MAIR11 - MATRICES AND CALCULUS Problem Sheet - I

Ist year/B.Tech./ CE / Section A / July-2021 December 21, 2021

1. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors

(a) For what values of λ, the following homogeneous systems of linear equations possesses
a non-zero solution. Also find the non-zero solutions for each λ.
x + y + 3z = λx 2x + y + z = λx
3x + 2y = λx
; x + 5y + z = λy ; x + 3y + 2z = λy
x + 2y = λy
3x + y + z = λz 2x + y + 2z = λz
(b) Find the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors
 of the following
 matrices.
 
    −2 −4 2 1 −3 3
2 −1 −2 1
A= ; A= ; A = −2 1 2 ; A = 3 −5 3
−1 2 −1 0
4 2 5 6 −6 4
2. Properties of eigenvalues.

(a) Let P (λ) be the characteristic polynomial of a square matrix A of order n. Find the
characteristic polynomials of A + αI, βA, AT , A−1 (provided A−1 exists) where α, β
are scalars.
(b) If λ = −2, 1, 4 are the eigenvalues of a 3 × 3 square matrix A, then find the eigenvalues
of A + 2I, A − I, 3AT , 4A−1 .
(c) Letf (t) = α0 tm + α1 tm−1 + α2 tm−2 + · · · + αm−1 t + αm . If X is an eigenvector of A
corresponding to an eigenvalue λ, then show that f (λ) is an eigenvalue of f (A) and X
is the corresponding eigenvector.
(d) If λ = −1, 2, 3 are the eigenvalues of a square matrix A then find the eigenvalues of
A3 − 4A2 + 2A + 3I and A2 − 3A + 2I.

3. Cayley-Hamilton theorem
 
1 2
(a) Let A = . Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem. Using characteristic equation of A
4 3
find A−1 , A3 , Adj(A). Compute the value of A4 − 4A3 − 5A2 + A + 2I.
 
1 1 1
(b) Let A = 1 2 −3 . Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem. Hence find A−1 , A4 , Adj(A).
2 −1 3
 
1 0 3
(c) Let A = 2 1 −1 . Compute the value of A6 − 5A5 + 8A4 − 2A3 − 9A2 + 31A − 36I.
1 −1 1
(d) If λ = −1, 2, 4 are the eigenvalues of a square matrix A of order 3, then express
A−1 , A4 , Adj(A) in polynomials of A. Compute the eigenvalues of Adj(A). Further,
simplify the expression A6 − 5A5 + 2A4 + 9A3 − 5A2 + 4A + 7I.

4. Diagonalization.

(a) If A is a diagonalizable matrix, then show that αA(α 6= 0), AT , A−1 (if exists), Ak (k ∈ N)
are also diagonalizable.

1
 (b) Determine whether following matrices are diagonalizable or not. If yes, find a non-
singular matrix P such that P −1 AP  is a diagonal
 matrix.
 Hence find
4
 A.  
    2 2 −7 1 −1 0 1 1 1
1 2 1 3
A= ; A= ; A = 2 1 2  ; A = 0 1 −1 ; A = 1 1 1
4 3 0 1 not
   0 1  −3  0 0 −1   1 1 1
4 −3 −3 1 3 4 2 −1 0 2 2 1
A =  3 −2 −3 ; A = 0 −1 −2 ; A = −1 2 0 ; A = 1 3 1
yes −1 1 2 no 0 3 4 yes 0 0 1 yes 1 2 2
 
1 1
(c) Find A2021 , where A = .
0 2
(d) Is every diagonalizable matrix invertible? Justify your answer.
(e) Is every invertible matrix diagonalizable? Justify your answer.
T
5. Find an orthogonal matrixN such that N
 AN is a diagonal
 matrix.
  
  3 −1 1 1 1 1 2 −1 1
2 −1
A= ; A = −1 5 −1 ; A = 1 1 1 ; A = −1 2 −1
−1 2
1 −1 3 1 1 1 1 −1 2
     
2 1 −1 1 −1 0 1 −2 2
A= 1 1 −2 ; A = −1 2 1 ; A = −2 4 −4
   
−1 −2 1 0 1 1 2 −4 4
6. Orthogonal reduction of a real quadratic form to canonical form.
Find the nature of the following quadratic forms. Obtain the orthogonal transformation
matrix. Write the equations of the transformation. Then write in canonical form.

(a) q(x1 , x2 ) = x21 + 4x22 + 4x1 x2 .

(b) q(x1 , x2 ) = 2x1 x2 .
√
(c) q(x1 , x2 ) = x21 + 2 2x1 x2 .
(d) q(x1 , x2 , x3 ) = 3x21 + 5x22 + 3x23 − 2x1 x2 − 2x2 x3 + 2x1 x3 .
(e) q(x1 , x2 , x3 ) = 3x21 + 3x23 + 4x1 x2 + 4x2 x3 + 8x1 x3 .
(f) q(x1 , x2 , x3 ) = 2x21 + 6x22 + 2x23 + 8x1 x3 .
(g) q(x1 , x2 , x3 ) = 2x1 x2 + 2x2 x3 + 2x1 x3 .