Lie detection — anassessment of a verbal statement with the goal to reveal a possible intentional deceit. — It may refer to a cognitive process of detecting deception by evaluating message content as well as non-verbal cues. — It also may refer to questioning techniques used along with technology that record physiological functions to ascertain truth and falsehood in response.Deception a communicator’s deliberate attempt to foster a belief or understanding in others which the recipient considers to be untrue; a statement that deviates from or perverts the truth;Early Used Methods of Lie Detection — one of the first methods to prove the veracity of a statement uttered by the accused was described in China circa 1000 BC (Ford, 2006) . » The person suspected of lying was required to fill his/her mouth with a handful of dry rice. After a while, s/he was to spit out the rice. If the expectorated rice remained dry, the suspect was found guilty of fraud. ***This method was based on the physiological principle and the assumption that experiencing fear and anxiety is accompanied byPolygraphy Defined * It is the scientific method of detecting deception with the use of a polygraph instcument. This is the new name of Lie Detection. Polygraph Defined 2 * Enymologically- The term “polygraph” means “many writings.” The name refers to the manner in which selected physiological activities ace simultaneously collected any recorded. * A polygraph measures and records several physiological indices such as blood seessure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity while the subject is asked and answers| aseties of questions.° STIMULUS-Force or motion reaching the organism and excites the receptors. ° DETECTION — Act of discovering the existence of something hidden or obscure * REACTION -— Any activity aroused in any organism by stimulus evoked or produced by external influenceGeneral Uses of the Polygraph Examination . Criminal Investigation — It is a valuation tool in criminal investigation. It provides fast means of eliminating innocent suspects, give clue about the identity of criminal suspects, verify statement of those who are involved and saves a lot of time and effort during the process of investigation. A polygraph is mainly used for investigation. In every criminal investigation, the victim, suspect, and witness/es present their own version of the events surrounding an incident at a particular time and date.‘Two Application of the Polygraph in a Criminal Investigation * Diagnostic Application- The ultimate goal of this application is to seek the successful determination of truth or deception. This requires the services of an expert examiner with considerable training and education. * Interrogatory Application — This kind of application is less concerned with the issue of truth, and usually seeks a confession of wrongdoing from the suspects.Early Methods of Detecting Deception 1.Red Hot [ron Ordeal- Practiced on the hill tribe_of Rajhmal_in_the north Bengal. An accused placed his tongue to a red hot iron nine times unless burned sooner. If burned, he is put to death as he is guilty. 2.Boiling Water Ordeal — it is common in Africa. The method that the subject will be asked to plunge their right arms into the boiling water to the elbow and step into the Pc)4. If the accused can endure such torture, he will be considered innocent ‘rial By ‘Torture — The accused was put into a severe physical test. 5.Ordeal of red hot needle — a red hot needle was drawn through the lips of the accused; if innocent, no blood will be seen flowing out. Practiced in east Africa. 6. .Donkey’s Tail Ordeal — a donkey was placed in one room alone and was observed. If the donkey cried as judge of the guilty of crimes, then the accused is guilty.The Modern Method of Detecting Deception Truth Serum Test Hypnotism Word Association Test PolygraphThe term “ truth serum” is a misnomer. The procedure does not make someone tell the truth and the thing administered is not secum but actually a drug. Truth serum In the test, HYOSCINE HYDROBROMIDE is given hypodermic: doses until a state of delirium y in repeated duced. When the proper point is reached, the questioning begins and the subject fells a compulsion to answer the questions truthfully Narcoanalysis/Narcosynthesis This method of deception detection is practically the same as that of administration of truth serum. The only difference is the drug used. Psychiatric sodium amytal or sodium penthotal is administered by the subject. When the effects appear , questioning starts. It is claimed that the drug causes depression of the inhibitory mechanism of the brain and the subjectsHypnotism Word Association Test It is the alteration of consciousness and concentration in which the subject manifests a heightened of suggestibility while awareness is maintained. Not all persons ate susceptible to hypnotic induction. Subjects who are compulsive-depressive type, strong-willed like lawyers, accountants, physicians and other professionals are usually non hypnotizable. A list of stimulus and non-stimulus words are read to the subject who is instructed to answer as quickly as possible. ‘The answer to the questions may be a “yes” or a “no”. Unlike the lie detector , the time interval between the words uttered by the examiner and the answer of the subject is recorded.Psychological Stress Evaluator When the person is under stress as when he is lying, the micro tremor in the voice utterance in moderately or completely suppressed. The degree of suppression caries inversely to the degree of psychologic stress in the speaker, The psychological stress evaluator (PSE) detects, measures, and graphically displays the voice modulations that we cannot hear. LealINTOXICATION The ability of alcohol to reveal the real person behind the mask which all of us are said to wear (“mask of sanity’) is reflected in the age-old maxim, IN VINO VERITAS (“in wine there is truth”). The person whose statement is to be taken is allowed to take alcoholic beverages to almost intoxication.‘TOPIC 3: PIONEERS IN ‘THE HISTORY OF POLYGRAPHY° 1730 - DANIEL DEFOE- a British novelist who wrote an essay entitled “an efjectual scheme for the immediate preventing of street robberies and suppressing all other disorders of the night” , wherein he recommended the taking the pulse of a suspicious fellow was a practical, effective and humane method for distinguishing truthfulness from lying.