(i) Define the terms wavelength, frequency and speed used to describe a progressive wave. wavelength, frequency, f... speed, v (i) Hence derive the wave equation v = = 4) NE\e Ue F245 27) i. which relates these terms together.2. The figure below shows an arrangement that can be used to determine the wavelength of microwaves. metal plate LK transmitter Microwaves leave the transmitter and move in a direction TP which is at right angles to the metal plate. A standing (stationary) wave is formed between T and P. (State what is meant by a standing wave and explain how it is formed in this case. it consists of nodes and antinodes / it does not transfer energy (WITTE) Bl formed by two identical waves travelling in opposite directions (WTTE) BI BI (microwaves leaving transmitter) interfere (with reflected waves) (WTTE) {allow superimpose interact/cancel out/reinforce for interfere}When a small microwave detector D is moved slowly from T towards P the signal received changes from strong to weak to strong to weak etc. The distance between the positions of neighbouring weak signals is 1.4 cm. Calculate for these microwaves 1 the wavelength sneein 2B on(iii) Describe how you could test whether the microwaves leaving the transmitter were plane polarised. Place a metal grid {allow “Polaroid”} (between T and D) and rotate (or place at 900) OR rotate grid/transmitter/detector BL this causes minm/zero signal (WTTE) BL 3. The figure below stows, ata given instant, the surface of the water in a ripple tank ‘when plane water waves are traveling from left o right. liretion in which the wave is travelling (2) Showon the fore » (the ampituse of the wave —label this " (i) the wavelength ~ label this 2. rdirection in which the wave is travelling (b) On the figure above (i) draw the position of the wave a short time, about one-tenth of a period, later tl (ii) draw arrows to show the directions in which the particles at Q and S are moving during this short time. i (e) State the phase difference between the movement of particles at F and Q. SG. phase difference(d) The frequency of the wave is 25 Hz and the distance between P and Q is 1.8 cm. Calculate (i) the period of the wave mse. (ii) the speed of the wave. vf, speed =. 4 ms? 7B BX Suggest how the speed of the waves in the ripple tank could be changed. 2 BI f) @ change the depth of water(ii) The frequency of the wave source is kept constant and the wave speed is halved. State what change occurs to the wavelength. TK)An ltasound A.sean is test that is commonly carried out to check tht» fetusis developing ormclly ac growing a the expected rate. typical se world Ye to mmtitor the growth of» babys bead. ‘The photon on the left and the simplified dagsom oa th dit show «scan ofthe babys ead. trace seen oa monitor ‘Simplified diagram of race ‘What quanti is represented by the hovizoatal axis ofthe ace? Ain ° Explain briefly how the two peaks ofthe tnee ae formed Reflections occur at boundary between head and surrounding fluid (1) Ist reflection entering head, 2nd reflection on leaving (1)Explain briedly how the trace could be used to obtain a measurement of the size of the baby’s head. ‘Time between peaks found from trace (1) d Knowing speed of ultra sound, v in head, distance can be calculated /= ar (1) Width of head = 1/2 (1) J 3 Vath ultrasound is used to image a moving object such as the heart, a Doppler shift is observed. Explain what is meant by the term Doppler shift. Acchange in frequency (1) caused by relative movement between transducer and object (1)An ocean can be considered to be made up of two layers: a layer of warm water and a layer of cold water. The interface between them is called a thermocline. ‘Why does the warm surface water float above the cold deep ocean water? Cold water is denser than warm water (1) — Ocean surface Warn suufice layer —__ — Thenmocline Cold layer ‘A surface ship uses sonar to detect submarines. Explain why the ultrasound waves travelling ‘through the water partially reflect from the thermocline, ‘This is surface separating layers of different density (1) o ‘Explain why a submuazine travelling inthe cold water just below the thermocline is very difficult, 1 detect using sueface sonar,Explain why a submarine travelling in the cold water just below the thermocline is very diffienlt to detect using surface sonar. ‘Ultrasound from ship partially reflects upwards from thermocline so little is transmitted (1) Any reflected sonar from submarine partially reflects downwards from thermocline (1) Some scientists believe that the passage of a submarine could distort the thermocline and cause the surface of the ocean to bulge as shown. They think that they may be able to detect this bulge using radar from a satellite. Explain why sonar cannot be used from a satellite. Lack of medium to transmit sound waves from satellite 1A satellite is in orbit 6.0 » 107 m above the surface of the Earth and uses radar to measure the distance to the ocean surface. Calculate the time between the emission and detection of a radar pulse which strikes the surface of the ocean directly below the satellite. - od 24 O¥Eu0" y- b= Be “ Vs The satellite's timing equipment is capable of measuring time to a precision of 1.0 « 10-9 s. Calculate the minimum change in the height of the ocean which the satellite is capable of detecting. ad = Uy = 3x 0's \% io. 5410.2 30Ce 2§ =30 AN=G uSuggest a possible problem in detecting submarines in this way. atmospheric pressure could change ocean height bulge not large enough compared with waves tidal effects whales‘A food packaging factory is moving soup through a 0.075 m diameter pipe when an obstruction ‘occurs in the pipe. An ultrasound probe, connected to an oscilloscope, is moved along the pipe to find the obstruction (igure 1). The oscilloscope trace is shown below (figure 2). 4 Figure 1 Ultrasound probe is \ direction of| ! ‘Vtotion Tide ta Pipe Eo Oscilloscope time base =20 « 10-6 s em, V=6, 6% 20 «JO “b 5 On figure 2, pulse A is the outgoing signal from the probe and pulse B is the reflected signal from the other side of the pipe Calculate the speed of the ultrasound in the liquid in the pipe. v = Zz % g 075 6* 6,6%20«'0State one way in which the oscilloscope trace will change when the ultrasound probe is above the ‘obstruction. ‘Ultasound probe direction of Extra pulse(s) motion — OR Reflected pulse moves closerAfter the obstruction has been cleared, a “Doppler” ultrasound probe is used to measure the (3) speed of the soup in the pipe. Describe the principle of this method. o Ultrasound probe iple of Doppler probe \ . direction of 3 points from: motion * Arrange probe so that soup is approaching , © Soup reflects ultrasound Soup + withchangedeqene wavelength (Gosimetion * change in frequency/wavelength depends on speed Pipe * Probe detects frequency of reflected ultrasound Use of diagrams showing waves What must be measured to determine the speed of the soup? . Frequency/wavelength change Angle between ultrasound direction and direction of flow of soup‘Someone says that this would be easier if the soup contained lumps like vegetables. Comment on this suggestion. Lumps give larger reflections Lumps travel slowerat. Just aver two hundred years ago Thomas Young demonstrated the interference of ight by ituminating two closely spaced narrow sits with ight from a single light source. (a) What dd this suggest to Young about the nature of ight? (@)__ showed that light was a wave (rather than a particleywave nature (of tight) (1) o (b) The demonstration can be carried out more convenient with a laser. laser produces ‘coherent, monochromatic ight (i) State what is meant by monochromatic, (i) single wavelength (or frequency) (1) (ii) State what is meant by coherent. (ii) (waves/source(s) have) constant phase difference (1) i) State one safety precaution that should be taken while using a laser. (li) any sensible precaution, eg do not lock into laserido not point the laser at others/do net let (regular) refiections enter the eye/safety signs/suitable safety goggles (1) ©(¢) The diagram below shows the maxima of a two sit interference pattem produced on a ‘screen when a laser was used as a monochromatic light source re Carn The slit spacing = 0.30 mm. ‘The distance from the sits tothe screen = 10.0 m. Use the diagram above to calculate the wavelength of the light that produced the pattern. 3 o(a) The laser is replaced by another laser emitting visible light with a shorter wavelength. State and explain how this wil affect the spacing of the maxima on the screen. (2)