Oral pathology

lec 10
Dr. Rusul Raad
 Disorder of development of teeth
• The development of teeth is regulated by genes,
but the genetic program is very sensitive to
disturbances in the environment such as infection
or toxic chemicals.
• Disorders of development of teeth may be due to
abnormalities in the differentiation of the dental
lamina and the tooth germs, causing anomalies in
: number, size form of the teeth and
morphological differentiation or abnormalities in
the formation of the dental hard tissue. ‫اﺿطراب ﻧﻣو اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬
• ‫ ﯾﺗم ﺗﻧظﯾم ﻧﻣو اﻷﺳﻧﺎن ﻋن طرﯾﻖ اﻟﺟﯾﻧﺎت‬،
‫ﻗد ﯾﻛون راﺟﻌﺎ إﻟﻰ اﺿطراﺑﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻧﻣو اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻛن اﻟﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺟﯾﻧﻲ ﺣﺳﺎس ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺷذوذ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﻔرﯾﻖ ﺑﯾن اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫اﺿطراﺑﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ ﻣﺛل اﻟﻌدوى‬
‫ ﻣﻣﺎ ﺗﺳﺑب ﻓﻲ ﺗﺷوھﺎت‬، ‫اﻟﺻﻔﯾﺣﺔ وﺟراﺛﯾم اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫أو ﻣواد ﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﺳﺎﻣﺔ‬.
: ‫ﻋدد وﺣﺟم ﺷﻛل اﻷﺳﻧﺎن و‬
‫اﻟﺗﻣﺎﯾز اﻟﻣورﻓوﻟوﺟﻲ أو اﻟﺷذوذ ﻓﻲ‬
 Disorders of teeth number ‫اﺿطراﺑﺎت ﻋدد اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬
• 1. Anodontia:
- ‫ ﻛل اﻻﺳﻧﺎن ﻣﻔﻘودة‬:‫اﻧﺳداد اﻻﺳﻧﺎن اﻟﻛﺎﻣل‬.
- ‫ واﺣد أو ﻋدة أﺳﻧﺎن‬:)‫ﻗﺻور اﻷﺳﻧﺎن اﻟﺟزﺋﻲ (ﻧﻘص اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬
• 1. Anodontia: ‫ﻣﻔﻘودة‬.
- ‫ اﻷﺳﻧﺎن ﻏﺎﺋﺑﺔ ﺳرﯾرﯾًﺎ ﺑﺳﺑب اﻻﻧﺣﺷﺎر أو اﻟﺗﺄﺧر‬:‫ﻛﺎذب اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬
– Complete anodontia: all teeth are missing. ‫ﺛوران‬.
- ‫ﻋدم وﺟود اﻷﺳﻧﺎن ﺑﺳﺑب ﻗﻠﻊ اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬.
– Partial anodontia (hypodontia): one or several teeth are missing.
– Pseudoanodontia: teeth clinically abscent due to impaction or delayed
eruption.
– False anodontia: teeth absent due to extraction.

• 2. Supernumerary teeth:
– Due to continued proliferation of primary or permanent dental lamina.
– Could be syndrome associated.
– The most common site affected is the anterior midline of the maxilla
(mesiodens). The second most common site affected is the maxillary
molar area (fourth molar or paramolar) 2. ‫اﻷﺳﻧﺎن اﻟزاﺋدة‬:
- ‫ﺑﺳﺑب اﺳﺗﻣرار اﻧﺗﺷﺎر اﻟﺻﻔﯾﺣﺔ اﻟﺳﻧﯾﺔ اﻷوﻟﯾﺔ أو اﻟداﺋﻣﺔ‬.
- ‫ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﺗراﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺗﻼزﻣﺔ‬.
- ‫اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ اﻷﻛﺛر إﺻﺎﺑﺔ ھو ﺧط اﻟوﺳط اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﻔك اﻟﻌﻠوي‬
(‫ اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ اﻷﻛﺛر إﺻﺎﺑﺔ ھو اﻟﻔك اﻟﻌﻠوي‬.)‫ﻣﯾﺳودﯾﻧس‬
 Disorders of teeth size
• 1. Microdontia:
– Generalized microdontia: all the teeth appear smaller than normal, it could be
actually small in measers as in pituitary dwarfism or relatively small in
comparison to mandible and maxilla size.
– Focal (localized) microdontia: most commonly seen with maxillary lateral
incisors, the tooth crown appears cone or peg shaped, prompting the
designation peg lateral, second most commonly seen microdent in the
maxillary third molar. ‫اﺿطراﺑﺎت ﺣﺟم اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬
• 1. Microdontia:
- ‫ ﻛل اﻷﺳﻧﺎن ﺗﺑدو‬:‫ﺻﻐر اﻷﺳﻧﺎن اﻟﻣﻌﻣم‬
• 2. Macrodontia: ‫ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻛون‬، ‫أﺻﻐر ﻣن اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟواﻗﻊ ﺻﻐﯾر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺻﺑﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ھو‬
‫اﻟﺣﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﻘزم اﻟﻧﺧﺎﻣﻲ أو ﺻﻐﯾر ﻧﺳﺑﯾًﺎ‬
– Characterized by the appearance of enlarged teeth. ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺣﺟم اﻟﻔك اﻟﺳﻔﻠﻲ واﻟﻔك اﻟﻌﻠوي‬.
– Can be generalized or focal. - :)‫ﺻﻐر اﻷﺳﻧﺎن اﻟﺑؤري (اﻟﻣوﺿﻌﻲ‬
2. Macrodontia: ‫ﻋﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻔك اﻟﺟﺎﻧﺑﻲ اﻟﺟﺎﻧﺑﻲ‬
ً ‫اﻷﻛﺛر ﺷﯾو‬
- ‫ﺗﺗﻣﯾز ﺑﻣظﮭر اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫ ﯾظﮭر ﺗﺎج اﻟﺳن ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛل‬، ‫اﻟﻘواطﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﺿﺧﻣﺔ‬. ‫ ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﺣﻔز‬، ‫ﻣﺧروطﻲ أو رﺑط‬
- ‫ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻛون ﻣﻌﻣﻣﺔ أو‬ ‫ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺛر اﻷﺟزاء‬، ‫اﻟﺗﻌﯾﯾن اﻟﺟﺎﻧﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺑؤرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﻛل‬ً ‫ﺷﯾو‬
‫اﻟﺿرس اﻟﻌﻠوي اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‬.
 Disorders of tooth eruption:
• Impaction:
– Most commonly affect mandibular third molars and maxillary canines.
– Occurs due to obstruction from crowding or from some other physical
barrier.
– Ankylosing is another cause of impaction due to the fusion of the
tooth to surrounding bone.
‫اﺿطراﺑﺎت ﺑزوغ اﻻﺳﻧﺎن‬:
• ‫ﺗﺄﺛﯾر‬:
- ‫ﻋﺎ اﻷﺿراس اﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ واﻷﻧﯾﺎب اﻟﻌﻠوﯾﺔ‬
ً ‫ﯾﺻﯾب اﻷﻛﺛر ﺷﯾو‬.
- ‫ﯾﺣدث ﺑﺳﺑب إﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﻣن اﻻزدﺣﺎم أو ﻣن ﺑﻌض ﺟﺳدي آﺧر‬
‫ﺣﺎﺟز‬.
- ‫اﻟﻼﺻﻖ ھو ﺳﺑب آﺧر ﻟﻼﻧﺣﺷﺎر ﺑﺳﺑب اﻧدﻣﺎج‬
‫ﻣن اﻷﺳﻧﺎن إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌظﺎم اﻟﻣﺣﯾطﺔ‬
Developmental alteration in the shape
‫اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر اﻟﺗﻧﻣوي ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﻛل‬
of the teeth 1. ‫اﻻﻧﺻﮭﺎر‬:
‫ﻣن اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬

- ، ‫اﻧدﻣﺎج اﺛﻧﯾن ﻣن ﺟراﺛﯾم اﻷﺳﻧﺎن اﻟﻧﺎﻣﯾﺔ‬

• 1. Fusion: ‫ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﻧﺗﺞ ﻋﻧﮫ ﺳن واﺣد ﻛﺑﯾر‬
‫ﺑﻧﺎء‬.
– Fusion of two developing tooth germs, resulting in single large tooth
structure. 2. Gemination:
- ‫ﺷذوذ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋن ﺟرﺛوﻣﺔ ﺳن‬
‫واﺣدة ﺣﺎوﻟت اﻻﻧﻘﺳﺎم ﺧﻼﻟﮭﺎ‬
• 2. Gemination: ‫ ﻣﻣﺎ أدى إﻟﻰ ﺗﺎج‬، ‫اﻟﺗطور‬
‫ﻣﺷﻘوق‬.
– An anomaly caused by a single tooth germ that attempted to divide during its
development, resulting in a bifid crown.

• 3. concrescence: 3. ‫اﻟﺗﻘﺎء‬:
– Already formed teeth joined by cementum only. - ‫أﺳﻧﺎن ﻣﺗﻛوﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌل ﻣرﺗﺑطﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻼط ﻓﻘط‬.

• 4. Dens Evagenatus:
– Odontogenic anomaly exhibited by protrusion of a tubercle from occlusal
surfaces of posterior teeth, and lingual surfaces of anterior teeth.
4. ‫ أوﻛﺎر‬Evagenatus:
- ‫اﻟﺷذوذ اﻟﺳﻧﻲ اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋن ﻧﺗوء درﻧﺔ ﻣن اﻹطﺑﺎق‬
‫ واﻷﺳطﺢ اﻟﻠﺳﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﻧﺎن‬، ‫أﺳطﺢ اﻷﺳﻧﺎن اﻟﺧﻠﻔﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻷﻣﺎﻣﯾﺔ‬
 5. ‫ أوﻛﺎر‬Invagenatus:
- ‫ ﺣﯾث ﯾوﺟد اﻧﺛﻧﺎء داﺧﻠﻲ ﻟـ‬، ‫ﺗﺷوه ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﻣو‬
‫اﻟﻣﯾﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎج‬.
• 6. ‫ﻟؤﻟؤ اﻟﻣﯾﻧﺎ‬:
- ‫ﻗطرات ﻣن اﻟﻣﯾﻧﺎ ﺧﺎرج اﻟرﺣم ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟذور اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬.
- ‫اﻷﺿراس اﻟﻌﻠوﯾﺔ ھﻲ اﻷﻛﺛر ﻋرﺿﺔ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬.
- ‫ رﺑﻣﺎ‬.‫وﻧﺎدرا ﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون ﻟﮫ ﻗرن ﻟب‬
ً ، ‫ﻣن ﺣﯾن ﻵﺧر ﻣدﻋوم ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎج‬
‫ﺗم اﻟﻛﺷف ﻋﻧﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬.

• 5. Dens Invagenatus:
– a developmental malformation, in which there is an in-folding of
enamel into dentine.
• 6. Enamel pearls:
– Droplets of ectopic enamel on the roots of the teeth.
– Maxillary molars are more commonly affected.
– Occasionally supported by dentin, rarely may have pulp horn. May be
detected on radiographic examination.
• 7. Taurodontism:
– a developmental disturbance of a tooth in which crown is enlarged at
the expense of the roots. An enlarged pulp chamber, apical
displacement of the pulpal floor.
7. Taurodontism:
- ‫اﺿطراب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﻣو ﯾﺻﯾب اﻟﺳن اﻟذي‬
‫ﯾﺗﺿﺧم ﻓﯾﮫ اﻟﺗﺎج‬
‫ ﻗﻣﻲ‬، ‫ ﺣﺟرة اﻟﻠب اﻟﻣﺗﺿﺧﻣﺔ‬.‫ﺣﺳﺎب اﻟﺟذور‬
‫إزاﺣﺔ أرﺿﯾﺔ اﻟﻠب‬
 8. ‫ﺗﻣزق‬:
- ، ‫ﯾﺗم إزاﺣﺔ اﻟﺗﺎج ﻋن ﻣﺣﺎذاﺗﮫ اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺟذر‬
‫ﻟذﻟك‬
‫ اﻧدﻻع‬.‫ﯾﻧﺛﻧﻲ اﻟﺳن ﺑﺷدة ﻋﻠﻰ طول وﺻوﻟﮫ اﻟطوﯾل‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﻋدم وﺟود‬
‫ﻣﺷﺎﻛل وﻟﻛن اﻻﺳﺗﺧراج ﻗد ﯾﻛون ﺻﻌﺑًﺎ‬.
• 8. Dilaceration:
– Crown is displaced from its normal alignment with the root, so that
the tooth is severely bent along its long access. Eruption with no
problems but extraction may be difficult.

• 9. supernumerary roots:
– Most commonly seen in mandibular canines, premolars and molars
– Rarely found in upper anterior teeth and mandibular incisors.

9. ‫اﻟﺟذور اﻟزاﺋدة‬:
- ‫ﻋﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﯾﺎب اﻟﻔﻛﯾﺔ واﻟﺿواﺣك‬ ً ‫اﻷﻛﺛر ﺷﯾو‬
‫واﻷﺿراس‬
- ‫ﻧﺎدرا ﻣﺎ ﺗوﺟد ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻧﺎن اﻷﻣﺎﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﻠوﯾﺔ واﻟﻘواطﻊ‬
ً
‫اﻟﺳﻔﻠﯾﺔ‬
 Defects of enamel and dentin
• 1. Amelogenesis imperfecta:
– Hereditary abnormality of enamel formation affect both dentition
– Soft enamel start to fracture. ‫ﻋﯾوب اﻟﻣﯾﻧﺎ واﻟﻌﺎج‬
– dark brown color. • 1. ‫اﻟﺗﻛﺎﺛر اﻟﻧﺎﻗص‬:
- ‫ﺧﻠل وراﺛﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻟﻣﯾﻧﺎ ﯾؤﺛر‬
– According to type of inheritance can be divided into: ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛل ﻣن اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬
- ‫ﯾﺑدأ اﻟﻣﯾﻧﺎ اﻟﻧﺎﻋم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﺻدع‬.
• Hypoplasia - ‫ﻟون ﺑﻧﻲ ﻏﺎﻣﻖ‬.
• Hypomaturation - ‫ﺣﺳب ﻧوع اﻟﻣﯾراث ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﻘﺳﯾﻣﮭﺎ‬
‫إﻟﻰ‬:
• Hypocalcified. • ‫ﻧﻘص ﺗﺻﺑﻎ‬

• 2. Dentinogenesis imperfecta: • Hypomaturation

• ‫ﻧﺎﻗص اﻟﻛﻼم‬.
– Hereditary abnormality of dentin formation.
– Crown fracture easily due to abnormal DEJ.
– Pulp chambers and root canals may be partially or completely
obliterated.
– Grey to brownish, violet to yellowish brown in color teeth.
‫ﻗد ﺗﻛون ﻏرف اﻟﻠب وﻗﻧوات اﻟﺟذر‬
2. ‫ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻷﺳﻧﺎن اﻟﻧﺎﻗص‬:
‫ﺟزﺋﯾًﺎ أو ﻛﻠﯾًﺎ‬
- ‫ﺧﻠل وراﺛﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻟﻌﺎج‬.
‫طﻣس‬.
- ‫ ﻛﺳر اﻟﺗﺎج ﺑﺳﮭوﻟﺔ ﺑﺳﺑب ﺧﻠل‬DEJ.
- ‫ وﺑﻧﻔﺳﺟﻲ إﻟﻰ ﺑﻧﻲ‬، ‫رﻣﺎدي إﻟﻰ ﺑﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺻﻔر ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻧﺎن اﻟﻣﻠوﻧﺔ‬.
 3. ‫ﺧﻠل اﻟﺗﻧﺳﺞ اﻟﺳﻧﻲ‬:
- ، ‫اﺿطراب وراﺛﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻟﻌﺎج‬
‫ اﻟﻌﺎج ﻏﯾر اﻟﻧﻣطﻲ‬، ‫اﻟﻣﯾﻧﺎ اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻲ‬
‫ ﻣورﻓوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ ﻟب ﻏﯾر طﺑﯾﻌﻲ‬، ‫ﺗﺷﻛﯾل‬.
- ‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺻﻧﯾﻔﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ‬:
• ‫ ﯾؤﺛر ﺑﺷﻛل‬:)‫ (اﻟﻧوع اﻟﺟذري‬1 ‫اﻟﻧوع‬
‫ ﻓﻘدان اﻷﺳﻧﺎن اﻟﻣﺑﻛر‬، ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺟذر‬
‫ﻗد ﺗﺣدث ﺑﺳﺑب اﻟﺟذور اﻟﻘﺻﯾرة‬.
• ‫ ﯾؤﺛر ﺑﺷﻛل‬:)‫ (اﻟﻧوع اﻹﻛﻠﯾﻠﻲ‬2 ‫اﻟﻧوع‬
• 3. Dentinal dysplasia: ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏرف اﻟﻠب ﺑﺷﻛل ﻣﺗﻛرر‬
‫ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺟﺎرة اﻟﻠب‬
– Hereditary disturbance of dentin formation, normal enamel, atypical dentin
formation, abnormal pulpal morphology.
– Can be classified into:
• Type 1 (radicular type): affect primarily the root, premature tooth loss
may occur because of short roots.
• Type 2 (coronal type): affect primarily the pulp chambers, frequently
contain pulp stones.
• 4. Odontodysplasia:
– Also known as odontogenic dysplasia, odontogenesis imperfecta and
ghost tooth.
– Maxillary teeth more frequently involved than mandibular teeth.
– Affected teeth may exhibit delay or total failure in eruption. Shape is
altered and irregular. 4. ‫ﺧﻠل اﻟﺗﻧﺳﺞ اﻟﺳﻧﻲ‬:
- ‫ وﺗﻛوﯾن اﻷﺳﻧﺎن اﻟﻧﺎﻗص و‬، ‫ﺿﺎ ﺑﺎﺳم ﺧﻠل اﻟﺗﻧﺳﺞ اﻟﺳﻧﻲ‬
ً ‫ﯾُﻌرف أﯾ‬
– Etiology is unknown. ‫ﺳن ﺷﺑﺢ‬.
- ‫اﻷﺳﻧﺎن اﻟﻌﻠوﯾﺔ أﻛﺛر إﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻣن أﺳﻧﺎن اﻟﻔك اﻟﺳﻔﻠﻲ‬.
ً ‫ﺗﺄﺧﯾرا أو‬
- ‫ اﻟﺷﻛل‬.‫ﻓﺷﻼ ﺗﺎ ًﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺛوراﻧﮭﺎ‬ ً ‫ﻗد ﺗظﮭر اﻷﺳﻧﺎن اﻟﻣﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌدﻟﺔ وﻏﯾر ﻣﻧﺗظﻣﺔ‬.
- ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺑﺑﺎت ﻏﯾر ﻣﻌروف‬.
 Environmental alteration of teeth
• Dental abnormality can be caused due to
different environmental reasons, include:
‫اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر اﻟﺑﯾﺋﻲ ﻟﻸﺳﻧﺎن‬
– 1. tetracycline. • ‫ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾﻛون ﺳﺑب ﺷذوذ اﻷﺳﻧﺎن ﺑﺳﺑب‬
‫ ﺗﺷﻣل‬، ‫أﺳﺑﺎب ﺑﯾﺋﯾﺔ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬:
- 1. ‫اﻟﺗﺗراﺳﯾﻛﻠﯾن‬.
– 2. fluorosis. - 2. ‫اﻟﺗﺳﻣم ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻠور‬.

Also in some cases humans can be responsible

for the dental abnormalities, like:
‫أﯾﺿﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌض اﻟﺣﺎﻻت ﯾﻣﻛن أن‬
1. coffee, tea ‫ﯾﻛون اﻟﺑﺷر ﻣﺳؤوﻟﯾن‬
‫ﻟﻌﻼج ﺗﺷوھﺎت اﻻﺳﻧﺎن ﻣﺛل‬:
1. ‫اﻟﻘﮭوة واﻟﺷﺎي‬
2. vit. C deficiency. 2. ‫ ﻧﻘص ﺳﻲ‬.‫ﻓﯾت‬
 Post developmental Loss of Tooth
‫ﻓﻘدان اﻷﺳﻧﺎن ﺑﻌد اﻟﻧﻣو‬
• ‫اﻻﺳﺗﻧزاف ھو اﻟﺗﺂﻛل اﻟﻔﺳﯾوﻟوﺟﻲ ﻟﻸﺳﻧﺎن ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ‬
‫ إﻧﮭﺎ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻣرﺗﺑطﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻣر‬.‫ﻋﺟن‬.

• Attrition is the physiologic wearing of teeth as a result of

mastication. It is an age-related process. ‫اﻟﺗﺂﻛل ھو اﻟﺗﺂﻛل اﻟﻣرﺿﻲ ﻟﻸﺳﻧﺎن اﻟﻧﺎﺟم ﻋن‬
‫ﻋﺎدة ﻏﯾر طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ أو اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻏﯾر طﺑﯾﻌﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣواد اﻟﻛﺎﺷطﺔ ﻋن طرﯾﻖ اﻟﻔم‬
• Abrasion is the pathologic wearing of teeth caused by an
abnormal habit or abnormal use of abrasive substances orally.
• Erosion is the loss of tooth structure through a nonbacterial
‫اﻟﺗﺂﻛل ھو ﻓﻘدان ﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺳن ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﻣﺎدة ﻏﯾر ﺑﻛﺗﯾرﯾﺔ‬
chemical process. ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬

• Abfraction loss of tooth from occlusal stress it appears as wedge-

shaped defects limited to the cervical area of the teeth and may closely
resemble cervical abrasion or erosion.
‫ﻓﻘدان ﺟزء ﻣن اﻷﺳﻧﺎن ﻣن اﻹﺟﮭﺎد اﻹطﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﯾظﮭر ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺷﻛل إﺳﻔﯾن‬
‫ﻋﯾوب ﺗﻘﺗﺻر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ﻋﻧﻖ اﻟرﺣم ﻟﻸﺳﻧﺎن وﻗد ﺗﻛون‬
‫ﻗرﯾﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺷﺑﮫ ﺗﺂﻛل أو ﺗﺂﻛل ﻋﻧﻖ اﻟرﺣم‬.
 Orofacial clefts
cleft lip and palate
‫ﺷﻘوق اﻟﻔم واﻟوﺟﮫ‬
• classified into: ‫اﻟﺷﻔﺔ اﻟﻣﺷﻘوﻗﺔ واﻟﺣﻧك‬
• ‫ﺻﻧﻔت اﻟﻲ‬:
- ‫ﻣﺷﻘوق اﻟﺷﻔﺔ‬
– Cleft lip - ‫اﻟﺣﻧك اﻟﻣﺷﻘوق‬
- ‫ﺷﻖ اﻟﺷﻔﺔ واﻟﺣﻧك ﻣن ﺟﺎﻧب‬

– Cleft palate ‫واﺣد‬

- ‫اﻟﺷﻔﺔ اﻟﻣﺷﻘوﻗﺔ واﻟﺣﻧك‬ ‫ﻗد ﺗﻣﺗد اﻟﺷﻔﺔ اﻟﻣﺷﻘوﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺎﻣل‬
‫ﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺗﻰ‬

– Unilateral cleft lip and palate ‫اﻟﺧﯾﺎﺷﯾم‬.

• ‫اﻟﺷﻔﺔ اﻷرﻧﺑﯾﺔ ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﻛﺗﻣﻠﺔ ال‬
‫ﺗﺷﻣل اﻷﻧف‬.
– Bilateral cleft lip and palate • 70٪ ‫ﻣن اﻟﺷﻔﺔ اﻷرﻧﺑﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧب اﻷﯾﺳر‬.

• A complete cleft lip may extend upward to the

nostrils.
• Incomplete cleft lip not involve the nose.
• 70% of unilateral cleft lip involve the left side.