Focus: ABE 413 – Food Process Engineering

Name: Diaz, Kerby Bryll H.

Course/Year: BS ABE – 4A

Particulars: Problem Set I

1. Show that the following heat transfer equation is consistent in its units:
𝑞 = 𝑈 𝐴 ∆𝑇
Where 𝑞 is the heat flow rate (𝐽 𝑠 −1 ), 𝑈 is the overall heat transfer coefficient
(𝐽 𝑚−2 𝑠 −1 °𝐶 −1 ), 𝐴 is the area (𝑚2 ) and the ∆𝑇 is the temperature difference (℃).

𝐽
𝑞=( 2 ) (𝑚2 )(℃)
𝑚 𝑠℃

𝐽
𝑞= → 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑠

2. The specific heat of apples is given as 0.86 𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝑙𝑏 −1 ℉−1. Calculate this in 𝐽 𝑘𝑔−1 ℃−1 .

𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝐽
1 = 4186.798
𝑙𝑏 ℉ 𝑘𝑔 ℃

𝐽
𝐵𝑇𝑈 4186.798 𝑘𝑔 ℃ 𝐽
(0.86 )( ) = 3600.646
𝑙𝑏 ℉ 𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝑘𝑔 ℃
1
𝑙𝑏 ℉

3. If the viscosity of olive oil is given as 5.6 𝑥 10−2 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 −1 𝑠 −1, calculate the viscosity in SI
units.

𝑙𝑏𝑓 1 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑓𝑡 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑠
(0.056 )( )( ) = 0.083 ~ 0.083 2
𝑓𝑡 𝑠 2.21 𝑙𝑏𝑓 0.3048 𝑚 𝑚𝑠 𝑚

4. The Reynolds number for a fluid in a pipe is

𝐷𝑣𝜌
𝜇
 Where 𝐷 is the diameter of the pipe, 𝑣 is the velocity of the fluid, 𝜌 is the density of the
fluid and 𝜇 is the viscosity of the fluid. Using five (5) fundamental dimensions
[𝑀], [𝐿], [𝑇], [𝐹], and [𝑡] show that this is a dimensionless ratio.

[𝐿] [𝑀]
[𝐿] ( ) ( 3 )
[𝑡] [𝐿]
= 1 → 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠
[𝑀]
( )
[𝐿] [𝑡]

5. Determine the protein content of the following mixture, clearly showing the accuracy:

% Protein Weight in Mixture (kg)

Maize starch 0.3 100.0
Wheat flour 12.0 22.5
Skim milk powder 30.0 4.31

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑖𝑛

% 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑖𝑛 = 𝑥 100
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

0.3 12.0 30.0

( 𝑥 100.0 𝑘𝑔) + ( 𝑥 22.5 𝑘𝑔) + ( 𝑥 4.31 𝑘𝑔)
[ 100 100 100 ] 𝑥 100 = 3.385%
100.0 𝑘𝑔 + 22.5 𝑘𝑔 + 4.31 𝑘𝑔

6. In determining the rate of heating of a tank of 20% sugar syrup, the temperature at the
beginning was 20℃ and it took 30 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 to heat to 80℃. The volume of the sugar syrup
was 50 𝑓𝑡 3 and its density 66.9 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 −3 . The specific heat of sugar syrup is
0.9 𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝑙𝑏 −1 ℉−1 .
a) Convert the specific heat to 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔−1 ℃−1

𝐵𝑇𝑈 1055 𝐽 2.21 𝑙𝑏 1 ℉ 𝐽 𝑘𝐽

(0.9 )( )( )( ) = 3777.111 ~ 3.777
𝑙𝑏 ℉ 1 𝐵𝑇𝑈 1 𝑘𝑔 5 𝑘𝑔 ℃ 𝑘𝑔 ℃
℃
9

b) Determine the average rate of heating, that is the heat energy transferred in
unit time, in SI units (𝑘𝐽 𝑠 −1 )

𝑞 = 𝑈 𝐴 ∆𝑇
 𝑘𝐽
3.777 𝑙𝑏 1 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 ℃
𝑞=[ ] [(66.9 3 ) ( )] (50 𝑓𝑡 3 )(80℃ − 20℃) = 190.559
60 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑓𝑡 2.21 𝑙𝑏 𝑠
(30 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠) (
1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 )

7. The gas equation is 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇.

If the pressure 𝑃 is 2.0 𝑎𝑡𝑚, the volume of the gas 𝑉 is 6 𝑚3 , the gas constant 𝑅 is
0.08206 𝑚3 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 −1 𝐾 −1 and 𝑇 is 300 degrees Kelvin, what are the units of 𝑛 and
what is its numerical value?

𝑚3 𝑎𝑡𝑚
(2.0 𝑎𝑡𝑚)(6 𝑚3 ) = (𝑛) (0.08206 ) (300 °𝐾)
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐾

(2.0 𝑎𝑡𝑚)(6 𝑚3 )
𝑛= = 0.487 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑚3 𝑎𝑡𝑚
(0.08206 ) (300 °𝐾)
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐾

8. The gas law constant 𝑅 is given as 0.08206 𝑚3 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 −1 𝐾 −1 . Find its value in:
a) 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔 𝑙𝑏-𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 −1 𝐾 −1 ;

3
𝑚3 𝑎𝑡𝑚 1 𝑓𝑡 760 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑘𝑔 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔
(0.08206 )( ) ( )( ) = 996.570
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑘𝑔 𝐾 0.3048 𝑚 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 2.21 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑏 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑏 𝐾

b) 𝑚3 𝑃𝑎 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 −1 𝐾 −1;

𝑁
𝑚3 𝑎𝑡𝑚 1.013 𝑥 105 2 3
(0.08206 )( 𝑚 ) = 8312.678 𝑚 𝑃𝑎
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑘𝑔 𝐾 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑘𝑔 𝐾

c) 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑔-𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 −1 𝐾 −1.

𝑁
𝑚3 2 1𝐽 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑘𝑔 𝐽
(8312.678 𝑚 )( )( ) = 8.313
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑘𝑔 𝐾 1 𝑁𝑚 1000 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑔 𝐾

Assume: 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 760 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔 = 1.013 𝑥 105 𝑁𝑚−2 = 1.013 𝑥 105 𝑃𝑎.

Remember: 1 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 = 1 𝑁𝑚 and in this book, 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 is 𝑘𝑔-𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒.

 𝑃
9. The equation determining the liquid pressure in a tank is 𝑧 = where 𝑧 is the depth,
𝜌𝑔

𝑃 is the pressure, 𝜌 is the density and 𝑔 is the acceleration due to gravity. Show that
the two (2) sides of the equation are dimensionally the same.

[𝑀]
( )
[𝐿][𝑡]2
𝑧= = [𝐿]
[𝑀] [𝐿]
( 3) ( 2)
[𝐿] [𝑡]

𝑘𝑔
( )
𝑚 𝑠2
𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝐼 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 → 𝑧 = =𝑚
𝑘𝑔 𝑚
( 3) ( 2 )
𝑚 𝑠

10. The Grashof number 𝐺𝑟 arises in the study of natural convection heat flow. If the
number is given as:
𝐷 3 ρ2 𝛽 𝑔 Δ𝑇
𝜇2

Verify the dimension of 𝛽 the coefficient of expansion of the fluid. The symbols are all
defined in Appendix 1.

𝑀 2 [𝐿]
[𝐿]3 ( 3 ) (𝛽) 2 [𝑇] 1
[𝐿} [𝑡]
2 →𝛽=
[𝑀] 𝑇
( )
[𝐿][𝑡]