10 Fig. 10.1 chows two parallel eondueting plates connocted to a very high valtage cupply. = eanducing plato | voltage ‘upp Fig. to ‘Tho fa-hand plate is positively charged and the rghi-hand plate is negatively charged, (a) On Fig. 10.1,.draw the elastic field pattomn produced betwoun the charged plates. Use arrows 10 show the direction ofthe fod b] (©) A tht conducting bal Is suspended by an insulating string, Fig, 10.2 snows tho ballin the ‘middle of the gap batween the plates,(©) Aight, concucting ball is suspended by an insulating string. Fig. 10.2 shows the ball in the middle of the gap between the platos. geese see voltage ‘supply Fig. 10.2 (On Fig, 10.2, show the distribution of charge on the ball rl© Fines oats eacn wih erm. 12 con " (¢) Calculate the current in the 4.02 resistor in Fig. 8.1. : i iN 1y . 5 Zz OA (d)_ Calculate the combined o.m1 of tho coils it one Col is revorsod. - IBV, {8} Calouata he combinad en. ot the cot. toa ABN. {b) Cololate the combined resistance of the three rasistors shown in Fig. 8.1 Syl Ss 4s Bs R= Sal G = 0X33 em.Electrical energy and power E E VE , PE a £ Pt Pz VI =vit~, 1 ing Seconds, a hairdryer takes 10.000 joules of energy from the mains supply. What is its power a in watts b in kilowatts? 2 fan electric heater takes a current of 4A when connected to a 230.V supply, what is its power? p ” 3 Ifa lamp has a power of 24 W when connected to a 12 V supply, what is the current init? Joc 4 Calculate the engray transformed in an 11 W lamp a in ‘second $b in 1 minute 5 Alamp takes a current of 3 A from a 12 V battery. a Whats the power of the lamp? b How much energy is transformed in 10 minutes? ee J [P= hae WW E= Pb =IIx Go = S607 Z),_P- au 3 P-VI =|2x5— 36 , Te Vv 737 2A bVtre beac coltLiving with electricity fusebox -Live (or hot, or active) wire* This goes altemaigly negative and positive, 2 L, d Vv making the current flow backwards and forwards in the circuit. ~~, Neutral (or cold) wire* This completes the circuit. In many systems, it is V/ kept at zero voltage by the electricity supply company. 0 Earth (grounded) wire* This is a safety re. It connects the metal body of the kettle to earth and stops it becoming live. For example, if the live wire comes loose and touches the metal body, a current immediately flows to earth and blows the fuse. This means that the kettle is then safe to touch. Fuse This is a thin picce of wire which overheats and melts if the currss Loohigh. Like the switch, it is placed in the five wire, often as a cartridge. If a fault develops, and the current gets too high, the fuse ‘blows’ and breaks the circuit before the cable can overheat and catch fire. Many circuits use a circuit breaker instead of a fuse (see spread 9.04 and next page).the fuse the circuit breakerDouble insulation Some appliances — radios for example — do not have an earth wire. This is because their outer case is made of plastic rather than metal. The plastic acts as an extra layer of insulation around the wires. adj doer etned ones For extra safety, circuits may be fitted with a type of breaker called a residual ‘current device (RCD). This compares the currents in the live and neutral wires [f they are not the same, then current must be lowing to earth — pethaps through someone touching an exposed wire. The RCD senses the dlflerence and switches off the current before any harm can be done, ast eek of decroautonPlugs Plugs are a safe and simple way of connecting appliances to the mains. Over a dozen different types of plug are in use around the world. You can see an example on the right. A few countries use a three-pin plug with a fuse inside. The fuse value is typically cither 3.4 or 13. This tells you the current needed to blow the fuse. It must be greater than the normal current in the appliance, but as close to it as possible For example: © Ifakettle takes a current of 10 A, then a 13,4 fuse is needed. @ Ma TV takes a current of 0.2 Rr then a3 Mure is needed. The TV would still work with a 13.A fuse. But if fault developed, its circuits might overheat and catch fire without the fuse blowing. that the fuse will blow as soon as the current gets too high. A This two-pin plug has earth connections in grooves at the edge.Electrical hazards Mains electricity can be dangerous. Here are some of the hazards: @ Old, frayed wiring. Broken strands mean that a wire will have a higher cain. fies me point. When a current flows in it, the h seseaceai ° ae ance coiled up, The ae ee et Ce Aaa SSSR escape from a tight bundle, @ Water in sockets or plugs. Wa —— equipment gets wet, there is a ris © Accidentally cutting cables, With lawnmowers and hedgetrimmers, a plug-in RCD can be used to avoid the risk of electrocution, vp srectrocumion, \duct a current, so if electrical that someone might be electrocuted.1 What isa fuse, and how does it work? 2 Ina mains circuit, why should the switch always be in the live wire rather than ‘the neutral? 3 In mains appliances, what is the purpose of the earth wire? 4 Some countries use plugs with a fuse in. For each appliance on the right, decide whether its plug should be fitted with 2 3A ora 13 A fuse. 5 Why should a 13 A fuse not be used for a TV taking a current of 0.2 A? G Ian accident occurs and someone is electrocuted, what two things must you do before giving help? appliance current hairdrier 6A food mixer 2A iron 10 lamp O1A 1- the fuse is a thin metal wire, it overheats when the current gets high, then melts and cuts off the circuit to protect the aapliance from high current. 2- the switch is connected to the live to protect the appliance from the high current before reaching the appliance 3- in case the live wire touches the mtal part of the appliance, the eartging is imporant to take the extra current to the ground for the safety of the useres to protect them from getting electrocuted. 5- the 13A fuse will transport a high current to the TV before it melts and breaks the circuit. which will damage the appliance.9 InFig. 1, a 12V battery supplies a current J to a circuit The circuit contains a thermistor and a 100082 resisiorin paral, with @ £00 2 resistor in series. 008 ca [009K 1900 sy (a) Ata certain temperature, the thermistor has a resistance of 10000. ————— z cue looy+!e0e tt ()) the combines resistance ot the thermistor and the 1000. resistor, —— ee