Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea and Air

GT2009
June 8-12, 2009, Orlando, Florida, USA

GT2009-59089

INVESTIGATION OF TANGENTIAL TRAPPED VORTEX COMBUSTOR

Chi Zhang, Yuzhen Lin, Quanhong Xu and Gaoen Liu

School of Jet Propulsion
Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
National Key Laboratory on Aero-Engines
Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
E–mail: zhangchi@buaa.edu.cn

ABSTRACT direction to reduce the dynamic loss through the combustor.

An innovative concept of Tangential Trapped Vortex
Combustor (TTVC) applying a swirling flow to eliminate the
guide vanes of the compressor and turbine in the future gas
turbine engines is presented via theoretical analysis and
experimental investigation. In TTVC, the airflow is mostly
whirlblast, and the processes of evaporation, mixing, and
chemical reaction for the liquid spray combustion take place
along the tangential direction. It is shown that the TTVC
operation has the potential of improving combustion
efficiency, widening combustion stability range, and reducing
emissions, mainly due to the effects of trapped vortex, high
centrifugal force, and periodical mixing. Experimental results
of the ignition and LBO limits in a small 4-cup annular TTVC
operating at atmospheric pressure demonstrated that this
innovative combustion technology has a good LBO limit
performance to meet the requirements of advanced gas turbine
engines.
NOMENCLATURE
a Centrifugal or gravitational acceleration, m/s2
F Force, N
S Flame speed, m/s
T Temperature, K
u Velocity, m/s
v Volume, m3
ρ Density, kg/m3
Subscript
a Cold air
b Bubble
INTRODUCTION
Flame stabilization in the conventional gas turbine
combustor is achieved using a local low velocity regime in the
primary zone on the base of the main airflow along the axial
direction. As such, it needs the change in the axial flow
However, the outlet airflow of the compressor has a strong
tangential momentum, so deswirl guide vanes are need for the
conventional combustor. In addition, the outlet hot gas of the
combustor has no tangential momentum to drive the turbine,
so it needs the guide vanes to produce the tangential velocity.
Hence, the guide vanes at the entrance and exit of the
conventional combustor are necessary, leading to issues
regarding the length, weight, and configuration complexity.
Furthermore, the guide vanes would increase the aerodynamic
loss and degrade the engine performance.
While the length of the conventional combustor needs to
shorten for size and weight reduction, the combustion
efficiency and outlet temperature distribution can be in turns
affected, especially that the processes of fuel atomization,
evaporation, mixing, and combustion occur along the axial
direction. Since the potential of the tangential momentum of
the airflow from the compressor is not fully utilized, this paper
aims to explore an innovative concept of Tangential Trapped
Vortex Combustor (TTVC) for the development of advanced
gas turbine combustors.
Specifically, TTVC employs the whirlblast at the inlet and
outlet of the combustor, utilizes the potential of the tangential
velocity, and avoids the dependence on the guide vanes. Thus,
the aerodynamic layout in TTVC is different from the
conventional combustor such that the airflow is mostly
whirlblast, and the processes of evaporation, mixing, and
chemical reaction for the liquid spray combustion are
completed along the tangential direction. The basic
configuration and combustion characteristics of TTVC are first
described and analyzed in the following. Subsequently, the
experimental investigation on an annular combustor is
presented and discussed.
UNCONVENTIONAL COMBUSTOR TECHNOLOGY
The recent progress of the research work about the
unconventional combustor technologies showcases that they
have better performance potential than the conventional gas

1 Copyright © 2009 by ASME

turbine combustor. These novel technologies utilize the strong
whirlblast and trapped vortex, such as Trapped Vortex
Combustor (TVC), Variable Residence Time (VRT), Ultra-
Compact Combustor (UCC), Cyclic Periodical Mixing
Combustion Process (CPMCP), and so on.
TVC
TVC has a pilot cavity for stability and a main combustor
for power. The pilot utilizes cavities to trap the vortices to
provide the recirculation zones to stabilize the cavity
combustion, as an ignition source for the main combustor.
Fuel and air are injected into the cavities to reinforce the
vortex and mixing. TVC has ability to shorten the combustor
length, simplify the configuration, and reduce the emissions
[1-4].
Sine the TVC concept was first evaluated in 1993 it has
developed three generations. Compared to the conventional
gas turbine combustor, the advantage of TVC has been
demonstrated, including up to a 50% improvement in ignition,
blow out, and altitude re-light; an operating range that is 40%
wider than conventional combustors with a combustion
efficiency at or above 99%; and NOx emissions reduction
ranging from 40% to 60% of the 1996 ICAO standard [1].
VRT
Melconian et al. [5] developed a concept of variable
residence time which allowed large fuel droplets adequate
time to completely burn in the circumferential primary
combustion zone.
The air entering the combustor has both axial and swirl
velocities to provide circumferential mixing. Thus a combined
vortex is established within the primary zone. Fuel is also
injected along the tangential direction reinforcing the vortex.
Due to the centrifugal fore the heavier droplets are flung to the
outer circumference of the annular primary zone. Upstream the
secondary zone the fresh air is rapidly introduced to quench
the rich flame. And in the secondary zone the air flows along
tangential direction to maintain the swirl and complete the
combustion. When the cold air flows into the combustor in the
tangential direction, it can form a cooling film covering the
liner wall. The centrifugal force has an additive positive effect
to form a cooling boundary layer to protect the outer liner.
VRT can circumferentially mix vortex flow for low outlet
temperature patter factor. The Rich-Quench-Lean combustion
technology could be used for low emissions. Furthermore, the
circumferential mainstream adapts the compressor exit flow
and turbine entrance flow, so the vanes could be eliminated or
simplified.
UCC
To provide large amounts of power extraction from the
low-pressure turbine, a near-constant-temperature (NCT) cycle
and an Inter-Turbine Burner (ITB) have been developed in
recent years for aero gas turbine engines [6]. An ultra-compact
combustor (UCC) concept [6-11] could take advantage of
TVC lesson-learned and admit airflow like vortex to
experience high g loads. In the concept, a cavity runs around
the outer circumference of the turbine inlet guide vanes. All of
the fuel is introduced into this cavity, so the fuel-air mixture is
rich, allowing much of the required combustion residence time
to take place in the circumferential direction, rather than the
conventional axial. The swirl flow within the cavity could
generate high “g” loading and reduce the chemical residence
time, and the combustion products are recirculated in the
cavity to stabilize flame. The centrifugal acceleration would
enhance the combustion process in the circumferential cavity
as a primary zone [7-10].
The UCC concept exhibits short combustion flame
lengths compared to conventional combustor. The LBO and
combustion efficient performance are excellent. UCC
integrates compressor and turbine features which will enable a
shorter and potentially less complex gas turbine engine. In
fact, this type of combustion system can be used as the main
combustor and/or as a secondary combustor between the high
pressure and low pressure turbine to operate as a reheat cycle
engine [11].
CPMCP
In order to reduce NOx emissions and to achieve CO
emissions near the thermodynamic equilibrium, the concept of
cyclic periodical mixing combustion process (CPMCP) was
investigated by Klab et al. [12, 13]. This CPMCP concept can
achieve stable combustion at adiabatic flame temperatures
being considerably lower than the lean blowout temperature of
aerodynamically stabilized flames. And the conceptual basis is
the periodic mixing of partially or fully burnt local reaction
products from the upstream reaction zone with the perfectly
premixed gaseous fuel and air injected in a reactor with a
swirling flow.
The feasibility of the CPMCP concept has been
successfully demonstrated in the earlier theoretic and
experimental research. The reaction can be stabilized down to
the limit of 1550 K, approximately 150 K below the LBO-
limit of aerodynamically stabilized premix flames. Hence, for
perfectly premixed reactants NO emissions below 0.8 ppm(v)
(15% O2, dry) was achieved in the entire experimental
operating range.
It is obvious that the concept of cyclic periodical mixing
combustion process can provide combustion stability below
the LBO limit of aerodynamically stabilized premix flames.
This technology can be utilized in the present TTVC concept
to extend the operating range for gas turbine engines.
Additionally, in the tangential trapped vortex combustor the
trapped vortex technology potentially offers a way to enhance
the combustion stability.
THEORETIC ANALYSIS
TTVC Operating Principle
The tangential trapped vortex combustor can simplify the
configuration of aeroengine because of the independence on
the guide vanes, and have a larger potential for improved
performance than the conventional combustor due to the
unique combustion characteristics. The airflow in the annular
cavity of TTVC mostly circumrotates around the axis of the
engine forming a vortex structure in the combustor. The liquid
2 Copyright © 2009 by ASME
fuel spray and the whirlblast airflow are mixing in the cavity
and the mixture is burning completely. Finally the hot
production gases flow out the combustor in a circumrotating
manner. The strong whirlblast in the annular cavity is expected
to enhance the evaporation and mixing processes of the liquid
spray, increase the residence time of the reacting flow, and
intensify the overall burning rate and combustor performance
due to the centrifugal effect. The large fuel droplets are flung
to the outer layer of the annular cavity by the centrifugal force,
and the flame spreads from the outer to the inner by the
buoyancy force. Moreover, the circumferentially mixing
process may uniformize the outlet temperature distribution of
the combustor. The tangential trapped vortex combustor
mostly adopts the tangential whirl flow which better adapts the
inlet whirlblast, thereby avoiding high pressure loss as that for
the conventional combustor. The combustor can also increase
the stability of the thermodynamic process, because the hot
gases circumferentially flow out from the inner exit of the
combustor. In order to enhance the flame stability, a local
small vortex may be adopted around the circumferential
whirlblast, as shown in Fig. 1.
Fig.1 Schematic of Tangential Trapped Vortex Combustor
Whirlblast Structure
(a) Casing (b) Liner
(c) Flowpath
Fig.2 Tangential Trapped Vortex Combustor Configuration
Figure 2 shows the configuration and flowpath of the
tangential trapped vortex combustor. The tangential airflow
following the diffuser flows into the liner through the swirl-
cups, primary holes and dilution holes. These air holes are
located on the liner with a given inclination angle, so the
transmitted tangential momentum of the airflow produces the
whirlblast in the annular cavity and maintains the tangential
velocity profile upstream of the turbine blades, as shown in
Fig.3, a result of early CFD research. If the holes with
compound angle or inclined multiholes wall film cooling were
adopted, the local small vortex would occur like that in Fig.1.
In TTVC, pressure nozzles are located at the center of the
swirl cups to inject the liquid fuel into the combustor.
In the tangential cavity the fresh mixture from a swirl-cup
is ignited by the hot gas from the upstream reaction zone, so
the rich hot gas is produced to mix with the fresh air of the
adjacent downstream primary holes. Then the mixture burns
and produces hot reactants to ignite the next stage swirl-cup.
Therefore, it is also a periodical mixing combustion process as
indicated in CPMCP[12, 13].
Compared with the conventional combustor, the
combustion process in the tangential trapped vortex combustor
has two advantages: centrifugal effect by strong whirlblast and
trapped vortex effect in cavity, with active effect on improving
the combustion stability and efficiency and reducing the
pollutant emission.
(a) Temperature Contours of Center Cross Section
3 Copyright © 2009 by ASME
 Where, Fb is the bubble force; Vb is the bubble volume.

ANNULAR COMBUSTOR EXPERIMENT

An experimental research was conducted on the lean
ignition and lean blow out (LBO) of a small annular tangential
trapped vortex combustor, which are two of the most
important performance parameters for the stably operating
range.
Experimental Apparatus
The liner of 4-cups annular tangential trapped vortex
combustor is illustrated in Fig.4. The swirl cups, primary holes
and igniter could be replaced on the combustor liner. The
coolant dilution center body was used to mix the hot gas with
cooling air, reducing the outlet temperature. But the
temperature was very high at the inner layer of the annular
cavity, so a multi-hole cooling was needed to protect the
dilution center body.
(b) Velocity Vectors of Inlet and Outlet
Fig.3 CFD Results of 10-Cups Annular TTVC

Centrifugal Effect on Combustion

The high centrifugal force has obvious influence on both
fuel and flame spreading of the spray combustion as that in
UCC [7, 9, 10]. It is the key action on the tangential trapped
vortex combustion. And there are many interesting topics
about the physical and chemical processes on the centrifugal
effect to research.
Compared to the laminar flame dominated by the thermal
conduction and diffusion and the turbulent flame by the flame
wrinkles and eddies [14, 15], the high-gravity flame spreading
is unique. In the high centrifugal force condition, the buoyancy Fig.4 Liner of 4-Cups Annular TTVC
force would become predominant and control the flame
spreading process, and the flame spreading speed increases
with the bubble velocity, including the bulky effect and
interface effect [16]. In the early research results for premixed
propane/air combustion, the centrifugal acceleration below
200g has little effect on the flame propagation controlled by
the turbulent flame. But when the centrifugal acceleration
exceeds 200g the flame speed increases, and the relation can
be represented by the equation:

Sb 
ρa
a (1)
ρb
Where, a is the centrifugal or gravitational acceleration; ρb is
Fig.5 Experimental Setup of 4-Cups Annular TTVC
the flame bubble density; ρa is the cold air density.
The spray combustion is more complex than the premixed To simulate the strong whirlblast at the entrance of the
combustion due to the evaporation and mixing processes, so combustion system, the swirl vanes with 65° angle were
the centrifugal effect may have difference for the two types of installed upstream of the combustor, as shown in Fig.5, so the
combustion. inlet airflow had a swirl number of 1.89. The measurement
As a result of the buoyancy force driven from the section is upstream of the swirl vanes to measure the inlet

Fb   a   b Vb a
centrifugal or gravitational force, the force acting on the flame pressure, temperature and airflow rate. Four large fan-shaped
bubble can be simply expressed as: quart windows were opened on the backside of the combustor
(2) to observe the flow and flame in the liner.

4 Copyright © 2009 by ASME

 The airflow of the 4-cups annular tangential trapped
vortex combustor was supplied by an air-blower at
atmospheric pressure, and could be heated up to 200℃ by an
electrical heater. In the measurement section, an orifice
flowmeter and a thermocouple probe was used to measure the
flow rate and temperature, respectively. A pressure nozzle was
placed at the center of each swirl-cup to inject kerosene into
the combustor, and the fuel pressure was measured to calculate
the fuel flow rate.

Fig.8 Combustion Photograph of 4-Cups Annular TTVC

Figure 7 shows the photos of the 4-cups annular tangential
trapped vortex combustor experimental setup and the burned
Fig.6 Schematic of the Experimental Setup liner. The combustion produced carbon fouling on the liner
along the tangential direction due to the very rich fuel and air
mixture from the swirl cups, under the experimental operating
condition. Furthermore, a combustion photograph of the
combustor in operation is shown in Fig.8. In the experiment
the direction of the whirlblast in the tangential cavity was
counter-clockwise.
Operating Conditions
The experimental research on the annular combustor was
performed at atmospheric pressure. The temperature of inlet
air was from 10℃ to 200℃ and the flow rate was in the
range 0.07kg/s~0.16kg/s. As shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Operating Conditions of Experiment
Inlet Pressure (Pa) Atmospheric Pressure
(a) Experimental Setup Inlet Temperature (℃) 10~200
Airflow Rate (kg/s) 0.07~0.16
Pressure Drop across Liner 0.5%~2.0%

The airflows distribution of the combustor was measured

at atmospheric temperature before the combustion experiment.
The results were shown in Table 2. Notice that only the
airflows through the swirl-cups and primary holes into the
annular cavity mixed with the fuel to burn. Therefore, the
equivalence ratios for the tangential cavity were calculated
with the fuel flow rate and 66.3% of the total airflow rate into
the combustor.
Table 2 Airflows Distribution of 4-Cups Annular TTVC
Components Percentage
Swirl cups 18.3%
(b) 4-Cups Annular TTVC Liner
Primary Holes 48%
Fig.7 Photos of 4-Cups Annular TTVC Experimental Setup
Dilution and Cooling Holes 33.7%

5 Copyright © 2009 by ASME


Experimental Results and Discussion
Lean Ignition Limits
A standard spark ignition unit was used to ignite the
combustible mixture in the combustor, having a stored energy
of 12J and a sparking rate of 10 per second. The igniter was
located upstream of a swirl-cup, where a local low velocity
zone occurred near wall. After the mixture in this zone was
ignited, the hot reactants could mix with the fresh fuel and air
mixture from the adjacent downstream and burn. And then the
process was periodically repeated four times per revolution in
the tangential trapped vortex combustor cavity.
In Fig.9, the ignition limits data were plotted against the
inlet airflow rate of the 4-cups annular combustor. The
experiment was performed at atmospheric pressure and 30℃
~190℃ inlet temperature.
2.0
inlet 30℃
inlet 55℃
inlet 80℃
1.5 inlet 100℃
inlet 150℃
inlet 190℃
1.0
cav
0.5
0.0
0.050 0.075 0.100 0.125 0.150 0.175
ma (kg/s)
Fig.9 Effect of Inlet Airflow Rate and Temperature on the
Ignition Equivalence Ratio of Tangential Cavity
cav
As seen in Fig.9, the inlet temperature greatly affects the
ignition limits of the combustor. When the inlet temperature
was only 30℃, the airflow rate could not over 0.075kg/s for
successfully ignition, but the lean ignition equivalence ratio in
the cavity was up to 1.74 all the same. The ignition limits
would be widened with increasing inlet temperature. While the
inlet temperature was 55℃, the ignition equivalence ratio was
0.86 and 1.12, respectively, for the inlet airflow rate of
0.075kg/s and 0.11kg/s, but the combustor could not be ignited
for higher airflow rate. The ignition equivalence ratio was
about 0.68 for the inlet airflow rate range from 0.07kg/s to
0.15kg/s when the inlet temperature was 80℃. Whereas, as the
inlet temperature was over 100℃, the ignition equivalence
ratio changed little with the inlet temperature but increased
from 0.3 to 0.6 in the range of experimental inlet airflow rate.
Hence, the ignition limits of the combustor are related to
the inlet airflow rate and temperature. The inlet temperature
has great benefit to the ignition, because high temperature can
speed the evaporation process. Whereas, for a given
geometrical configuration of combustor, more airflow rate
means higher flow velocity, so in the cavity the high speed
tangential flow would enhance the transverse blowing effect
on the diffused flame jet from the swirl-cups to disturb the
ignition process.
From the experimental results, the lean ignition
equivalence ratio in the tangential cavity, as the primary
combustion zone of the combustor, had to be over 1.0 at
atmospheric pressure and temperature. Therefore, compared to
the conventional combustor the ignition performance of the
tangential trapped vortex combustor had no advantage in the
present ignition form, mainly due to the combustion buildup.
In the conventional combustor the flame in the primary zone is
held on by the flow recirculation with evident low velocity
zone. Whereas, the main airflow in the tangential cavity flows
with high velocity as a transverse flow for the jet from the
swirl-cup except a weak low velocity zone is downstream of
the primary hole. As a result the airflow can not provide a
stable low velocity recirculation zone for the original flame
ball for the ignition process. If the spark ignitor was placed in
the local flow recirculation downstream of a swirl-cup perhaps
the ignition performance of the tangential trapped vortex
combustor would be improved.
Lean blow out Limits
The lean blow out limits data of the 4-cups annular
tangential trapped vortex combustor were plotted as shown in
Fig. 10, including the effect of the inlet airflow rate and
temperature. And the LBO experiment was performed at
atmospheric pressure and 85℃~195℃ inlet temperature.
0.4
inlet 85℃
inlet 100℃
inlet 150℃
0.3 inlet 195℃
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.050 0.075 0.100 0.125 0.150
ma (kg/s)
Fig.10 Effect of Inlet Airflow Rate and Temperature on the
LBO Equivalence Ratio of Tangential Cavity
On the curve of the 85℃ inlet temperature, the lean blow
out (LBO) equivalence ratio in the tangential cavity was 0.23
corresponding the 0.069kg/s inlet airflow rate, and it decreased
to 0.17 corresponding the 0.13kg/s airflow rate, with
decreasing scope of 26%. As the inlet temperature increased to
195℃, the LBO equivalence ratio decreased from 0.26 to 0.18
with increasing airflow rate from 0.06kg/s to 0.11kg/s. Totally,
as the inlet temperature increased from 85℃ to 195℃, the
LBO equivalence ratio of the combustor had little difference.
6 Copyright © 2009 by ASME
In other words, the inlet temperature has no effect on the lean
blow out limits in the test range. However, with the inlet
airflow rate increasing from 0.06kg/s to 0.12kg/s, the LBO
equivalence ratio gently decreased from 0.3 to 0.18.
The combustion organization of the tangential trapped
vortex combustor is a periodical circulation process, different
from the conventional combustor, so the upstream hot gas can
provide enough energy for evaporating and mixing to stabilize
the flame. Therefore, the periodical self-ignition effect in the
tangential cavity weakens the influence of the inlet air
temperature.
In fact, the stabilization of the swirl-cup is related to the
LBO limits of TTVC. For normal stable operating condition
the tangential cavity is the primary combustion zone, as shown
in Fig.11 (a). When the fuel/air ratio in the cavity is reduced to
be very lean the cavity combustion has oscillation, and it is a
transitional process, seen in Fig.11 (b). With the continued
decrease of fuel flow rate, the combustion in the cavity is
extinct, but the flame of the swirl-cups could be maintained, as
shown in Fig.11 (c). Therefore, the final LBO limits of the
annular combustor come out as the flame of the swirl-cups
quenches.
a φcav=1 b φcav=0.6 c φcav=0.3
Fig.11 The LBO Process of TTVC
In addition, the size of the fuel droplets has also great
effect on both ignition and lean blow out performance [17].
Generally for a given combustor geometry and igniter the lean
ignition and lean blow out limits would increase with the mean
droplet size. In the range of the experimental inlet airflow rate
and temperature, the nozzle pressure for ignition and LBO
varied from 0.01MPa to 0.75MPa, and the corresponding
mean droplet size SMD may be about 200μm to 35μm.
Therefore, to obtain the fundamental performance of the
ignition and LBO for the tangential trapped vortex combustor,
the effect of droplet size on the combustion performance
would be decoupled by experiment in future.
CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, the concept of the tangential trapped vortex
combustor (TTVC) was presented for gas turbine engines and
the principle was analyzed. The experimental investigation
was performed for the key performance of TTVC, including
the ignition and LBO limits for a small 4-cups annular
tangential trapped vortex combustor. The conclusions in the
present research can be summarized as follows:
(1) The feasibility of TTVC has been demonstrated in the
experimental research of a small annular combustor.
(2) The swirl-cups could stabilize the combustion of TTVC.
(3) The annular tangential trapped vortex combustor has wide
LBO limits.
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