Test Bank for STAT2, 2nd Edition, Ann Cannon, George W. Cobb, Bradley A. Hartlaub, Julie M.

Test Bank for STAT2, 2nd Edition, Ann Cannon,

George W. Cobb, Bradley A. Hartlaub, Julie M.
Legler, Robin H. Lock Thomas L. Moore Allan J.
Rossman Jeffrey A. Witmer

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Chapter 05
Multiple Choice

1. ANOVA can be thought of as

a. a generalization of the two-sample t test
b. a special case of regression
c. both (a) and (b)
d. neither (a) nor (b)
ANSWER: c

2. ANOVA should only be used in designed experiments.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: b

3. An observational study is conducted. As long as the sample is randomly selected from the population, you
can use ANOVA results to generalize from the sample to the population.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: a

4. An observational study is conducted. As long as the sample is randomly selected from the population, you
can use ANOVA results to conclude cause and effect.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: b

5. In an ANOVA model, we are interested in how between-group variation compares to within-group variation.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: a

6. In an ANOVA model, a large statistic is an indication that (choose all that apply)
a. group-to-group variation and unit-to-unit variation are approximately equal
b. group-to-group variation is large compared to unit-to-unit variation
c. the experiment was randomized
d. we can conclude cause and effect
e. the sum of squares is large
ANSWER: b

7. When choosing reexpressions for ANOVA, we always use log transformations.

a. True
b. False
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Chapter 05

ANSWER: b

8. Type I errors are always worse than Type II errors.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: b

9. Multiple comparisons are a way to control

a. Type I error rate
b. Type II error rate
c. both Type I and Type II error rate
d. neither Type I nor Type II error rate
ANSWER: a

10. We wish to perform a log transformation on the response variable. However, there are values in the
data set. Since we cannot take the natural log of 0, we cannot perform a log transform, and we should try a
different transformation.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: b

11. A student, Shaka, conducted a study on college basketball players. He asked players to continually perform
three different activities as quickly as they could: layups (jumping, one-handed shot), free-throw shots (standing
shot from fixed distance), and running drills. After performing each activity for five minutes, Shaka recorded
the player's heart rate in beats per minute (bpm). He had five players, and he made each of them do all three
activities on three different days and at two different times (morning and evening). The days and order of
activities were randomized for each player. Shaka wants to see if heart rate depends on player, time of day, or
activity.
Is Shaka's study balanced?
a. Yes.
b. No.
c. There is no way to tell from the information given.
d. This question is nonsensical.
ANSWER: a

12. A student, Shaka, conducted a study on college basketball players. He asked players to continually perform
three different activities (1 = layups, 2 = free throws, and 3 = running drills) as quickly as they could. After
performing each activity for five minutes, Shaka recorded the player's heart rate in beats per minute (bpm). He
had five players, and he made each of them do all three activities on three different days. The days and order of
activities were randomized for each player. Shaka uses a one-way ANOVA to see if heart rate depends on
activity, and the result is a P-value of 0.000000091. Assuming that all model conditions are met, we can
conclude that (choose all that apply)
a. there is at least one activity that has a significantly different mean than the others
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Chapter 05

b. all activities have significantly different means

c. the difference in heart rate between activities is large enough to affect performance at the activity
d. none of the above
ANSWER: a

13. A student, Shaka, conducted a study on college basketball players. He asked players to continually perform
three different activities (1 = layups, 2 = free throws, and 3 = running drills) as quickly as they could. After
performing each activity for five minutes, Shaka recorded the player's heart rate in beats per minute (bpm). He
had five players, and he made each of them do all three activities on three different days. The days and order of
activities were randomized for each player. Shaka uses a one-way ANOVA to see if heart rate depends on
activity, and the result is a P-value of 0.000000091. What type of error is possible here?
a. Type I error
b. Type II error
c. neither error is possible
d. both errors are possible
ANSWER: a

14. A student, Shaka, conducted a study on college basketball players. He asked players to continually perform
three different activities (1 = layups, 2 = free throws, and 3 = running drills) as quickly as they could. After
performing each activity for five minutes, Shaka recorded the player's heart rate in beats per minute (bpm). He
had five players, and he made each of them do all three activities on three different days. The days and order of
activities were randomized for each player. Shaka uses a one-way ANOVA to see if heart rate depends on
activity. The mean heart rate for layups is 106.533, and the mean heart rate for running drills is 119.533. The
overall mean (grand average) is 107.067, and the MSE = 227.614. Calculate the effect size for the difference
between layups and running drills.
a. 5.7%
b. 13%
c. 86.2%
d. 7.06% for layups and 7.92% for running drills
e. –3.54% for layups and 82.6% for running drills
ANSWER: c

Multiple Response

15. As sample size increases, which of the following generally happen? Choose all that apply.
a. P-value increases
b. P-value decreases
c. P-value stays the same
d. Margin of error increases
e. Margin of error decreases
f. Margin of error stays the same
g. Effect size increases

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Chapter 05

h. Effect size decreases

i. Effect size stays the same
ANSWER: b, e, i

Essay

16. A student, Shaka, conducted a study on college basketball players. He asked players to continually perform
three different activities as quickly as they could: layups (jumping, one-handed shot), free-throw shots (standing
shot from fixed distance), and running drills. After performing each activity for five minutes, Shaka recorded
the player's heart rate in beats per minute (bpm). He had five players, and he made each of them do all three
activities on three different days and at two different times (morning and evening). The days and order of
activities were randomized for each player.

Did Shaka conduct an experiment or an observational study? Explain your answer.

ANSWER: This is an experiment because Shaka assigned treatments to each player. It's randomized because
Shaka randomized the order of activities for each player.

17. A student, Shaka, conducted a study on college basketball players. He asked players to continually perform
three different activities as quickly as they could: layups (jumping, one-handed shot), free-throw shots (standing
shot from fixed distance), and running drills. After performing each activity for five minutes, Shaka recorded
the player's heart rate in beats per minute (bpm). He had five players, and he made each of them do all three
activities on three different days and at two different times (morning and evening). The days and order of
activities were randomized for each player. Shaka wants to see if heart rate depends on player, time of day, or
activity.
For this study, determine the following: experimental unit, explanatory factor (choose one), levels of that
explanatory factor, and response variable.
ANSWER: experimental unit: player; explanatory factor (choose one): player or time of day or activity; levels
of that explanatory factor: 1/2/3/4/5 (player) or morning/evening (time of day) or layup/free-
throw/running drill (activity); response variable: heart rate.

18. A student, Shaka, conducted a study on college basketball players. He asked players to continually perform
three different activities as quickly as they could: layups (jumping, one-handed shot), free-throw shots (standing
shot from fixed distance), and suicide running drills. After performing each activity for five minutes, Shaka
recorded the player's heart rate in beats per minute (bpm). He had five players, and he made each of them do all
three activities on three different days and at two different times (morning and evening). The days and order of
activities were randomized for each player. Shaka wants to see if heart rate depends on player, time of day, or
activity.

What is the purpose for randomizing the order of activities for each player?
ANSWER: If Shaka did not randomize the order of activities, there could be a training effect that would be a
confounding variable. Players may get more physically fit as they perform the activities. Suppose all
players perform layups on the first day, then free throws on the second day, and then suicide drills
on the final day. The activities from the first day may improve their fitness by the third day, which
means they would have lower heart rates from the suicides than if they had done those on the first
day. This is a problem if all players use this order. By randomizing the order for each player, any
individual player's training effect will get "washed out."
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Chapter 05

19. A student, Shaka, conducted a study on college basketball players. He asked players to continually perform
three different activities as quickly as they could: layups (jumping, one-handed shot), free-throw shots (standing
shot from fixed distance), and "suicide" running drills. After performing each activity for five minutes, Shaka
recorded the player's heart rate in beats per minute (bpm). He had five players, and he made each of them do all
three activities on three different days and at two different times (morning and evening). The days and order of
activities were randomized for each player. Shaka wants to see if heart rate depends on player, day, time of day,
or activity. Does the exploratory data analysis below indicate that player, time, activity, or day might help
explain a player's heart rate?
## player min Q1 median Q3 max mean sd n missing
## 1 1 78 84.0 93 112.0 118 96.66667 13.685544 18 0
## 2 2 94 96.0 101 114.0 118 104.11111 9.112944 18 0
## 3 3 120 124.5 128 141.5 146 131.33333 9.126561 18 0
## 4 4 68 70.5 99 104.0 106 91.11111 15.586151 18 0
## 5 5 102 106.0 111 119.5 122 112.11111 7.111622 18 0
## time min Q1 median Q3 max mean sd n missing
## 1 1 70 98 106 120 144 107.2000 17.57271 45 0
## 2 2 68 96 104 118 146 106.9333 18.55998 45 0
## activity min Q1 median Q3 max mean sd n missing
## 1 1 88 98.0 103 112 128 106.53333 12.13639 30 0
## 2 2 68 82.5 94 106 126 95.13333 18.78872 30 0
## 3 3 100 112.5 116 122 146 119.53333 13.51049 30 0
## day min Q1 median Q3 max mean sd n missing
## 1 1 68 96.5 105 117.5 146 106.8667 18.72254 30 0
## 2 2 70 96.5 106 119.5 146 107.2667 18.19044 30 0
## 3 3 70 98.0 105 119.5 142 107.0667 17.59885 30 0

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Chapter 05

ANSWER: The boxplots show that player and activity are likely to significant predictors of heart rate since the
rates vary across values of each predictor. (We see that the mean rate for each activity is quite
different and that the players' means vary a lot too.) Time of day doesn't seem to impact heart rate
since the side-by-side boxplots are nearly identical (similarly for day).

20. A student, Shaka, conducted a study on college basketball players. He asked players to continually perform
three different activities as quickly as they could. After performing each activity for five minutes, Shaka
recorded the player's heart rate in beats per minute (bpm). He had five players, and he made each of them do all
three activities on three different days. The days and order of activities were randomized for each player. Shaka
wants to see if heart rate depends on activity Write down the theoretical model that Shaka will fit.
ANSWER: heart rate = grand mean + activity effect + residual

21. A student, Shaka, conducted a study on college basketball players. He asked players to continually perform
three different activities as quickly as they could. After performing each activity for five minutes, Shaka
recorded the player's heart rate in beats per minute (bpm). He had five players, and he made each of them do all
three activities on three different days. The days and order of activities were randomized for each player. Shaka
wants to see if heart rate depends on player. Using the information below, estimate the grand mean and the
treatment effect for each player.
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Chapter 05

## min Q1 median Q3 max mean sd n missing

## 68 96.5 106 119.5 146 107.0667 17.97176 90 0
## player min Q1 median Q3 max mean sd n missing
## 1 1 78 84.0 93 112.0 118 96.66667 13.685544 18 0
## 2 2 94 96.0 101 114.0 118 104.11111 9.112944 18 0
## 3 3 120 124.5 128 141.5 146 131.33333 9.126561 18 0
## 4 4 68 70.5 99 104.0 106 91.11111 15.586151 18 0
## 5 5 102 106.0 111 119.5 122 112.11111 7.111622 18 0
ANSWER: grand mean = 107.07; player 1 effect = 96.67 – 107.07 = –10.40; player 2 effect = –2.96; player 3
effect = 24.27; player 4 effect = –15.96; player 5 effect = 5.04

22. A student, Shaka, conducted a study on college basketball players. He asked players to continually perform
three different activities as quickly as they could. After performing each activity for five minutes, Shaka
recorded the player's heart rate in beats per minute (bpm). He had five players, and he made each of them do all
three activities on three different days. The days and order of activities were randomized for each player. Shaka
will use a one-way ANOVA to see if heart rate depends on activity. Write down the null and alternative
hypotheses that will be tested.
ANSWER: The hypotheses can be written one of two ways. If μi is the mean heart rate for activity i, we can
write them as
H0 : μi = μ1 = μ2 = μ3 vs. Ha : some μi ≠ some μj
If α1 is activity i's treatment effect, we can write them as
H0 : αi = α1 = α2 = α3 vs. Ha : some αi ≠ 0

23. A student, Shaka, conducted a study on college basketball players. He asked players to continually perform
three different activities as quickly as they could. After performing each activity for five minutes, Shaka
recorded the player's heart rate in beats per minute (bpm). He had five players, and he made each of them do all
three activities on three different days. The days and order of activities were randomized for each player. Shaka
uses a one-way ANOVA to see if heart rate depends on activity. Using the output below, make a conclusion in
context.
model1 <- aov(rate ~ factor(activity), data=Shaka)
anova(model1)
## Analysis of Variance Table
##
## Response: rate
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## factor(activity) 2 8943.2 4471.6 19.646 9.107e-08 ***
## Residuals 87 19802.4 227.6
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
ANSWER: Since the P-value is very small, at least one activity does have a (significantly) different average
heart rate than the others.

24. A student, Shaka, conducted a study on college basketball players. He asked players to continually perform
three different activities as quickly as they could. After performing each activity for five minutes, Shaka
recorded the player's heart rate in beats per minute (bpm). He had five players, and he made each of them do all
three activities on three different days. The days and order of activities were randomized for each player. Shaka
uses a one-way ANOVA to see if heart rate depends on activity. Discuss the conditions for the ANOVA model
and how well you think the conditions are met for this model based on the residual plots and other information
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Chapter 05
given.
par(mar=c(4,4,2,2))
par(mfrow=c(2,2))
favstats(rate~activity,data=Shaka)
## activity min Q1 median Q3 max mean sd n missing
## 1 1 88 98.0 103 112 128 106.53333 12.13639 30 0
## 2 2 68 82.5 94 106 126 95.13333 18.78872 30 0
## 3 3 100 112.5 116 122 146 119.53333 13.51049 30 0
model1 <- aov(rate ~ factor(activity), data=Shaka)
anova(model1)
## Analysis of Variance Table
##
## Response: rate
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## factor(activity) 2 8943.2 4471.6 19.646 9.107e-08 ***
## Residuals 87 19802.4 227.6
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
plot(model1)

ANSWER: This was a randomized comparative experiment, so randomness is met. One player's performance
shouldn't impact the others, so independence is a reasonable assumption. Normality of residuals is
acceptable: there's a small amount of tailing at the ends but not enough to worry about. Equal
variances is also acceptable, as SDmax/SDmin is less than 2.

25. A student, Shaka, conducted a study on college basketball players. He asked players to continually perform
three different activities (1 = layups, 2 = free throws, and 3 = running drills) as quickly as they could. After
performing each activity for five minutes, Shaka recorded the player's heart rate in beats per minute (bpm). He
had five players, and he made each of them do all three activities on three different days. The days and order of
activities were randomized for each player. Shaka uses a one-way ANOVA to see if heart rate depends on
activity. Using the output below, which activities have significantly different mean heart rates? (You may
assume all conditions are met.)
model3 <- aov(rate ~ factor(activity), data=Shaka)
anova(model3)
## Analysis of Variance Table
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Chapter 05
##
## Response: rate
## Df S um Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## factor(activity) 2 8943.2 4471.6 19.646 9.107e-08 ***
## Residuals 87 19802.4 227.6
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Fisher <- LSD.test(model3, "factor(activity)"); Fisher
## $statistics
## MSerror Df Mean CV t.value LSD
## 227.6138 87 107.0667 14.0911 1.987608 7.742558
##
## $parameters
## test p.ajusted name.t ntr alpha
## Fisher-LSD none factor(activity) 3 0.05
##
## $means
## rate std r LCL UCL Min Max Q25 Q50 Q75
## 1 106.53333 12.13639 30 101.05852 112.0081 88 128 98.0 103 112
## 2 95.13333 18.78872 30 89.65852 100.6081 68 126 82.5 94 106
## 3 119.53333 13.51049 30 114.05852 125.0081 100 146 112.5 116 122
##
## $comparison
## NULL
##
## $groups
## rate groups
## 3 119.53333 a
## 1 106.53333 b
## 2 95.13333 c
##
ANSWER: The Fisher's LSD comparison shows us that all three activities are significantly different from each
other (each with 95% confidence). This is indicated by the fact that they all are assigned different
group labels—a, b, c—with no overlap in groups.

26. A student, Shaka, conducted a study on college basketball players. He asked players to continually perform
three different activities (1 = layups, 2 = free throws, and 3 = running drills) as quickly as they could. After
performing each activity for five minutes, Shaka recorded the player's heart rate in beats per minute (bpm). He
had five players, and he made each of them do all three activities on three different days. The days and order of
activities were randomized for each player. Shaka uses a one-way ANOVA to see if heart rate depends on
activity. The 95% confidence interval for is (3.66, 19.14). Interpret this interval in context.
ANSWER: We are 95% confident that average increase in heart rate for layups compared to free throws is
between 3.66 and 19.14 bpm.

27. A student, Shaka, conducted a study on college basketball players. He asked players to continually perform
three different activities (1 = layups, 2 = free throws, and 3 = running drills) as quickly as they could. After
performing each activity for five minutes, Shaka recorded the player's heart rate in beats per minute (bpm). He
had five players, and he made each of them do all three activities on three different days. The days and order of
activities were randomized for each player. Shaka uses a one-way ANOVA to see if heart rate depends on
activity. The effect size for the difference between layups and free throws is 0.756. Interpret this in context.
ANSWER: The effect size of this difference is 75.6% of the SD, which indicates that the difference between the
two activities is substantial.
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Chapter 05

28. A major concern with newborn babies is low birth weight since a baby who is too small can have myriad
postnatal health problems. Researchers are interested in pinpointing variables that may contribute to low birth
weight, including whether the mom was a smoker. Describe Type I error and Type II error in this situation and
explain which you think would be worse.
ANSWER: Type I error: we conclude that smoking does lead to significantly lower birth weight when in fact
there is no effect from smoking. Type II error: we conclude that smoking does not lead to
significantly lower birth weight when in fact it does. Type II error is worse since the belief that
smoking is not harmful (in this way) may mean that women are more likely to keep smoking during
pregnancy, thus harming the fetus.

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