Test Bank For Hdev 4th Edition

Test Bank for HDEV, 4th Edition
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Chapter 6—Infancy: Social and Emotional Development
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following statements describes attachment?

a. It is unrelated to survival needs.
b. It is experienced only by humans.
c. It is unaffected by one’s environment.
d. It is a reciprocal relationship between child and parent.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 99 OBJ: LO1
BLM: Higher Order
2. Which of the following is associated with the belief that parents should demand more of their children
and not the other way around?
a. Dr. Spock
b. The Attachment Parenting Book
c. Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother
d. Battle Hymn of the Tiger Child
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 104 OBJ: LO1
BLM: Higher Order
3. A mother leaves the room and her infant starts to cry. Which of the following concepts is NOT
represented by this scenario?
a. attachment
b. separation anxiety
c. temperament
d. stranger anxiety
KEY: WWW BLM: Higher Order
4. How would Mary Ainsworth, a preeminent researcher, most likely describe attachment?
a. an enduring emotional bond between one animal or person and another
b. childhood behaviour, such as crying, that stimulates caregiving from adults
c. a psychosexual developmental event that occurs as a result of pathological needs
d. a learned behaviour resulting from reinforcements and punishments by the parents
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 99 OBJ: LO1
BLM: Higher Order
5. What did Ainsworth use to study attachment?

a. the Stranger Test
b. the Strange Situation
c. the Mother-Absent Procedure
d. the Mother-Present Procedure
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 100 OBJ: LO1
BLM: Remember
Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 6-1

Chapter 6 Infancy: Social and Emotional Development HDEV 1CE TB
6. What infant response or reaction does the Strange Situation NOT assess?
a. the infant’s response when the mother leaves the room
b. the infant’s reaction to the presence of a stranger
c. the infant’s response when the mother returns
d. the infant’s reaction to his or her own self-mastery
BLM: Remember
7. An infant fusses mildly when his mother leaves and seeks reassurance from her when she returns.
What type of attachment is this infant demonstrating?
a. secure attachment
b. insecure attachment
c. avoidant attachment
d. ambivalent attachment
8. What type of attachment is demonstrated by infants who are least upset by their mothers' departure?
b. insecure attachment
c. avoidant attachment
BLM: Remember
9. What type of attachment is demonstrated by infants who show the largest degree of emotional anguish
when their mothers depart?
b. avoidant attachment
c. confused attachment
BLM: Remember
10. An infant appears stunned and puzzled by her mother's departure. What type of attachment is this
infant demonstrating?
c. ambivalent attachment
d. disorganized attachment
BLM: Remember

11. How do securely attached infants compared with other infants?

a. They are happier.
b. They are more distressed than others when their mothers leave them alone.
c. They are more difficult to put to bed at night than others.
d. They are more indifferent to the comings and goings of their mother.
12. Alicia is a child who is willing to investigate her environment, and she shows upbeat emotions toward
things that she does NOT know. What type of attachment is Alicia most likely to have?
c. ambivalent attachment
d. disorganized attachment
BLM: Remember
13. What is the relationship between securely attached infants and other infants?
a. Securely attached infants are less aggressive.
b. Securely attached infants are more egocentric.
c. Securely attached infants have lower self-esteem.
d. Securely attached infants are less tolerant of others who are different from them.
BLM: Higher Order
14. Which of the following is most likely to lead to securely attached infants?
a. genetics
b. good parenting
c. a combination of genetics and good parenting
d. good parenting and positive peer relationships
BLM: Higher Order
15. Justin is a securely attached infant. His father wonders whether Justin will be well-adjusted as an
adolescent. Which of the following is a child developmental specialist likely to tell Justin’s father?
a. Justin will be a healthy, well-adjusted adolescent.
b. Justin may or may NOT be well adjusted as an adolescent depending on other childhood
events.
c. Justice will NOT likely be well adjusted as an adolescent because attachment leads to
adolescent rebellion.
d. Justin will NOT likely be well adjusted as an adolescent because attachment does NOT
predict later outcomes.
BLM: Higher Order

16. According to research, what is predicted when a child has insecure attachment at age 1?
a. ongoing conflicts with peers
b. psychological disorders at age 17
c. healthy adjustment in later childhood
d. psychological problems for male children
17. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mothers of securely attached infants?
a. They are more likely to be affectionate to their children.
b. They respond more sensitively to their babies' social behaviours.
c. They provide more predictable caregiving.
d. They are highly educated and well versed in child development theory.
BLM: Higher Order
18. Which of the following best characterizes attachment?

a. It runs in families.
b. Most siblings develop different kinds of attachment relationships with their parents
because parents tend to favour one of the siblings.
c. It is important for early childhood, but diminishes in importance later in life.
d. It can vary depending on a child’s temperament.
BLM: Higher Order
19. Jessica and Tim are first-time expectant parents. They are eager to ensure their child forms a secure
attachment relationship with them. Which of the following would you tell them?
a. Daughters and sons respond similarly to maternal behaviour.
b. The father plays no role in attachment relationships.
c. The quality of the attachment relationship is entirely dependent on the mother.
d. It grows from loving affection and can be an enduring bond.
BLM: Higher Order
20. Brent is an infant with a “difficult” temperament. What can we guess about Brent’s background?
a. He is securely attached.
b. He has a mother who is sensitive and responsive.
c. He has a mother who has other children to tend to.
d. He has a mother who reports feeling distant from him.
BLM: Higher Order

21. What is the effect of a father’s involvement with his child?

a. It affects only boys and NOT girls.
b. It is unrelated to infant attachment.
c. It is based on the mother's pattern of attachment.
d. It determines the level of attachment between them.
KEY: WWW BLM: Remember
22. Jerome was securely attached to his parents, but his parents divorced, and Jerome is now being
neglected. What is most likely to happen to Jerome’s level of attachment?
a. His level of attachment may change because of the change in care he is receiving.
b. His attachment bonds are in place, and they will NOT change.
c. It depends on the relationship between his mother and his father.
d. It depends on Jerome’s age; his attachment will NOT change after age 3.
BLM: Higher Order
23. What has research found regarding the ability of insecurely attached children to become securely
attached?
a. They are incapable of becoming more securely attached.
b. They are capable of becoming more securely attached.
c. Female children are incapable of becoming more securely attached.
d. Male children are capable of becoming more securely attached.
BLM: Remember
24. How many phases of attachment were identified by Ainsworth and her colleagues?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
BLM: Remember
25. At what age does Ainsworth’s second stage of attachment occur?

a. from birth to about age 2 months
b. from birth to about age 3 months
c. age 3 or 4 months
d. age 5 or 6 months

26. Ainsworth and her colleagues identified three phases of attachment. Which of the following was NOT
one of the three phases?
a. the initial-preattachment phase
b. the attachment-in-the-making phase
c. the clear-cut-attachment phase
d. the solidification-attachment phase
BLM: Higher Order
27. Brenda is 2 months old. At a recent family reunion, she was passed around for multiple relatives to
hold. Brenda showed no particular preference for her mother, father, or any other relative. According
to Ainsworth, which phase of attachment is Brenda in?
a. the absolute-attachment phase
b. the initial-preattachment phase
d. the attachment-in-the-making phase
BLM: Higher Order
28. According to Ainsworth, which of the following is NOT a phase of attachment?

BLM: Remember
29. According to Ainsworth, during which phase of attachment does an infant show a preference for
familiar faces?
30. Christopher is 4 months old. He prefers to be held by his mother or father rather than by relatives or a
person he's never met. According to Ainsworth, which phase of attachment is Christopher in?
BLM: Higher Order

31. According to Ainsworth, during which attachment phase does an infant show intense dependence on
the primary caregiver?
BLM: Remember
32. According to Ainsworth, which phase of attachment is characterized by indiscriminate attachment?

BLM: Remember
33. Which of the following best describes Mary Ainsworth?

a. She developed various forms of attachment, including imprinting.
b. She performed a classic experiment with rhesus monkeys and surrogate mothers.
c. She was married to John Bowlby.
d. She attended the University of Toronto, where she earned her Ph.D.
BLM: Remember
34. Which of the following statements reflects a cognitive view of attachment?

a. Attachment and cognitive skills are unrelated.
b. Attachment will assist in developing the child's cognitive skills.
c. Infant-specific attachments will occur as soon as the child can recognize faces.
d. Some understanding of object permanence is necessary for specific attachment.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 101-102 OBJ: LO1
35. According to the cognitive perspective, at what age is a child most likely to develop clear-cut
attachments?
a. from birth to age 1 month
b. at age 2 to 3 months
c. at age 4 to 5 months
d. at age 6 to 7 months
BLM: Remember

36. What theoretical view suggests that attachment bonds are learned through conditioning?
a. the cognitive view
b. the biological view
c. the behavioural view
d. the psychoanalytic view
BLM: Higher Order
37. What theoretical view contends that caregivers become "love objects" and form the basis for all later
attachments?
BLM: Higher Order
38. Dr. Martin is conducting a study of infant attachment. According to her hypothesis, infants who have
NOT yet developed some concept of object permanence will NOT show specific attachments to their
caregivers. What is Dr. Martin’s theoretical view of attachment?
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 101-102 OBJ: LO1
BLM: Higher Order
39. According to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, what is the primary origin of an infant’s attachment to the
mother?
a. the fulfillment of oral needs
b. the sexual desire of the infant for the mother
c. the reinforcement and shaping of the infant’s behaviour by the mother
d. the fulfillment through phallic needs
BLM: Higher Order
40. According to Erikson’s psychoanalytic theory, what is most vital for a child to develop in the first year
of life?
a. a sense of trust
b. a sense of identity
c. a sense of autonomy
d. a sense of self-efficacy

41. Whose view is contradicted by Harry and Margaret Harlow’s (1966) attachment research with
monkeys?
a. Ainsworth's view
b. Erikson's view
c. Freud's view
d. Bowlby’s view
BLM: Higher Order
42. What is suggested by the infant attachment research of Harry and Margaret Harlow (1966)?
a. Attachment is driven by the need for trust.
b. The basis of attachment is the food supplied by the mother.
c. Infants become attached because it helps them to form their identity.
d. Contact reassurance may be as important a basic need as the need for food.
43. In a classic research study of infant attachment by Harry and Margaret Harlow (1966), what was the
major observation regarding the rhesus monkeys’ relationship with the two surrogate mothers?
a. They would NOT come close to either surrogate mother.
b. They spent most of their time clutching the cloth mother.
c. They divided their time between the two surrogate mothers.
d. They spent most of their time clutching the surrogate mother with the baby bottle.
BLM: Remember
44. How did Bowlby explain smiling in the infant?

a. It is unrelated to attachment.
b. It is random until about 6 months of age.
c. It is usually due to gastrointestinal distress.
d. It may serve as a stimulus for affection from others.
BLM: Remember
45. What is the relationship between humans and our ability to experience imprinting?
a. It can occur in humans, as illustrated by Konrad Lorenz.
b. It occurs in humans only during a specific critical period.
c. It does NOT occur in humans.
d. It occurs in humans only when the infant is very vulnerable at birth.
BLM: Remember

46. Imprinting must occur during a specific time period for it to develop at all, as demonstrated by Konrad
Lorenz with the geese. What is the term for this time period?
a. the critical period
b. the learning period
c. the sensitive period
d. the maturational period
BLM: Remember
47. Attachment that occurs during a critical period is based on a stimulus. What is the term for this
stimulus?
a. imprinting
b. maturation
c. the fixed response
d. the maternal instinct
48. Which of the following statements best explains the nature of attachment in humans?
a. It is genetic.
b. Attachment must occur within 2 months or it might NOT occur.
c. A child will attach to anyone regardless of the amount of contact.
d. Early attachment attempts may fail, but attachment bonds can be established later.
BLM: Remember
49. What has been determined to NOT impair the development of attachment?
a. autism
b. social deprivation
c. child abuse
d. institutional care
BLM: Remember
50. Which of the following defines positive parenting as breast feeding into toddlerhood if desired and
responding immediately to the cries of a child?
a. Dr. Spock
b. The Attachment Parenting Book
c. Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother
d. Battle Hymn of the Tiger Child
BLM: Higher Order

51. What is the definition of social deprivation?

a. a lack of social smiling on the part of the infant
b. a lack of responsive smiling on the part of the parent
c. a lack of material items, such as books and television
d. an overall lack of social stimulation provided to the infant
BLM: Remember
52. What were the subjects in the Harlows’ studies that used wire-mesh surrogate mothers?
a. goslings born in captivity
b. rhesus monkeys
c. white lab rates
d. 3- to 6-month-old children from Russian orphanages
BLM: Remember
53. According to your textbook, which of the following can help socially withdrawn 4- and 5-year-old
children make gains in their social and emotional development?
a. younger playmates
b. older playmates
c. large families with many siblings
d. large range of colourful and age appropriate toys
BLM: Higher Order
54. Which of the following most likely influences the effects of social deprivation?
a. the age of the infant
b. a lack of love and affection
c. a deficiency in social stimulation
d. a deficiency in sensory stimulation
55. How many cycles of The Canadian Incidence Study (CIS) of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect have
been published?
a. 3
b. 4
c. 5
d. 6
BLM: Remember

56. According to the textbook, the consequences of child abuse and neglect vary widely and depend on
two factors. One factor is the circumstances of the abuse. What is the other factor?
a. the parents’ socioeconomic circumstances
b. the parents’ cognitive abilities
c. the resiliency of the child
d. the gender of the child
BLM: Remember
57. What is the change in the number of reported incidents of child abuse between the first Canadian
Incidence Study (CIS) of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect and the most recent CIS?
a. The number has increased despite public awareness campaigns.
b. The number has dropped, correlating with the introduction of public awareness campaigns.
c. The number has more or less stayed the same.
d. Reporting has dropped off considerably, leading to inconclusive data.
BLM: Remember
58. In Canada, who has a duty to report child abuse?

a. legally only child welfare workers and police
b. teachers and spiritual leaders
c. physicians
d. everyone; all citizens
BLM: Remember
59. Of all substantiated child abuse cases in Canada, approximately what percentage involved neglect?
a. 25%
b. 35%
c. 45%
d. 55%
BLM: Remember
60. Of all substantiated child abuse cases in Canada, approximately what percentage involved children
being exposed to domestic violence?
a. 25%
b. 35%
c. 45%
d. 55%

61. Of all substantiated child abuse cases in Canada, approximately what percentage involved physical
abuse?
a. 5%
b. 10%
c. 20%
d. 25%
BLM: Remember
62. Of all substantiated child abuse cases in Canada, approximately what percentage involved sexual
abuse?
a. 5%
b. 10%
c. 15%
d. 20%
BLM: Remember
63. Of all substantiated child abuse cases in Canada, approximately what percentage involved children
who had been emotionally mistreated?
a. 5%
b. 10%
c. 15%
d. 20%
BLM: Remember
64. Kevin has been maltreated by his parents. Which of the following behaviours is Kevin LEAST likely
to exhibit?
a. low self-esteem
b. impaired cognitive functioning
c. aggressive actions toward a date or spouse
d. anti-social personality disorder
BLM: Higher Order
65. Which of the following children are most at risk of abuse from their parents?
a. girls
b. full-term infants
c. first-born children
d. sick or unhealthy children
BLM: Remember

66. Which of the following strategies is most likely to be recommended to prevent child abuse?
a. strengthening parenting skills in the general population
b. fining those who fail to report suspected cases of child abuse
c. making child abuse a crime
d. taking abused children out of their environment and placing them in foster care
BLM: Higher Order
67. Chantal is concerned that her daughter may have an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Which of the
following would you tell her about ASDs?
a. They tend to be evident by age 3.
b. They are found in 100 out of 1,000 children.
c. They are found in 200 out of 1,000 children.
d. They are generally NOT apparent until the child enters kindergarten.
68. Cynthia has Asperger's disorder. What of the following would you most likely tell Cynthia’s parents
about how Cynthia will experience this disorder?
a. She will NOT have significant cognitive or language delays.
b. She will NOT show social deficiencies or stereotyped behaviours.
c. Her symptoms will diminish and eventually disappear with time.
d. Her specified type of treatment will be similar to the treatment for an autistic child.
69. Which of the following is NOT considered an autism spectrum disorder?

a. Asperger's disorder
b. Rett's disorder
c. childhood disintegrative disorder
d. Reye's disorder
BLM: Remember
70. Kai was developing normally until the age of 2, when he began to lose skills that he had previously
acquired. What disorder is Kai most likely to have?
a. Asperger's disorder
b. Rett's disorder
c. childhood disintegrative disorder
d. Reye's disorder
BLM: Remember

71. Jennifer is a researcher who studies autism in children. Which of the following is she most likely to
say about the prevalence of autism?
a. It has very strong ethnic differences.
b. It is 3 to 4 times more likely in girls than boys.
c. It is 4 to 5 times more likely in boys than in girls.
d. It is more likely to strike a child from a low socioeconomic background.
BLM: Remember
72. Which of the following language patterns is NOT common in autistic children?
a. mutism
b. echolalia
c. pronoun reversal
d. babbling
BLM: Remember
73. David always refers to himself as "you." What is this tendency a sign of?
a. an atypical response when language is first acquired
b. childhood schizophrenia
c. insecure attachment relationships
d. an unusual speech pattern called pronoun reversal
BLM: Higher Order
74. William's mother moved the lamp that was beside his crib. When William woke up and noticed the
lamp was gone, he screamed and would NOT stop until the lamp was moved back. What is William’s
behaviour characteristic of?
a. autism
b. schizophrenia
c. being frightened by change
d. the need for "sameness" shown by all children
BLM: Higher Order
75. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of autism?

a. preservation of sameness
b. echolalia
c. self-mutilation
d. clinging
BLM: Remember

76. What is a defining characteristic of echolalia?

a. referring to the self as "you" or "she"
b. refusing to speak
c. automatically repeating sounds
d. repetitive sound making
77. Which of the following is most likely to cause autism?

a. poor parenting
b. biological issues
c. a viral infection during infancy
d. in utero contact with lead or other heavy metals
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 107-108 OBJ: LO2
BLM: Remember
78. What research finding lends support for a biological cause of autism?
a. Poor nourishment is related to autism spectrum disorders.
b. Parents of autistic children are lacking in parenting skills.
c. Peer rejection is correlated with autistic behaviours in children.
d. Concordance rates for autism spectrum disorders are about 60% among identical twins.
BLM: Higher Order
79. What biological factors are suspected of contributing to autism spectrum disorders?
a. abnormal brain wave patterns or seizures
b. in utero contact with lead or other teratogens
c. increased activity in the frontal and temporal lobes
d. vaccines, particularly those that include a mercury preservative
80. What is considered the best treatment for autism?

a. antipsychotic medications
b. no treatments have proven effective in diminishing autism spectrum disorder symptoms
c. behaviour modification to increase children's interactions with others
d. electric shock treatments, which are effective in enhancing language development
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 107-108 OBJ: LO2
BLM: Higher Order
81. What is NOT indicated by the research on children in day care?

a. They are more independent, self-confident, and outgoing.
b. They have better school performance during the elementary school years.
c. They are more aggressive than children who do NOT attend day care, yet NOT
significantly different in aggression from the general population of children.
d. They are more curious in exploring the world they live in.

82. What term is defined as "a state of feeling that has physiological, situational, and cognitive
components"?
a. a trait
b. a mood
c. an emotion
d. a temperament
BLM: Factual
83. Which of the following statements does NOT reflect researchers’ findings regarding infant emotion?
a. They agree that a handful of emotions are shown by infants during the first few months.
b. They agree that emotions develop in an orderly fashion.
c. They disagree on which emotions are first shown and whether discrete emotions are
present at birth.
d. They dispute the idea that infant emotion unfolds in a predictable fashion.
BLM: Remember
84. What is the relationship between emotional development and patterns of attachment?
a. Secure children have been found to show more anger and rage.
b. Resistant children have been found to be more fearful and less joyful.
c. No relationship exists between emotional development and attachment.
d. Emotional development and attachment are related only in the first year of life.
BLM: Remember
85. Which of the following children is most likely to experience stranger anxiety?
a. an 8-month-old child
b. a female child
c. a child with disorganized attachment
d. a child with insecure attachment
86. Suppose you want to make friends with a boy who is showing stranger anxiety. What is the most
appropriate action for you to take?
a. rush over to the child and pick him up
b. approach the child when he is far away from his attachment figure
c. talk in a friendly manner from a distance, smile, and offer toys to the child
d. approach the child in unfamiliar surroundings, rather than in his own home
BLM: Higher Order

87. Carver and Vaccaro (2007) suggest that social referencing requires three components. Which of the
following is NOT one of those components?
a. lacking a fear of strangers and separation anxiety
b. looking at another, usually older individual in a novel, vague situation
c. associating another individual’s emotional response with the unfamiliar situation
d. modifying one’s own emotional response in accord with the response of the older
individual
BLM: Higher Order
88. Rachel observes Lauren acting unafraid in the presence of a stranger. Rachel then stops acting afraid of
the stranger. What term best defines Rachel’s behaviour?
a. social referencing
b. secure attachment
c. insecure attachment
d. activation of reflexes
89. Which of the following best defines emotional regulation?

a. the overcoming of stranger anxiety
b. the ways in which young children control their emotions
c. a parent's attempt to reduce negative emotionality in a child
d. an infant's attempt to be aware of the range of emotions she feels
BLM: Remember
90. Which of the following is a finding of the research on emotional regulation?

a. Emotional regulation is inborn and CANNOT be learned.
b. No relationship exists between attachment and emotional regulation.
c. Emotional regulation is unrelated to interactions with one’s parent.
d. Adolescents with good emotional regulation generally had secure early life attachments.
BLM: Remember
91. While Neisha is sleeping, her mother puts a pink bow in her hair. When Neisha wakes up, her mother
places her in front of a mirror. Neisha reaches out and physically touches the bow. Which of the
following does NOT explain Neisha’s reaction?
a. Neisha is around 12 months old.
b. Neisha recognizes that her image is in the mirror.
c. Neisha's self-concept has begun to develop.
d. Neisha is a curious and wants to feel the bow’s fabric.
BLM: Higher Order

92. Which of the following statements best represents infants and their notion of self-concept?
a. Infants have no self-concept.
b. Infants’ self-concept is developed during the first year of life.
c. Securely attached infants develop a sense of self-concept later than other infants.
d. Abused infants have no self-concept, whereas those who have NOT been abused do have a
self-concept.
BLM: Remember
93. Which of the following is a characteristic of self-awareness?

a. It does NOT reliably occur until about 24 months of age.
b. It is NOT necessary for sharing and cooperation.
c. It makes possible the development of self-conscious emotions, such as embarrassment.
d. It is the process of differentiation.
94. According to Margaret Mahler, a psychoanalyst, what forms the basis for a child’s self-concept?
a. learning emotional regulation
b. refusing to share toys with others
c. a process of separation or individuation
d. reinforcements and punishments by parents
BLM: Higher Order
95. Which of the following statements best characterizes toddlers who refuse to comply with their
caregivers’ requests?
a. They have NOT yet formed a sense of self-consciousness.
b. They are experiencing the process of differentiation.
c. They are demonstrating their developing sense of autonomy.
d. They are more likely to find excuses for NOT complying when they are younger than
when they are older.
96. What is the most common form of temperament, as found in studies by Chess and Thomas (1989,
1991)?
a. an easy temperament
b. a difficult temperament
c. a slow-to-warm-up temperament
d. a quick-to-anger
BLM: Remember

97. What behavioural aspect is NOT included in temperament?

a. activity level
b. regularity in eating and sleep habits
c. cognitive ability and mastering tasks
d. adaptability to new situations
BLM: Remember
98. Nathan has irregular sleep and feeding schedules, responds to frustrations with tantrums and loud
crying, and takes a long time to adjust to new routines. What temperament classification most
accurately describes Nathan?
a. a quick-to-anger temperament
b. a difficult temperament
c. a disengaged temperament
d. a slow-to-warm-up temperament
BLM: Higher Order
99. Which of the following statements best describes the stability of temperament?
a. It is stable for boys, but NOT for girls.
b. There is no stability from infancy to adulthood.
c. There is moderately stability from infancy onward.
d. Stability is easier for girls, but more challenging for boys.
BLM: Remember
100. Mallory and Steve are parents of Monique, an infant with a difficult temperament. In response to
Monique’s temperament, Mallory and Steve become more available and very responsive. As a result,
Monique becomes calmer and easier to handle. What is this situation an example of?
a. insecure attachment
b. slow-to-warm-up temperament
c. goodness of fit
d. disengaged parenting
BLM: Higher Order
101. What has research found regarding adults’ behaviour toward boys and girls?
a. Typically, adults speak to boys and girls in the same way.
b. Adults play more “rough and tumble” games with girls than boys.
c. Parents typically choose similar toys and room decorations for both boys and girls.
d. Gender-appropriate games and toys are more frequently reinforced by adults.
BLM: Remember

102. What has research concluded regarding gender differences?

a. There are no differences between boys and girls.
b. Differences in toy preferences exist in early childhood.
c. Boys’ and girls’ social behaviour differs.
d. Boys and girls show consistent differences in activity and irritability levels.
BLM: Higher Order
103. Which of the following statements best describes how parents typically interact with their children?
a. Mothers are more likely to encourage rough-and-tumble play in sons.
b. Fathers are more likely to encourage rough-and-tumble play in sons.
c. Only mothers talk more to their infant daughters than to their infant sons.
d. Only fathers talk more to infant daughters than to their infant sons.
BLM: Remember
104. What is the state of research on father-infant interactions?

a. In general, research in the last 25 years has studied primarily interactions between fathers
and their infant sons.
b. Relatively few studies have focused on father-infant interactions despite the importance of
this relationship.
c. The past 10 years has seen an explosion of studies focused on father-infant interactions,
surpassing the studies on mother-infant interactions.
d. The past 10 years has seen a steady increase in studies on both father-infant and
mother-infant interactions.
BLM: Higher Order

MATCHING
a. 10% to 15% of babies

b. adapts with time
c. irregular routine
d. repeating what is heard
e. preference for the primary caregiver
f. more likely to be abused
g. begins to develop at 6 to 9 months of age
h. concordance rates for autism in identical twins
i. few studies exist
j. way to help prevent child abuse
k. use mother's facial expressions to interpret ambiguous situations
l. 65% to 70% of babies
m. adaptable
n. preference for familiar figures
o. appears around 18 months of age
p. refers to self as "you" or "she"
q. 20% to 25% of babies
r. used to detect self-awareness in children
s. number of substantiated physically abused children
t. infant looks away from an unpleasant stimulus
1. Easy baby
2. Fear of strangers
3. Father-infant research
4. Social referencing
5. Secure attachment
6. Rouge on nose
7. Clear-cut attachment
8. Self-awareness
9. Ambivalent attachment
10. Approximately 25%
11. Difficult baby
12. Echolalia
13. Provide support for parents
14. Avoidant attachment
15. Emotional regulation
16. Preterm infant
17. 60%
18. Attachment-in-the-making
19. Pronoun reversal
20. Slow-to-warm-up baby

1. ANS: M PTS: 1
2. ANS: G PTS: 1
3. ANS: I PTS: 1
4. ANS: K PTS: 1
5. ANS: L PTS: 1
6. ANS: R PTS: 1
7. ANS: E PTS: 1
8. ANS: O PTS: 1
9. ANS: A PTS: 1
10. ANS: S PTS: 1
11. ANS: C PTS: 1
12. ANS: D PTS: 1
13. ANS: J PTS: 1
14. ANS: Q PTS: 1
15. ANS: T PTS: 1
16. ANS: F PTS: 1
17. ANS: H PTS: 1
18. ANS: N PTS: 1
19. ANS: P PTS: 1
20. ANS: B PTS: 1
TRUE/FALSE
1. Attachment only occurs in humans.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 99 OBJ: LO1

BLM: Remember
2. Babies who show avoidant attachment are least distressed by their mother's departure in the Strange
Situation.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 100 OBJ: LO1

BLM: Remember
3. After Mary Ainsworth earned her Ph.D. at the University of Toronto, she was offered a teaching
position at Queen’s University in 1939; however, 2 weeks later, her offer of employment was
withdrawn, as the Senate refused to appoint a woman.

BLM: Remember
4. Ainsworth found two phases during which attachment classifications develop.

BLM: Remember

5. Object permanence in infants develops after specific attachments.

6. Children are born with the ability to regulate their emotions.

BLM: Remember
7. Separation anxiety occurs when children react negatively to being away from their caregivers.

BLM: Higher Order
8. Most North American infants are securely attached.

BLM: Remember
9. Self-awareness is measured using the Strange Situation.

BLM: Higher Order
10. Compared with children who have other types of attachment, secure children are the most likely to cry
after being separated from their mothers.

11. Children with disorganized or disoriented attachment may seem dazed, confused, or disoriented.

BLM: Remember
12. Attachment pattern is unrelated to the level of cooperation or sociability of children.

BLM: Higher Order
13. Parents’ responsiveness to their infants is related to their infants’ attachment patterns.

BLM: Higher Order
14. The child’s attachment pattern is related to the child’s temperament.

BLM: Remember

15. Mothers, but NOT fathers, become attached to their children on the basis of the quality of their
interactions.

BLM: Higher Order
16. Once an attachment pattern is set, it remains the same throughout childhood.

BLM: Higher Order
17. The clear-cut-attachment phase occurs at 6 or 7 months and is characterized by intensified dependence
on the primary caregiver, usually the mother.

BLM: Higher Order
18. Erik Erikson believed that the first year is critical for developing a sense of trust in the mother.

BLM: Higher Order
19. Infant monkeys become attached to their mothers because of her milk.

BLM: Remember
20. According to ethologists, attachment occurs during a critical period for humans.

21. Waterfowl, such as geese, follow the first moving object they see.

BLM: Remember
22. The effects of social deprivation of monkeys and humans CANNOT be reversed after the deprivation
has occurred.

BLM: Higher Order
23. To develop normally, human infants require only adequate material needs.

BLM: Higher Order
24. Institutionalized children tend to thrive with little social stimulation.

BLM: Remember

25. The age at which social deprivation occurs affects the outcome of that deprivation.

BLM: Remember
26. Of the substantiated cases of child abuse in Canada, approximately 35% involved neglect.

BLM: Remember
27. Abused children are more likely to be sexually active and delinquent adolescents than their nonabused
peers.

BLM: Remember
28. Children who are disobedient, behave inappropriately, or are unresponsive are at greater risk for being
abused than other children.

BLM: Remember
29. Approximately 50% of substantiated cases of child abuse have involved children witnessing violence.

BLM: Remember
30. Nothing can be done to prevent child abuse.

BLM: Higher Order
31. More Canadian children are sexually abused than physically abused.

BLM: Remember
32. Autistic children show little interest in social interactions.

33. Asperger’s syndrome is a form of autism spectrum disorder.

BLM: Remember

34. Features of autism include communication problems, intolerance of change, and ritualistic or
stereotypical behaviour.

BLM: Remember
35. Autistic children rarely abuse themselves.

BLM: Remember
36. Autism is caused by poor parenting.

BLM: Remember
37. Children placed in day care are more aggressive than children who are cared for in the home.

BLM: Remember
38. Daycare has been shown to be extremely harmful to attachment relationships.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 108-109 OBJ: LO3

BLM: Remember
39. Children with day-care experience are less likely to share their toys.

BLM: Remember
40. The quality of child care is unimportant in determining its effects on children.

BLM: Higher Order
41. Infants do NOT use caregivers' facial expressions to interpret situations.

BLM: Remember
42. Emotions are related to psychological, NOT physical, events.

BLM: Higher Order
43. It is clear how many emotions infants have.

BLM: Remember

44. Emotional development is linked to attachment relationship

BLM: Higher Order
45. Research has shown that, as avoidant children grew older, they grew more fearful, and resistant
children became less joyful.

BLM: Remember
46. A fear of strangers during the first year of life is a sign of pathology.

BLM: Remember
47. Children who show a fear of strangers were abused as infants.

BLM: Higher Order
48. Social referencing is rare before 1 year of age.

BLM: Remember
49. Emotional regulation has been demonstrated by infants younger than 1 year of age.

BLM: Remember
50. Children who touch their noses in response to seeing rouge on their noses in a mirror are more likely to
experience embarrassment than those who do NOT notice the rouge.

BLM: Higher Order
51. Individuation refers to the child’s increasing sense of independence and autonomy.

BLM: Higher Order
52. Toddlers’ refusal to comply with their caregivers’ requests is a sign of pathology.

BLM: Higher Order
53. Temperament remains moderately stable from infancy to adulthood.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 111-112 OBJ: LO5

BLM: Remember

54. In studies of children’s temperament, most children are labelled as being “difficult.”

BLM: Remember
55. One’s goodness of fit with the environment is unrelated to the outcome of one’s development.

BLM: Higher Order
56. Girls tend to advance more rapidly than boys in their motor development in infancy.

BLM: Remember
57. Adults treat boys and girls the same in all ways.

BLM: Remember
SHORT ANSWER
1. 1. Describe the difference between a securely attached infant and an insecurely attached infant.
ANS:
A securely attached infant will be upset when the mother leaves and will be happy to see her return.
An insecurely attached infant may exhibit either an avoidant or an ambivalent/resistant attachment
pattern. In avoidant attachment, the infant shows little or no distress when the mother leaves the room.
Ambivalent/resistant infants are very emotional, becoming extremely upset if mother leaves the room
and acting of two minds upon her return. The majority of infants are securely attached.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 100-101 OBJ: LO1 BLM: Higher Order
2. How is the Strange Situation used to assess attachment patterns?
ANS:
In the Strange Situation, first used by Mary Ainsworth to assess attachment patterns, an infant or child
is kept in a room with its mother. After a while, a stranger (a member of the experiment team) enters
the room. The mother then leaves the room, while the infant or child remains with the stranger. The
mother returns to the room. During each of these phases of the experiment, the infant or child’s
behaviour is recorded. The behaviour is examined to see whether the infant or child explores its
environment, shows distress or wariness when the stranger arrives, and shows distress or upset when
the mother leaves. The infant or child is also assessed when the mother returns to see how the infant or
child reacts to the mother’s return, such as whether it goes to the mother or ignores her. The
combination of these reactions are examined and determined to be in one of several categories of
attachment patterns.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 100-101 OBJ: LO1 BLM: Remember

3. Briefly describe the three stages of attachment identified by Ainsworth and her colleagues (1978).
ANS:
According to Ainsworth and colleagues (1978), the first stage, known as the initial-preattachment
phase, lasts from birth to about 3 months and is characterized by indiscriminate attachment, which
means that infants will want to maintain contact with a caregiver, but no specific caregiver is required.
The second stage, known as the attachment-in-the-making phase, occurs at about 3 or 4 months and is
characterized by preference for familiar figures. Now the infant prefers to be with one or more regular
caregivers. The third, or clear-cut-attachment phase, occurs at about 6 or 7 months and is characterized
by intensified dependence on the primary caregiver, usually the mother. During this stage, the infant
will generally show a significant amount of distress when separated from the primary caregiver.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 101 OBJ: LO1 BLM: Remember
4. What is The Canadian Incidence Study (CIS) of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect? What does is
measure, how long has this study been available, and what type of information does it provide?
ANS:
The Canadian Incidence Study (CIS) of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect is a national attempt to
profile levels of child abuse in Canada. Child abuse and neglect provide an unfortunate view into the
effects of child maltreatment. The 2008 report is the third attempt at such Canadian data collection.
However, because of the secrecy that often surrounds cases of child abuse, gathering reliable data is
very difficult, if not impossible. The CIS reports the number and type of child maltreatment
investigations and projects the risk of future maltreatment. This report has existed since 1998. A total
of three cycles have been published, in 1998, 2003, and 2008.
5. Describe how autistic children can be distinguished from non-autistic children.
ANS:
Autistic infants are usually physically normal and learn to crawl and walk at normal ages. However,
they seem to lack almost any attachments or social skills. As infants, they tend NOT to smile and do
NOT explore things with their mouths. They do NOT seek cuddling or hugging and prefer to play by
themselves, even when other children are present. Some autistic children mutilate themselves in a
variety of ways. As these children get older, the differences become more obvious. Autistic children
tend to practise echolalia and mutism. They also tend to have a strong desire for exact sameness. Any
change in their environment can cause an outburst. The most prominent feature of autistic children is
how contently alone they seem.
6. Explain how social referencing functions in infancy.
ANS:
We tend to use social referencing when a social situation is ambiguous. We observe those around us to
see how they are reacting to the situation to help us make a decision on how to act, often modelling
their responses. Infants have the ability to social reference just as adults do, but on a simpler level. For
example, infants will judge the friendliness of the expression on their mother’s face when interacting
with a stranger, and then show the stranger a similar expression.

7. Explain how self-concept develops in infants.
ANS:
Infants eventually begin to realize that the hand passing in front of their eyes is their own hand. At
about 18 months of age, infants begin to be able to detect a spot of rouge on their face in a mirror.
Once the infant becomes self aware, social graces such as sharing can form. Being self-aware makes
way for the development of feelings such as envy, pride, and shame. Infants over 18 months of age
thus tend to seek parental approval, whereas younger infants do not.
8. Briefly describe the three types of temperament identified by Thomas and Chess (1989).
ANS:
The three types of temperament are: easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up. The easy child is generally
cheerful, has regular sleep and feeding schedules, approaches new situations (such as a new food or a
new school) with enthusiasm, and adapts to new situations easily. The difficult child, on the other
hand, has irregular sleep and feeding schedules, is slow to accept new people and situations, takes a
long time to adjust to new routines, and responds to frustrations with tantrums and crying. The
slow-to-warm-up child falls between the other two.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 112-114 OBJ: LO5 BLM: Remember
9. How is goodness of fit important in determining the outcome of a child’s temperament?
ANS:
Goodness of fit occurs when a child’s environment accommodates his or her temperament. When there
is good fit, the child’s temperament remains constant. When the environment does NOT fit with the
child’s temperament, the child may have a bad situation or the child’s temperament may be modified
with the guidance of a parent.
PTS: 1 REF: p. 113 OBJ: LO5 BLM: Remember
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1. Which of the following statements describes attachment?

5. What did Ainsworth use to study attachment?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 6-1

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 6-2

11. How do securely attached infants compared with other infants?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 6-3

18. Which of the following best characterizes attachment?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 6-4

21. What is the effect of a father’s involvement with his child?

25. At what age does Ainsworth’s second stage of attachment occur?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 6-5

28. According to Ainsworth, which of the following is NOT a phase of attachment?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 6-6

32. According to Ainsworth, which phase of attachment is characterized by indiscriminate attachment?

33. Which of the following best describes Mary Ainsworth?

34. Which of the following statements reflects a cognitive view of attachment?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 6-7

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 6-8

44. How did Bowlby explain smiling in the infant?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 6-9

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 6-10

51. What is the definition of social deprivation?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 6-11

58. In Canada, who has a duty to report child abuse?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 6-12

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 6-13

69. Which of the following is NOT considered an autism spectrum disorder?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 6-14

75. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of autism?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 6-15

76. What is a defining characteristic of echolalia?

77. Which of the following is most likely to cause autism?

80. What is considered the best treatment for autism?

81. What is NOT indicated by the research on children in day care?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 6-16

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 6-17

89. Which of the following best defines emotional regulation?

90. Which of the following is a finding of the research on emotional regulation?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 6-18

93. Which of the following is a characteristic of self-awareness?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 6-19

97. What behavioural aspect is NOT included in temperament?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 6-20

102. What has research concluded regarding gender differences?

104. What is the state of research on father-infant interactions?

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 6-21

a. 10% to 15% of babies

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 6-22

1. Attachment only occurs in humans.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 99 OBJ: LO1

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 100 OBJ: LO1

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 103 OBJ: LO1

4. Ainsworth found two phases during which attachment classifications develop.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 101 OBJ: LO1

Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Limited 6-23

5. Object permanence in infants develops after specific attachments.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 101 OBJ: LO1

6. Children are born with the ability to regulate their emotions.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 110 OBJ: LO4