QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Practical Research 2
Grade 12 ABM | PRELIMS | Ms. Kayzelle Anne Roxas
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
- Quantitative Research is an
objective, systematic, empirical
investigation of the observable
phenomena through the use of
computational techniques.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
1. Objective. Quantitative research seeks
accurate measurement and analysis of
target concepts.
2. Clearly defined Research Questions.
In quantitative research, the
researchers know in advance what
they are looking for.
3. Structured Research Instruments. Data
are normally gathered using structured
research tools such as questionnaires
to collect measurable characteristics of
the population such as age, socio-
economic status, number of children
etc.
4. Numerical Data. Data are in the form
of numbers and statistics, often
organized and presented using tables,
charts, graphs and figures that
consolidate large numbers of data to
show trends, relationships or
differences among variables.
5. Large Sample sizes. To arrive at more
reliable data analysis, a normal
population distribution is preferred.
6. Replication. Reliable quantitative
research can be repeated to verify and
confirm the correctness of the results
in another setting.
7. Future Outcomes. By using complex
mathematical calculations and with the
aid of computers, if-then scenarios
may be formulated thus predicting
future results.
What do you think are the advantages and
disadvantages of Quantitative Research?
ADVANTAGES OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
• Allows the researcher to
measure and analyze data.
• Relationship between an
independent and dependent variable is studied
in detail, which is advantageous because the
reseacher is more objective about the findings
of the research.
• Used to test hypotheses in
experiments because of its ability to measure
data using statistic.
DISADVANTAGES OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
• The context of the study or
experiment is ignored.
• Does not study things in a
natural setting or discuss the meaning things
have for different people as qualitative
research does.
• In some cases, a large sample
of the population must be studies; the larger
the sample of people researched, the more
statistically accurate the result will be. As
such, the timeline, complexity, and cost of the
research will be increased.
ANG PAGSULAT
Pagsulat sa Filipino sa larangan ng akademiko
Grade 12 ABM | PRELIMS | Ms. Agnes Heruela
MAKRONG KASANAYAN
 ⁃ Ang pagsulat ay isa sa • Magpahayag ng damdamin
makrong kasanayan na hinuhubog sa pag • Manghikayat
sisismula palamang ng tao sa kanyang buhay • Tumuligsa

4 na makrong kasanayan KAHALAGAHAN NG PAGSULAT

• Pagsulat • Humuhubog sa damdamin at
• Pagbasa kaisipan
• Pagsasalita • Mas nakikilala ng tao and
• Pakikinig kanyang sarili.

PISKAL AT MENTAL
Edwin mabilin
⁃ Ito ay isang pambihirang
gawain pisikal at mental dahil sa pamamagitan
nito naipapahayag ng tao ang nais ihayag sa
pamamagitan ng paglipat ng kaalaman sa
papel o anumang uri ng pagsusulatan.

INTERPERSONAL
Badayos 1999
⁃ Ito ay sistema ng
komunikasyong interpersonal na gumagamit
ng mga simbolo at inuukit sa isang makinis na
bagay tulad ng papel, tela o di kaya’y malapad
at makapal na tipak ng bato.

ARAPOFF, 1975
⁃ Ang pagsulat ay isang proseso
ng pagiisip na nilalarawan sa pamamagitan na
nahusay na pagpili at pag oorganisa ng mga
karanasan.

SMITH, 1976
⁃ Naniniwala na ang pagsulat ay
isang tao-sa-taong komunikasyon
⁃ Pagpapalitan ng damdamin sa
isat isa.

STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION

Fundamentals of Accountancy, Business, and Management
Grade 12 ABM | PRELIMS | Mr. John Robert Santiago

STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION

⁃ Statement of Financial
MGA DAHILAN NG PAGSULAT
Position, also known as the Balance Sheet,
• Libangan
presents the financial position of an entity at a
• Maglahad ng impormasyob
given date. It has three main components:
assets, liabilities and equity.
Assets of an entity may be financed from
internal sources (i.e. share capital and profits)
or from external credit (e.g. bank loan, trade
creditors, etc.). Since the total assets of a
business must be equal to the amount of
capital invested by the owners (i.e. in the form
of share capital and profits not withdrawn) and
any borrowings, the total assets of a business
must be equal to the sum of equity and
liabilities.
THIS LEADS TO THE ACCOUNTING
EQUATION
ASSETS = LIABILITIES + EQUITY
PURPOSE AND IMPORTANCE
⁃ Statement of Financial
Position helps users of financial statements to
assess the financial health or soundness of an
entity. When analyzed over several accounting
periods, balance sheets may assist in
identifying underlying trends in the financial
position of the entity. A statement of financial
position is helpful particularly in determining
the state of the entity's liquidity risk, financial
risk, credit risk and business risk.
⁃ When used in conjunction
with other financial statements of the entity
and the financial statements of its competitors,
balance sheet may help to identify
relationships and trends which are indicative
of potential problems or areas for further
improvement. Analysis of the statement of
financial position could therefore assist the
users of financial statements to predict the
amount, timing and volatility of entity's future
earnings.
ELEMENTS OF STATEMENT OF
FINANCIAL POSITION
The Statement of Financial Position consists of
the following key elements:
Assets
⁃ An asset is something that an
entity owns or controls in order to derive
economic benefits from its use. Assets must be
classified in the balance sheet as current or
non-current depending on the duration over
which the reporting entity expects to derive
economic benefit from its use. Assets which
deliver economic benefits to the entity over the
long term are classified as non-current.
Whereas those assets that are expected to be
realized within one year from the reporting
date are classified as current assets.
LIABILITIES
⁃ A liability is an obligation that
a business owes to someone. Its settlement
involves the transfer of cash or other
resources. Liabilities must be classified in the
statement of financial position as current or
non-current depending on the duration over
which the entity intends to settle the liability. A
liability which will be settled over the long
term is classified as non-current. Whereas
those liabilities that are expected to be settled
within one year from the reporting date are
classified as current liabilities.
EQUITY
⁃ Equity is what the business
owes to its owners. Equity is derived by
deducting total liabilities from the total assets.
It therefore represents the residual interest in
the business that belongs to the owners.
TYPES OF MEDIA
Media and Information Literacy
Grade 12 ABM 1A| Cacnio, Jhared B.| Ms. Nikka Limpin
TYPES OF MEDIA
- Print Media
- Broadcast Media
- New Media
PRINT MEDIA
Involves the usage of a physical medium,
such as paper, and is printed and
distributed by a publishing company. In
this type of media publication involve the
main division; reporting and editing.
BROADCAST MEDIA
Type of media that transmit information
immediately to the widest possible
audience. Classified as the most
convenient and practical way of
communicating information to a wide
audience.
e.g., Tv, radio, speaker, telephone
NEW MEDIA
Type of media that now uses the newest
means of communication, digital
technology, internet, the main gateway for
accessing such information is considered
to be the easiest way of gaining
information.
e.g., blog, internet, websites
MEDIA CONVERGENCE
It involves the merging of the three types
of media: print, broadcast, and new media.
THREE MAIN SOURCES OF
INFORMATION
INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE- local and
indigenous knowledge refers to the
understanding, skills, and philosophies
developed by the scientist with long
histories of interaction with their natural
surroundings. For rural and indigenous
people, local knowledge informs decision
making about fundamental aspects of day-
to-day life.
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF
INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE ARE THE
FOLLOWING
- Oral tradition of communication
- Store information in memories
- Information exchange is face-to-
face.
- Information is contained within the
border of the community.
LIBRARY- a building or a room containing
collections of books, periodicals and
sometimes films and recorded music for
people to read, borrow, or refer to.
e.g., books, scholarly journals, magazines,
newspaper
THE INTERNET- is a network that consist
of millions of private, public, academic,
businesses, and government networks, of
local to global scope, that are linked by a
broad array of electronic and optical
networking technologies.
5 THINGS THAT WE NEED TO CONSIDER
TO DETERMINE THAT THE
INFORMATION IS CREDIBLE:
- Check the reliability.
- Know the accuracy.
- Value of sources
- Authority of the source
- Timeless
ACTIVITY 1: TIMELINE MAPPING
Media and Information Literacy
Grade 12 ABM 1A| Cacnio, Jhared B.| Ms. Nikka Limpin
Direction: choose one age/period above
and create a timeline of all products that
 have been invented during that time and
give a short description for each invention.

ELECTRONIC AGE (1930’S-1980’S)

1941 1947 1951 1960 1976

IBM 704
TRASISTOR RADIO
The IBM 704 is a large
A transistor radio is a small digital mainframe computer
portable radio receiver that introduced by IBM in 1954.
uses transistor-based It was the first mass-
circuitry. Following the produced computer with
invention of the transistor in hardware for floating-point
1947—which revolutionized arithmetic. The IBM 704
the field of consumer Manual of operation states:
electronics by introducing The type 704 Electronic
small but powerful, Data-Processing Machine is
convenient hand-held a large-scale, high-speed
devices—the Regency TR-1 electronic calculator
was released in 1954 controlled by an internally
becoming the first stored program of the single
commercial transistor radio. address type.

APPLE 1
UNIVAC 1
TELEVISION The Apple Computer 1,
The UNIVAC I originally released as
Television (TV) is a the Apple Computer
(Universal Automatic
telecommunication and known later as the
Computer I) was the
medium for Apple I or Apple-1, is
first general-purpose
transmitting moving an 8-bit desktop
electronic digital
images and sound. The computer released by
computer design for
term can refer to a the Apple Computer
business application
television set, or the Company (now Apple
produced in the United
medium of television Inc.) in 1976. It was
transmission. ORIGIN OF LITERATURE
States. It was designed
principally by J. designed by Steve
Television is a mass Wozniak. Theand
21st Century Literature from the Philippines ideathe
of World
Presper Eckert and
medium for advertising, selling the computer
John Mauchly, Grade
the 12 ABM 1A| PRELIMS |Ms. Cristzar Decena
entertainment, news, came from Wozniak's
inventors of the
and sports. friend and Apple co-
ENIAC.
WHAT IS LITERATURE?founder Steve Jobs.
“Literature” is derived from the latin word
LITERA means “letter”.
LITERATURE
Is defined as “pieces of writing that are
valued as works of art, especially those in
a form of novels, plays, short stories and
poems.”
According to Kahayon (1998), literature
deals with ideas, thoughts and emotions of
man- thus it can be said that literature is a
story of man.
Through Literature, we learn the innermost
feelings and thoughts of people – the most
real part of themselves, thus we gain an
understanding not only of others, but more
importantly, of ourselves and of life itself. –
Garcia, et al, 1993
EIGHT (8) MAJOR PERIODS OF ENGLISH
LITERATURE
ANGLO-SAXON OR OLD ENGLISH
PERIOD
(450–1066)
HEROIC TRADITION: poetry focused on
hero’s bravery
ELEGIAC TRADITION: writers mourned
the passing of earlier, better times.
BEOWULF- is a tale of adventure of
Beowulf, the hero, who is champion and
slayer of monster. The incidents in it are
such as may be found in hundred of other
stories. It is full of sorts of references and
allusions.
ANGLO-NORMAN OR MIDDLE ENGLISH
PERIOD (1066–1500)
Popular forms of Writing: Chronicles,
Poetry, Drama, Religious and Didactic
writing
RENAISSANCE PERIOD OR AGE OF
SHAKESPEARE (1500–1660)
“Rebirth”
Trends: Revival of learning, Rediscovery
of classical philosophy, literature and art,
focus on ‘Humanism’ and ‘Puritanism’.
Major Forms of literature: poetry and
drama.
Humanism- nature and importance of
humanity, that emerged from the study of
Classical antiquity.
Puritanism- religious movement, believed
in cleansing (purify) the church of all its
remaining Roman Catholic ties.
NEOCLASSICAL PERIOD OR THE
ENLIGHTENMENT AGE (1660–1798)
“Age of reason”
Trends: Revival of classical art and
culture of ancient Greece and Rome,
focus on order, accuracy, and structure.
Poetic Trends: Use of allusions, heroic
couplet and strict meter and rhyme.
Chief Contribution: The Modern Novel.
an intellectual and philosophical
movement
ROMANTIC PERIOD (1798–1837)
Trends: The Romantic Movement in
Poetry, Gothicism in literature.
Chief Contribution: Romantic Poetry and
The Gothic Novel
Romantic Movement - inspired by a
desire for liberty, and they denounced the
exploitation of the poor.
emphasis on the importance of the
individual; a conviction that people should
follow ideals rather than imposed
conventions and rules.
Gothic literature- is a style of writing
characterized by gloomy settings,
supernatural elements, and exoticism.
ORIGIN OF LITERATURE
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
Grade 12 ABM 1A| PRELIMS |Ms. Cristzar Decena
VICTORIAN PERIOD (1837–1901)
REIGN OF QUEEN VICTORIA
GOLDEN AGE OF ENGLISH LITERATURE
Literary Trends &
Movements: Symbolism, Utilitarianism,
Oxford Movement, Romantic
Protestantism. Age of Prose & Novel.
Main Focus: individually, morality note,
conflict between religion and science,
human beings than nature.
SYMBOLISM- refers to the use of
representational imagery (heart symbol of
love)
UTILITARIANISM- promotes/ advocates
that actions that foster happiness or
pleasure for the most people and opposes
actions that cause unhappiness or harm
for the most people.
OXFORD MOVEMENT- sought a renewal
of “catholic,” or Roman Catholic, thought
and practice within the Church of England
in opposition to the Protestant tendencies
of the church.
THE MODERN PERIOD (1901-1945)
This rebellion hugely affected modern
literature, which was directed by moral
values, spiritual ideals as well as mental
attitudes that were dramatically opposed
to those of the Victorians.
experimentation and individualism
People started to regard Victorian age as
a hypocritical age, having superficial and
mean ideals. Hypocrisy of Victorian period
generated a rebellious attitude in the
writers of modern literature. Things that
were considered as beautiful and
Honorable during Victorian age was
considered as ugly by the writers of
modern period. Sense of questioning was
absent in the mind of the people from the
Victorian age.
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
(1945-TODAY)
Begin after the end of World War ii, 1945.
Literary Trends: structuralism,
deconstruction, poststructuralism,
postmodernism, postcolonialism, and
magic realism.
Main Focus: horrors of war, genocide, life
experiences, real-life themes, alienation,
transformation, consumption & relativity of
truth.
STRUCTURALISM- is mode of knowledge
of nature and human life that is interested
in relationships rather than individual
objects.
DECONSTRUCTION- is that meaning is
unreliable as the language that
communicates meaning is itself unreliable.
POST-STRUCTURALISM- rejects the
idea of a literary text having a single
purpose, a single meaning or one singular
existence.
POSTMODERNISM- emphasizes the
diversity of human experience and
multiplicity of perspectives.
POSTCOLONIALISM- literature by people
from formerly colonized countries
MAGIC REALISM- depicts the real world
as having an undercurrent of magic or
fantasy.
- Literature comes from the Latin word ‘litaritura’ meaning “writing
organized with letters”
-Literature is the reflection of life
-Initially, literature was a form of entertainment for the people. Over
time, it attained the purpose of reform as well.
-From ancient civilizations to the modern era, indeed, all the works
of literature have given us insight into the issues and trends
prevailing at that time.
-Literature also provides an escape from the ‘grim realities’ of life.
While many people read to escape the boredom of their life
-Moreover, the higher type of literature helps the reader to escape
from trivial reality into significant reality
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Therefore, Literature is a Significant Human
Experience (S.H.E.) because it shows us the real
Practical Research 2
world.
Grade 12 ABM 1A| PRELIMS |Ms. Kayzelle Anne Roxas
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
This design is concerned with describing
the nature, characteristics, and
components of the population or a
phenomenon.
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
It is a systematic investigation of the
nature of relationship, or associations
between among variables without
necessarily investigating in casual reasons
underlying them.
EVALUATION RESEARCH
It aims to assess the effects and impacts
or outcomes of practices or policies and
programs.
SURVEY RESEARCH
It is used to gather information from
groups of people by selecting and
studying samples chosen from population.
It may be done in various ways like face-
to-face, phone, mail, and online.
CAUSAL COMPARITIVE RESEARCH
It also known as ex post factor (after the
fact) research. This kind of research
derives conclusion from observation and
manifestations that already occurred in the
past and now compared to some
dependent variables. It discusses why and
how a phenomenon occurs.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
This research utilizes the scientific method
to test cause and effects relationships
under conditions controlled by the
researcher.
COMMON COMPITENCIES OF AN ENTREPRENEURS
- RISKS TAKER – means that he is
Entrepreneurship
Grade 12 ABM 1A| PRELIMS |Ms. Merry Rose Gregorio CN2
COMMON COMPITENCIES OF AN ENTREPRENEURS
DECISIVE- an entrepreneur must be firm in
making decisions.
COMMUNICATOR- an entrepreneur must have
convincing power.
LEADER- an entrepreneur must have the
charisma to obeyed by his employees.
OPPORTUNITY SEEKER- an entrepreneur
must have the ability to be the first to see
business chances.
PROACTIVE- controlling a situation by making
things to happen or by preparing for possible
future problems.
RISKS TAKERS- they have the courage to
pursue their business ideas.
INNOVATIVE- the entrepreneurs have big
business ideas and they do not stop improving
and thinking of new worthwhile ideas for their
business.
FACTORS AFFECTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP
1. PERSONALITY FACTORS WHICH
INCLUDE:
- INITIATIVE – which means doing
things even before being told.
- PROACTIVE – which means he
can classify opportunities and
seize it.
- PROBLEM SOLVER – which
means he can retain good
relationships with other people.
- PERSEVERANCE - meaning he
will pursue things to get done
regardless of challenges.
- PERSUASION – means that he
can entice people to buy even if
they don’t.
- A PLANNER – meaning he can
make a plan before doing things
and do not fail to monitor it.
willing to gamble but he will
calculate it first.
2. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS WHICH
INCLUDE POLITICAL, CLIMATE, LEGAL
SYSTEM, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL
CONDITIONS, AND MARKET
SITUATIONS.
CORE COMPETENCIES OF AN ENTREPRENEUR
ECONOMIC AND DYNAMIC ACTIVITY –
entrepreneurship is an economic activity
because it involves the creation and
operation of an enterprise with a view to
creating value or wealth by ensuring
optimum utilization of limited resources.
INNOVATIVE – entrepreneurs constantly
look for new ideas, thus he needs to be
creative.
PROFIT POTENTIAL – the entrepreneur
can be compensated by his profit coming
from the operation.
RISK BEARING – the entrepreneur needs
to gamble but wise enough to offset the
risk.
TYPES OF AN ENTREPRENEURS
INNOVATIVE ENTREPRENEUR – they are
those who always make new things by thinking
of new ideas. They have the ability to think
newer better and more economical ideas.
LIMITATING ENTREPRENEURS – they are
who don’t create new things but only follow the
ideas of another entrepreneur.
FABIAN ENTREPRENEUR – they are skeptical
about changes to be made in organization.
They don’t initiate but follow only after they are
satisfied.
DRONE ENTREPRENEUR – they are those
who lives on the labor of others. They are die-
hard conservative’s even ready to suffer the
loss of business.
SOCIAL ENTREPRENEUR – they are those
DEFENITION OF LITERATURE
who initiate changes and drive social
innovative and transformation in the various
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
fields such as education, health, human rights,
Grade 12 ABM 1A| PRELIMS |Ms. Cristzar Decena
environment, and enterprise development.

LITERATURE HAS MANY DIFFERENT MEANINGS  It is a springboard to new knowledge,

increase vocabulary, etc.
- For others, they believe in a very
 It can change society, culture and
simplistic understanding of the term
personality (inspirational, self-help,
- Literature is a written work
revolutionary books).
- Literature, most generically, is anybody
 It mirrors and integrates values
or collection of written works
(stories with morals)
- Literature refers to writing considered to
 It can be a guide to one’s life for it
be an art form or any single writing.
talks about experiences, etc.
SIGNIFICANCE OF LITERATURE

- When we read, we became

travelers.
- When we read, we learn to read
between the lines.
- When we read, we intertwined with
history.
- When we read, we understand and
experience the systems and
livings.
- When we read, we expand our
vocabulary.
- When we read, we realize the
imperfection of life.
APAT NA PANGUNAHING PUNTO SA PROSESO NG PAGSULAT
Pagsulat sa Filipino sa larangan ng akademiko
Grade 12 ABM | PRELIMS | Ms. Agnes Heruela

1. ANG KARANASAN ANG MULING PAGSULAT

HUMUHUBOG SA PAGSULAT.
 ISIP imbakan ng mga nagdaang
karanasan.
 Malikhaing tagaproseso ng mga
nosyon at ediya.
2. HINDI SUMUSUNOD SA IISANG
IDEYA
 ANG PAGSULAT ay isang
paurong-sulong na Gawain.
APAT NA YUGTO NG PAG SULAT
 PANIMULANG PAGSULAT
 AKTWAL NA PAGSULAT
 MULING PAGSULAT
 EDITING
PANIMULANG PAGSULAT
(PRE-WRITING)
 Pagplaplanong aktibiti
 Pangangalap ng impormasyon
 Pag-iisip ng mga ideya
 Pagtukoy sa estratihiya sa
pagsukat
 Pag o-organisa ng mga materyales
AKTWAL NA PAG SULAT
(WRITING/DRAFTING)
(REVISING/REWRITING)
 Muling pagbasa
 Pagsusuri
 Pagdaragdag at pagabawas
 Pagpapalit
EDITING
 Pag wawasto ng mga posibleng
pagkakamali
 Pinakahuling yugto sa pagsulat
bago iprodyus ang pinal na sulatin
3. ANUMANG GAWAIN AY NAG
HAHATID NG NAIIBANG HAMON
 Sa ilang pagkakataon maaring
marami munang pangungulekta ng
datos at pag-aanalisa bago
makasulat possible rin naming
mabilis na makabuo ng burador
hinggil sa isang paksa
4. NAGKAKAIBA-IBA ANG PARAAN NG
BAWAT MANUNULAT
 Ang istili ng pagsulat ay patuloy na
nagdedevelop habang lumalawak
ang kanyang karanasan

 An unang burador
 Preliminaryong bersyon ng mga
sulatin na maaring irebays kung
kinakailangan
 Palawagin ang mga ideya sa
parirala, at parirala sa
pangungusap
 Importanteng hindi mawala ang
momentoum

STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Fundamentals of Accountancy, Business, and Management
Grade 12 ABM | Cacnio, Jhared B. | Mr. John Robert Santiago
STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Statement of Comprehensive Income is
one of the important financial statements
in a complete set of final accounts of the
entity. As opposed to the Statement of
Financial Position that tells the financial
status or condition of the entity at a
particular date, Statement of
Comprehensive Income reflects the
financial performance and results of
operations of a particular company or
entity for a period.
Comprehensive income is the change in
equity (net assets) of a business
enterprise during a period from
transactions and other events and
circumstances from non-owner sources.
According to International Financial
Reporting Standards since January 1,
2009 entities make:
a. Statement of Comprehensive Income or
b. two separate statements comprising of:
b.1. an income statement displaying
components of profit or loss and
b.2. a statement of comprehensive income
that begins with profit or loss (bottom line
of the income statement) and displays the
items of other comprehensive income for
the reporting period.
STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
The statement of comprehensive income
aggregates income statement (profit and
loss statement) and other comprehensive
income which are not reflected in profits
and losses. Total comprehensive income
is the change in equity during a period
resulting from transactions and other
events, other than those changes resulting
from transactions with owners in their
capacity2 as owners.
The statement of comprehensive income
is one of the major financial statements
used by accountants and business
owners. The other major financial
statements are the balance sheet
(statement of financial position), statement
of changes in equity and statement of
cash flows.
The Income Statement shows an entity's
results of operations for a particular
period. This is also referred to as Profit
and Loss (P&L) Statement. It presents an
entity's revenues and expenses and the
resulting net income or net loss.
International Accounting Standards (IAS)
suggest that companies should present
other comprehensive income in their
financial statements. A Statement of
Comprehensive Income shows the
contents of an income statement followed
by a list of other comprehensive income.
Other comprehensive income includes
gains and losses that cannot be reported
as profit and as loss. Examples are
unrealized gains and losses and
revaluation surplus. This is taken up in
higher financial accounting studies.
When the company does not have other
comprehensive income, the contents of
the income statement and the statement
of comprehensive income are the same. In
any case, international accounting
standards favor the use of the title
"Statement of Comprehensive Income".
 income account is service revenue. Other
income ac junts for service type
STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME businesses include professional fees, rent
income, tuition fees, etc.
Fundamentals of Accountancy, Business, and Management 2
Grade 12 ABM | PRELIMS | Mr. John Robert Santiago

EXAMPLE OF INCOME STATEMENT

Here is a sample income statement of a
service type sole proprietorship business.
The name of the company is Endico
Printing Services. All amounts are
assumed and simplified for illustration
purposes.
ENDICO PRINTING SERVICE
INCOME STATEMENT
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017
D. Expenses are presented after the
income accounts. It is a good practice to
arrange expenses according to amount
(largest to smallest). Users who are
interested in the company's expenses are
concerned about the size of each
expense. Arranging the expenses from
largest to smallest results in a more useful
and organized report. Nonetheless,
miscellaneous expense or sundry expense
is presented last.

Service revenue P950,000 E. If income exceeds expenses, there is a

Less: expense net income. If expenses exceed income,
Salaries expense P345,00 there is a net loss. Notice how
0
computations are presented. A single line
Supplies expense 165,000
is drawn every time an amount is
Rent expense 120,000
computed. The resulting amount is double
Utilities expense 75,000 705,000
ruled when it is no longer followed by any
NET INCOME P245,000
operations.
NOTES FOR BETTER UNDERSTA DING
OF INCOME STATEMENT EXAMPLE OF STATEMENT OF
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
A. A typical income statement starts with a
heading which consists of three lines. The Here's a sample Statement of
first line presents the name of the Comprehensive Income,
company; the second describes the title of which includes other comprehensive
the report; and the third states the period income.
covered in the report.

B. Notice that the third line is worded “for

the year ended..." this means that the
income statement presents information for
a specific span of time. In the above
example, the period covers 1 year that
ends on december 31, 2017. Hence, the
amounts presented in the report are
income and expenses from january 1,
2017 to december 31, 2017.

C. Income accounts are presented before

expenses. In the above statement, the
STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Fundamentals of Accountancy, Business, and Management 2
Grade 12 ABM | PRELIMS | Mr. John Robert Santiago

ELEMENTS OF STATEMENT OF INCOME AND EXPENSES

COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Financial performance of the entity is
judged by comparing the two of the five
elements of financial information namely
income/revenue/gain and
expense/cost/loss. The entity is supposed
to be doing good if it is able to generate
income that exceeds the cost that is
incurred to generate such income. If the
income exceeds the expenses, entity is
said to be making profits and if expenses
are more than the income then entity is
said to be incurring losses. Mathematically
it is represented as:
A. Profit/Loss = Income - Expenses
B. Profit if: Income > Expenses
C. Loss if: Income < Expenses
Entity's income is a sum of revenues and
gains whereas expense is a sum of costs
and losses incurred during the period.
ELEMENTS OF FINANCIAL
STATEMENTS – REVISITED
The elements of financial statements as
mentioned in International Accounting
Standards Board (IASB) Framework
consists of five, namely:
INCOME is increase in the economic
benefits of the entity that may be a result
of enhancement or inflow of asset or such
decrease in the liability that causes equity
to increase. However, this does not
include additional investments made by
shareholders.
Income includes both revenue and gain.
They are explained as follows:
Revenue arises in the course of ordinary
activities of the entity i.e., it results from
such activities that constitute entity's
business. For example, selling furniture
item is the business of furniture
manufacturer. However, it may have
different names like turnover, fee, royalty,
dividend, sales, etc. For example, for a
teacher the revenue is fee and thus the
word fee will be used in the financial
statements to represent benefits (cash
flows) arising out of principal business
activities.
Gain results from such activities that meet
the definition of income but may or may
ENDICO PRINTING SERVICE
STATEMENT COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017

A. Assets Service revenue P950,000

B. Liabilities Less: expense
C. Equity Salaries expense P345,00
D. Income 0
E. Expense Supplies expense 165,000
Rent expense 120,000
The first three are used to measure Utilities expense 75,000 705,000
NET INCOME P245,000
entity's financial position and are catered
Other comprehensive
in Statement of Financial Position whereas
income
the last two are used to measure entity's
Unrealize gain on P35,000
financial performance and are catered in equity investment
Statement of Comprehensive Income Unrealize loss on (5,000) 30,000
(Income Statement). debt instrument
Total comprehensive P275,00
income
not arise in course of ordinary activities of
the business. The principal factor that
differentiates gain from revenue is that it is
not the result of activities that constitutes
the business of entity. For example, for
furniture manufacturer selling wood cutter
or drill machine is not the actual business
activity of the business and thus any gain
arising from such activity is not considered
revenue. However, even if it is different
from revenue, it still represents increase in
economic benefit and therefore it is not
considered separate element.
STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Fundamentals of Accountancy, Business, and Management 2
Grade 12 ABM | PRELIMS | Mr. John Robert Santiago
Terms like income, gain, return, revenue,
and profit are often used interchangeably
but in strict accounting environment these
terms have different meanings and
significance. In a few words the difference
can be summarized as:
A. Revenue is the amount received
by the business from selling main
goods or services to its customers
during the period.
B. Income is a term which is loosely
used to mean the total earnings of
the business. These earnings can
be from the main activities of the
business or any other activities
which are not regularly undertaken
by the business. Such earnings are
not generated as a result of
activities that business performs as
its real business.
C. Profit is what business is left with
after deducting such expenses
from revenue which made the
receipt of revenue possible.
D. Gain is what business earns on
selling such asset which is not an
inventory of the business. Simply
put, this sales activity is not the
actual trading of the business and
is not among those goods that
business sells on a regular basis.
E. Return is anything what business
enjoys above principal amount of
investment.
EXPENSE refers to the decrease in the
economic benefits of the entity that may
be a result in deterioration or outflow of
asset or such increase in liability that
causes equity to decrease. However, this
does not include distributions to
shareholders.
Similarly, expenses include losses as well.
Expenses arise in the course of the
ordinary activities of business e.g., cost of
units sold, salaries and wages of
employees, depreciation of assets, etc.
Losses results from such activities that
meet the definition of expense but may or
may not arise in the course of the ordinary
activities of the business. For example,
loss on the sale of fixed asset of the entity
is not part of the activities that constitute
the actual activity of the business.
The way certain incomes and expenses
are reported depends on the nature of the
activity itself. The activities can be
classified as:
a. activities that constitute actual business
of the entity
b. activities that are parts of business but
not actually the business c. activities that
are on and off in nature and are not
expected to repeat in the future.
d. activities that are unexpected or
extraordinary in nature
e. activities that affect owners' equity
indirectly.
Such classifications help users understand
the information in a much better way. That
is the reason why financial performance is
reported following a certain format to let
the user know the nature of income and
expenses which ultimately helps him/her
in decision-making.
STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Both merchandising companies and
Fundamentals of Accountancy, Business, and Management 2
Grade 12 ABM | PRELIMS | Mr. John Robert Santiago
PROFIT OR LOSS ITEMS - These items
are reported in Income Statement. They
may arise out of continuing or
discontinued operations of the activity.
According to IAS 1 profit or loss is the total
of income less expenses, excluding the
items that are to be reported in Other
Comprehensive Income.
OTHER ITEMS - These items are
reported in Other Comprehensive Income
Statement. They affect owners' equity
indirectly even without any transactions
with shareholders. IAS 1 defines such
items as those that are not presented in
profit or loss due to the requirements of
relevant accounting standards.
MERCHANDISING COMPANY VS. SERVICE COMPANY
Even though both merchandising and
service companies conform to generally
accepted accounting principles, or GAAP,
there are differences in the way each type
of firm prepares its financial statements.
With respect to the income statement,
most differences center around the
existence of inventory.
A merchandising company engages in the
sale of tangible goods to
consumers.
These businesses incur costs such as
labor and materials, to present and
ultimately sell products. Service
companies do not sell tangible goods to
produce income; rather, they provide
services to customers or clients who value
their innovation and expertise. Examples
of service companies include consultants,
accountants, financial planners and
insurance providers.
DIFFERENCES IN THE INCOME STATEMENT
service companies prepare income
statements to help investors, analysts and
regulators understand their internal
financial operations. Merchandising
companies hold and account for product
inventory, which makes the income
statements inherently more complicated.
Much of the inventory calculation is
manifested through the line item, cost of
goods sold, which is an expense account,
describing the cost of purchasing
inventory and delivering it to customers.
The income statement for a service
company does not have a line item for
cost of goods sold.
The nature of increases or decreases in
net revenue for each type of company is
also different. Service companies do not
typically have enormous expense
accounts. This means that fluctuations in
net revenue are almost entirely a function
of generating sales.
INCOME STATEMENT FORMAT
CLASSIFICATION USING NATURE OF
EXPENSE
Irrespective of the application and where
the expense is incurred, if the nature of
expense is the same then they will be
added up together. For example,
depreciation expense, whether it is related
to manufacturing unit's machine or office
equipment for administrative purposes will JOCSON MERCHANDISING COMPANY
be added up as depreciation expense. INCOME STATEMENT
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DEC. 31, 2017
STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
EXAMPLE OF INCOME STATEMENT Sales P1,950,000
Fundamentals of Accountancy,
USING NATURE Business, and Management
OF EXPENSE 2 of sales
Less: cost 485,000
Grade 12 ABM | PRELIMS | Mr. John Robert Santiago(schedule 1)
GROSS ARELLANO
PROFIT PROFESSIONAL SERVICES P1,465,000
Less: expenses INCOME STATEMENT
This method is followed mostly by small FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017
scale entities where users are limited such Selling and P645,000
as the single owner or few partners who distribution
Serviceexpense
revenue P950,000
already has the idea of expenses incurred. Less: expense
(schedule 2)
Salariesand
General expense365,000
P345,00 1,010,000
Classification Using Function of Expense 0
administrative
Supplies
expense expense 165,000
In this method of classification, an Rent expense
(schedule 3) 120,000
expense is grouped on the basis of Utilities
NET OPERATIONG expense 75,000 P455,000
705,000
functions to which they relate. It is a widely NET
INCOMEINCOME P245,000
used method to prepare income. This Add; other income
method is also known as Cost of Sales (charges)
classification method and is used mostly Interest 10,000
by merchandising business. income
NET INCOME P445,000
Under this method at least three
classifications are available namely: cost
of sales, administrative expenses, and
distribution expenses. It provides
information in a much more
understandable manner.

Possible drawbacks of this method include

extra efforts that are required to track the
expenses according to their function. In
that process, sometimes it is hard to
clearly classify one expense from the
other and thus requires the use of
judgment and arbitrary basis of division
among functions which may affect the
accuracy of information.
The question on which classification
method is best depends on circumstances
surrounding the entity. It is left on
management to decide which method will
help reflect the financial performance of
the entity better, given the conditions and
norms of industry and the nature of the
operations of the entity. The ultimate goal
is to give relevant and reliable information
to the users therefore, management must
decide which method achieves this
objective.

SINGLE-STEP INCOME STATEMENT

 The expenses of an entity can be subtotals in the income statement. This
classified on the basis of function i.e., cost format coupled with functional basis of
of sales, administration and distribution. In classification of expenses is the best
reality, an entity may have several available format to report incomes and
expenses even under one class and thus expense of the entity in a particular period.
STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
requires several subtotals or subtractions
to make information more understandable.
Fundamentals of Accountancy, Business, and Management 2
Grade 12 ABM | PRELIMS | Mr. John Robert Santiago

Comparing the two formats, the first one

has only one subtotal or subtraction and is Income statement under this format is
an example of a single-step format of divided into following sections/subtotals:
income statement. The second
classification method involves calculation A. OPERATING: This section comprises
of gross profit and operating profit before of incomes and expenses that are a result
you reach profit and tax calculation and of principal activities of i.e., actual
thus is called multi-step format of income business of the entity.
statement.
B. NON-OPERATING: This section holds
In a single step income statement, there is incomes and expenses that are a result of
a single subtraction in the whole statement such activities that do not constitute
as all the incomes/gains/revenues are principal activities of the business
added together to calculate total income. however, these are parts of the business
On the other hand, all the process.
expenses/losses are added up together to
calculate total expenses. In the end, total C. INCOME TAX
expenses are subtracted from total income PROVISION/EXPENSE: This section
to determine profit. includes the taxes and duties that are
ESTANILLA ENTERPRISES levied on the profits from operations of an
INCOME STATEMENT entity. Usually, it is a provision as date at
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017 which financial year of an entity ends
which is different from the date at which
Service revenue P950,000 tax year of the entity ends. This provision
Other income 25,000 is adjusted from any under/over provisions
TOTAL INCOME P975,000 also from previous year. Most of the time it
Less: expense contains a single line item.
Salaries expense P345,00
0
Supplies expense 165,000
Rent expense 120,000
Utilities expense 75,000
Other charges 12,500 717,500
NET INCOME P257,500

MULTI-STEP INCOME STATEMENT

Entities with different accounting

frameworks use this method to prepare
income statement. As stated earlier, in
multi-step format there are multiple
 ESTANILLA ENTERPRISES
STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME INCOME STATEMENT
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017
Fundamentals of Accountancy, Business, and Management 2
Grade 12 ABM | PRELIMS | Mr. John Robert SantiagoRevenue P950,000
Less: expense
MERCHANDISING BUSINESS Salaries expense P345,00
0
A merchandising company purchases Supplies expense 165,000
inventory wholesale and sells it retail. The Rent expense 120,000
income statement of a merchandiser Utilities expense 75,000 705,000
NET OPERATING INCOME P245,000
begins with gross profit, which is the
difference between sales revenues and Add: other income
(charges)
cost of goods sold (COGS). Gross profit is
Interest income P25,000
also known as gross margin from sales.
Other charges (12,500) 12,500
The company may choose to split out
NET INCOME BEFORE P257,500
sales discounts, refunds and returns from CHARGE
total sales to derive net sales revenues. Taxes (30%) 77,250
COGS is equal to beginning inventory plus NET INCOME P180,250
inventory purchases during the period equipment and facility rentals and other
minus ending inventory. The income service delivery costs.
statement lists and subtracts operating
expenses to arrive at operating income. In
a multi- step income statement, the
company lists different expense categories
such as advertising, depreciation, rent and
wages. This is normally used only by a REPORTING COST OF GOODS SOLD
merchandiser. These categories are
lumped together as general and Cost of goods sold can be reported in two
administrative expenses in a single-step ways: as a single line item or as detailed
income statement. section showing net purchases and
calculating cost of goods sold. When using
SERVICE COMPANIES the perpetual inventory method, cost of
goods sold is reported as a single line
A service company performs some tasks item.
on your behalf and charges you for them,
usually as a fixed amount or on a time and Under the periodic method, you can use a
materials basis. The income statement of single line item in the multi- step income
a service company is simpler than that of statement with a separate schedule of
a merchandiser because it doesn't deal cost of goods sold or you can report the
with COGS. Instead, the revenues from cost of goods sold within the income
services head up the statement, followed statement itself.
once again by the costs of doing business.
Service companies may incidentally To illustrate a cost of goods sold
provide materials to customers, such as statement, Manalastas Food Market had
instruction manuals. The company can the following unadjusted trial balance
factor the costs of these materials into amounts:
service revenue or list them separately. DEBIT CREDIT
Other common expenses that a service Merchandise P24,000
company incurs include travel costs, inventory
 Purchases 167,000
Purchase discount P3,000
Purchase return and 8,000
allowances
Transportation in 10,000

Remember, the merchandise inventory on

the unadjusted trial balance is the
beginning balance or ending balance from
the previous period. A physical count of
inventory on December 31 showed
inventory of P31,000 unsold.

STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

Fundamentals of Accountancy, Business, and Management 2
Grade 12 ABM | PRELIMS | Mr. John Robert Santiago

MANALASTAS FOOD MARKET To summarize the important relationships

COST OF GOODS SOLD STATEMENT in the income statement of a
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DE. 31, 2017 merchandising firm in equation form:

Merchandise P24,000 NET SALES = SALES REVENUE - SALES

inventory (JAN 01) DISCOUNTS - SALES RETURNS AND
Add: purchases P167,000 ALLOWANCES
Less: P3,00
purchase 0
GROSS MARGIN = NET SALES - COST
discount
Purchase 8,000 11,000 OF GOODS SOLD
return and
allowances TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSES =
NET PURCHASES P156,000 SELLING EXPENSES +
Add: transportation 10,000 ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES INCOME
in FROM OPERATIONS = GROSS MARGIN
Net cost of 166,000 - OPERATING (SELLING AND
purchase ADMINISTRATIVE) EXPENSES
COST OF GOODS P190,000
AVAILABLE FOR TOTAL OTHER REVENUES
SALE (EXPENSES) = OTHER REVENUES -
Less: merchandise 31,000 OTHER EXPENSES
inventory, dec 31
COST OF GOODS P159,000
SOLD
NET INCOME = INCOME FROM
OPERATIONS + OTHER REVENUES -
OTHER EXPENSES.
Each of these relationships is important
because of the way it relates to an overall
measure of business profitability. For
example, a company may produce a high
gross margin on sales. However, because
of large sales commissions and delivery
expenses, the owner may realize a very
small amount of the gross margin as profit.
FINANCIAL INSTITUTION, INSTRUMENTS, AND MARKETS
Business Finance
Grade 12 ABM | PRELIMS | Ms. Ailyn Abadies
FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
Are organization that provide financial
services in a form of loan, credit, fund
administration, financing, depository, and
safekeeping.
WHAT IS A FINANCIAL INSTITUTION?
Offer a wide range of financial services to
individuals and businesses.
 Depositing
 Saving
 Investing
 Managing money
CLASSIFICATION OF FINANCIAL
INSTITUTION
DEPOSITORY INSTITUTION – are
financial institution that affects deposits
from individuals and corporate entities,
extend loans to borrowers, transfer funds,
and manage funds for investment
purposes.
 Banks
 Trust companies
 Credit unions
 Saving and loan association
SAVINGS AND LOAN ASSOCIATION- is
sometimes referred to as financing and
mortgage loan company. This institution
that accumulates the savings of its
member and stockholders for loans or
investments in securities of productive
enterprises.
TRUST COMPANIES- act as a fiduciary
agent or trustee on behalf of an individual
for the purpose of management,
administration, and distribution of property
to the target beneficiary. In other words,
trust companies act as custodian of the
property for and behalf of beneficiary for
free. It also performs the following related
task:
A. Asset management
B. Ownership registration of the
beneficiary.
C. Stock transfer
D. Custodial arrangement like in court
proceeding.
CREDIT UNIONS- exist to help and
extend financial assistant to the numbers
by pooling and accumulating funds from
all the members. This is a financial
depository institution that is mainly
controlled and operated by its members
for the following purposes:
A. Extending credits to members
B. Offering competitive interest rate
 C. Promoting the concept of thrift
D. Proceeding custodial arrangement
like in court.
CASH
FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES – Is a CHECK
LOAN
type of financial institution that acts as the
middle person between the investors and BOND
borrowers. Financial intermediaries is very STOCK
broad concept. It includes all type of
financial institution that more technical
sense, financial intermediaries do not
have depository function. These are
commonly referring to the following:
 MUTUAL FUNDS- is the
accumulation of money by selling
shares of stocks and bonds of
publicity listed corporation to the
individuals or corporate investors.
 PENSION FUNDS- is setup by a
business for the purpose of paying
the pension requirements of all
private sector employees who
retire from business organizations.
 INSURANCE COMPANIES-
provides protection against the
risks inherent to the business or
life of the individual, in return, they
have to pay premium to the
insurance company in exchange
FINANCIAL INSTITUTION, INSTRUMENTS, AND MARKETS
for the benefit when risk happens.
Business Finance
Grade 12 ABM | PRELIMS | Ms. Ailyn Abadies
INVESTMENT INSTITUTION
Are companies that are engaged with
buying financial securities of other
companies for investment purposes.
These financial securities are held up to
the time of their maturity and earns
income in the form of interest or dividends.
COMMON FORMS OF FINANCIAL
INSTRUMENTS
 CASH
 CHECK
 LOAN
 BONDP
 STOCK
FINANCIAL ASSET FINANCIAL
LIABILITY
Holder Government
Payee Issuer/payor
Lender/creditor Borrower/debtor
Investors Issuing company
Investors/shareholder Issuing company
PREFERRED STOCK has a priority over a
common stock in terms of claims over the
assets of a company. This is means if a
company will be subjected to liquidation and
asset distribution, no asset will be distributed
to common stockholders unless all the claims
of the preferred stockholders have been given.
Moreover, preferred stockholders have priority
over common stock in cash dividend
declaration. Dividends to preferred
stockholders are usually in a fixed rate. No
cash dividend will be given to common
stockholders unless all the dividends due to
preferred stockholders are paid first.
COMMON STOCK, on the other hand,
are the real owners of the company. If the
company's growth is spurring the common
stockholders will benefit on the growth.
Moreover, during a profitable period of
which a company may decide to declare
higher dividends, preferred stock will
receive a fixed dividend rate while
common stockholders receive all the
excess.
FINANCIAL MARKETS
refers to the place where trading equity
securities (bonds, stock, etc.) occurs. It is
an organized forum in which the suppliers
and user of various types of funds can
make transactions directly.
TYPES OF FINANCIAL MARKET
PRIMARY MARKET – it is a financial
market where corporation can issue new
shares of stock. This happens between
the issuing corporation and the investor or
investment bank. Primary market facilities
the raising of the required amount when
the investors directly buy the new shares
from the issuing corporation.
SECONDARY MARKET – it is a market
where financial securities are traded
between or among the investors. Exists
after the corporation has issued new
shares to the investors in the primary
market.
CAPITAL MARKET – it is a market where
stock and bonds are issued for medium
and long-term periods.
MONEY MARKET – it is market that
trades commercial papers and treasury
bills. Trading securities are intended to be
held for less than one year (short-term)
governments, and financial institutions
have temporarily idle funds that they wish
to invest in a relativity safe interest-
bearing asset. At the same time, other
individuals, businesses, governments, and
financial institutions find themselves in
need or temporary financing.
On the other hand, securities with long-
term maturities are sold in Capital market.
The key capital market securities are
bonds (long-term debt) and both common
stock and preferred stock (equity or
ownership).

PRIMARY VS SECONDARY MARKET

To raise money, users of funds will go to a
primary market to issue new securities
(either debt or equity) through the public
offering or a private placement.

The sale of new security to the general

public is referred to as a public offering
and the first offering of stock is called an
initial public offering (IPO). The sales of
new securities to one investor or a group
of investors (institutional investors) is
FINANCIAL INSTITUTION, INSTRUMENTS, AND MARKETS
referred to as a private placement
Business Finance
Grade 12 ABM | PRELIMS | Ms. Ailyn Abadies

However, suppliers of fund or the holder of

the securities may decide to sell the
securities that have previously been
purchased. The sale of previously owned
securities takes place in secondary
market.

The Philippine Stock and Exchange (PSE)

is both a primary and secondary market.

MONEY VS CAPITAL MARKET

Money market are a venue wherein

securities with short-term maturities (1
year or less) are sold. They are created
because some individuals, businesses,
HALLMARKS OF LITERATURE
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
Grade 12 ABM 1A| PRELIMS |Ms. Cristzar Decena
HALLMARKS OF LITERATURE
These are the distinct features of literature.
These are the quality of language and beauty
of style.
The words used and the message being
conveyed are included in the quality of
language.
ARTISTRY
It has an aesthetic appeal to everyone and
thus possesses a sense of beauty.
Describes literature that is aesthetically
appealing and reveals or conveys hidden truth
and beauty.
INTELLECTUAL VALUE
Stimulates critical thinking that enriches the
mental processes of abstract and reasoning,
making man realizes the fundamental truths of
life and its nature.
Takes readers into a bit of a grey area as they
may have different opinions about what
qualifies as intellectual.
but from an academic point of view, intellectual
works are relevant to society and thought
provoking.
SUGGESTIVENESS
It unravels and conjures man’s emotional
power to define symbolism, nuances, implied
meanings, images and message,
giving and evoking visions above and beyond
the plane of ordinary life and experiences
(relies on emotional power)
SPIRITUAL VALUE
Elevates the spirit and the soul and thus have
the power to motivate and inspire, drawn from
the suggested morals of any literary genres.
Lifts up the inner spirit and soul and has the
power to motivate and inspire readers.
PERMANENCE
Has the ability to stand the test of time, which
makes it impossible to determine at the
moment of writing.
Novels that continue to be read over and over
again across decades, either for enjoyment or
for fresh insights and ideas
 Timeliness – occurring at a suitable
time.
 Timelessness – unaffected by time.
UNIVERSALITY
Appeals to everyone regardless of culture,
race, sex, and time which are considered
significant
Describes a piece of writing that appeals to the
hearts and minds of almost any reader
Ability to cross gender, racial and cultural
barriers, regardless of the time it’s written.
STYLE
Distinct way the author expresses his or her
thoughts. Words can be used in unique,
creative and entertaining ways that make the
work memorable.
It is subject to interpretation by readers in
terms of its appeal
According to Garcia 1993, these are the
following qualities to distinguish a great
literature.
According to Garcia 1993, these are the
following qualities to distinguish a great
literature.
 DIVISIONS OF LITERATURE | FORMS OF PROSE
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
Grade 12 ABM 1A| PRELIMS |Ms. Cristzar Decena

PROSE
Derived from the Latin expression “prosa
oratio” which means straightforward or
direct speech.
is a form of written or spoken language
that typically exhibits a natural flow of
speech and grammatical structure.
POETRY
KINDS OF PROSE
NON-FICTIONAL PROSE
based on a true story or factual account of
events or information rather than on the
imagination, although they may contain
fictional elements.
Textbooks, newspaper articles, and
instruction manuals

Derived from the Greek “poiesis” which Anne Frank’s Diary - Composed entirely of
means “to make.” journal excerpts, recounts the young
teen’s experience of hiding with her family
Also called verse, is a form of literature in Nazi-occupied Netherlands during
that used aesthetic and often rhythmic World War II.
qualities of language.
PROSE POETRY
FORM -In paragraph -In stanza or FICTIONAL PROSE
-Everyday verse generally, in a narrative form, in any
writing -Special in an
medium, consisting of people, events, or
artistic way.
places that are imaginary.
LANGUAG - Expressed in -Expressed in
E ordinary metrical,
language rhythmical and Work of fiction. This is the most popular
- figurative type of literary prose, used in novels and
Straightforward language short stories, and generally has
- More characters, plot, setting and dialogue.
expressive
APEAL To the intellect To the emotion HEROIC PROSE
STRUCTU -Ideas are -Lines are a literary work that may be written down or
RE contained in arranged in recited, you might notice this form of prose
sentences stanzas when looking at myths and legends.
arranged in - First letter is
paragraphs capitalized but Example: The Prose Edda, also known as
- First word is many modern
the Younger Edda, is an Old Norse
capitalized poets chose not
textbook written in Iceland a century after
to
AIM To convince, Stir the the close of the Viking Age.
inform, imagination and
instruct, imitate set an ideal of The Prose Edda is the source of most of
and reflect how life should what we know of Norse Mythology.
be Peopled by giants, dwarves, and elves,
superhuman heroes and indomitable
warrior queens.

PROSE POETRY
poetry written in prose form. This literary
hybrid can sometimes have rhythmic and
rhyming patterns.
DIVISIONS OF LITERATURE | FORMS OF PROSE
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
Grade 12 ABM 1A| PRELIMS |Ms. Cristzar Decena
is written as prose, in paragraphs rather
than verse, but contains the
characteristics of poetry.
However, it makes use of poetic devices
such as fragmentation, compression,
repetition, rhyme, metaphor and figures of
speech.
French poet Charles Baudelaire wrote
prose poems, including “Be Drunk”
“Be Drunk” is a simple poem, a
celebration of life. The poet asks his
readers to get drunk from anything they
like – wine, poetry or virtue and makes
sure that they are happy.
FORMS OF FICTION PROSE
PROSE DRAMA
Is a form of writing that focused on a
natural flow of speech to describe an
exciting or unexpected series of events.
NOVEL
is a book telling a single tale penned
creatively with human experience and
exposure.
has several chapters, each chapter is
connected or linked to the other through a
sequence of events and has a specific
setting.
SHORT STORY
Narrative that is shorter than a novel
Has only one or few events and passages,
has few characters and few to no
chapters.
MYTH
a traditional story, especially one
concerning the early history of a people or
explaining some natural or social
phenomenon, and typically involving
supernatural beings or events.
The key figures in myths are gods,
demigods, or supernatural humans with
unrealistic powers and talents entangled in
extraordinary events or circumstances.
LEGEND
A traditional story or a group of stories with
a sound message for the audience. Also,
legends are about a person or a place.
May include supernatural beings,
elements of mythology, or explanations of
natural phenomena, but they are linked
with a particular locality or person and are
told as a matter of antiquity.
FABLE
Work of literature featuring inanimate
objects or forces of nature, animals,
plants, or legendary creatures having
humanlike attributes.
Highlight human foolishness and flaws or
mistakes. These have a moral or lesson
weaved into the story and are often
explicitly planned at the end as a concise
maxim or saying.
PARABLE
Is a brief, educational story, and
metaphorical analogy.
Has human characters.
It imparts a moral lesson to the readers.
FORMS OF NON-FICTION PROSE
ESSAY
A piece of writing that lets the author
present his/her ideas and feelings or
argument.
An essay doesn’t necessarily have to be
formal or have a system to follow, it
usually deals with its topic in a more
personal manner, putting out its point of
view.
DIVISIONS OF LITERATURE | FORMS OF PROSE
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
Grade 12 ABM 1A| PRELIMS |Ms. Cristzar Decena
BIOGRAPHY

tells the tale of the person’s personal

experiences with life, relationships, works
and all other things.

AUTOBIOGRAPHY
Similar to biography, except it is written by
the same person whose story it is about.

it is the self-written account of one’s life.

LETTER
Is a written message conveyed from one
person (or group of people) to another
through a medium.

DIARY
a record of events, transactions, or
observations kept daily or at frequent
intervals.

JOURNAL
A newspaper or magazine that deals with
a particular subject or professional activity.
LITERATURE DURING PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
Grade 12 ABM 1A| PRELIMS |Ms. Cristzar Decena
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Is about 400 years old. It is a product, a
reflection of and reaction to the period, place
and people who produce it. (balabar, etc.
1989. p.5)
The main themes of Philippine literature focus
on country’s pre-colonial cultural tradition and
socio-political histories of its colonial and
contemporary traditions.
Literature during the pre-colonial period is the
longest period in the Philippine literature. The
literary outputs of this period cannot be called
substantial because much of its ORAL (i.e.,
tales, songs, riddles, and proverbs).
TYPES OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
RIDDEL (BUGTONG)
Traditionally used during a funeral wake. Later
generations use it as a from of past time. One
peculiarity of it is the way they start with the
phrase Bugtong-bugtong before saying the
riddle and these riddles usually rhyme.
PROVERB (SALAWIKAIN)
Contains saying which prescribes norms,
imparts a lesson or simply reflects standard
norms, traditions and beliefs in the community.
Traditional saying the expresses a perceived
truth based on common sense or experience.
FOLKSONGS
Songs that originate in traditional popular
culture or that is written in such a style.
Songs originating among the people of a
country or area. Passed by oral traditions from
one singer or generation to the next, often
existing in several version.
 UYAYI – lullaby a quiet song to lull a child
to sleep.
“close your eyes now” (banas 1975) e.g.,
“in the ranking of the cradle”
 KUMINTANG – war song
e.g., kumintang of conquest, kumintang of
the balayans.
 KUNDIMAN – Melancholic love song
Minamahal kita (1940) and dahil sayo
(1937) Mike Velarde jr. and Bituing Marikit
(1926) Niconor Abelardo
 HARANA – means by which at young man
tells a girl of his admiration for her
 TAGAY - Drinking songs
 MAMBAYU – it’s a popular rice-pounding
SONG among kalinga women
 SUBLI – a research made by Dr. Elena
Miran. The word subli came from the old
tagalog word subli means salisi or
exchange of place.
 TAGULAYLAY – originated from the word
taghoy which mean lament and alalay
which means sustained.
MIMETIC DANCE
A tyle of dance that simply imitates behavior
found in nature, particularly of animals.
 ITIK-ITIK – the dance step imitates the
movements of ducks. (Surigao del norte,
Mindanao)
 DUGSO – usually performed during important
occasions like haliga (feast) or kaamulan (tribal
gathering). Bukidnon
 SINGKIL – the royal dance of a prince or
princess weaving in and out of crisscrossed
bamboo poles clapped in syncopated rhythm.
(Maguindanao)
 MAGLALATIK – war dance depicting a fight
between Moros and Christians over the latik.
(binan,laguna)
 SAYAW BANGKO – illustrate the consistent
value of the inhabitants. (Lingayen, Pangasinan)
FOLK NARRATIVE
Is the reflection of culture for a particular group
of people. It’s an amalgamation of traditions
common to a particular culture.
 MYTHS – are prose narratives explaining
how the world come to be in their form and
considered to be truthful accounts of what
happened in the remote past.
 LEGENDS - narrative accounts of an
extraordinary happening believed to have
actually occurred it may tell of an
encounter with creatures like fairies, ghost,
water spirit, and the like.
 FOLK TALES – narratives primarily for
announcement and instructional value.
Classified into animal tale or fables, magic
tales, or novelistic tales, religious and
didactic tales.
FOLK EPIC
Long heroic narratives in verse which recount
the adventures of tribal heroes and in the
process express the customs, beliefs, and
ideal.
Is called old time history because they embody
the beliefs of our ancestors, their customs,
ideals, and way of living.
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE UNDER SPANISH PERIOD
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
Grade 12 ABM 1A| PRELIMS |Ms. Cristzar Decena
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
It is an accepted belief that the Spanish
colonization of the Philippines started in
1565 during the time of Miguel Lopez de
Legazpi, the first Spanish governor-
general in the Philippines. Literature
started to flourish during his time. This
spurt continued unabated until the Cavite
Revolt in 1872. The Spaniards colonized
the Philippines for more than three
centuries.
During these times, many changes
occurred in the lives of Filipinos.
They embraced the Catholic religion,
changed their names, and were baptized.
Their lifestyles changed too.
They built housed made of stones and
bricks, used beautiful furniture like the
piano and used kitchen utensils.
Carriages, trains and boats were used as
means of travel.
They held fiestas to honor the saints,
popes and the governors.
They have cockfights, horse races and the
theater as means of recreation.
WHAT THE SPANIARDS BROUGHT
ANEW IN PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE?
 Introduction of theater, playlets and
drama.
 Teaching of the Christian Doctrine
 Ancient literature was collected and
translated to Tagalog and other
dialects.
 Periodicals these times gained
religious.
SPANISH INFLUENCE ON PHILIPPINES
LITERATURE
Due to the long period of colonization of
the Philippines by Spaniards, they have
exerted a strong influence on our
literature.
1. The first filipino alphabet called
ALIBATA was replaced by the roman
alphabet.
2. The teaching of Christian Doctrine
became the basis of religious
practices.
3. The Spanish language which became
the literary language during this time.
Lent many of its words to our
language.
4. European legends and traditions
brought here became assimilated in
our songs, corridors, and moro-moros.
e.g., robin hood – England, count
Dracula
5. Ancient literature was collected and
translated to tagalog and other
dialects.
6. Many grammar books were printed in
filipino, like tagalog, Ilocano, and
Visayas.
7. Our periodicals during this time gained
a religious tone
THE FIRST BOOKS
ANG DOCTRINA CHRISTIANA (THE
CHRITIAN DOCTRINE)
 This was the first book printed in
the Philippines in 1593 in
xylography.
 It was written by Fr. Juan de
Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva.
In Tagalog and Spanish, it
contained the Pater Nostre (Our
father), Ave Maria (Hail Mary),
Regina Coeli (Hail Holy Queen),
The Ten Commandments of God,
The commandments of catholic
church, The Seven Mortal Sins,
how to Confess, and Catechism.
 Three old original copies of this
book can be still found at the
Vatican, at the Madrid Museum
and at the US congress. It contain
on 87 pages but cost $5,000.0
NUESTRA SENORA DEL ROSARIO
 The second book printed in the
Philippines was written by Fr.
Blancas de San Jose in 1602. And
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE UNDER SPANISH PERIOD
printed at UST Printing Press with
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
the help of Juan De Vera, a
Grade 12Chinese
ABM 1A| PRELIMS |Ms. Cristzar Decena
mestizo.

 it contains biographies of saints,
novenas, and questions and
answers on religion.
LIBRO DE LOS CUATRO
PROSTPRIMERAS DE HOMBRE (IN
SPANISH AND TAGALOG)
 First book printed in typography
 Written by Francisco Blancas de
San Jose was a Dominican priest
credited with installing the first
printing press in the Philippines in
1602. Known as father of
grammarians, he also produces
significant treatise on the Tagalog
language.
ANG BARLAAN AT JOSEPHAT
 This a biblical story printed in the
Philippines and translated Tagalog
to Greek by Fr. Antonio de Borja.
 It is believe to be first Tagalog
novel published in the Philippines
even if it is only translation. The
printed translation has only 556
pages. The Ilocano translation in
poetry was done by Fr. Agustin
Mejia.
THE PASION
 This is the book about the life and
suffering of Jesus Christ.
 It is read only during Lent.
 There were 4 version of this in
Tagalog and each version is
according to the name of the
writer. These are the Pilapil version
by Mariano Pilapil of Bulacan in
1814, the De Belen version by
Gaspar Aquino de Belen of Bat. In
1704, the De La Merced version by
Aniceto De la Merced of
Norzagaray, Bulacan in 1856, and
the De Guia version by Luis de
Guia in 1750.
 Critics do not agree whether it is
the Pilapil or the De La Merced
version, which is the most popular.
URBANA AT FELISA
 A BOOK BY Modesto De Castro
the so-Called father of classic
prose in Tagalog.
 These are letters between two
sister Urbana and Felisa and have
influenced greatly the behavior of
people in society because the
letters dealt with good behavior.
ANG MGA DALIT KAY MARIA
(PSLAMS FOR MARY)
 A collection of songs praising the
Virgin Mary. Fr. Mariano Sevilla, a
Filipino priest, wrote this in 1865.
 Popular specially during the
Maytime “Flores de Mayo” festival.
LITERARY COMPOSITIONS UNDER
SPANISH ERA
 A literary composition is a piece of
writing that someone creates using
their thoughts and ideas and puts
them into words in a way that
makes sense and has a purpose.
 It can be a story, poem, essay, or
any other type of written work that
shows creativity and intelligence.
ARTE Y REGLAS DE LA LENGUA
TAGALA
 Art and rules of the Tagalog
language
 Represents one of the first
attempts at a description of
Tagalog and provides
contemporary linguists with a good
starting point for modern and more
accurate descriptions of the
language.
 Written in Latin, Spanish, and
Tagalog and its material is rice
paper.
 Written by Fr. Blancas de San
Jose and translated to Tagalog by
Tomas Pinpin in 1610
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE UNDER SPANISH PERIOD
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
Grade 12 ABM 1A| PRELIMS |Ms. Cristzar Decena

COMPENDIO DE LA LENGUA TAGALA
 Understanding the Tagalog
language
 Written by Fr. Gaspar FOLKS SONGS
de San Agustin in 1703.
Each region had its national song from the
VOCABULARIO DE LA LENGUA lowlands to the mountains of Luzon,
TAGALA Visayas and Mindanao.
 Tagalog vocabulary
 First dictionary of the Tagalog Folk songs truly manifest the artistic
language in the Philippines feelings of the Filipinos. They show the
 Fr. Pedro de San Buenaventura in Filipinos’ innate appreciation for and love
1613. of beauty.
VOCABULARIO DE LA LENGUA
PAMPANGA
 Pampanga vocabulary
 The first book in Pampanga written
by Fr. Diego in 1732.

VOCABULARIO DE LA LENGUA
BISAYA
 Bisayan vocabulary
 The best language
book in Visayan by Mateo Sanchez
in 1711.

ARTE DE LA LENGUA ILOKANA

 The Art of the Ilocano language
 The first Ilocano grammar book by
Francisco Lopez.

ARTE DE LA LENGUA BICOLANA

 The Art of the Bicol language
 The first book in the Bicol language
and written by Fr. Marcos Lisbon
in1754.
EKSPRESIVE AT TRANSAKSYUNAL | KATANGIAN | ABSTRAK
Pagsulat sa Filipino sa larangan ng akademiko
Grade 12 ABM | PRELIMS | Ms. Agnes Heruela CN 4-6

EKSPRESIVE

 Nag papahayag ng damdamin ABSTRAK

 Subhetibo
 Gumagamit ng unang panauhan
 Impormal
 Walang tiyak na mambabasa
TRANSASYUNAL
 Nagbibigay ng impormasyon
 Obhetibo
 Gumagamit ng pangatlong panauhan
 Mayroong tiyak na mambabasa
KATANGIAN NG AKADEMIKONG
PAGSULAT
LAGOM – pinaka simple at pinakamaikling
bersyon ng isang sulatin o akda.
 Pagtitimbang ng kaisipan
 Pagsusuri ng nilalaman
 Paghahabi ng pangungusap sa
talata
 Pagpapayaman ng bokubolaryo
ANO ANG ABSTRAK?
Isang uri ng lagom na karaniwang
ginagamit sa pagsulat ng mga
akademikong papel

PORMAL – ang akademikong pagsulat ay Isang maikling buod na inilalagay sa

talagang promal. Sa pagsulat ng sanaysay unahan o panimula ng introdaksyon ng
iwasan ang kolokyal na salita at ekspresyon. isang thesis o disertasyon
Ang paggamit ng wika ay promal din.
PAMANTAYAN SA PAGSULAT NG
OBHETIBO – ang pagsulat nito ay obhetibo at ABSTRAK
hindi personal o pansarili. Kaunti lamang ang  Binubuo ng 200-500 na mga salita
salitang tinutukoy sa manunulat at  Gumagamit ng simpleng
mambabasa. Binibigyan diin nito ang
pangungusap
impormasyon na gusting ibigay at ang
argumento sa mga ideya na sumosuporta sa  Walang impormasyon ang hindi
paksa. nabanggit sa papel
 Nauunawaan ng target na
MALIWANAG – ang paglalahad ng mga ideya mambabasa.
ay dapat na malinaw. Isang pananagutan ng
manunulat na gawing malinaw ang INTRODAKSYON
pagkakaugnay-ugnay ng iba't-ibang bahagi ng SAKLAW AT LIMITASYON
teksto sa pamamagitan ng paggamit ng mga
METODOLOHIYA
signal na salita.
RESULTA NG PANANALIKSIK
MAY PANININDIGAN - kailangan may sarili
kang pagpapasya at paninindigan sa partikular
na paksa na iyong isinulat. Huwag kang
pabago-bago ng pasya o kaya'y urong-sulong
sa ginagawa mong pagsisiyasat.

MAY PANANAGUTAN - may pananagutan

ang manunulat sa pagkilala sa mga awtoridad
na ginamit na sanggunian sa papel na pang-
akademiko.Kailangan mo ring ilatag ang
ginamit mong katibayan at ang
pangangatwiran na iyong ginawa.
SINTESIS | BIONOTE
Pagsulat sa Filipino sa larangan ng akademiko
Grade 12 ABM | PRELIMS | Ms. Agnes Heruela CN 7-8
SINTESIS
Sintesis - Uri ng lagom na kalimitang
ginagamit sa mga akdang nasa tekstong
naratibo tulad ng kuwento, sanaysay,
nobela, dula, parabula, talumpati at iba
pang panitikan.
- Pagbuo ng paglalahad sa iba’t-ibang
paksa na nabasa o narinig.
- Kakayang mapagsama-sama ag iba’t-
ibang bahagi para makabuo ng isang
bagong anyo ng kaalaman.
HAKBANG SA PAGBUO NG SINTESIS:
1. Basahing mabuti ang kabuuang anyo at
nilalaman ng teksto.
2. Mapadadali ang pag-unawa sa teksto
kung isasangkot ang lahat ng pandama.
3. Isaalang-alang ang mga bahagi ng
teksto
4. Gamitin din ang proseso ng pagsulat
para sa maayos na anyo ng teskto at
sistematikong pagsulat.
BIONOTE
Bionote - Maituturing na isang lagom na
ginagamit sa pagsulat ng personal profile
ng tao.
- Isang tala ng buhay ng isang tao na
naglalaman ng buod ng kanyang
academic career na madalas ay makikita
o mababsa sa mga journal, aklat, abstrak
ng mga sulating papel, websites at iba pa.
(Duenas at Sanz, 2012)
PAMANTAYAN SA PAGSULAT NG
BIONOTE:
1. Sikaping maisulat lamang ng maikli.
2. Magsimula sa pagbanggit ng mga
personal na impormasyon o detalye
patungkol sa buhay.
3. Gumagamit ng ikatlong panauhan.
4. Gawing simple ang pagkakasulat nito.
5. Basahing muli at muling isulat ang pinal
na sipi ng iyong bionote.
TYPE OF BUSINESS | FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION
Entrepreneurship
Grade 12 ABM 1A| PRELIMS |Ms. Merry Rose Gregorio

MANUFACTURING BUSINESSES PARTNERSHIP

Produce the products they sell. Using
resources and supplies, they create
everything from automobiles to paper.
WHOLESALING BUSINESS
By the contract of partnership two or more
persons bind themselves to contribute
money, property, or industry to a common
fund, with the intention of dividing the
profits among themselves.

Sell products to other businesses rather

than the final customer.

RETAILING BUSINESSES

Sell products directly to the people who

use or consume them, such as greeting
card store. CORPORATION

SERVICE BUSINESSES  Is an Artificial being created by

Sell services rather than products. They
include hotels, hairdressers, and repair
shops.
operation of law, having the right of
succession and powers, attributes,
and properties expressly
authorized by law or incidental to
its existence.

AGRICULTURAL BUSINESSES

Generate fresh produce and other farm

products such as wheat.

MINING AND EXTRACTING BUSINESSES

Take resources like coal out of the ground

so they can be consumed.

FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION

SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP
 also referred to as a sole trader or
a proprietorship, is an
unincorporated business that has
just one owner.
 easy to establish and dismantle,
due to a lack of government
involvement, making them popular
with small business owners and
contractors.
RECOGNIZING A POTENTIAL MARKET | 4MS OF PRODUCTION
Entrepreneurship
Grade 12 ABM 1A| PRELIMS |Ms. Merry Rose Gregorio

POTENTIAL MARKET - The Business Name must be

A potential market is the part of the market
you can capture in the future. Your
potential market includes the demographic
groups that are not currently your
customers but could become customers in
the future.
RECOGNIZING POTENTIAL MARKET
1. Look at your current customer base
2. Check out your competition.
3. Analyze your product/service.
4. Choose specific demographics to
target.
5. Consider the psychographics of your
target.
6. Evaluate your decision.
7. Additional Resources
1. Explore adjacent opportunities
2.Understand the business
environment factors.
*Technological developments
*Government regulations
*Geopolitical shifts
understandable, so it is easily stored in the
memory. Pleasant meaning produces
positive or favorable feeling upon saying
or mentioning in public.
- The Business Name must be simple.
Words that are used in everyday
communication will be an advantage.
- The Business Name must describe the
product. It represents the feature of the
product.
4MS OF PRODUCTION
MANPOWER
refers to the workforce that will help you
produce more products.
MACHINE
1. refers to a device that performs
specific type of work and usually uses
energy to perform a task.
MATERIAL
1.Pertains to anything used as inputs to
production or manufacturing.
2. A material can be finished product or an
unprocessed raw material.

TIPS IN CHOOSING A BUSINESS NAME METHOD

1.Easy to recall or remember a set of procedures and instruction. The

- should embody the feeling of your brand. art of doing.

2.Pleasant meaning creates pleasant

feelings
- use a name that conveys something
meaningful and positive related to your
business.

3.Easy to pronounce and spell

- Easy to say to make it easier for potential
customers to understand and spell.

4.Related to the product

- People should instantly get what is your
business about
1.Don’t pick a name that is too similar to
competitor’s name
- Too similar name to other businesses
can mean appearing to be unoriginal,
which is not good for your brand image.
LEGAL ISSUES IN MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
12 ABM 1A | CACNIO, JHARED B. | MS. NIKKA LIMPIN | CONCEPT NOTES #6
Let us now discuss the different problems
that we might encounter; other protections
that might be useful to protect us from any
harms and problems online.
Hacking – is the practice of modifying or
altering the computer’s software or
hardware to accomplish the goal that is
not the creator’s original objective. The
people who are engaged in hacking are
commonly known as “hackers”.
o Ethical Hacking or Good
Hacking – FIX the
VULNERABILITY
o Unethical Hacking or Bad
Hacking – EXPLOIT the
VULNERABILITY
What are the crimes of Hacking?
Republic Act No. 8792 or the
“Electronic Commerce Act of 2000”
 Which defines hacking as the
“unauthorized access into or
interference in a computer
system/server or information
and communication system…”
 A person who is found guilty of
hacking is “punished by a
minimum fine of Php 100,000
and a maximum
commensurate to the damage
incurred and a mandatory
imprisonment of 6 months to 3
years.”
 Republic Act No.10175 - Cyber
Prevention Act of 2012.
 Offenses against
confidentiality, integrity, and
availability of computer data
and system, including, 1.)
illegal access to a computer
system without right, 2.) illegal
interceptions, 3.) data
interference, 4.) system
interference, are penalized.
 Any person found guilty of any
of the above acts shall be
“punished with imprisonment of
prison mayor or a fine of at
least Php 200,000 up to a
maximum amount
commensurate to the damage
incurred or both”
Republic Act No. 10173 or the Data
Privacy Act of 2012
Recognized the role of information and
communication technology in the modern
world, and the need to protect and secure
the rights of the data subject, particularly
its right to privacy.
A person found violating the provisions of
the Data Privacy Act will be subject to
imprisonment and/or a fine.
 Phishing – It refers to different types
of online scams that “phish” for your
personal and financial information (e.g:
your passwords, Social Security
Number, bank account information,
credit card information, or other
information).
o Ultimatum
o Incorrect URL’s
o No Signature or Contact
Information
o Too Good to be TRUE
OFFERS
o Spelling, Punctuation, or
Grammar Errors
o Attention Grabbing Titles
Republic Act No.10175 – Cyber
Prevention Act of 2012.
Offenses against confidentiality, integrity,
and availability of computer data and
system, including, 1.) illegal access to a
computer system without right, 2.) illegal
interceptions, 3.) data interference, 4.)
system interference, are penalized.
Any person found guilty of any of the
above acts shall be “punished with
imprisonment of prison mayor or a fine of
at least Php 200,000 up to a maximum
amount commensurate to the damage
incurred or both.”
 Illegal Downloading – is obtaining
files that you don’t have the right to
use from the internet.
LEGAL ISSUES IN MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
12 ABM 1A | CACNIO, JHARED B. | MS. NIKKA LIMPIN | CONCEPT NOTES #6
 Digital Piracy – is an illegal act in
which copying or sharing content
without permission of the owner of the
content or copyright holder. Or in other
words, digital piracy includes activities
like illegal sharing copyrighted content
like games, music, movies, TV shows,
videos, software, notes, etc.
 Identity Theft – is a deliberate use of
someone else’s identity, to gain a
financial advantage in the other
person’s name, perhaps, to the other
person’s disadvantage or loss.
 Cyber Sex – The willful engagement,
maintenance, control, or operation
directly or indirectly, of any lascivious,
exhibition of sexual organs or sexual
activity, with the aid of a computer
system, for favor or consideration.
 Cyber Defamation - is an unprivileged
false statement of facts that tends to
harm the reputation of a person or a
company.
Republic Act No.10175 - Cyber
Prevention Act of 2012.
Offenses against confidentiality, integrity,
and availability of computer data and
system, including, 1.) illegal access to a
computer system without right, 2.) illegal
interceptions, 3.) data interference, 4.)
system interference, are penalized.
Any person found guilty of any of the
above acts shall be “punished with
imprisonment of prison mayor or a fine of
at least Php 200,000 up to a maximum
amount commensurate to the damage
incurred or both.”
INTERNET THREATS - Here are some of
the threats you should be aware of when
using the internet.
1. MALWARE – stands for malicious
software.
a. VIRUS – a malicious program
designed to replicate itself and
transfer from one computer to
another either through the internet
and local networks or date storage
like flash drives and CDs.
b. WORM – a malicious program that
transfers from one computer to
another computer by any type of
means. Often, it uses a computer
network to spread itself. For
example, the ILOVEYOU worm
(Love Bug Worm) created by a
Filipino.
c. TROJAN – a malicious program that
is disguised as a useful program but
once downloaded or installed, leaves
your PC unprotected and allows
hackers to get your information.
*Rogue security software –
tricks the user into posing that it is
security software. It asks the user
to pay to improve his/her security,
but in reality, they are not
protected at all.
d. SPYWARE – a program that runs
in the background without you
knowing it (thus called “spy”). It
has the ability to monitor what you
are currently doing and type
through keylogging.
*Keyloggers – used to
record the keystroke done by the
users. This is done to steal their
password or any other sensitive
information. It can record email,
messages, or any information you
type using your keyboard.
2. SPAM – unwanted email mostly from
bots or advertisers. It can be used to send
malware.
TYPES OF MEDIA AND ITS SOURCES
Media and Information Literacy
Grade 12 ABM 1A| PRELIMS |Ms. Nikka Limpin
Media – are communication outlets or
tools that are used to store and deliver
information. Also, the main means of mass
communications are regarded collectively.
Types of Media
1. Print Media - involves the usage of
a physical medium such as paper
and is printed and distributed by a
publishing company. Ex.
Newspapers, magazines, books,
and pamphlets.
2. Broadcast Media - transmits
information immediately to the
widest possible audience. Ex.
Television, radio, speaker, and
telephone.
3. New Media - is the type of media
that uses the newest means of
communication, digital technology.
The Internet is the main gateway
for accessing such types of media
and information. Ex. Blogs, online
articles, and social media.
Three Main Sources of Information
Indigenous knowledge – Local and
indigenous knowledge refers to the
understandings, skills and philosophies
developed by societies with long histories
of interaction with their natural
surroundings. For rural and indigenous
people, local knowledge informs decision-
making about fundamental aspects of day-
to-day life. - UNESCO
Main Characteristics of indigenous
knowledge are the following:
 Oral tradition of communication
 Store information in memories
 Information exchange is face-to-
face
 Information is contained within the
border of the community
Library – a building or a room containing
collections of books, periodicals, and
sometimes films and recorded music for
people to read, borrow, or refer to.
The following are some of the
reading materials that are available
in your school library;
1. Books – which contains in
depth explanation about a
certain topic.
2. Scholarly journals – which
information are updated and
highly specific for scholars and
researchers.
3. Magazines –a broad
summaries of issues for
general audiences.
4. Newspaper –are updated
national and regional
information for a general
audience published daily.
The Internet – Is a network of networks
that consists of millions of private, public,
academic, business and government
networks, of local to global scope, that are
linked by a broad array of electronic and
optical networking technologies.
RAVAT
5 things that we need to consider to
determine that the information is credible:
 Check the Reliability
 Know the Accuracy
 Value of the source
 Authority of the Source
 Timeliness
MEDIA AND INFORMATION LANGUAGES
Media and Information Literacy
Grade 12 ABM 1A| PRELIMS |Ms. Nikka Limpin

In Media and Information Languages 3 types of conventions

the information is distributed not only
in the format of words or phrases. But
also, the information can be delivered
through the presence of symbols,
codes, pictures or videos.
a. Language - is the method of
human communication, either
spoken or written, consisting
of the use of words in
structures and conventional
ways.
b. Media Language - are codes,
conventions, formats,
symbols, and narrative
structures that indicate the
meaning of media messages
to an audience.
c. Media Codes – is a system of
signs that when put together
creates meaning.
a. Form conventions – certain
ways we expect types of
media codes to be arranged.
In films, there should be a title
at the beginning and credits at
the end. Newspapers have a
masthead, headline, and
different sections.
b. Story conventions – are
common narrative structures
and understandings that are
common in storytelling media
products.
Genre Conventions - are the common
use of tropes, characters, settings, or
themes in a particular type of medium.
Genre conventions are closely linked with
audience expectations. It can be formal or
thematic

3 Types of Media Codes

a. Symbolic codes - Shows what

is beneath the surfaces of
what we see. It includes the
setting, mise en scene,
acting, and color.
b. Written codes – are the formal
written language used in a
media product. Written codes
include font style and font
size, captions, choice of
words, and emphasis of
words.
c. Technical codes are all how
equipment is used to tell the
story in a media it includes
camera work, audio, sound,
lighting, and editing.

Media Conventions – refers to a

standard or norm that acts as a rule
governing behavior and are generally
established and accepted ways of
doing something.
 MEDIA AND INFORMATION USAGE AS A CHANNEL OF COMMUNICATION
Media and Information Literacy
Grade 12 ABM 1A| PRELIMS |Ms. Nikka Limpin

Communication is the act or process of

using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors
to express or exchange information, or to
express your ideas, thoughts, feelings,
etc., to someone else.

Media refers to various means of

communication, maybe classified into
traditional media and new media.

Information refers to the message

conveyed by a sender to its recipient.
A communication channel is how
messages propagate from one individual to
another for which, broadly speaking, there
are two channels: Mass Media, comprising
television and print media among others;
and New Media, comprising online internet-
based channels.
Some channels lend themselves to
communicating complex information;
some are efficient ways of delivering short
pieces of relevant information. The model
below illustrates this on a spectrum.
Communication Channels
1. Verbal Communication
2. Nonverbal Communication
3. Written Communication
4. Digital Communication Channels
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
● This is the largest aspect of verbal
communication: speaking and
listening. The source uses words to
code the information and speaks to
the receiver, who then decodes the
words for understanding and
meaning.

Tone
One element of verbal communication
is tone. A different tone can change
the perceived meaning of a message.

INFORMATION RICHNESS
 Information richness refers to the amount of
sensory input available during
communication. Information-rich channels
convey more non-verbal information. For
example, a face-to-face conversation is richer
than a phone call, but a phone call is richer
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
than an email. Research shows that effective
Research also shows that 55 percent of in-
managers tend to use more information-rich
person communication comes from non-
communication channels than do less verbal cues, such as facial expressions, body
effective managers (Allen and Griffeth, 1997; stance, and smell. According to one study,
Fulk and Body, 1991; Yates and Orlikowski, only 7 percent of a receiver’s comprehension
1992). of a message is based on the sender’s
MEDIA AND INFORMATION USAGE AS A CHANNEL OF COMMUNICATION
Media and Information Literacy
Grade 12 ABM 1A| PRELIMS |Ms. Nikka Limpin

actual words; 38 percent is based on conferencing, from written memos to

paralanguage (the tone, pace, and emails, and from speaking in person
volume of speech), and 55 percent is to using telephones.
based on non-verbal cues such as
body language (Mehrabian, 1981). The digital channels retain many of the
characteristics of the principal channels but
Examples: influence different aspects of each channel in
1. BODY LANGUGAGE new ways. The choice between analog and
2. SMELL digital can affect the environment, context,
3. EYE CONTACT and interference factors in the communication
process.
4. FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
5. POSTURE

WRITTEN COMMUNICATION
 In contrast to verbal communications,
written professional communications
are textual messages. Written
communication, by contrast, can be
constructed over a longer period.
Written communication is often
asynchronous (occurring at different
times)
Examples of written communications include:
1. memos
2. Proposals
3. Emails
4. letters
5. training manuals and
6. operating policies.

WRITTEN versus VERBAL Communication

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION CHANNEL

 The three principal communication

channels can be used “in the flesh”
and in digital formats. Digital channels
extend from face-to-face to video
ETHICAL ISSUES IN MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
Media and Information Literacy
Grade 12 ABM 1A| PRELIMS |Ms. Nikka Limpin
Let us now discuss the different problems
that we might encounter; other protections
that might be useful to protect us from any
harms and problems online.
 Copyright - a legal device that
gives the creator of a literary,
artistic, musical, or other creative
work the sole right to publish and
sell that work. Copyright owners
have the right to control the
reproduction of their work,
including the right to receive
payment for that reproduction. An
author may grant or sell those
rights to others, including
publishers or recording companies.
Violation of a copyright is called
infringement.
 If you create something – an idea,
an invention a form of literary work,
or research, you have the right as
to how it should be used by others.
This is called “intellectual
property”. In other words, the
copyright law includes your rights
over your works, and anyone who
uses it without your consent is
punishable by law.
Here are some tips that could help
you avoid copyright infringements:
1. UNDERSTAND – Copyrights protects
literary works, photographs, paintings,
drawings, films, music (and lyrics), etc.,
but it generally does NOT protect
underlying ideas and facts. This means
that you can express something using
your own words, but you should give credit
to the source.
2. BE RESPONSIBLE – Even if a material
does not say that it is copyrighted, it is not
a valid defense against copyrights. Be
responsible.
3. BE CREATIVE – Ask yourself whether
what you are making is something that
came to you or something made from
somebody else’s creativity. It is important
to add your own creative genius in
everything that will be credited to you.
4. KNOW THE LAW – There are some
limitations to copyright laws. For instance,
in the Philippines, copyrights only last a
lifetime (of an author) plus 50 years. There
are also provisions for “fair use” which
mean that an intellectual property may be
used without a consent as long as it is
used for commentaries, criticisms, search
engines, parodies, news reports, research,
library archiving, teaching, and education.
If you have doubts that what you are doing
does not fall under the policy of fair use,
seek permission first. Another
misconception is that fan-fiction is not
copyright infringement. In reality, it is, and
some copyright holders ignore them, but
they can opt to use their rights.
Plagiarism - an act or instance of
using or closely imitating the language
and thoughts of another author without
authorization; the representation of
that author's work as one's own, as by
not crediting the original author.
TYPES of PLAGIARISM:
 Source not cited Plagiarism
o The ghost writers - The writer turns
in another's work, word-Forword,
as his or her own.
o The photocopy - The writer turns in
another's work, word-Forword, as
his or her own.
o The potluck paper - The writer tries
to disguise plagiarism by copying
from several different sources,
tweaking the sentences to make
them fit together while retaining
most of the original phrasing.
o The poor disguise - Although the
writer has retained the essential
content of the source, he or she
has altered the paper's
appearance slightly by changing
key words and phrases.
o The labor of laziness - The writer
takes the time to paraphrase most
of the paper from other sources
and make it all fit together, instead
of spending the same effort on
original work.
ETHICAL ISSUES IN MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
o The self-stealer - The writer
Media and Information Literacy
"borrows" generously from his or
Grade 12 ABM 1A| PRELIMS |Ms. Nikka Limpin
her previous work, violating
o
policies concerning the expectation
of originality adopted by most
academic institutions.

 Cited Source Plagiarism

o The forgotten Footnote - The writer
mentions an author's name for a
source, but neglects to include
specific information on the location
of the material referenced. This
often masks other forms of
plagiarism by obscuring source
locations.
o The Mis-informer - The writer
provides inaccurate information
about the sources, making it
impossible to find them.
o The too-perfect paraphrase - The
writer provides inaccurate
information about the sources,
making it impossible to find them.
o The resourceful citer - The writer
properly cites all sources,
paraphrasing and using quotations
appropriately. The catch? The
paper contains almost no original
work! It is
sometimes difficult to spot this form
of plagiarism because it looks like
any other well-researched
document.
o The perfect crime - Well, we all
know it doesn't exist. In this case,
the writer properly quotes and cites
sources in some places but goes
on to paraphrase other arguments
from those sources without citation.
This way, the writer tries to pass off
the paraphrased material as his or
her own analysis of the cited
material.
PHILIPPINE FOLK DANCE
Physical Education and Health 3
Grade 12 ABM 1A| PRELIMS |Mr. Christ Cyryl Mabalatan
o
Folk dance is the oldest form of dance and
the earliest form of communication. It is a
traditional dance of a given country that
evolved naturally and spontaneously with
everyday activities for example
Occupations, courtships, festivals, or
rituals.
 It is handed down from generation
to generation.
 It has more or less a fixed
movement in its pattern but may
differ in various areas or provinces.
5 MAJOR CLASSIFICATIONS OF PHILIPPINE FOLK
DANCE
CORDILLERA DANCES
- Bontoc, Ifugao,Benguet, Apayao and
Kalinga Tribes.
Dances reflect rituals that celebrate their
daily lives- a good harvest, health, peace,
war, and other symbols of living.
Instruments: Gongs, Gangza
Example: Kalinga- "Banga", Bontoc-
"Pattong"
SPANISH INFLUENCED DANCES
Philippine Aristocrats created Filipino
adaptations of European dances. Dance
reflects Christianity and European Art and
Culture.
Instrument: Rondalla
Examples: Jotas, Fandangos, Mazurka,
Waltzes
MUSLIM DANCES
Influenced by Malay, Javanese, Middle
Eastern Traders (ISLAM). Uses intricate
hand and arm movement. The fingers
express feeling and emotions. And uses
shimmering costumes.
Examples: Maranao "Singkil"
Tausug "Pangalay"
TRIBAL DANCES
Also known as Ethnic Dance; ethnic
minorities are found in different parts of
the Philippines. (T'boli, Bilaan, Manobo,
Bagobo, etc.). Tribal dance reflects rituals
and animals' beliefs in "spirits". And
shaman's nature - "Anito".
Instruments: Animal Sounds, Human
Singing, indigenous materials.
Examples: T'boli – "Madal Tahaw” Manobo
- "Bangkakaw"
RURAL DANCES
Reflects the simple life of the people in the
barrio. Depicts the common daily work
activities of the peasants. Performed in
fiestas, to honor patron saints, gives
homage to the barrio's namesake for a
good harvest, health, and perseverance.
Instruments: Clapping, Rondalla,
Percussion
Example: "Maglalatik”, “Saut sa Raug”,
“Oasiaos".
COSTUMES IN PHILIPPINE FOLK
DANCE
Typical Spanish Elite:
 Female - Maria Clara
 Male - Barong Tagalog and Black Pants
Rural Visayan:
 Female - Kimona and Patadyong with soft
handkerchief.
 Male: Barong or Camisa de Chino and
trousers of different colors.
Rural Tagalog:
 Female; Balintawak with soft Panuelo and
Tapis
 Male - Camisa De Chino and trousers of
any colors.
Cordillera Tribal:
 Female - Hinabi na Tela (Hablon)
Accessories (Beads)
Male - G-string, Short Jacket and Shoulder Band,
Feather headdresses, "Bahag❞
Muslims:
 "Sigpit" or "Sablay"
 Patadyong
 Malong
 Pants
Rural (Ilocano):
PHILIPPINE FOLK DANCE (DANCE TERMINOLOGIES)
Physical Education and Health 3
 "Chambra❞ - Blouse
Grade
 12 ABM-1A|
"Siego" PRELIMS
A-line skirt |Mr. Christ Cyryl Mabalatan

FOLK DANCE HOP
- is an oldest form of dance and the - a spring from one-foot landing on
earliest form of communication. It is a the same foot in place or in any direction.
traditional dance of a given country which
evolved naturally and spontaneously with KUMINTANG
everyday activities like occupations, - moving the hand from the wrist
courtships, festivals or rituals.x either in a clockwise or counter-clockwise
direction.
FRANCISCA REYES-AQUINO
is the founder of Philippine Folk Dance SALUDO
- Partners bow to each other and
DANCE TERMINOLOGIES to the audience opposite dancers, or to
the neighbors with feet together.
ABRESETE
- Girl at the right side holds R arm SAROK
of partner with her L hand free hands - cross the R foot in front of the L,
down at the side. bend the body slightly forward and cross
the hands (forearms) down in front with
ARMS IN REVERSE T the R hand (forearm) over the L.
- Arms are side horizontal elbows
bent right angles, forearms parallel to
head palms forward or facing inward, fists
loosely closed.

BRUSH
- weight on one foot hit the floor
with the ball or heel of the other foot (the
free foot) after which that foot is lifted from
the floor to any direction.

CLOCKWISE
- like the motion of a hand of a
flower R shoulder is toward the center of
an imaginary circle. When facing center,
the movement is toward the left.

COUNTERCLOCKWISE
- L shoulder is toward the center of
an imaginary circle. When facing center,
the movement is toward the right.

CUT
- to displace quickly one foot with
the other, thus completely taking off the
weight of the body from the displaced foot.

HAND ON WAIST
- Place hands on the waist line

HAYON-HAYON
- to place one forearm in front and
the other at the back of the waist.
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE UNDER SPANISH PERIOD
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
Grade 12 ABM 1A| PRELIMS |Ms. Cristzar Decena | CONCEPT NOTES #6.4

RECREATIONAL PLAYS
 means relating to things people do
in their spare time to relax.
 active and passive recreational
activities that allow us to
develop our physical, social,
emotional and moral capacities.
 There are many recreational plays
performed by Filipinos during the
Spanish times. Almost all of them
were in poetic form. Here are
examples:
TIBAG
 means to excavate.
 This ritual was brought here by the
Spaniards to remind the people
about the search for St. Helena for
the Cross on which Jesus died.
LAGAYLAY
 is a two-hour praise to the Holy
Cross manifested through singing
and dancing. Performed for nine
consecutive nights, it reenacts the
finding of the Holy Cross by St.
Helena and her female entourage.
 this is a special occasion for the
Pilareños of Sorsogon during
Maytime to get together. As early
as April, the participating ladies are
chosen and sometimes, mothers
volunteer their girls in order to fulfill
a vow made during an illness or for
a favor received. In some parts of
Bicol, a different presentation is
made but the objective is the same
– praise, respect, and offering of
love to the Blessed Cross by St.
Helen on the mound she had dug
in
THE CENACULO
 this is a dramatic performance to
commemorate the passion and
death of Jesus Christ.
 There are two kinds: the Cantada
and Hablada.
 In the Hablada the lines are
spoken in a more deliberate
manner showing the rhythmic
measure of each verse and the
rhyming in each stanza and is
more dignified in theme; the
Cantada is chanted like the
Pasion.
PANUNULUYAN
 this is presented before 12:00 on
Christmas Eve. This is a
presentation of the search of the
Virgin Mary and St. Joseph for an
inn to deliver the baby Jesus.
THE SALUBONG (OR PANUBONG)
 is an Easter play that dramatizes
the meeting of the Risen Christ
and his Mother. It is still present in
many Philippine towns.
CARILLO (SHADOW PLAY)
 this is a form of dramatic
entertainment performed on a
moonless night during a town
fiesta or on dark nights after a
harvest. This shadow play is made
by projecting cardboard figures
before a lamp against a white
sheet. The figures are moved like
marionettes whose dialogues are
produced by some experts. The
dialogues are drawn from a
Corrido or Awit, or some religious
play interspersed with songs.
THE ZARZUELA
 it is a musical comedy or
melodrama three acts which dealt
with man’s passions and emotions
like love, hate, revenge, cruelty,
avarice, or some social or political
poems. These were originally
performed by traveling dramatic
troupes organized by the royal
mandate of Governer Narciso
Claveria to stimulate dramatic
performances.
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE UNDER SPANISH PERIOD
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
Grade 12 ABM 1A| PRELIMS |Ms. Cristzar Decena | CONCEPT NOTES #6.4

THE SAINETE
 a short musical comedy popular
during the 18th century. They were
exaggerated comedies shown
between acts of long plays and
were mostly performed by
characters from the lower classes.
Themes were taken from everyday
life scenarios.
THE MORO-MORO
 Like the Cenaculo, the Moro-moro
is presented also on a special
stage. This is performed during
town fiestas to entertain the people
and to remind them of their
Christian religion.
KARAGATAN
 is a poetic vehicle of a socio-
religious nature celebrated during
the death of a person. In this
contest, more or less formal, a
ritual is performed based on a
legend about a princess who
dropped her ring into the middle of
the sea and who offered her hand
in marriage to anyone who could
retrieve it.
DUNG-AW
 a chant in free verse by a
bereaved person or his
representative beside the corpse of
the dead. No definite meter or
rhyming scheme is used.
 the person chanting it freely recites
in poetic rhythm according to his
feelings, emotions, and thoughts. It
is personalized and usually deals
with the life, sufferings, and
sacrifices of the dead and includes
apologies for his misdeeds.
AWIT
 a chivalric poem about a hero,
usually about a saint. It is also
usually sung and used in religious
processions.
 dodecasyllabic verse (12 syllables)
CORRIDO
 an extended narrative of the life
and adventures of some person
 having on the title-page Buhay
nang, etc. (“Life of,” etc.)
 Octosyllabic verse (8 syllables)

DUPLO
 replaces the Karagatan.
 is a poetic debate presented
through song and dance, which
originated from indigenous
courtship customs. Poets used
proverbs and riddles to present
their suit to the woman of their
choice.

THE BALAGTASAN
 Filipino form of debate done in
verse. Derived from the name of
Francisco Balagtas, this art
presents a type of literature in
which thoughts or reasoning are
expressed through speech.
 This is replaced by the DUPLO
and is held to honor Francisco
“Balagtas” Baltazar.
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE UNDER SPANISH PERIOD
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
Grade 12 ABM 1A| PRELIMS |Ms. Cristzar Decena | CONCEPT NOTES #6.5

NATIONALISTIC / PROPAGANDA REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD
 A nation pertains to a stable,
historically developed community
of people with territory, economy,
culture and language united under
one government.
 Nationalism means love for one’s
country and its people. The influx
of liberal ideas from Europe with
the opening of Suez Canal paved
the way of the Nationalistic period.
 Nationalistic period covers the
Propaganda movements and the
Revolutionary movement.
Propaganda means the good
reforms to be established.
CHARACTERISTICS
1. Planted seeds of nationalism in
Filipinos.
2. Language shifted from Spanish to
Tagalog.
3. Addressed the masses instead of the
“intelligentsia”.
LITERARY FORMS
PROPAGANDA LITERATURE
 reformatory in objective
 these were writings in the form of
satires, editorials, and news
articles that aim to attack the
Spanish government.
 the propaganda movement was
spearheaded mostly by the
intellectual middle class like Rizal,
del Pilar, Lopez-Jaena, Ponce and
among others. There were also
other writers and persons
who, through peaceful means,
advocated for reforms such as:
…through peaceful means, advocated for
reforms such as:
1. To get equal treatment for the
Filipinos and the Spaniards
under the law.
2. To make the Philippines a
province of Spain.
3. To restore Filipino representation
in the Spanish Cortes.
4. To “Filipinize” the parishes.
5. To give the Filipinos freedom of
speech, of the press, assembly
and for redress of grievances.
FAMOUS WRITERS
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA (The
Greatest Orator)
 He wrote 100 speeches in Spanish
and published by Remigio Garcia.
He escaped to Valencia, Spain to
avoid arrest due to his “Fray
Botod.” Moved to Barcelona,
Spain, and established La
Solidaridad, as its 1st Editor-in-
Chief. The La Soli became the
official paper of the Association
Hispano de Filipinas, and the
official newspaper of the
Propaganda Movement.
His major works include:
1. Ang Fray Botod
2. La Hija del Fraile (The Child of
the Friar)
3. Everything is Hambug
(Everything is a mere Show)
4. Sa Mga Pilipino
5. Talumpating Paggunita kay
ColumbuS.
JOSE RIZAL (The National Hero)
 His full name is Jose Protacio Rizal
Mercado Alonzo y Realonda. He
was born June 19, 1861 at
Calamba, Laguna. He studied at
Ateneo, UST, Universidad Central
de Madrid, Univ. of Berlin, Univ. of
Leipzig, and Univ. of Heidelberg.
Executed by musketry on Dec. 30,
1896 with charges
of sedition and rebellion. Pen
names include Dimasalang,
Laong-Laan and P. Jacinto.
His major works include:
1. Noli Me Tangere
2. El Filibusterismo
3. Mi Ultimo Adios
4. Sobre La Indolencia de los
Filipinos (On the Indolence
of the Filipinos)
5. Filipinas Dentro de Cien Años (The
Philippines within a Century)
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE UNDER SPANISH PERIOD
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
Grade 12 ABM 1A| PRELIMS |Ms. Cristzar Decena | CONCEPT NOTES #6.5

MARCELO H. DEL PILAR (The
Consummate Journalist/Propagandist)
 He used pen names such
as Plaridel, Pupdoh, Piping
Dilat, and Dolores Manapat. He
attended Colegio de San Jose and
UST and took up Law. He
established Diariong
Tagalog where he exposed the
evils of Spanish Government. He
succeeded Lopez-Jaena as editor
of La Solidaridad, the official
newspaper of Propaganda
Movement.
His major works include:
1. Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa
(Love of Country)
2. Kaiingat Kayo (Be Careful)
3. Dasalan at Tocsohan (Prayers
and Jokes)
4. Ang Cadaquilaan ng Dios
(God’s Goodness)
5. Sagot ng Espanya sa Hibik ng
Pilipinas (Answer of Spain on the
Plea of the Filipinos.
ANTONIO LUNA (The pharmacist, writer
and general)
 A pharmacist who was banished
by the Spaniards to Spain. He
became contributor of La Soli. His
pen name was Tagailog. He wrote
about Filipino customs and how
Spain mismanaged the Philippines.
He became a general of the
revolution against Spain.
His major works include:
1. Noche Buena (Christmas Eve)
2. Se devierten (How they Diverted
Themselves)
3. La Tertulia Filipina (A Filipino
Conference or Feast)
4. Por Madrid (For Madrid)
5. La Casa de Huespedes (The
Landlady’s House)
MARIANO PONCE (THE SECRETARY)
 He became an editor-in-chief,
biographer and researcher of
Propaganda movement. He
used Tikbalang,
Naning and Kalipulako as pen
names. He wrote about the values
of education and how the Filipinos
were oppressed by the foreigners
as well as problems of his
countrymen.
His major works include:
1. Ang Alamat ng Bulacan (Legend of
Bulacan)
2. Pagpugot kay Longinos (The
Beheading of Longinus)
3. Sobre Filipinos (About the Filipinos).
4. Ang mga Pilipino sa Indo-Tsina (The
Filipinos in Indo-China).
PEDRO PATERNO
 He is a scholar, dramatist,
researcher and novelist. He is also
a mason of the Confraternity of
Masons. He was the first Filipino
writer who escaped censorship of
the press.
His major works include:
1. Ninay
2. A Mi Madre (To my Mother)
3. Sampaguita y Poesias Varias
(Sampaguitas and Varied Poems)
JOSE MARIA PANGANIBAN
 He used JOMAPA as his pen
name. He was known for his
photographic mind. He was a
member of various movements in
the country.
His major works include:
1. Ang Lupang Tinubuan (My Native Land)
2. Ang Aking Buhay (My Life)
3. Su Plano de Estudio (Your Study Plan)
4. El Pensamiento (The Thinking)
 PHILIPPINE LITERATURE UNDER SPANISH PERIOD
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
Grade 12 ABM 1A| PRELIMS |Ms. Cristzar Decena | CONCEPT NOTES #6.5

REVOLUTIONARY LITERATURE
 more violent in nature and demanded
complete independence for the
country
Events which triggered the outbreak of
Revolution include:
a. The Banishment of Rizal to Dapitan,
Zamboanga del Norte;
b. The establishment of the then secret
society KKK (Katipunan);
c. The execution of Jose Rizal; and
d. The discovery of Katipunan and arrest of its
members.
ANDRES BONIFACIO (FATHER OF
PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION)
 He was called the Great Plebeian. He
was recognized as the “Supremo” of
“Katipunan” or Kataas-taasan,
kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng
mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK). He was
greatly inspired by the Noli and Fili of
Rizal. Initially, he joined Rizal’s La
Liga Filipina but established
Katipunan when Rizal was banished in
Dapitan, Zamboanga. He
used Agapito Bagumbayan as
his nom de guerre (pen name).
His major written works include:
1. Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog (What
the Tagalogs should Know
2. Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng
Bayan (Obligations of our Countrymen
3. Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa (Love of One’s
Native Land)
4. Huling Paalam (Last Farewell)
EMILIO JACINTO (THE BRAINS OF THE
KATIPUNAN)
 He was the adviser of Bonifacio and
the secretary of the Katipunan. He
served as editor of Kalayaan
(Freedom), the official newspaper of
Katipunan. He used
Dimas-Ilaw as pen name.
His major works include:
1. Ang Kartilya ng Katipunan (A Primer Book
of Katipunan)
2. Liwanag at Dilim (Light and Darkness)
3. A Mi Madre (To my mother).
4. A La Patria (To my County)
APOLINARIO MABINI (THE SUBLIME
PARALYTIC).
 He was regarded as The Brains of
the Revolution. Due to sensitive and
political inclination of his job as
Aguinaldo’s adviser, he was called
Aguinaldo’s Dark Cabinet. He was a
working honor student despite his
handicap and finished his law degree.
He wrote several works about
government, society, philosophy and
politics.
His major works include:
1. El Verdadero Decalogo (The True
Decalogue)
2. El Desarollo y Caida de la Republica
Filipina (The Rise and Fall of the Philippine
Republic)
3. Sa Bayang Pilipino (To the Filipino Nation)
4. Pahayag (News)
JOSE PALMA
 He was a poet, a writer and a
revolutionary soldier. He was born in
Tondo, Manila, together with his
brother Rafael Palma who later
became President of UP Diliman,
Quezon City. He joined the fight
against the Americans together with
Gen. Gregorio del Pilar.
His major works include:
1. Himno Nacional Filipino (Philippine National
Anthem)
2. Melancolias (Melancholies)
3. De Mi Jardin (In my Garden)
PUBLICATIONS DURING THE REVOLUTIONARY
PERIOD
 El Heraldo de la Revolucion (Herald
of the Revolution) – printed the
decrees of the Revolutionary
Government, news and works in
Tagalog that aroused nationalism.
This is the Official Newspaper of the
Revolutionary Government of
Aguinaldo.
 La Independencia (Independence) –
an independent newspaper founded
and edited by General Antonio Luna.
 La Republica Filipina (The Philippine
Republic) – a private newspaper
edited by Pedro Paterno.
 La Libertad (Liberty) – another private
newspaper edited by Clemente
Zulueta.
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE UNDER AMERICAN PERIOD
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
were using English. It was also about this
Grade 12 ABM 1A| MIDTERM |Ms. Cristzar Decena | CONCEPT NOTES #7.1
time when UP, the forerunner in the use of
 English in higher education, was founded.
 The history of the Philippines from 1898 to
1946 covers the period of American rule in
the Philippines. THE PERIOD OF IMITATION (1910-1924)
 The United States formally recognized the  By 1919, the UP College Folio published
independence of the Republic of the the literary compositions of the first Filipino
Philippines on July 4, 1946 writers in English. They were the pioneers
 Philippine literary production during the in short story writing. They were then
American Period in the Philippines was groping their way into imitating American
spurred by two significant developments in and British models which resulted in a
education and culture. stilted, artificial and unnatural style, lacking
 One is the introduction of free public vitality and spontaneity.
instruction for all children of school age
and two, the use of English as medium of PERIOD OF SELF-DISCOVERY AND
instruction in all levels of education in GROWTH (1925-1941)
public schools.  By this time, Filipino writers had acquired
the mastery of English writing. They now
NEWSPAPERS confidently and competently wrote on a lot
of subjects although the old-time favorites
EL NUEVO DIA (THE NEW DAY) of love and youth persisted. They went into
 Established by Sergio Osmeña in 1900. all forms of writing like the novel and the
The American censors twice banned this drama.
and threatened Osmeña with banishment
because of his nationalistic writings.

EL GRITO DEL PUEBLO (The Call of the

Nation).
 A newspaper founded by Pascual H.
Poblete in 1899 and is believed to stop the
circulation in 1914. It is themed radical
promoting freedom of the Philippines
under American.

EL RENACIMIENTO (THE REBIRTH)

 Founded by Rafael Palma in 1901. The
most influential newspaper in Manila
during the Spanish Colonial Period.

PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH

DURING AMERICAN OCCUPATION: 3
FRAMES

THE PERIOD OF RE-ORIENTATION (1898-

1910)
 English as a literary vehicle came with the
American occupation in August 13, 1898,
and as they say, a choice bestowed on us
by history. By 1900, English came to be
used as a medium instruction in the public
schools. From the American forces were
recruited the first teachers of English. By
1908, the primary and intermediate grades
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE UNDER AMERICAN PERIOD
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
Grade 12 ABM 1A| MIDTERM |Ms. Cristzar Decena | CONCEPT NOTES #7.2
TYPES OF LITERATURE IN THE
PHILIPPINES DURING AMERICAN
OCCUPATION
POETRY
They wrote in free verse, in odes and sonnets,
and other types. Poetry was original,
spontaneous, competently written, and letter,
incorporated social consciousness.
SHORT STORY
Poetry and short stories flourished during this
time.
PUBLICATION
The Philippines free Press provided the first
incentives to Filipino writers in English by
offering prizes for worthwhile contributions.
Other publications followed suit.
THE DRAMA
Drama during this period did not reach the
heights attained by the novel or the short story.
SOME OF THE LUMINARY WRITERS
DURING AMERICAN PEIOD
PAZ MARQUEZ-BENITEZ
(MARCH 3, 1894 – NOVEMBER 10, 1983)
Was a Filipino short-story writer, educator, and
editor. She is most known for her short story
“Dead Stars.” (1925) in which the two main
characters are displayed as allegories to
American imperialism to portray the slow decay
of Philippine heritage.
ZOILO GALANG
(JULY 27, 1895 – 1956)
Was a Filipino writer from Pampanga. He is
credited as one of the pioneering Filipino
writers who worked with the English language.
He is the author of the first Philippine novel
written in English language, “A Child of
Sorrow”, published in 1921.
JOSE GARCIA VILLA
(AUGUST 05, 1908 – FEBRUARY 07, 1997)
Was a Filipino poet, literary critic, short story
writer, and painter. He was awarded the
national artist of the Philippines title for
literature in 1937. He is known to have
introduced the “reversed consonance rhyme
scheme” in writing poetry. As well the extensive
of punctuation marks especially commas,
which made him known as the Comma Poet.
He used the pen name Doveglion (derived from
“dove, eagle, lion”). Based on the characters
he derived from his own works.
MANUEL ESTABILLA ARGUILLA
(JUNE 17, 1911 – AUGUST 30, 1944)
Was an Ilocano writer in English, patriot, and
martyr. He is known for his widely anthologized
shorth story “How My Brother Leon Brought
Home a Wife” the main story in the collection
How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife
and other short stories. Which won first prize in
Commonwealth Literary Contest in 1940.
NICOMEDES “NICK” MARQUEZ
JOAQUIN
(MAY 04, 1917 – APRIL 29, 2004)
Was a Filipino writer and journalist best known
for his short stories and novels in English
Language. He also wrote using the pen name
“Quijano de Manila”, Joaquin was conferred the
rank and title of National Artist of the
Philippines for Literature.
NESTOR VICENTE MADALI “NVM”
GONZALES
(SEPTEMBER 08, 1915 – NOVEMBER 28,
1999)
Was a Filipino novelist, short story writers,
essayist, and poet. Conferred as the National
Artist of the Philippines for Literature in 1997.