term memory.
ANSWER: d
74. Which of the following statements concerning schemas is NOT correct?

a. Schemas sometimes cause individuals to remember information inaccurately.
b. Schemas usually result in increasing the accuracy of an individual’s memory.
c. People are more likely to remember things that are consistent with their schemas.
d. Schemas sometimes make individuals more likely to remember unusual events.
ANSWER: b
75. Christine says the birthday party she just attended was a lot of fun: “We played games, had cake and ice cream, and
got goodie bags.” In reality, the ice cream was served with a brownie and not birthday cake. Christine’s inaccurate
memory MOST likely resulted from
a. her birthday party schema.
b. the misinformation effect.
c. the source-monitoring error.
d. repression.
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ANSWER: a
76. If you try to remember something but cannot, yet you know the information is in your memory, you are experiencing
the
a. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
b. pseudoamnesia phenomenon.
c. Krensky syndrome.
d. retrieval-delay phenomenon.
ANSWER: a
77. Adan has been trying to recall the name of the musical artist who released the song that was #1 when he was 14. Adan
feels somewhat frustrated because he is certain he knows the artist’s name, but he just can’t seem to recall it at this
moment. Adan is experiencing something referred to as
a. retrograde amnesia.
b. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
c. proactive interference.
d. a source-monitoring error.
ANSWER: b
78. A retrieval cue is

a. a brain structure stimulus used to locate a particular memory.
b. the same thing as an elaboration encoding variable.
c. a stimulus associated with a memory that is used to locate that memory.
d. always based on the mood you were in when a memory was first encoded.
ANSWER: c
79. Ten-year-old Kylee is trying to remember the capital of North Carolina. Her father tells her to think of the letter “R,”
and she quickly comes up with Raleigh. In this case, Kylee’s memory was assisted using
a. an effective retrieval cue.
b. semantic network activation.
c. the method of loci.
d. transfer-appropriate processing.
ANSWER: a
80. A visit to your elementary classroom might help you remember more of the names of some of your classmates
because you are
a. using the serial position effect.
b. relying on a flashbulb memory.
c. in the same context as you were when you learned them.
d. relying on schemas to enhance the retrieval process.
ANSWER: c
81. When you walk into the kitchen to remind yourself what you made for lunch yesterday, you are using
a. retrieval cues.
b. context cues.
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c. schemas.
d. recognition cues.
ANSWER: b
82. Research on hypnosis MOST clearly demonstrates that hypnosis leads subjects to report
a. more correct information.
b. more incorrect information.
c. less confidence in their memories.
d. accurate past-life events.
ANSWER: b
83. Investigators asked employees at a construction site what they were doing last Tuesday at 10 P.M. Some of the
workers had a difficult time remembering details until the foreman reminded them that the foundations for the building
were poured that morning. If the workers are now able to recall details of their actions, the foreman has been able to
a. prime the workers’ conceptual hierarchies.
b. successfully reinstate the context.
c. effectively overcome proactive interference.
d. activate transfer-appropriate processing.
ANSWER: b
84. The memory process of retrieval is associated with

a. only short-term memory.
b. only long-term memory.
c. both short- and long-term memory.
d. sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.
ANSWER: b
85. The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can be BEST described as an instance of

a. complete storage failure.
b. complete retrieval failure.
c. partial retrieval.
d. partial storage.
ANSWER: c
86. Often individuals are not able to answer a straightforward question such as, “Who was president after Richard
Nixon?”, but they can remember the answer (Gerald Ford) when given a hint such as, “He has the same name as a type of
car.” The hint serves as a _____ cue.
a. tip-of-the-tongue
b. semantic
c. rehearsal
d. retrieval
ANSWER: d
87. The work of researchers like Loftus on errors in memory suggests that memory is BEST viewed as
a. a tape recording.
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b. storage on a computer disc.

c. a literal record of events.
d. a reconstruction of events or materials.
ANSWER: d
88. Loftus’s work on eyewitness testimony has clearly demonstrated that

a. memory errors come mostly from erroneous original encoding.
b. most memory errors are constructive.
c. information given after an event can alter a person’s memory of the event.
d. most memory errors are simply omissions of details of the event.
ANSWER: c
89. Tyler witnessed an automobile accident and heard one of the bystanders casually mention that the driver was probably
intoxicated. Even though the driver had not been drinking and never crossed the center line, Tyler tells the police officer
who is investigating the accident that the car had been “weaving all over the road.” Tyler’s faulty recall illustrates
a. proactive interference.
b. implicit memory readjustment.
c. the misinformation effect.
d. mood-dependent memory.
ANSWER: c
90. When an individual’s memory for an event is altered by the later introduction of inaccurate or misleading information,
it is referred to as the _____ effect.
a. reconstruction
b. postcontext
c. source-monitoring
d. misinformation
ANSWER: d
91. The process of making attributions about the origins of memories is referred to as
a. reality monitoring.
b. source monitoring.
c. buffering.
d. a contraindication.
ANSWER: b
92. During a party, Michael talked to a friend about the symbolism involved in a recent movie. Michael attributed the
explanation of the symbolism to a prominent movie critic, when actually he heard it from his roommate. This example
illustrates which of the following phenomena?
a. Amnesia
b. Cryptomnesia
c. Source-monitoring error
d. Serial position effect
ANSWER: c

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93. Jack and Sophia are debating a recent news story. Sophia finally decides to bring in the latest issue of the Weekly
Bulletin to show Jack that she is correct, but now she can’t find the story and wonders where else she might have read it.
In this example, Sophia
a. appears to have made a reality-monitoring error.
b. is showing the misinformation error.
c. is experiencing proactive interference.
d. has apparently made a source-monitoring error.
ANSWER: d
94. Gregory is telling Molly a joke when she suddenly stops him and tells him that she told him that same joke last week.
In this example, Gregory
a. has apparently made a source-monitoring error.
b. appears to have made a reality-monitoring error.
c. is showing the misinformation error.
d. is experiencing proactive interference.
ANSWER: a
95. The first person to conduct scientific studies of forgetting was

a. Sigmund Freud.
b. Hermann Ebbinghaus.
c. John Watson.
d. George Miller.
ANSWER: b
96. Ebbinghaus used which of the following as stimuli in his classic studies of forgetting?
a. Geometric shapes
b. Nonsense syllables
c. Common English words
d. Uncommon English words
ANSWER: b
97. Ebbinghaus’s original forgetting curves, which graphed his retention over time, suggested that most forgetting occurs
a. very gradually over long periods of time.
b. only after several days have passed.
c. as a result of interference with other information.
d. very rapidly after learning something.
ANSWER: d
98. Imagine that you complete a computer programming course, but never have a chance to use the programming
language once the course is over. Based on the research results reported by Ebbinghaus, over the years, you should expect
a. there will be a constant, steady decline in what you can recall from the programming course.
b. most of what you learned to be forgotten early, but later, there will be a slow, steady increase in what you can
recall from the programming course.
c. very little of what you learned to be forgotten early, but later, there will be a rapid decline in what you can
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d. most of what you learned to be forgotten early, and there will continue to be a slow decline in what you can
ANSWER: d
99. The probable reason that Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curves were so steep was that Ebbinghaus
a. had a poor memory.
b. learned too many lists.
c. used meaningless materials.
d. used autobiographical materials.
ANSWER: c
100. In studies of forgetting, the retention interval is the length of time

a. between the presentation of stimuli and the complete forgetting of the information.
b. between the presentation of stimuli and the measurement of forgetting.
c. during which the stimulus material is available to be studied by the subjects.
d. over which the subject has 100% recall of the material.
ANSWER: b
101. Roberto was attacked while he was walking in the park. The police ask Roberto to describe his attacker in as much
detail as possible. The police are using
a. transfer-appropriate encoding to recover information from Roberto’s memory.
b. a recall task to recover information from Roberto’s memory.
c. a recognition task to recover information from Roberto’s memory.
d. a misinformation task to recover information from Roberto’s memory.
ANSWER: b
102. LeAnn had her purse snatched as she walked out to her car. The police ask LeAnn to try to pick the purse-snatcher
out of a line-up of 8 suspects. The police are using
a. a recognition task to recover information from LeAnn’s memory.
b. a recall task to recover information from LeAnn’s memory.
c. transfer-appropriate encoding to recover information from LeAnn’s memory.
d. a misinformation task to recover information from LeAnn’s memory.
ANSWER: a
103. The measure of memory that requires subjects to reproduce information on their own, without any cues, is
a. recall.
b. recognition.
c. relearning.
d. reiteration.
ANSWER: a
104. A relearning measure requires subjects to

a. memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved.
b. select previously learned information from an array of options.

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c. reproduce information on their own without any cues.

d. indicate whether a given piece of information is familiar.
ANSWER: a
105. Noah learned to play Mozart’s Concerto Number 21 when he was 8 years old. He is now 30 and hasn’t played the
piano for 12 years, but his sister has asked him to play the concerto at her wedding. When Noah sits down to practice, he
finds that he has the piece mastered in just a few hours, even though it took him weeks to learn the first time. This
example illustrates
a. recognition as a measure of memory retention.
b. recall as a measure of memory retention.
c. relearning as a measure of memory retention.
d. the impact of pseudoforgetting.
ANSWER: c
106. A history teacher who asks his students to state from memory the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution is
assessing retention by using the _____ method.
a. recall
b. recognition
c. relearning
d. recitation
ANSWER: a
107. The recognition measure of retention requires an individual

a. to reproduce information on his or her own without any cues.
b. to select previously learned information from an array of options.
c. to predict how well he or she will perform on a later memory test.
d. to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved.
ANSWER: b
108. Savings scores are associated with the _____ method of measuring forgetting.
a. recognition
b. retention
c. recall
d. relearning
ANSWER: d
109. Pseudoforgetting is information loss due to ineffective

a. encoding only.
b. storage only.
c. retrieval only.
d. encoding, storage, and retrieval.
ANSWER: a
110. Joel is asked to provide a description of his neighbor’s car after the car and the neighbor both disappear. Because he
never really paid attention to the car, he finds that he really can’t accurately recall the make of the car or any special
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details that might help in identifying it. In this case, Joel may be experiencing
b. retrograde amnesia.
c. pseudoforgetting.
d. cryptomnesia.
ANSWER: c
111. ____ would BEST explain your behavior if as you are reading this question you cannot think of the correct term and
you say to yourself, “I can’t believe I forgot this,” when in reality you never knew the answer in the first place.
a. Retrieval failure
b. Interference
c. Pseudoforgetting
d. Decay
ANSWER: c
112. According to interference theory,

a. people forget information because of competition from other material.
b. forgetting is due to ineffective encoding.
c. the principal cause of forgetting should be the passage of time.
d. the events that occur during the retention interval do not affect forgetting.
ANSWER: a
113. Decay theory suggests that forgetting is due to

a. ineffective encoding.
b. impermanent storage.
c. retrieval failure.
d. interference effects.
ANSWER: b
114. Imagine that researchers find some memories are lost very quickly, while other memories last much longer. This
evidence would create the MOST problems for the _____ theory of forgetting.
a. decay
b. interference
c. repression
d. neurochemical
ANSWER: a
115. In studies of long-term memory, researchers have found that

a. the mere passage of time is the sole cause of forgetting.
b. the passage of time is more influential in forgetting than what happens during the time interval.
c. the passage of time is not as influential as what happens during the time interval.
d. subjects who sleep during the retention interval forget more than those who remain awake.
ANSWER: c

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116. _____ occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information.
a. Retroactive interference
b. Proactive interference
c. Retrograde amnesia
d. Anterograde amnesia
ANSWER: a
117. You move to a new house and memorize your new phone number. Now you can’t remember your old phone number.
This is an example of
a. retroactive interference.
b. proactive interference.
c. retrograde amnesia.
d. motivated forgetting.
ANSWER: a
118. Curtis has been testing a new software package for the past two months. However, he decides not to switch and goes
back to using his old software. Unfortunately, he is now having some problems in recalling how to do certain tasks with
the old software, and often finds himself trying to do things the way he did with the new software he was testing. Curtis’s
problems illustrate the effects of
b. state-dependent forgetting.
d. memory reconstruction.
ANSWER: a
119. Interference effects on retention are greatest when the interfering material is
a. similar to the material to be remembered.
b. dissimilar to the material to be remembered.
c. unrelated to the material to be remembered.
d. not personally relevant.
ANSWER: a
120. Isabella spent one hour studying American History prior to 1800 and then spent one hour studying European History
prior to 1800. Victor spent one hour studying American History prior to 1800 and then spent one hour studying calculus.
In this example, it is likely that
a. Victor will have better recall of events in early American History.
b. Isabella will have better recall of events in early American History.
c. both students will have equivalent recall of events in early American History.
d. neither student will have good recall of the material studied during the second hour.
ANSWER: a
121. Proactive interference occurs when

a. new information impairs the retention of previously learned information.
b. previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information.
c. a person loses memories of events that occurred prior to a head injury.
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d. a person loses memories of events that occur after a head injury.

ANSWER: b
122. Your friend recently got married and changed her last name to that of her husband’s. You have difficulty
remembering her new last name because of
b. retroactive interference.
c. memory decay.
d. response inhibition.
ANSWER: a
123. Allen was recently traded to a new basketball team, and he is having a hard time remembering all the new plays
because he keeps using the plays from his former team. Allen’s problems illustrate the effects of
b. state-dependent forgetting.
d. memory reconstruction.
ANSWER: c
124. Ivan’s bank assigned him a personal identification number (PIN) of 8624 when he was issued his credit card. Last
week the bank issued him a new PIN of 9317. If Ivan experiences proactive interference when he enters his PIN, you
would expect that he will enter the digits
a. 9317, his new PIN.
b. 9324, using the last two digits of his old number in error.
c. 8617, using the first two digits of his old number in error.
d. 8624, his old PIN.
ANSWER: d
125. The principle that proposes that the values of a retrieval cue depend on how well it corresponds to the memory code
is known as
a. tip of the tongue.
b. encoding specificity.
c. long-term potentiation.
d. transfer appropriate.
ANSWER: b
126. You meet a man at a party and carefully store his name along with an image of his face. The next day, he calls you
on the phone, but you can’t remember his name. According to the encoding specificity principle, this is because
a. the sound of his voice is an inappropriate retrieval cue.
b. you never paid attention to his name in the first place.
c. the name is no longer in your long-term memory.
d. the name is in your sensory store only.
ANSWER: a
127. The concept of motivated forgetting is based largely on the work of which of the following early psychologists?
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a. Hermann Ebbinghaus
b. Sigmund Freud
c. John Watson
d. Wilhelm Wundt
ANSWER: b
128. According to Sigmund Freud, the process that is at work when distressing thoughts and feelings remain buried in the
unconscious is
c. repression.
d. Korsakoff’s syndrome.
ANSWER: c
129. Martin can’t remember who invented flush toilets because he was flirting with a classmate when his history professor
described this momentous event. His forgetting appears to be due to
a. ineffective encoding.
b. motivated forgetting.
c. time decay.
d. proactive interference.
ANSWER: a
130. Anna is 55 years old. When she was 7 years old, she saw her grandfather fall down the stairs after he had a stroke. At
the time, she visited him in the hospital every day for the 6 months it took him to recover. Today, Anna has no memory of
her grandfather, his stroke, or her visits to him in the hospital. According to Freud, Anna may be
a. showing signs of proactive interference.
b. experiencing retrograde amnesia.
c. suffering from Korsakoff’s syndrome.
d. using repression to push the memories out of her conscious awareness.
ANSWER: d
131. Krista is 28 years old. She was burned quite badly in a kitchen accident when she was 7 years old. Today, even
though her parents still sometimes mention the kitchen accident, Krista has no memory of ever being burned. According
to Freud, Krista may be
a. showing signs of proactive interference.
b. experiencing retrograde amnesia.
c. experiencing the misinformation effect.
d. repressing to keep the distressing memories in the unconscious.
ANSWER: d
132. Freud’s concept of repression involves a specific type of

a. retrieval failure.
b. ineffective encoding.
c. interference.
d. decay.
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ANSWER: a
133. MacMillan and colleagues (1997) surveyed a random sample of almost 10,000 adults and found that approximately
______ of women reported having been victims of sexual abuse during childhood.
a. 7%
b. 13%
c. 25%
d. 66%
ANSWER: b
134. A 45-year-old woman suddenly becomes aware of long-forgotten memories of being sexually abused by her father
when she was 6 years old. Her father denies the allegations. This case can be described as a typical example associated
with the _____ controversy.
a. memory reconstruction
b. false allegation
c. recovered memory
d. memory retrieval
ANSWER: c
135. Which of the following statements BEST reflects the current view of the repressed memories controversy?
a. It seems likely that most cases of recovered memories are authentic.
b. It appears that many therapists are deliberately creating false memories in their patients.
c. Recovered memories of childhood abuse can be summarily dismissed.
d. We should be extremely careful about accepting recovered memories of abuse in the absence of convincing
corroboration.
ANSWER: d
136. Psychologists who doubt the accuracy of recovered memories of abuse maintain that
a. the recovered memories result from the ineffective encoding of everyday events.
b. repression does not actually happen.
c. the recovered memories are inadvertently created in individuals after a therapist makes suggestions of
childhood abuse.
d. individuals purposely make up stories of abuse to damage the reputation of the accused individual.
ANSWER: c
137. In regard to the recovered memory controversy, psychologists who rely on research on the misinformation effect are
MOST likely to
a. have no opinion on the accuracy of recovered memories.
b. doubt the accuracy of recovered memories.
c. believe the accuracy of recovered memories.
d. believe it is not possible to repress memories.
ANSWER: b
138. Research demonstrates that the recovered memories of sexual abuse MOST likely to be corroborated are those that
are recovered
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a. as a result of hypnosis.
b. gradually over a long period of therapy.
c. quickly and spontaneously.
d. through age regression.
ANSWER: c
139. In anterograde amnesia,

ANSWER: d
140. Retrograde amnesia is a type of organic amnesia in which

ANSWER: c
141. Dave is thrown from his motorcycle and suffers a severe blow to the head. When his wife comes to visit him in the
hospital, he can't remember her name. This is an example of
b. anterograde amnesia.
c. motivated forgetting.
d. retroactive interference.
ANSWER: a
142. Adrianna was skiing when she fell and hit her head. When the operators of the ski resort ask her what she was doing
just before she fell, she really can’t remember. Adrianna’s memory loss is consistent with
a. cryptomnesia.
c. anterograde amnesia.
d. pseudoforgetting.
ANSWER: b
143. Victims of organic amnesia who can recall memories stored before a head injury but cannot recall information
processed after the injury are showing
b. pseudoforgetting.
d. retroactive interference.
ANSWER: c

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144. Damage to which of the following is MOST likely to cause deficits in long-term memory?
a. Limbic system
b. Hippocampal region
c. Sympathetic nervous system
d. Broca’s area
ANSWER: b
145. The profound anterograde amnesia that H. M. experienced after undergoing surgery to control his epilepsy suggests
that
a. the prefrontal lobes are the storage area for most long-term memories.
b. the hippocampal complex plays a key role in the consolidation of long-term memories.
c. the cortex houses exact recordings of past experiences and events.
d. long-term memories are processed and stored in the cerebellum.
ANSWER: b
146. Faith had brain surgery to remove a small tumor from her temporal lobe. While recovering from the surgery, Faith
appeared to be fine, and she was able to talk about events from both her childhood and just before the surgery. However,
she really cannot remember anything that has happened since the surgery. Faith’s memory difficulties are consistent with
those seen in
b. cryptomnesia.
d. pseudoforgetting.
ANSWER: c
147. The hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long-
term memory is known as
a. long-term potentiation.
b. consolidation.
c. pseudomemory.
d. cryptomnesia.
ANSWER: b
148. Current thinking on memory is that memories are consolidated in the _____ and stored in the _____.
a. limbic system; cerebellum
b. hippocampal region; cortex
c. cortex; limbic system
d. cerebellum; hippocampus
ANSWER: b
149. The consolidation view suggests that after the consolidation of a long-term memory, the memory is stored in a region
of the
a. hypothalamus.
b. hippocampus.
c. cerebellum.
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d. cerebral cortex.
ANSWER: d
150. When information is retrieved from long-term memory, it is sometimes unstable and can be weakened, strengthened,
or distorted depending on what happens during the process of
a. semantic encoding.
b. reconsolidation.
c. anterograde processing.
d. episodic rehearsal.
ANSWER: b
151. Eric Kandel earned a Nobel Prize for his research showing that specific memories depend on
a. biochemical alterations in transmission at specific synapses.
b. the creation of localized neural circuits in the brain.
c. hormonal fluctuations.
d. long-term potentiation in specific synapses along a specific neural pathway.
ANSWER: a
152. Studies by Richard Thompson and colleagues suggest that specific memories depend on localized neural circuits in
the brain. Thompson traced the pathway that accounts for a rabbit’s memory of
a. a conditioned eye blink.
b. a rewarding food.
c. the path through a maze.
d. a painful stimulus.
ANSWER: a
153. Scientists studying the neurological basis of memory have discovered that new brain cells are formed constantly in
the
a. dentate gyrus of the hippocampus.
b. dentate gyrus of the amygdala.
c. subcortical areas of the prefrontal cortex.
d. basilar sulcus of the cerebellum.
ANSWER: a
154. Animal studies show that manipulations that suppress neurogenesis lead to
a. enhanced learning on many types of tasks.
b. organic anterograde amnesia.
c. nonorganic retrograde amnesia.
d. memory impairments on many types of learning tasks.
ANSWER: d
155. Natasha asks Oscar for directions to his house. When he tells her to turn on 4th Street, she asks what color the house
is on the corner where she turns. Oscar is surprised that he actually knows the house is blue, since he never really thought
about it. In this instance the house color was likely stored in Oscar’s _____ memory.
a. nondeclarative
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b. procedural
c. declarative
d. prospective
ANSWER: c
156. The memory system that contains words, definitions, events, and ideas is the _____ memory system.
a. episodic
b. declarative
c. procedural
d. assimilative
ANSWER: b
157. Hayden is explaining the rules of his new computer game to Shane. The information about the rules is being
retrieved from Hayden’s _____ memory.
a. prospective
b. declarative
c. procedural
d. implicit
ANSWER: b
158. The memory system that contains the memory for how to type on a typewriter or drive an automobile is the _____
memory system.
a. cerebellum
b. schematic
c. nondeclarative
d. episodic
ANSWER: c
159. Your memory of how to do something, such as how to shoot a free throw in basketball, is contained in your _____
memory.
a. declarative
b. nondeclarative
c. episodic
d. semantic
ANSWER: b
160. Which of the following memory systems is characterized by both requiring little effort to recall a memory and not
declining much over long retention intervals?
a. Declarative memory
b. Episodic memory
c. Nondeclarative memory
d. Semantic memory
ANSWER: c
161. Memory of chronological and dated personal experiences is referred to as _____ memory.
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a. semantic
b. declarative
c. implicit
d. episodic
ANSWER: d
162. Dave is reminiscing about the first car he owned in high school and how he felt the first time he drove it through
town. This information is stored in his _____ memory.
a. procedural
b. nondeclarative
c. episodic
d. semantic
ANSWER: c
163. Ruben and Maya are describing their recent trip to Brazil. They describe all the interesting things they did while they
were there and all the interesting people that they met. In describing their trip, Ruben and Maya are largely relying on
their _____ memory.
a. semantic
b. procedural
c. episodic
d. prospective
ANSWER: c
164. General knowledge that is NOT tied to the time when the information was learned is contained in _____ memory.
a. episodic
b. semantic
c. implicit
d. procedural
ANSWER: b
165. When information is retrieved from long-term memory, _____ memories are associated with a sense of
remembering, whereas _____ memories are associated with a sense of knowing.
a. procedural; episodic
b. nondeclarative; declarative
c. episodic; semantic
d. sematic; procedural
ANSWER: c
166. Cierra is taking a test in geography and is trying to recall the capital of Turkmenistan. In answering this question,
Cierra is largely relying on her _____ memory.
a. episodic
b. procedural
c. semantic
d. prospective

Name: Class: Date:
ANSWER: c
167. Your psychology professor asks you for the name of the individual who started the behavioral approach to the study
of psychology. To answer this question correctly, you need to rely on your _____ memory.
a. semantic
b. episodic
c. procedural
d. prospective
ANSWER: a
168. Remembering to perform actions in the future involves _____ memory.

a. proactive
b. retrograde
c. prospective
d. retrospective
ANSWER: c
169. When, during a psychology test, you try to remember something your instructor said in class last week, you are using
what researchers call _____ memory.
a. proactive
b. retrograde
c. prospective
d. retrospective
ANSWER: d
170. Kelly is taking antibiotics for an ear infection, but she often forgets to take the medication when she is supposed to.
She has tried leaving the container for the medication in plain view, but she still forgets on occasion. Kelly’s difficulty in
remembering to take her medication illustrates
b. pseudoforgetting.
d. a failure in prospective memory.
ANSWER: d
171. Dennis is reminiscing about the trip he took with his parents to visit the house where his father grew up. He can still
remember the wide front porch with the swing and the big trees in the backyard. As Dennis recalls this trip, he is relying
on his _____ memory.
a. retrospective
b. semantic
c. procedural
d. prospective
ANSWER: a
172. Which of the following two types of memory are considered to be divisions of declarative memory?
a. Prospective and episodic
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b. Prospective and procedural

c. Semantic and procedural
d. Semantic and episodic
ANSWER: d
173. The likelihood of prospective memory errors increases due to all of the following EXCEPT
a. interruptions.
b. retrieval cues.
c. inadequate sleep.
d. distractions.
ANSWER: b
174. The reconstructive nature of memory BEST reflects which of the following unifying themes of your textbook?
a. Psychology is empirical.
b. Psychology evolves in a sociocultural context.
c. Behavior is determined by multiple causes.
d. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective.
ANSWER: d
175. The fact that your memory for a specific event may be influenced by the amount of attention you pay to the event,
the level at which you process information about the event, how you organize the information, and the amount of
interference you experience BEST reflects which of the following unifying themes of your textbook?
a. Psychology is empirical.
b. Behavior is determined by multiple causes.
c. Our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage.
d. Our experience of the world is highly subjective.
ANSWER: b
176. It is very easy to recall the name of your high school because it has been subjected to extensive
a. deep processing.
b. clustering.
c. chunking.
d. rehearsal.
ANSWER: d
177. Studies show that taking an exam on material increases performance on a later exam even more than studying for an
equal amount of time. This is referred to as
a. elaboration.
b. sensitization.
c. the testing effect.
d. the overlearning effect.
ANSWER: c
178. According to the serial-position effect, subjects tend to show better recall for items _____ of a list than for items
_____.
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a. at the beginning and end; in the middle

b. in the middle; at the beginning and end
c. at the end; at the beginning
d. in the middle; at the beginning
ANSWER: a
179. Craig is being introduced to the members of the fraternity he has just joined. He has not met 15 members before;
once the introductions are over, he can only remember the names of the first three and last two members he was
introduced to. He can’t recall the names of any of the other members. The memory difficulty that Craig is experiencing is
consistent with
a. late-selection filtering.
b. the misinformation effect.
c. non-distributed practice.
d. the serial-position effect.
ANSWER: d
180. Distributed practice refers to learning

a. through several different senses.
b. over several sessions.
c. all at once.
d. from several different sources.
ANSWER: b
181. Massed practice refers to learning material

a. across several large sessions.
b. all at once.
c. in a quiet place with no distractions.
d. with large numbers of people.
ANSWER: b
182. Corbin is convinced that he remembers the material from his text much better when he studies for 3 hours straight
through on the night before the exam, rather than when he studies for 30 minutes each night on 6 consecutive nights.
Corbin’s experience is NOT consistent with memory research that has documented the effectiveness of
a. chunking.
b. distributed practice.
c. massed practice.
d. prospective memory.
ANSWER: b
183. For which of the following reasons does the text advocate the spacing of study sessions as a method for improving
your memory?
a. Too much studying makes you a dull person.
b. Research indicates that people have limited attention spans.
c. Research suggests that spaced practice helps you avoid the serial-position effect.
d. Evidence suggests that massed study sessions leads to poor retention.
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ANSWER: d
184. Children often have difficulty remembering the letters in the middle of the alphabet because of
a. overlearning the first letters in the alphabet.
b. distributed practice.
d. the use of mnemonic devices.
ANSWER: c
185. Strategies designed to enhance memory through the use of either verbal cues or visual imagery to enrich encoding
are termed
a. acronyms.
b. mnemonic devices.
c. methods of loci.
d. serial-position identifiers.
ANSWER: b
186. The empirical finding that outlining material from textbooks can enhance retention of the material is MOST
consistent with which of the following approaches for improving memory?
a. Massed practice
b. Distributed practice
c. Organization
d. Deep processing
ANSWER: c
187. It is beneficial when you take the time to develop a mnemonic device such as an acronym or acrostic to help you
remember information because it causes you to
a. engage in a deeper level of processing.
b. activate declarative memory.
c. block out interference.
d. avoid false memories.
ANSWER: d
188. Using the phrase “Every good boy does fine” to remember the order of musical notes is an example of a(n)
a. narrative.
b. acrostic.
c. rhyme.
d. acronym.
ANSWER: b
189. Sabrina forms an image of her dog wearing a formal dress and foaming at the mouth. She is hoping that this
interactive image will help her remember to pick up dog food, her dry cleaning, and shaving cream for her son. Sabrina’s
strategy illustrates the use of
a. the method of loci.
b. passive encoding.
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c. the link method.

d. structural encoding.
ANSWER: c
190. If you associate a word with an image to represent the word, you are using
a. an acrostic.
b. the link method.
c. the keyword method.
d. a semantic network.
ANSWER: b
191. Which of the following is NOT a mnemonic device that involves verbal encoding?
a. Acronym
b. Acrostic
c. Link method
d. Rhymes
ANSWER: c
192. If you remember the names of the Great Lakes (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior) by recalling the word
“HOMES” as a cue, you are using a(n)
a. acrostic.
b. acronym.
c. link method.
d. method of loci.
ANSWER: b
193. Samantha remembers items on a shopping list by imagining the items placed at certain locations along the route she
normally drives through her neighborhood. Samantha is using
a. the method of loci.
b. the link method.
c. a narrative story.
d. an acronym.
ANSWER: a
194. The tendency to mold our interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out is called
a. the misinformation effect.
b. the serial-position effect.
c. hindsight bias.
d. the overconfidence effect.
ANSWER: c
195. The fact that recall by eyewitnesses can be distorted by information introduced after the event by police officers,
attorneys, etc., is BEST explained by which of the following?
a. The misinformation effect

Test Bank for Psychology: Themes and Variations 10th Edition Weiten
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b. The serial-position effect

c. Errors in source monitoring
d. Memory reconstruction
ANSWER: a
196. Knowing that a particular person has been arrested and accused of the crime in question can influence the
recollections of eyewitnesses. This finding can BEST be explained by
a. hindsight bias.
b. the overconfidence effect.
c. the misinformation effect.
d. the serial-position effect.
ANSWER: a
197. The correlation between eyewitness confidence and eyewitness accuracy can BEST be characterized as
a. strongly positive.
b. strongly negative.
c. moderate.
d. nonexistent.
ANSWER: c
198. Overconfidence in recalling information is MOST likely to be fueled by which of the following errors in thinking?
a. Source-monitoring errors
b. Reality-monitoring errors
c. The fundamental attribution error
d. The failure to seek disconfirming evidence
ANSWER: d
199. The memory improvement strategies of elaboration, using visual imagery, and engaging in deeper processing all
involve which of the following memory processes?
a. Encoding
b. Storage
c. Retrieval
d. Interference
ANSWER: a
200. Which of the following terms includes all of the others?

a. Semantic memory
b. Episodic memory
c. Long-term memory
d. Procedural memory
ANSWER: c
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Chapter 7 Multiple-Choice Items

1. The basic process in memory that involves formation of a memory code is

2. In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be

5. The memory process of storage involves

Chapter 7 Multiple-Choice Items

7. Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines

Chapter 7 Multiple-Choice Items

17. The shallowest level of processing of verbal information is _____ encoding.

Chapter 7 Multiple-Choice Items

22. The dual-coding theory argues that memory is

Chapter 7 Multiple-Choice Items

Chapter 7 Multiple-Choice Items

33. The function of sensory memory is to

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Chapter 7 Multiple-Choice Items

38. Without rehearsal, the duration of short-term memory is

Chapter 7 Multiple-Choice Items

45. Chunking involves

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Chapter 7 Multiple-Choice Items

51. The stable ability to hold information in conscious attention is referred to as

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Chapter 7 Multiple-Choice Items

56. Baddeley’s concept of working memory

Chapter 7 Multiple-Choice Items

c. executive control system

60. Information decays LEAST rapidly in _____ memory.

Chapter 7 Multiple-Choice Items

Chapter 7 Multiple-Choice Items

74. Which of the following statements concerning schemas is NOT correct?

Chapter 7 Multiple-Choice Items

78. A retrieval cue is

Chapter 7 Multiple-Choice Items

84. The memory process of retrieval is associated with

85. The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can be BEST described as an instance of

Chapter 7 Multiple-Choice Items

b. storage on a computer disc.

88. Loftus’s work on eyewitness testimony has clearly demonstrated that

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Chapter 7 Multiple-Choice Items

95. The first person to conduct scientific studies of forgetting was

Chapter 7 Multiple-Choice Items

100. In studies of forgetting, the retention interval is the length of time

104. A relearning measure requires subjects to

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Chapter 7 Multiple-Choice Items

c. reproduce information on their own without any cues.

107. The recognition measure of retention requires an individual

109. Pseudoforgetting is information loss due to ineffective

Chapter 7 Multiple-Choice Items

112. According to interference theory,

113. Decay theory suggests that forgetting is due to

115. In studies of long-term memory, researchers have found that

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Chapter 7 Multiple-Choice Items

121. Proactive interference occurs when

Chapter 7 Multiple-Choice Items

d. a person loses memories of events that occur after a head injury.

Chapter 7 Multiple-Choice Items